Science 8-1st Quarter Module

Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
SCIENCE 8
MODULE 1: FIRST QUARTER: FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY

LESSON 1: Nature of Force and Newton’s Laws of motion
TIME FRAME: (2 weeks)
● Introduction
Force, motion and energy are interrelated concepts. Kinematics, the science of
describing motion, was largely developed by Galileo. However, Galileo did not investigate
the causes of motion. It was Sir Isaac Newton, born in the same year Galileo died, who
did so. Newton studied the effects of force on the motion of an object. The study of the
causes of motion is called dynamics. Newton’s systems of dynamics were embodied in
his three laws of motion. An application of force through a distance not only changes
motion but also changes the energy of an object from one form to another.
Most of the motions we come across in our daily life are non-uniform and the
primary cause of changes in motion is the presence of Force. But do you believe that
force always results in motion of objects? What do you think are the possible conditions
for an object to stay at rest, or to keep moving at constant velocity, or to move with
increasing velocity? How is force related to acceleration? And why are there objects
travelling in a circular path? These are some of the questions that you will be answering
in this lesson. In this module, you will learn about the nature and effects of force on motion.
You will also learn the principles behind Newton’s three Laws of Motion and uniform
circular motion. These are very significant concepts in understanding the motion of objects
in our universe. All of these lessons will help you realize the idea behind classical
mechanics and the applications in real-life situations.
● Lessons and Coverage

- Lesson 1.1 - Net Force (Resultant Force)
- Lesson 1.2 – Law of Inertia
- Lesson 1.3 – Law of Acceleration and Uniform Circular Motion
- Lesson 1.4 --Law of Interaction
● Learning Objectives: After finishing this lesson, you will be able to;
1. investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the
object to the amount of change in the object’s motion
2. identify the forces acting on an object that is at rest.
3. infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted
back on it.
4. solve the net force acting in an object.
5. apply the principles learned in real-life situations.
6. demonstrate Newton’s first law of motion.
7. observe inertia at rest and inertia in motion
8. relate the laws of motion to bodies in uniform circular motion.
9. describe how the net force acting on an object affects its acceleration.
10. infer that circular motion requires the application of constant force directed toward
the center of the circle.
11. identify action and reaction force
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Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
LESSON MAP:
Here is a simple concept map of the topics you will cover in this module
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

FIRST LAW SECOND LAW OF THIRD LAW OF
OF MOTION MOTION
MOTION “Law of Acceleration “Law of Action and
“Law of Inertia” and Uniform Circular Reaction”
Motion”
● Pre-Assessment
I. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each statement and write your answer on the space before provided.
______1. Which of the following describes what happens when an unbalanced force acts on an
object?
A. The object’s motion does not change.
B. The inertia of the object increases.
C. The weight of the object decreases.
D. The object accelerates.
______2. Which example identifies a change in motion that produces acceleration?
A. A ball moving at a constant speed around a circular track.
B. A speed skater moving at a constant speed on a straight track.
C. A particle moving in a vacuum at constant velocity.
D. A vehicle moving down the street at a steady speed.
______3. What is the SI unit of force?

A. meter B. joule. C. kilogram D. newton.
______4. What do you call the force that pulls falling objects toward Earth?
A. air resistance B. acceleration. C. gravity D. free fall
______5. Which of the following describes Newton’s third law of motion?

A. net force B. centripetal force C. balanced forces D. action and reaction force
_____6. Which of the following universal forces is the most effective over long distances?
A. gravitational B. magnetic C. strong nuclear D. electric
_____7. According to Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration of an object equals the
net force acting on the object divided by the object’s______
A. mass. B. Velocity C. momentum D. weight.
_____8. What will happen to the net force when a pair of balanced forces acts on an object?
A. greater in size than one of the forces. B. equal to zero
C. equal in size to one of the forces. D. greater in size than both forces
combined.
_____9. What do you call the energy in motion?
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Science 8
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Section:
A. thermal energy B. Kinetic energy _________________________
C. work. D. potential energy.
_____10. What is the way to increase the acceleration of a moving object?

A. decreasing force B. increasing mass C. decreasing mass
D. increasing both force and mass proportionally
_____11. Which of the following describes the third law of motion?

A. two forces that are equal in size B. two forces have the same line of action
C. two forces that are opposite each other D. All of these choices
_____12. A force acting on an object will not work if_____

A. a machine is used to move the object. B. the force is not in the direction of the
object’s motion.
C. The force is greater than the force of friction. D. the object accelerates.
_____13. What do you call the amount of matter in an object?

A. inertia B. force C. balance D. mass
______14. The force that one surface exerts on another when the two rub against each other is
called _________.
A. gravity B. friction C. inertia D. acceleration
_____15. Which of the following describes the speed and direction of an object’s motion?
A. average speed of the object B. acceleration of the object
C. distance the object has traveled D. velocity of the object
_____16. What is transferred by a force moving an object through a distance?

A. motion B. force C. energy D. mass
_____17. What is the SI unit of acceleration?
A. Joule B. meter per second C. newton D. newton-meter.
_____18. Which of the following is an example of exerting a force?
A. A train speeding down a track. B. A carpenter hammering a nail.
C. A child running through a field. D. An airplane soaring through the sky.
_____19. An inclined plane reduces the effort force by ______________.

A. reducing the work B. reducing the effort distance
C. increasing the work D. increasing the distance through
which the force is applied
_____20. What does the horizontal line on a distance-time graph mean?

A. a body moving at a constant speed B. a body that is moving faster
C. a body is at rest D. none of the above
______21. Which of the following explains why a passenger in a speeding bus is thrown?
forward when the bus suddenly stops?
A. acceleration B. gravitation C. inertia D. Interaction
______22. Which of the following Laws of motion describes the action and reaction forces of objects?
A. Law of inertia B. Law of acceleration C. Law of Interaction D. None of these
choices
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______23. What is the force needed to give a 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1m/s2?

A. dyne B. joule C. erg D. newton
______24. What will happen to the acceleration of an object if the mass is doubled and the net
force remains constant?
A. doubled B. tripled C. halved D. remain the same
______25. Which of the following Newton’s laws of motion is an application of the propulsion of
rockets?
A. Acceleration B. gravitation C. inertia D. interaction
(Note: You may compare your answers for the pre- assessment to the answer key found at the
last page of this module)
● LESSON 1.1: Net Force (Resultant Force)

In this lesson, you will be learning about the nature and effects of force to motion.
You will also discover in your activities why objects stay at rest or in motion and the factors
affecting the motion of objects. As you go through the activities in this module, always
remember to seek the answers to these questions; What does force have to do with
motion? How can motion be controlled? What are the practical applications of the laws of
motion to real life situations?
I. ENGAGE
We all know that force is required in our daily tasks. We cannot do any work without
force. So what is force? Do this Photo Analysis - think of three (3) words that will best describe
the photos and write each word in the lines provided.
1.___________________ 2. _________________ 3._____________________
II. EXPLORE
Forces are at work around you although you may not be aware of them. Why do
objects stay at rest or stay in motion? Refer to your Explore and Experience Science work
text on page 2 and do Activity 1. Forces in Action.
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Science 8
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________________ Grade &
Section:
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III. EXPLAIN
A force may not always cause an object to move, especially if there is more than one force
present. The presence of another force may cancel the effect of the other force; thus, causing no
change in the state of motion of an object. However, If a single force is present, it can cause a
change in the state of motion. This single force that acts and causes a change in the state of
motion of an object is known as the net force or resultant force. The resultant force is the vector
sum of all the forces acting on an object. In addition, an object with a larger mass needs a
stronger force to be moved along in different directions.
The Net Force can be calculated with this simple equation:

Fnet = m x a
Where;
F=
Resultant Force or Net Force (N)
m = Mass (kg)
a=
Acceleration (m/s2)
❖ Types of Forces
Forces can be classified into two basic types based on how they are applied or how
they act on the other objects. Those forces that require physical contact between objects are
called contact force. The other type of force is called non-contact force or action-at-a distant
force or field force. The latter does not require physical contact to have any effect on the other
object. Examples of contact forces include applied force, normal force, frictional force, air
resistance force, tensional force, and spring force. Meanwhile, non-contact forces include the
following examples: gravitational force, electrical force, and magnetic force.
After reading the short input, create a concept map to classify the different types of force in your
science notebook.
❖ Force as a Vector
Quantities in science are measurable and are expressed in a numerical value and a unit,
collectively referred to as the magnitude. Quantities that are completely specified by magnitude
alone are called scalars. Mass, time, distance, speed, and temperature are examples of scalar
quantities. Physical quantities that require both magnitude and direction for their specifications
are called vectors. Force, velocity, and acceleration are examples of vector quantities. After
reading some important concepts about force, you may now do Task 1. Problem Solving. Net
force on page 4 of your science work text. Use the equation above to solve the problems and to
find out what will be the exact amount of force applied in an object. You may refer to a sample
problem in your work text for your guide.
IV. ELABORATE
Do you know how scientists solve a problem? Read the life story of Isaac Newton and
find out how. You will also realize how his contributions made an impact to society.
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Science 8
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Isaac Newton
(1643-1727)
Isaac Newton, a British physicist and mathematician. He was born prematurely on December
25, 1642. As a child and a son of a farmer, he did not show signs of brilliance, but showed interest
in reading books. When he studied at the university of Cambridge, which he did for five years, he
graduated without distinction.
But Isaac Newton became one of the most brilliant scientists in history. Before the age of
30, he formulated the basic concepts and laws of universal gravitation, invented the mathematical
method of calculus, and made many observations about the nature of light. Newton was able to
explain the motion of planets, and the ebb and flow of tides. In 1705 Newton was the first scientist
to be knighted by Queen Anne.
Processing Questions;
1. What can you say about the life of Isaac Newton?
2. What are the scientific attitudes that helped Isaac Newton to become a very successful
scientist? Explain your answer.
3. How important are the scientific attitudes and values in your life?
V. EVALUATE
Directions: Make a short report of the different causes of accidents at home. Discuss how
the knowledge of force and motion could prevent these accidents. Your report should have the
following parts; I. Title II. Introduction III. Discussion IV. Conclusion
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● LESSON 1.2: Law of Inertia

In this lesson you will learn about the first law of motion and the principles behind it.
I. ENGAGE
The principles of Newton’s First Law of Motion were primarily based on the works of
Galileo. Encircle the concepts which relate to Newton’s First law of motion.
INTERACTION OBJECT AT REST UNBALANCED FORCE
INERTIA NET FORCE DIFFRACTION
OBJECT IN MOTION CIRCULAR MOTION MASS
NANOMETER JOULE NEWTON
II. EXPLORE
Why are automobile headrests and seat belts necessary? How do inertia cause buildings to
collapse during an earthquake? To understand the concept of inertia, perform Activity 2.
Investigating Inertia on your Explore and Experience Science Work text.
III. EXPLAIN
Process questions:
1. What is inertia?
2. Which has a greater inertia- a small stone or a huge rock?
3. What does the law of inertia state?
Based on your previous activity, you might have noticed that a 5-peso coin will not drop into
an empty glass without exerting a force in flicking the cardboard; a stack of coins at the bottom
will not move without applying a force in a ruler. Some of the key points of Newton’s first law of
motion are the following;
A. It states that a body continues in its state of rest or in its state of motion at constant velocity
provided that no net force acts on it.
B. If an object is at rest, it tends to remain at rest unless acted upon by an external
unbalanced force.
C. If an object is moving, it tends to continue moving in a straight line without turning or
changing speed.
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Science 8
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Imagine yourself seated in a stationary car. When the car suddenly starts and accelerates,
what happens to your body? What will happen if the car suddenly stops again?
❖ Inertia and Mass- “Every object possesses inertia. An object’s inertia depends on its mass.
Mass is the measure of an object's inertia.”
Every object possesses inertia. An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the measure
of inertia. For example, if Box A has less inertia than Box B. Then Box A will be easier to move
than box B. Which means that the larger the mass of an object the greater its inertia.
Directions: Put a check mark on the statements that describe the Law of Inertia.
1._____Pulling the tablecloth out from under the dishes.

2._____Shaking the water off of your hands.
3._____Pushing the gas pedal harder for a car to go faster.
4._____Knocking the card out from under the table.
5._____Opposing forces from wind and the road will not let the car accelerate because the
forces are equal.
IV. ELABORATE
What does this picture tell you? How will you relate the Law of Inertia to this image? What is
the importance of wearing seatbelts?
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Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
V. EVALUATE
Directions: Complete the statements below:
1. Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the LAW OF __________________.

2. Newton’s first law says that:
A. “An object at rest, or is ________________, will stay at __________, and

B. an object that IS MOVING will keep moving with constant ___________________,
which means at the same _________and in the same __________, unless a
__________________________ force acts on that object. “
3. What is inertia?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What property of an object determines how much inertia it has ___________________

5. Which of the following has more inertia? Explain
A. Bowling ball or Tennis ball

____________________________________________________________________________
B. Hammer or Feather
____________________________________________________________________________
● LESSON 1.3: Law of Acceleration and Uniform Circular Motion

Is there a relationship between acceleration and any unbalanced force acting on
a body? In this lesson you will be learning Newton's second law of motion and uniform
circular motion.
ENGAGE
As your starting activity, place a book on top of the table and push it. Add 4 more books
and push it with the same amount of force that you used in pushing one book. How will you
describe the movement of the books in the two situations? Write your answer in your science
notebook
II. EXPLORE
In order for you to learn more about Newton’s second law of motion and uniform circular
motion do the Activity 3. Circular Motion and Newton’s second law of motion on page 9 of
your Science work text and Answer the guide questions that follow.
● What is the relationship between uniform circular motion and Law of Acceleration?
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Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
III. EXPLAIN
Based on your previous activity, you might have noticed that the motion of an object will be
accelerated if you add more force on it. This is one of the main points about Newton’s second law
of motion. But did you ever observe the motion of objects in your activity? Why is it that the object
still travels in a circular path when it is released?
Centripetal force
-is the force that is necessary to

keep an object moving in a curved
path and is directed inward toward
the center of rotation.
In the case of circular motion, the whirling object accelerates not due to the change in its
speed but to the change in the direction of its velocity. By Newton’s second law of motion, a net
force must be acting on accelerating objects. So where is this net force coming from? For the
object to move in a horizontal circle, what must you do? You have to “pull the object inward
towards the center of the circular path, right? So the force comes from the string that pulls the
object towards the center of its circular path. If you remove this force by either cutting or releasing
the string, you will observe that the object will continue to move straight and fly off tangentially to
the path. This is the natural tendency of the object if there is no net force acting on it, according
to the First Law of Motion. But because of the net force from the string, instead of going straight,
the object accelerates inwards thereby covering a circular path. The object is said to be in uniform
circular motion.
The acceleration of an object travelling in a straight path is directly proportional to the net
force acting on it, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
The acceleration of an object can be computed using the equation on the right side the below;
Where;
Symbol
Fnet
Name
Net force
Units
newton (N), dyne a= Fnet
m mass kg, g
a acceleration m/s2, cm/s2 m
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Science 8
Name:
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a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
Problem Solving is an important skill that all young individuals like you should develop. It
is necessary for you to survive in this world. How do you deal with problems?
Do Task 2. Analysis of relationship of quantities on page 7 of the Explore and
Experience Science Work text. Analyze the scenario in the task and find out how the variables of
the equation are related to one another. You may refer to the sample problems below as your
guide.
Sample Problem 1
A force of 20 N is applied to a box of books with a mass of 4 kg. Find the acceleration of the box
of books.
Given: Formula: Solution:
Net Force = 20 N a=Fnet a=20N/ 4kg
Mass= 4 kg m a= 5 m/s2
Acceleration=?
Sample Problem 2
A bowling ball has a mass of 10 kg. If kenny applies a force of 35 N to the bowling ball, what will
be the ball’s acceleration?
Given: Formula: Solution:
Net Force = 35 N a=Fnet a=35 N/ 10 kg
Mass= 4 kg m a= 3.5 m/s2
Mass =10 kg
Acceleration=?
IV. ELABORATE
Which vehicle would be greatly affected? Why? Consider the three quantities; force, mass
and acceleration
“.…..If a dump truck collides head on
with a car……”
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Science 8
Name:
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a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
V. EVALUATE
Directions: Complete the statements below.
I. Sentence Completion
1. Newton’s second law of motion is also known as the LAW OF ____________________
2. Newton’s second law says that when an ____________________force is applied to an
________________, it causes it to ____________________________.

3. The greater the force that is applied, the _______________________ the acceleration.
4. The lesser the force that is applied, the ________________________ the acceleration.
5. If the same force is applied to an object with a large mass, it will have a ____________
acceleration.
6. If the same force is applied to an object with a small mass, it will have an ____________
acceleration.
7. What do each of the variables mean?
F = ____________m = ________a = _______________
8. What unit of measurement must be used with each variable?
F = _________ m = _________ a = _______________
9-10. Uniform circular motion is a motion of a mass or an object at a _______speed and
● LESSON 1.4: Law of Interaction

In this lesson, you will be learning about the third law of motion, the law of interaction
or the law of action and reaction.
I. ENGAGE
Let’s move on to the third law of motion which is the law of interaction. The first law looked
into how moving and stationary objects behave in the absence of external force, the second law
of motion discussed how force, as well as the object’s mass, can influence the motion of an object.
The third law of motion will focus our attention to the forces of interacting bodies.
“Have you ever wondered what propels a rocket upward? Why should there be such large
amounts of exhaust gas in a rocket launch?
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Science 8
Name:
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a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
II. EXPLORE
Why don’t action and reaction forces cancel each other out? Let’s find out! Do Activity 4.
Balloon Rocket on page 10 of your science work text.
III. EXPLAIN
Process questions:
1. What does the Law of Interaction state?
2. Which are the action and reaction forces when launching a rocket spaceship?
3. Would a rocket ship still be propelled if only half as much gas is released as its exhaust?
You have learned from the activity that in every action, there is always an equal but opposite
reaction. “Can you identify in the activity which objects pertain to action and reaction? To learn
more about the third law of motion, Isaac Newton stated that “forces are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction”. This table sums up the idea of the third law.
Action-Reaction forces
Two forces are equal in size.
Two forces are opposite to each
other in terms of direction.
Two forces have the same line of action.
Action acts on one object, while reaction acts on another object.
The law of interaction implies that forces do not occur singly but occur in pairs as a result
of the interaction between two bodies. For example, when you step forward from rest, your foot
pushes backward on earth and earth exerts an equal and opposite force on you.
Note: That the equal and opposite forces do not act on the same body. If they did, there would
be no resultant force and acceleration would be impossible
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Science 8
Name:
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a
________________ Grade &
Section:
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IV. ELABORATE
Directions: Compose a scenario or situation that explains the application of Newton’s Third Law
of Motion in our daily life. Use the space below.
V. EVALUATE
Answer the summative assessment – Newton’s Laws of Motion in your Explore and
Experience science work text on page 11
✵ SYNCHRONOUS:
-You may join the online session using Google meet as scheduled. You will be
given links and code by your teacher
● Performance Task:
Performance Standards: The learners shall be able to develop a written plan and implement a
“Newton’s Olympics”.
September is the Literacy Month in Siena College of Taytay. Activities. Science related
activities are conducted during this month. This year’s theme is focused on appreciating and
acknowledging the contributions of scientists who made a significant impact on the improvement
of man’s life through science. You are a part of an educational company that offers activities
that would enrich the science curriculum. A part of your package is the “Newton-Olympics”. This
is a set of games/tasks that relates to the three laws of motion. Write a proposal with the
following parts
I. Title, II. Objectives, III. Materials, IV. Mechanics of the game V. Discussion
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________________ Grade &
Section:
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Your output will be graded based on the following criteria: Content Accuracy, Organization
and Mechanics, Creativity and Relevance.
● RUBRIC:
5 4 3 2
CRITERIA Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Beginning
Concepts were Concepts were Concepts were Concepts were

Content evident throughout; apparent; all but 1 usually apparent; lacking most of
Accuracy all terms were used or 2 terms used used some terms the time; very few
accurately accurately accurately terms are used
accurately
Well-prepared and Not completely Presentation Not prepared and
Organization without any prepared and showed an attempt contained
And mechanical errors; contained of the originality mechanical
Mechanics the overall mechanical errors and inventiveness errors; some
presentation was that did not interfered with
effective interfere with the presentation
presentation
Interesting, Interest, Some use of Did not use any
Creativity engaging, visually motivation, effort graphics and graphics and
stimulating; and time obviously illustrations; tried illustrations
aesthetically present; very little to engage the
appealing use of use of graphics thought but did not
graphics and and illustrations stimulate
illustrations
Establish a clear Established a Attempted to Failed to establish
Relevance purpose that is very purpose that is establish a a purpose that is
relevant to the goal quite relevant to purpose, but was relevant to the
and stimulate a the goal and not relevant to the goal and did not
clear understanding stimulates goal or did not demonstrate an
of the game. understanding of show a clear understanding of
the game. understanding of the game.
the game
● Post Assessment:
I. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following statements carefully and choose the best answer from the
given set of choices. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
_______1. Which of the following laws of motion explains the recoiling of a gun when fired?
A. Law of Inertia B. Law of Acceleration C. Law of Interaction D. Law of Gravitation
_______ 2. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A body moving in circular path with a constant speed is said to be in uniform circular
Motion
B. A constant force directed towards the center of the circle is needed by objects in uniform
circular motion
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C. An object in uniform circular motion moves at a_________________________
constant speed.
D. All of the above
_______ 3. Which of the following refers to a push or pull that produces a change in the state of
motion of an object?
A. energy B. force C. pressure D. work
_______ 4. Which of the following is inversely proportional to mass?

A. Force B. acceleration C. gravity D. weight
_______ 5. Which of the following describes when the force exerted causes an object to move
in the same direction as force?
A. Gravity B. motion C. power D. work
_______6. Which of the following refers to the overall forces acting on an object?
A. concurrent forces B. recurrent forces C. net-force D. gravitational forces
_______7. Which of the following quantifies the amount of work that can be done by an object in
motion?
A. kinetic energy B. Light energy C. potential energy D.sound energy
_______8. Which of the following describes uniform circular motion?

A. A body moving in a straight line with varying speed
B. A body moving in a straight line with a constant speed
C. An object moving in circular path with a varying speed
D. An object moving in circular path with a constant speed
_______9. Which of the following laws of motion explains why a passenger moves forward when
a vehicle suddenly stops from moving?
A. Law of Inertia
B. Law of Acceleration
C. Law of Interaction
D. Law of Universal Gravitation
_______10. Is it the rate at which work is performed or energy is converted?

A. displacement B. motion C. power D. work
II. Modified True or False

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and if it is
wrong change the underlined words to make it right, write your answer on the space provided.
For numbers 11-30 (2pts each).
_________________________11-12. Combination of forces may balance one another so the

object stays in motion.
_________________________13-14. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by

an external balance force causing it to move
.
_________________________15-16. An object's inertia depends on its mass.
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_________________________17-18. Not all forces result in motion of objects.
_________________________19-20. Acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the

net force acting on it.
_________________________21-22. Work is done when force causes an object to move in the

same direction.
_________________________23-24. Weight is an example of force.
_________________________25-26. Concurrent forces are forces that act simultaneously.
● Reference/Resources:
A. Books
● Aquino, Marites D., Valdoz, Meliza P., Mariano, Jan Jason M., Bascara, Mary Anne T. K to
12 Science Links 8. RBS Science and Technology Series, First Edition 2013
● Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Forteza, Rex S., Science Links IV Physics. RBS
Science and Technology Series, First Edition 2012
● Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Bagunu, Marianne V., Bascara, Mary Anne T.,
Valdoz, Meliza P. Rex S., TRMScience Links III Chemistry. RBS Science and Technology
Series, Second Edition 2013
● Abastillas, Vicencio Jr. N. High School Physics. SIBS Pub. House Inc.: 2002
B. Internet Resources
● 1https://www.google.com/search?q=difference+between+balance+force+and+unbalance+f
orces&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv8arXo9vpAhUMrpQKHdPmCUoQ_
AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=EIO5f-j6v8j_zM
● https://www.google.com/search?q=sample+images+situations+about+La+wof+inertia&sour
ce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUqYe2rYrqAhWB-
2EKHZyrDKkQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=8v-2vxslU3QNEM
● https://www.google.com/search?q=sample+images+situations+about+La+wof+inertia&sour
ce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUqYe2rYrqAhWB-
2EKHZyrDKkQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=8v-
2vxslU3QNEM&imgdii=areo0qHf85aRLM
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvPrn3aBQG8
● https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=+uniform+circular+motion
Page 17 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
MODULE 1: Work, Power and Energy
LESSON 2: Work and Power
TIME FRAME: 2 Weeks
● Introduction:
You have heard adults say” I am so tired from working on the computer all day!” or “all the
paperwork I had to do today drained my energy”. Are these claims rooted in scientific reasoning?
In the scientific sense, when is work really done? Does the amount of work that one can do relate
to one’s power and energy? How can we do a lot of work?
In Module 1, you used Newton’s Laws to analyze the motion of objects. You investigated
the motion of an object in relation to force, mass and acceleration. In this module, motion will be
investigated from the perspective of work and energy. The concept of force, which you have taken
up in Module 1, will be related to the concepts of work, power and energy. Find out as we journey
together in these lessons and discover the relationship of work, power and energy and learn about
the factors that may affect each of these important concepts. As you go through this lesson,
always to address the question “How can a lot of work be done?”
● Lessons and Coverage:

- Lesson 2.1 – Work and Power
- Lesson 2.2- Work and Mechanical Energy (Kinetic energy and potential energy)
● Learning Objectives: After finishing this lesson, you will be able to;
1. determine your own power expended in running and walking up the flight of stairs.
2. solve problems on work and power.
3. infer the amount of power and work based on the energy possessed by an object
or body.
4. calculate the potential energy and potential energy of an object.
5. apply the concepts of work, power and energy in real life situations.
● Pre-Assessment:
I. Identification
Directions. Read the statements carefully and Identify the term that is being asked.
Write your answer on the spaces provided.
_____________1. It refers to the SI unit of _________6. It refers to the energy possessed of a

work. moving object.
_____________2. It refers to the SI unit of _________7. It refers to the energy possessed by a
power. stretched spring.
_____________3. It refers to the ability to do _________8. It refers to a device that aids human’s in
work. performing work.
_____________4. It refers to the rate of doing _________9. An automated device that performs a
work. human task.
_____________5. He is known as the _________10. It refers to a stored kind of energy
inventor of the engine. possessed by an object by virtue of its
position.
Page 18 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
II. Multiple Choice
Directions. Read each statement and write your answer on the space provided before the
number.
______11. Which of the following situations shows that work is done?
A. A weightlifter holding a barbell C. A gardener pushing a lawnmower
B. A vendor carrying basket of goods D. A security guard standing in front
of a building
______12. Which of the following is not a unit of energy?
A. dyne B. erg C. Joule D. Newton-meter
______13. Which of the following is the rate at which work is done?

A. Displacement B. Kinetic energy C. Potential energy D. Power
_____14. What will be the power rate in watts if a 400-N weight is lifted to a height of 6 m in 2
min?
A. 10 W B.20 W C.30 W D. 40 W
For items 15 and 16, consider the following scenario.

“Student A lifts a book weighing 20 N onto a shelf in 5 s. Student B lifts the book to the
same height in 10 s”
______15. Which of the following statements is true about the total work done by student A and
B?
A. Student A and B did not do any work C. Student A did less work than student B.
B. Students A and B did the same amount of work. D. Student A did a greater amount of
work than student B.
______16. Which of the following statements is true about the total power expended by student
A and B?
A. Students A and B have zero power. C. Students A and B have the same power.
B. Student A has less power than student B. D. Student A has greater power than
student B.
______17. Which of the following is a unit of power?
A. Joule Joule per second C. Newton D. Newton-meter
_____18. Which of the following is the main function of car jack?

A. It multiply the force C. It multiplies the speed
B. It transfer energy D. It changes the direction of force
_____19. Which of the following devices is not classified as an inclined plane?

A. Seesaw B. Ramp C. Axe D. stairs
______20. In which of the following examples does an object possess kinetic energy?
A. moving car C. digested food
B. stretched rubber bond D. a book lifted from the table
Page 19 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
● LESSON 2.1: Work and Power
In this lesson you will learn about the relationship between work and power. As
you go through in this lesson always remember to address this question, how can a lot of work
be done?
I. ENGAGE
Have you ever tried wishing a certain task can be done easily? Or better yet quickly? Have
you ever wished you could pull off a task at much less time? Let’s find out the possibility of these
things as we explore the scientific concepts behind work and power.
Directions: Identify which situations show that work is done by putting a check mark inside the
pictures and put x mark otherwise
II. EXPLORE
Do Activity 5. Work and Power on page 14 of your Explore and Experience Science
III. EXPLAIN
work text. What must a person possess to be able to climb staircases? What form of energy is
demonstrated as you climb up the stairs? How is work done when you climb the stairs? What do
you think is the relationship that exists between work and power?
Based on the results of the activity, answer the following questions.

Process questions;
1. In what situation/s is/are work done?
2. What factors determine the value of work and power?
3. How is work related to power?
Page 20 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
Work is done when force is applied and the object moves prior to the direction of the applied
force. The equation to determine the amount of work done is;
Where;
W = work (J) Work =F x d
F = magnitude of the net force (N)
d = magnitude of the displacement (m)
The equation above is only applicable for constant forces parallel to the displacement. The
unit of work is the unit of force multiplied by the unit of displacement. When force is expressed in
Newton’s (N) and distance in meters (m), work is in newton-meters (N-m) or joules (J), 1 J=1
Newton meter= 1 kg m2 /s2. One joule is the amount of work done when a force of one newton
is exerted to move an object to a distance of one meter. If the force is expressed in dynes and
the distance in centimeters, the unit of work is dyne cm or erg. 1 erg= 1 dyne cm.
You have learned also in your previous activity that power is the rate of doing work and
can be determined or calculated using the equation or formula.
Where;
Work=Joule/s Power = W/time
Time=seconds
Problem solving is an important skill you have to develop. It may help you analyze the situation
IV. ELABORATE
and think of the possible solutions for your problems. To learn more about this lesson, do Task
4 and Task 5. Problem solving page 16 in your Explore and Experience work text. Use the given
equations to solve the problems.
Do you ever wonder who coined the terms work and power? Here are the short life stories
of the two scientists who contributed a lot in the development of modern science and its
applications.
Page 21 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
James Watt
(1736-1819)
A Scottish inventor and engineer, He was known for
improving the New comen steam engine, which was fundamental
to the changes brought about by the industrial revolution in both
Great Britain and the world. The development in the steam engine
initiated changes in generating and applying power; revolutions in
transportation which included the locomotive and the steamboat;
and the constructions of new factories, machine tools, and the watt
steam engine.
James Prescott Joule
(1818-1889)
He was an English physicist who studied the nature of heat
and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. This led
to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the
development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI
derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him.
Process Questions;
1. What can you say about the life of James Watt and James Prescott Joule?
2. What are the scientific attitudes that helped them to become a very successful scientist?
Explain your answer.
3. How important are these lessons in your life?
V. EVALUATE
Directions: Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follow.
Situation 1-Who’s doing the work faster?
In a newly renovated office, workers busied themselves in transferring materials into their
new areas. Jeff, who painstakingly pushed a pile of boxes towards his place, envied his co-worker
who effortlessly transported his boxes using a trolley.
Who has done greater work? ________________________________________________

Who has done the work faster? Explain? __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Situation 2-Who’s exerting more power?
Suppose you have 3 Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL) in your house labeled as 90-Watts,
46-Watts and 2-Watts. The lamp with the greatest wattage gives off the brightest light.
Which of the 3 lamps is expending more power?
Page 22 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
● LESSON 2.2: Work and Mechanical energy
In this lesson, you will be learning about the relationship between work and energy.
You will also learn the factors affecting kinetic and potential energy.
I. ENGAGE
You learned that there are different ways by which energy can be transferred from one
place to another. Sound and light are transferred by waves; electrical energy is transferred by
moving electrical charges through a complete circuit; and heat is transferred either by randomly
moving particles, or by electromagnetic waves. Work is also a means of transferring energy from
one object to another.
What will happen to a plastic and a rubber ball if you drop it and let it bounce? Will the material
that makes up the ball affect the way it bounces off? (Write your answer in your Science
notebook)
II. EXPLORE
Play a mini bowling game:

1. Get two balls (any ball made up of two different materials will do; you can also make
improvised balls from crumpled papers or lump of plastic)
2. Set up around 3 plastic bottles on the floor.
3. Roll the balls along the floor to hit the empty plastic bottles.
Is there work done on the ball? What does it take to do a lot of work?
III. EXPLAIN
From your previous activity and task you might have realized that work will not be done if
there is an absence of energy. Now let’s expand your understanding about work and mechanical
energy. Whenever you do work on an object, the work done represents the amount of energy
transformed from one form to another. For example, if you throw a stone, you do work on the
stone and based on your previous activity in walking up the stairs you also do work. Hence, you
transform the chemical energy of your body obtained from the food you eat into the kinetic energy
of the object. When you lift a book, you increase the potential energy of the book. The work you
do is equal to the change in the energy of the object. The unit of energy is the same as the unit
of work, which is the joule(j).
Remember that Mechanical energy can be calculated using these formulas:

Potential Energy
PE = mgh
Where;
m= mass in kg
g= force of gravity which is equal 9.8 m/s2
Page 23 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
h= height _________________________
- The SI unit that represents potential energy is the Joule (J). 1 Joule is equal to 1 kg m2/s2).
Kinetic Energy
KE=1/2mV2
kinetic energy = 1/2 (mass of object) (velocity of object)2

or
KE = 1/2 mV2
-The SI unit for kinetic energy is also in Joule (J). After reading and understanding all the concepts
including the equations, do Task 5. problem solving on page 17 of the Explore and Experience
Science work text. Problem solving is an important skill you have to develop. It may help you
analyze the situation and think of the possible solutions to your problems.
IV. ELABORATE
So far, we have discussed the relationship between work and mechanical energy. Work
is a way of transferring energy. Energy is the capacity to do work. When work is done by an object
it loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains energy. You have also learned that
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy. At this point it is expected that you
already have a good grasp of the concepts of work, power and energy and how they affect one
another
Do you want to be the next Katniss Everdeen of hunger games? or Green Arrow of the Justice
league? Both characters portray the role of excellent archers. Archery is the art, sport, practice,
or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows. The word comes from the Latin arcus.
Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a
competitive sport and recreational activity.
Remember these concepts about work, power and energy as you answer the questions
about archery:
● Work is done on an object when the force applied to it covers a distance in the direction
of the applied force.
● Work is a way of transferring energy.
● When work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is done on an object it
gains energy.
● -The energy of an object enables it to do work.
● A moving object has energy called energy of motion or kinetic energy.
● An object above a specified level has energy due to its position called potential energy.
● An elastic object that is stretched or compressed or twisted has energy called potential
energy.
● Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy.
Process questions:
1. How is an arrow released in archery?
2. In which object is work being done? bow or arrow?

3.
Page 24 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
4. Why must the bow be drawn back as far as possible?
5. What form of energy is stored as one draws the bow?
6. How is the bow’s energy affected by how far it is drawn?
7. What happens to this energy as the arrow is released?
8. How does this affect the movement of the arrow?
9. How will you relate the principles of archery in your daily task at home?
V. EVALUATE
The concepts of work, power and energy are greatly taken in the area of construction where
manual labor is highly demanded. Engineers make good use of machines to reduce man’s effort.
As your concluding task in this lesson you will make a simple concept map that will show the
relationships of work, power and energy.
✵ SYNCHRONOUS:
- There will be an online class meeting through Google meet following the given
class schedule. A link will be sent to the students so they can join the class.
● Performance Standard;
-The student shall be able to create at least one (visual, infographics, graphic
organizers) of the relationship of work, power and energy.
● MINI TASK:
We do apply work, power and energy in our daily lives. Choose 1 and create
ANY of the following (visuals, info-graphs or graphic organizers) that best captures the
ideas from our lesson work, power and energy.
● Rubric:
Criteria Excellent Good Developing
5 4 3
Interesting, engaging, Interest, motivation, effort and Some use of graphics
Creativity visually stimulating; time obviously present; very and illustrations; tried to
aesthetically appealing little use of graphics and engage the thought but
use of graphics and illustrations did not stimulate
illustrations
Organization Information was presented Some information are Information was not
of Content in an orderly sequence presented in an orderly presented in an orderly
sequence sequence
Adherence All the information helps in Some information helps in Only few information
to the task meeting the objectives meeting the objectives helps in meeting the
objectives objectives
Page 25 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
I. Identification
Directions: Read each statement thoroughly and identify what is being asked for or described
by the statements. Choose your answer from the words in the box below and write it in the
space provided.
James watt Potential energy Power
Energy Time Kinetic energy
Watts (W) James Prescott Joule Waves
____________1. He studied the nature of heat and its relationship to mechanical work.
____________2. It refers to the quantity that is inversely proportional to power.
____________3. It refers to the ability to do work.
____________4. It refers to the rate of doing work.
____________5. He invented the “steam engine”.
____________6. It refers to a type of mechanical energy possessed by an object at rest.
____________7. It refers to a type of mechanical energy possessed by an object in motion.
____________8. It refers to the unit used to express power and is also equal to joule/sec.
____________9. It refers to a type of energy possessed by a rolling ball.
____________10. It refers to a type of energy possessed by a boy sitting on the bench.

II. Modified True or False
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and if it is
wrong, change the underlined word/s to make it right. Write your answer on the space provided.
For numbers 11-30(2pts each)
___________________11-12. Work cannot be done in the absence of motion.
___________________13-14. It requires more power to run up the stairs than to walk up the
stairs.
___________________15-16. Power is getting the most work done in the shortest amount of
time.
___________________17-18. Work is done on an object when the force applied to it covers a
distance in an opposite direction of the applied force.
___________________19-20. Work is a way of transferring energy.
___________________21-22. When work is done on an object it gains energy.
___________________23-24. The energy of an object enables it to do work.
___________________25-26. A moving object has energy called potential energy.
___________________27-28. An object above a specified level has energy due to its position
called potential energy.
___________________29-30. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy.
Page 26 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
A. Books
● Aquino, Marites D., Valdoz, Meliza P., Mariano, Jan Jason M., Bascara, Mary Anne T. K
to 12 Science Links 8. RBS Science and Technology Series, First Edition 2013
● Meliza P. Rex S., TRMScience Links III Chemistry. RBS Science and Technology
A. Internet Resources
● https://www.google.com/search?q=relationship+between+power+and+energy&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiw5YDtjezpAhVV_GEKHWOcAQ8Q_AUoAXoECB
MQAw&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=MeeimgV_g_sU-M
● https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=v_raXozeL9ilwAPUuJb4CA&q=relations
hip+between+power+and+energy&oq=relationship+between+power+and+
● https://medium.com/@nealbattaglia/relation-between-power-and-energy-physics-
350580686af9
● Henderson, Tom. (2013). Work and energy. Retrieved from
● https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/work-and-energy/id611940649?mt=13
MODULE 1: Light and Sound

LESSON 3: Production and factors affecting the transmission of sound waves
● Introduction
When you tap a solid object like shoes, chair or pen, you would hear a distinct
sound. Why is this so? When you talk you can feel vibrations inside your throat. Why is it
easier to hear distant voices and other sounds at night? How do we produce sound? How
is an echo produced? Have you tried singing inside the bathroom, do you notice that your
voice sounds richer and more powerful? Why is this so? The sound that you hear are
effects of the movement of particles and of energy.
In this lesson, you will find out the interplay of motion of particles and energy that
produces sound waves. You will learn a lot of wonderful things about the natural world
that you live in.
- Lesson 3.1– Production and Transmission of Sound waves/ Factors affecting the
transmission of sound waves
● Learning Objectives: After finishing lesson, you will be able to;
1. investigate the effect of temperature to the speed of sound
2. infer how the movement of particles of an objects affects the speed of sound
through it.
3. infer how the molecular structure of a material affect the speed of sound moving
through it.
Page 27 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
● Pre Assessment _________________________
I. True or False: Write the word True if the
statement is correct and False if it is incorrect. ________6. The direction of light doesn’t change when
it passes through a triangular prism.
__________1. In the visible spectrum, red ________7. It was Einstein who showed that sunlight
light is the least bent while violet is the most is composed of six distinct colors.
bent. _________8. Black objects absorb all colors so no light
__________2. White object appears white is reflected.
because it reflects all colors. _________9. Reflection is the bouncing of light rays
__________3. Reflection of light in a smooth when it hits a barrier.
surface like a mirror is called diffused _________10. Refraction makes objects in water
reflection. appear shallower.
__________4. Prism causes incident light to
be separated by color upon exiting the
medium.
__________5. In the formation of a rainbow,
light is both reflected and dispersed.
16-20.) How does temperature affect the transmission
III. Briefly answer the following of sound waves?
questions.
A.) How does a rainbow form?
● LESSON 3.1: Production and Factors affecting the

transmission of sound wave
You have learned that sound is produced by vibrating matter. How is sound produced
and transmitted? This question will be answered in this lesson.
I. ENGAGE
Directions: Name songs that you love to sing or listen to which start with the letters
SOUND. Try to sing at least a few lines from your chosen songs.
S-
O-
U-
N-
D-
II. EXPLORE
Look for an enclosed place inside your house, Read aloud the paragraph below. While
speaking, place your fingers lightly on your throat.
“Love is the key to happiness. We all want to lead a happy life. People look around for
happiness in power, fashion, wealth, drugs etc. But these things can only give temporary
Page 28 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
pleasures. The power of love can create miracles._________________________
Love can create unity among nations and its
citizens. Love is the most beautiful feeling in the world. Love has given different meaning by
different people depending upon how they have experienced this wonderful feeling.”
Processing questions:
1. What do you feel when you touch your throat while speaking?
2. What happens inside your throat as you talk or sing?
3. What are the specific parts of your body which are involved in the production of sounds?
III. EXPLAIN
When you touch your throat lightly while talking or singing, you are actually touching a box -
like part called the larynx. Stretched across the larynx are muscles called vocal cords. How do we
hear a sound? Sound reaches our ears by sound waves traveling through a transmitting medium,
normally air. A medium is a means to carry sound. Air surrounding the source of sound does not
travel to your ear. Instead, the air molecules transmit the sound energy by vibrating at their
positions, colliding with their neighboring particles, and exchanging kinetic energy with them.
Take note of the concepts below for you to better understand this lesson.
● WAVE- is a disturbance that moves from one place to another that carries energy away
from the wave source.
● SOUND WAVE - refers to longitudinal waves with a frequency range from just below 20
Hz to kHz. Is composed of waves of COMPRESSION and RAREFACTION
which are detected by the ears
(regions where air molecules are close to each other)
(regions where the air molecules are far apart)
● FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED AND TRANSMISSION OF SOUND

1. DENSITY- refers to how light an object is as compared to its size. The sound travels faster in
dense materials. It travels fast in solid phase and slower in gas phase.
2. ELASTICITY- sound can travel faster through mediums with higher elastic properties (like
steel) than it can through solids like rubber, which have lower elastic properties. As a result, sound
waves travel faster in solids than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in glasses.
3. TEMPERATURE- Sound waves travel faster through warm than through cool air. The velocity
of sound in air depends on the air temperature. The speed of sound in dry air is 332
Cm/s at 0 ºC. This speed increases with temperature: about 0.6 m/s for every 1 ºC increase in
Page 29 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
temperature. _________________________
The table shows the speed of sound in different media. The speed of sound in
any medium depends on the masses of its atoms or molecules and on the force between and
among them
Table 1. Speed of Sound in Different Media
MATERIALS SPEED OF SOUND (m/s)
Air at 00 C 332
Air at 200 C 344
Carbon Dioxide 266
Hydrogen at 180C 1300
Aluminum 5100
Brass 3500
Copper 3970
Iron 5000
Lead 1300
Rock 1500-3500
Soda Glass 5000-5300
Steel 5000-6000
Wood 4000-5300
Mercury 1450
Sea Water 1540
Water 1440
Now you already have an idea of what sound is, how it is transmitted in different mediums
and what it can do in our life. Do Task 6. Table Analysis: Effects of temperature on the speed
of sound on page 18 of your Explore and Experience Science work text.
IV. ELABORATE
You have learned that sound is propagated with the vibration of particles. You have also
learned that sound travels in different media. Are you familiar with echolocation? How about the
sonars of submarines? What do you think are the importance of having these processes in relation
to sound waves? Can you list down some information about echolocation and the sonar system?
How are these methods used by humans and animals?
Process questions:
1. What are the importance of sonar and echolocation?
2. What do you think are the uses of this method for animals in locating their prey?
3. How is the sonar system used in modern technology?
Page 30 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
V. EVALUATE
Process Questions: Briefly answer the following questions:
1. Explain the process of echolocation. What is a Doppler effect?
2. Whales can communicate over thousands of kilometers. Explain how they do this. What
kind of wave is used?
MODULE 1: Light and Sound

LESSON 4: Light Waves
TIME FRAME: 1 week
● Introduction
Light is everywhere in this world. Without light we will not be able to see things. Observe
the sky at noontime. Why is the sky blue? Why are clouds white? Why is the color of sunset red?
The green forests, blue lakes, multicolored compact discs, soap bubbles, and rainbows can be
enjoyed by anyone who has eyes to see them. Even seemingly unsightly black oil spill on the
pavement can become a thing of beauty after the rain, when the oil reflects the colors of the
rainbow. How are these colors formed? In this lesson you will be learning how the wavelike
behavior of light interacts with matter.

Lesson 4.1- Visible Light Spectrum/Hierarchy of Colors
● Learning Objectives:
After finishing lesson, you will be able to;
1. explain how light travels.
2. explain the hierarchy of colors in relation to the energy of visible light.
3. come up with a presentation of the scientific explanations of certain superstitious
beliefs related to observable phenomena in the sky.
● LESSON 4.1: Visible Light Spectrum/Hierarchy of Colors

You have just learned about the properties of sound and how it is propagated. In this
lesson you will encounter another type of wave that allows us to see things in our natural world.
I. ENGAGE
Directions: Write FACT if you think the statement is correct and BLUFF if it is wrong.
1. Light is also called visible light. __________

2. Reflected wavelengths are the ones we see__________
3. Light is an electromagnetic radiation______________
4. White light is the absence of all colors__________
5. The unit that the wavelength of light is called nanometer. ________
Page 31 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
II. EXPLORE
To observe how white light breaks into different colors, perform this activity.
“My Rainbow”
Procedure:
1. Fill a clear glass with water
2. Carefully place a mirror at the side of a glass. Turn off the lights so you will be able to
see the rainbow better.
3. Shine a flashlight toward the mirror in the glass. Make sure the light passes through the
glass to a clear wall.
4. Vary the angle of the light from the flashlight or change the angle of the mirror until you
can see the rainbow on the wall or ceiling.
Process questions:
1. What colors did you see when the light passed through the glass?
2. What tool is needed to separate white light into its component colors?
3. Is it hard to look for a perfect angle so you will be able to see the colors of light?
4. Are you familiar with a prism? Describe it and explain why it causes white light to separate
into the various colors of visible spectrum
III. EXPLAIN
In the previous activity you learned about the behavior of light. The white light that hits
objects is just a portion of what is called an electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, this white light
is made up of different colors of light with varying wavelengths and frequencies from red to violet.
We define color as the aspect of things that is caused by differing qualities of light being
reflected or emitted.
Based from the study conducted by the Colorimetry of the Optical Society of America, color
is consists of characteristics of light other than spatial and temporal in homogeneities; light being
the aspect of radiant energy which a human observer notices through the visual sensations that
arise from the simulation of the retina of the eye. The color of a flower depends on how it reflects
light. Each flower absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects other wavelengths. The color of
an object is the color of the light it reflects. Take note of the following concepts:
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_________________________
● an electromagnetic wave, a form of energy that can travel freely across space.
● a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by humans.
●
Visible spectrum
● is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
Among the colors in the electromagnetic spectrum, which color do you think has the lowest
and highest energy?
You have learned about how we see and why we see things in different colors. In the
process of seeing, light is always involved. Light has to be reflected by the object and into our
eyes so we can see it. The color of the object that we see depends on its color and the color of
light that illuminates it. The objects we see have colors because they reflect one or more of the
colors present in white light. Did you know that the difference between one color and another is
due to the differences in wavelengths or frequencies? Each color of light has its own wavelength
and frequency. In the visible spectrum, violet has the highest frequency but shortest wavelength.
Red has the lowest frequency but longest wavelength. See the table below and observe the
differences of the colors in visible light.
Nanometer (nm)- a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9 meter, or one billionth of a meter. It
used to measure the wavelength of visible light.
Terahertz(THz), – also known as submillimeter radiation THz, consists of
electromagnetic waves within the designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz.
It is used to measure light waves.
Table 2. Visible Spectrum
COLORS WAVELENGTH FREQUENCY
(nm) (THz)
Violet 380-450 680-790
Blue 450-485 620-680
Green 500-565 530-600
Yellow 565-590 510-530
Orange 590-625 480-510
Red 625-740 405-480
Based on the table of visible spectrum, which color do you think has the largest and shortest
wavelength? What about the color that has the highest and lowest frequency?
What do you think will happen if light waves hit a barrier? Will it pass through or will it
bounce back? Light travels in a straight line in the same medium until it encounters a barrier
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between two different materials. When the path _________________________
of light strikes a boundary, the light is either
reflected from the boundary or it passes into the material on the other side.
Reflection is the bouncing back of light waves when it hits a barrier or boundary of
another medium. The reflection of light is similar to the reflection of sound or the rebound of an
elastic ball. If we have laws of motion we also have laws of reflection, the laws of reflection are
stated as follows;
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the reflecting surface all lie in the same
plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
What happens when light rays hit a mirror? Shiny metal exteriors, and surface of ponds,
lakes, or any body of still water act as mirrors. When parallel rays of light strike a plane mirror or
a smooth surface, light rays are reflected in an orderly manner. Reflection of light from smooth
surfaces such as mirrors is called specular or regular reflection. Regular reflection enables us
to see images on smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces such as a mirror, a piece of metal, or still water.
This is the reason why we see ourselves in mirrors. Searchlights and automobile spotlights use
highly intense and concentrated light sources and highly polished regular reflectors to redirect the
beam in the desired direction. On the other hand, if the reflecting surface is rough, the surface
reflects the rays in different directions. The reflected rays are scattered and this is known as
irregular or diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection enables us to see objects such as chairs, tables,
or books, without seeing our own image reflected. Diffusion of light is important. If the rays of the
sun are not diffused by rough surfaces and dust particles in the air, the resulting glare will be so
intense.
As you have learned, white light is a mixture of colors that is conventionally divided into
six major hues called spectrum, consisting of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. Did you
know that it was Isaac Newton who first reported this dispersion of colors more than 300 years
ago? Do TASK 7. interpreting data light waves on page 19.
IV. ELABORATE
Prism is needed to break the white light into the different colors of light. With the different
refractive indices of the colors of light, bending is also different for each of the colors of light. A
rainbow starts with the RED light being at the topmost and ends with the VIOLET light being on
the bottom of the bow? However, blue is often seen at the bottom since violet light is not very
visible. What acts as a prism in the sky for real large rainbows to form? Do you still believe that
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Section:
there is really a pot of gold at the end of the bow?_________________________
There are many other beliefs about what we
usually observe in the sky. Are these really true? Do they have scientific bases?
Can you explain these phenomena? Interview older people (grandparents, parents,
relatives) whether they believe in the following sayings; Interview may be conducted through
messenger, e-mail, phone call or any means of communication if they are not living in the same
house.
1. There's a Pot of Gold at the Rainbow's End.
2. Wishes made upon a rainbow will come true.
3. Creatures such as “Tikbalang” are married when there are rains even on clear skies.
You may ask them of other beliefs or traditions that they know of that are related to the
observations in the sky.
V. EVALUATE
Process Questions: Briefly explain the following questions:

1. How is wavelength related to the frequency of light waves?
2. Black is the absence of all colors. Why do we still see black objects?
A. True or false B. Conceptual Questions
Directions. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it Directions. Answer the questions briefly.
is incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided.
A. How does the smoothness of the mirror
________1. Ordinary light is a polarized light. affect the clarity of the image?
________2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
________3. Color is dependent on the frequency or wavelength
of light.
________4. The higher the index of refraction, the slower the
the speed of light travels in a material. B Describe the phenomena of refraction.
_______5. Reflection of light in a smooth surface like a mirror is How and why does this occur?
called diffused reflection.
_______6. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal
The ray is called the angle of refraction.
_______7. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through
an obstruction such as a small slit. C. How do the colors of soap bubbles
_______8. Fiber optics is the technology for transmitting light form?
through cylindrical pipes as thin as a human hair.
_______9. The color of an object is the color of the light it
reflects.
_______10. Index of refraction is a property of a transparent
medium which is a measure of the speed of light in the
specific medium.
Page 35 of 60
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____________________________
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Section:
_________________________
A. Books
Aquino, Marites D., Valdoz, Meliza P., Mariano, Jan Jason M., Bascara, Mary Anne T. K to 12
Science Links 8. RBS Science and Technology Series, 1st Ed. 2013
Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Forteza, Rex S., Science Links IV Physics. RBS
Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Bagunu, et al, Rex S., TRMScience Links III
Chemistry. RBS Science and Technology Series, 2nd Ed. 2013
Abastillas, Vicencio Jr. N. High School Physics. SIBS Pub. House Inc.: 2002
B. Internet resources
https://www.google.com/search?q=effect+of++the+temperature+at+the+speed+of+sound+pdf.&
source=lmns&bih=654&biw=1366&hl=en
US&ved=2ahUKEwiF95fpqezpAhWMAaYKHeMLD9QQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
https://www.google.com/search?bih=654&biw=1366&hl=en-US&ei=JxjbXtHTLZjr-
EB46BAgAEEc6BQgAEM0COgQIIRAKOgcIIRAKEKABOggIIRAWEB0QHjoGCAAQBxAeOgQI
ABANOgYIABANEB46CAgAEAgQDRAeOgQIABAeOgYIABAIEB4
MODULE 1: Heat and Temperature

LESSON 5: Heat & Temperature
● Introduction:
Every day of our lives, heat flows around us. Heat transfers from hotter objects to
cooler ones. For example, heat flows from the handle of a hot metal ladle to our cooler
skin. Then heat flows from our skin to the much cooler air passing from the air conditioner.
If you sit near a bonfire, you would feel the heat coming from the fire. Do you recall having
left a spoon in a glass of hot milk and found the spoon too hot to hold when you get it
later? When you have been at the beach in the morning, have you noticed the sand is hot
and the water is cold? When you touch a cup of coffee or a glass of orange juice, you will
immediately sense how hot or cold the cup of glass is. Have you heard about a forest fire
devastating a huge area of land? Have you wondered why floods happen frequently
nowadays? Do you know why sea levels rise?
As you go through this module you will be able to apply your knowledge about heat
transfer that takes place between objects or places of different temperatures, and that
heat transfers from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature. This
time, you will learn more about heat transfer by exploring its effects on materials. You will
also learn about the factors that affect the amount of heat that an object can absorb or
release and describe how these are related to the amount of heat transferred. The concept
of heat and temperature will enable you to understand these different situations.

Lesson 5.1- Heat and Temperature/Heat Transfer
● Learning Objectives:
After finishing lesson 1, you will be able to;
1. differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level.
2. relate kinetic energy to temperature.
3. compare the behavior of molecules in different temperatures.
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____________________________
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________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
● Pre-Assessment:
I. Modified True or False
Directions: If the statement is correct, write True. If its false, change the underlined word or
words to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.
_____________________1. Solid ice is denser than liquid water.

_____________________2. Heat is measured in units called Degree Celsius.
_____________________3. Solidification is the change of phase from solid to liquid.
_____________________4. During a phase change, the temperature does not change.
_____________________5. Mercury thermometers can be used to determine body,
liquid, and vapor temperature.
_____________________6. An instrument used to measure temperature is a calorimeter.
_____________________7. The energy that is stored in fuel and food is called kinetic energy.
_____________________8. Heat is the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance.
_____________________9. Absolute zero is the lowest reading in the kelvin temperature scale.
_____________________10. Fast-moving molecules have less heat energy than slow-moving
molecules.
II. Multiple Choice
Directions. Read the statements carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on
the space provided.
_____11. What will happen to the molecules when the substance is heated?
A. become larger B. stay in the same place
C. move faster and farther apart Dove slower and closer together
_____12. Which of the following is the same as the freezing point of a substance?
A. boiling point B. condensation point
C. evaporation point D. melting point
_____13. Which of the following describes the phase change that takes place when a solid?
becomes a gas without passing the liquid state?
A. condensation B. evaporation
C. freezing D. sublimation
_____14. Which of the following temperatures ceases the motion of molecules?

A. 0oC B. 273 K C. -273oC D. 0o F
_____15. Which of the following describes the escape of molecules from the surface of an
uncontained liquid?
A. boiling B. sublimation C. evaporation. D. condensation
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_____16. Which of the following is true when a substance is heated but doesn’t change its state?
A. Only its molecular PE increases. C. Both molecular PE and KE decrease
B. Only its molecular KE increases D. Both its molecular PE and KE increases
______17. Which of the following is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules
of a body?
A. heat B. mass C. temperature D. volume
______18. Sometimes glasses get stuck when piled on top of each other. They may be
disengaged by dipping in warm water. Which of the following describes this situation?
A. The top glass contracts in warm water
B. The lower glass expands and releases the upper glass
C. The water makes the glasses slippery for easy manipulation.
D. The enclosed air expands and presses upward against the top glass.
______19. Which of the following statements about heat is not true?

A. Heat is energy in TRANSIT
B. Heat can be changed to another form of energy.
C. Heat is a substance that can be transferred from one place to another
D. Heat is energy that flows from one body to another due to temperature difference.
______20. At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales coincide?

A. -400C B. 00F C.320F D.400C
(Note: You may compare your answers for the pre assessment to the answer key found at the
● Lesson 5: Heat and Temperature

People often interchange the use of the terms heat and temperature in their daily
I. ENGAGE
conversation. They also think that heat and temperature are just the same. But for
physicists, heat and temperature are two different concepts. So in this module, you will
also learn the difference between heat and temperature. At the end of this lesson, you
are expected to address all these questions; What happens to solids, liquids, or gases
when they absorb or release heat? Does heat affect all kinds of materials in the same
way? Are heat and temperature one and the same?
Direction: Differentiate heat and temperature by completing the Venn diagram below
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
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________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
II. EXPLORE
Directions: Choose one of the activities below or you may also do both if materials are
available;
First option: Do Activity 6: Dye dispersion and temperature on page 20 of your Explore
and Experience work text.
Second option:(you may also choose from any of the three activities listed below)
1. If you have a good singing voice, continuously sing at least 3 of your favorite songs. What
do you feel after the 3rd song? Why does your throat dry up when you continuously sing?
2. If you don’t have a good singing voice, continuously tap with a beat in one of your
textbooks or any kind of book available in your house for at least 30 minutes. After 30 minutes of
tapping, how does the book feel? How about your hand?
3. Go near a fluorescent lamp or any other light source in your house. How does it feel?
What sensation did your body feel when you went near the light source?
Process Questions;
1. What causes the drying of your throat? The warmth of the textbook and your hand? And the
warmth sensation that your body felt while staying near the light source?
2. What do you think is the energy you felt from the mini-activities?
3. Is it heat or temperature? How do we distinguish heat from temperature?
III. EXPLAIN
You have just learned that if heat is absorbed or given off by an object, its temperature
changes. If the object absorbs heat its temperature rises. All the objects that you see around you
that are moving possess kinetic energy. But do you know that even the very small things that you
cannot see, like the particles of objects, are also moving and have kinetic energy. If heat is added
to an object, the particles of the object gain kinetic energy and they move faster. Since
temperature is directly related to kinetic energy, any gain in kinetic energy would cause the
temperature to increase. Conversely, if heat is transferred or removed from an object, it loses
kinetic energy, its particles move slower and the body’s temperature decreases.
Now you know how heat is transferred from one matter to another. You should always
remember that heat affects the movement of particles in objects. You have learned also in your
previous grades that temperature is measured by the use of a thermometer. You have most
probably used this device many times. The thermometer commonly available in our schools is the
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liquid thermometer, which has a column of either mercury or alcohol. When the thermometer is
placed in contact with any object the mercury column either rises or drops. But why does the liquid
inside the thermometer go up and down? How is thermal expansion related to temperature?
This happens because the mercury inside the tube expands or contracts in response to
a change in temperature. When the thermometer bulb is placed in hot water, the liquid inside the
tube expands. As it does, it takes more space and so it goes up the tube. When the bulb is placed
in cold water, the liquid contracts and so it goes down the tube. In physics, this is called thermal
expansion, another effect of heat transfer. But thermal expansion does not apply only to the liquid
inside the thermometer. In fact, it applies to almost everything around us, be it a solid, a liquid, or
a gas. Now let’s sum up the difference between
Heat and temperature. Thermal Energy or Heat Energy is the potential and kinetic
energy of its particles (atoms and molecules) that can be transformed to heat. While Temperature
is the measure of hotness or coldness of a body and a measure of the average kinetic energy of
molecules of a given substance. Below is some additional information about the scales on how to
measure the temperature of a given substance. Always take note of the concepts listed on the
table that follows.
Table 3. Scales of Temperature
Temperature Boiling point Freezing point Normal

Scales of water of water Body temperature
Celsius 1000C 0 oC 370C
Fahrenheit 212 0F 32 0F 98.60C
Kelvin 373 K 273 K 310 K
Process questions:
1. What specific temperatures do Kelvin and Celsius scales have as the boiling point of water?
2. What temperatures in Celsius scale are considered as the boiling point and freezing point of
water?
3. What specific normal body temperatures do Fahrenheit and Kelvin have?
4. What specific scale do we usually use in measuring temperatures?
5. How do these scales of temperature contribute to the knowledge of science?
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_________________________
IV. ELABORATE
Directions: Analyze the situations and answer the given questions briefly.
SITUATIONS ANSWER
1. Which has a higher temperature, 1

cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling
water? Which can transfer more heat, 1
cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling
water?
2. Which can transfer more heat, a
cup of boiling water or a cup of tap water?
If you increase the amount of the boiling
water and tap water twice, will their
temperature change?
V. EVALUATE
Answer the summative assessment about heat and temperature on page 21of your Explore
and Experience Science Work text
✵ SYNCHRONOUS: There will be an online class meeting through Google meet following
the given class schedule. A link will be sent to the students so they can join the class.
I. Conceptual questions II. Table Completion

Directions: Read the questions Directions. Describe the different types of heat transfer and
carefully. Write your answer on the give two examples. Write your answer on the appropriate
space provided. portion of the table below.
A.) What happens to the speed of the CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION

particles if the temperature goes up?
Examples Examples Examples
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B.) What happen to the speed of the 1. _________________________
1. 1.
particles if the size of the object gets
bigger?
2. 2. 2.
C.) What must be done to give the

particles of the matter the most kinetic
energy?
● References/Resources:
A. Books
Aquino, Marites D., Valdoz, Meliza P., Mariano, Jan Jason M., Bascara, Mary Anne T. K to 12
Science Links 8. RBS Science and Technology Series, 1st Ed. 2013
Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Forteza, Rex S., Science Links IV Physics. RBS
Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Bagunu, et al., TRMScience Links III Chemistry. RBS
Science and Technology Series, Second Edition 2013
Abastillas, Vicencio Jr. N. High School Physics. SIBS Pub. House Inc.: 2002
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+molecular+level+of+temperature?&source=lmns&bi
h=654&biw=1366&hl=en-
US&ved=2ahUKEwipwr3H3O7pAhWhxosBHbkgAdsQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
https://www.google.com/search?q=gray+scale+images+of+set+ups+of+mercury+thermometer&
tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwig_cGTtrrqAhVDEqYKHYdDBDUQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=gray+scale+images+of+set+ups+of+mercury+thermometer&gs_lcp=CgNpb
WcQA1CyhQFY8JABYOmVAWgAcAB4AIABXYgB6wSSAQE4mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1p
bWc&sclient=img&ei=DgoEX6C-
EcOkmAWHh5GoAw&bih=654&biw=1366#imgrc=Z4Vjl49hQdbLpM
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_________________________
MODULE 1: Electricity
LESSON 6: Electrical Quantities and Circuits
TIME FRAME: 2 Weeks
● Introduction
Many of the activities we do every day depend on electricity. The discovery of electricity
changed people’s lives. Can you watch your favorite show on TV without electricity? Can you use
your computers without electricity? Imagine our life today without electricity. You have been
learning a lot about electricity from the previous grades. You have learned about its sources and
uses; what materials make good conductors of electricity; what makes up an electric circuit; and
how electrical energy is transferred and transformed into other forms of energy.
In this module, you will learn more about electricity. There are three quantities that you
should be familiar with in the study of electricity. These are electric current, voltage, and
resistance. You will use the relationships among these quantities in learning about circuit
connections. You will also learn that some of the safety precautions you have been warned about
can be explained by the relationships among voltage, current, and resistance.
● Lessons and Coverage

- Lesson 6.1 – Current, Voltage and Resistance
- Lesson 6.2-Series and Parallel Circuits
- Lesson 6.3- Safety Electronic Devices
● Learning Objectives: After finishing lesson 1, you will be able to;

1. infer the relationship between current and voltage.
2. explain the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel connections in
homes.
3. explain the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation, and
other safety devices in the home.
❖ Pre-Assessment
I. Identification
Directions. Read the statements carefully and Identify the what is being asked. Write your
answer on the space provided before the number.
________________1. It refers to the unit of resistance.
________________2. It refers to the SI unit of power.
________________3. It refers to the unit of electric charge.
________________4. It refers to the electric circuit used for lights at home.
________________5. It refers to the flow of charges in a circuit.
________________6. It refers to a component of circuit that is needed for a continuous flow of
current.
________________7. It refers to the flow of charges from one point to another along a
conducting path.
________________8. It refers to a material that allows an electric charge to pass through.
________________9. It refers to the law that states the relationship between voltage and
current when resistance is kept constant.
_______________10. It refers to a device that prevents too much current from passing through
it by creating an open circuit.
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_________________________
II. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided.
______11. Which of the following is the unit rate of flow of charges?

A. Ampere B. Coulomb C. Ohm D. Volt
______12. What do users of electricity pay for?

A. electrical power used B. electrical energy used
C. time in using the electricity D. voltage of the electrical bulb
______13. In which case/s is the series connection used?

I. Mercury lamp along a highway
II. Lamps in offices of a building
III. TV, radio, and electric fan in a home
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II only
_______14. What relationship exists between current and voltage when resistance is kept
constant?
A. complementary B. directly proportional C. equal D. none of the above
_______15. Which length of wire offers the greatest resistance?

A. 10 cm B. 20 cm C. 30 cm D .40 cm
_______16. Which of the following is the opposition to electric current or the ability of a material
to reduce the flow of charges?
A. circuit B. current C. resistance D. voltage
_______17. Lamp, dry cell, and connecting wires are used in an electric circuit. Which will
supply the energy?
A. lamp only B. dry cell only C. connecting wire only D. amp, dry cell and
connecting wires
_______18. How many new 1.5 dry cells can you connect to a 9 V lamp to obtain the brightest
light without destroying the lamp?
A.3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
_______19. What is the resistance of the wire in an electric stove if it is connected to a 220 V
line and the current passing through it is 5 A?
A. 44 Ω B.75Ω C. 90 Ω D. 110 Ω
_______20. Which is equal to electrical energy?

A. current x time B. current x voltage C. power x time
D. voltage x
resistance
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____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
● Lesson 6.1: Current, Voltage and Resistance
Every day we face several devices run by electricity. You also see different devices that
seemingly supply this electricity, there are the electrical outlets at home, and batteries in your
flashlight and cars. How do they work? What are the components needed to have this kind of
function? and What are the electrical quantities necessary in making connections of our devices
or appliances at home? In this lesson you will be learning the relationships of electrical quantities
and how they affect one another. You will also learn the equations in solving and calculating the
amount of current, voltage and resistance of a circuit.
I. ENGAGE
We all knew that the discovery and use of electricity has greatly affected our lives. Electricity
becomes an important part of our everyday living. Write a short poem in your Science notebook
which will show connections between the concepts of electricity and the context of your day to
day life. You may include words such as light bulb, traffic light, street light, lamp, flashlight etc.
II. EXPLORE
Do Task 8. Problem Solving on page 23 of your Explore and Experience Science work
text
III. EXPLAIN
Take note of the following points of discussions in order for you to create the concept map
CURRENT
● A circuit is any arrangement of a source of energy (battery), connecting wires, and a

load (e.g. bulbs). You also learned that a complete or a closed circuit provides a path
for electrical charges to flow. Electric current is a measure of the number of electrical
charges passing through a cross-section of a conductor in a given time. The direction
of conventional current or simply current is from the positive terminal of the battery to
the negative terminal.
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● The symbol for current is capital letter I._________________________
The unit, ampere (A), is named after Andre-
Marie Ampere, a French physicist who made important contributions to the theory of
electricity and magnetism.
● An ammeter is a device used to measure the electric current and it must be connected
in a circuit. The positive terminal of an ammeter must be connected to the positive
terminal of the energy source. While the negative terminal should also be connected
to the negative terminal of the energy source as.
VOLTAGE
What makes the charges move in a closed circuit? In Module 2, you learned that when
work is done on an object, energy is transferred which can become energy of motion of
the object.
● In a circuit, work must be done on the charges to make them move. The battery
supplies the energy in electric circuits. The chemical energy in the battery is
transformed to electrical energy. This electrical energy moves the charges in a
circuit. A battery consists of several dry cells or wet cells. Both dry and wet cells
contain a conducting medium called electrolyte. The batteries we use in flashlights
and watches are dry cells.
● The symbol for voltage is capital letter V. The unit, volts (V), It was named after the
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who invented the voltaic pile, the forerunner of what
we now call the dry cell.
● A voltmeter measures voltage. The voltmeter should be connected across the load
being tested. The positive terminal of a voltmeter is connected to the positive terminal
of the bulb while the negative terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the
bulb.
RESISTANCE
● When electric charges flow through the wires and loads of the circuits they
encounter resistance or a hindrance to their movement. So another factor that
affects the flow of charges or current is resistance.
● The symbol for resistance is capital letter R. The unit, ohms (Ω) is named after the
German physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
Going back to your task in the table did you find out some relationships of the
three variables; Current, Voltage and Resistance? And how does each variable affect the
state of one another? Now in order for you to learn better the relationship of the variables
let us take a look at the equation below.
Where;
I= V I=Current measured in Amperes (A)
V= Voltage measured in Volts (V)
R R= Resistance measured in Ohm (Ω)
Page 46 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
The equation above is used to determine the _________________________
amount of current flowing in an
appliance.
It was stated that if the “voltage increases, the current also increases and when the
resistance increases, the current decreases.”
IV. ELABORATE
Directions: Read the paragraph below. Answer the questions that follow.
“Most electric power nowadays is produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
Unfortunately, this energy source releases large amounts of pollution into Earth’s atmosphere
and contributes to global warming. Also, it is not renewable as Earth’s fossil fuel reserves
(especially oil) are starting to run low. People all over the world believe that there are sufficient
reasons why alternative/other sources of energy must be explored in order to curtail man’s
dependence on fossil fuels. Other energy sources being considered include wind power, solar
power, and hydro-electric power among others. While alternative energy sources provide a
solution involving many agents, in your own way you can decrease the demands for fossil fuel if
you practice energy conservation measures.”
Process questions;
1. How do you feel after reading the article? What message does it convey?
2. What do you think is the importance of proper usage of energy?
3. How will you conserve electricity at home?
V. EVALUATE
Directions: Answer the following questions:
1. How do different components of an electric circuit affect the flow of current?
Page 47 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
2. What directly affects the amount of current_________________________
in a circuit?
3. Explain the relationship between current and resistance?
● Lesson 6.2: Series Circuit and Parallel Circuit

In this lesson you will be learning the different types of circuit that is used in our home. Try to
take a look around the connections of wiring in your house. As you go through this lesson you will
be learning the difference between series circuit and parallel circuit. You will also learn the
advantages and disadvantages of these circuit connections at home.
I. ENGAGE
Directions: Identify which illustration shows a series circuit and which shows a parallel
circuit? Justify your answer.
A B
II. EXPLORE
Directions: Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follow.
The current in a circuit takes only one path, The current can take two paths, one path for
passing through the two bulbs. When one bulb each bulb. When one bulb is unscrewed or
is unscrewed or removed, a gap is created. A removed, the other bulb is still part of a complete
gap or a break anywhere in the path stops the circuit and remains lighted.
flow of charges.
Scenario A Scenario B
Page 48 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
1. Which scenario pertains to a series circuit connection? Why?
2. Which scenario pertains to a parallel circuit connection? Why?
3. What do you think will happen to the voltage across each bulb in scenario A as the number of
bulbs increases? What about the current?
4. What do you think will happen to the voltage across each bulb in scenario B as the number of
bulbs increases? What about the current?
Basically there are two kinds of electric circuits: those with series connections and those with
parallel connections
III. EXPLAIN
Series Circuit
Some light bulbs in Christmas lights are connected in series. When one bulb burns out,
the rest of the bulbs will not light. Why is this so? In a series connection there is only one path
for the current to flow through the wire. So when a resistor (bulb) or any element in the series
circuit is broken, the current stops for all elements. This means that the charge flowing through
the battery is the same current that passes through resistors
Parallel Circuit
When the light bulb in your bedroom burns out, do the lights in the kitchen or other parts of
the house still function? Why? Our lights and electrical appliances at home are connected in
parallel. In parallel circuits, there is more than one conducting path for the current to pass through.
Now you are able to identify a circuit connection based on their characteristics. You may
also include the table below that explains comparison of the total current, total voltage and total
resistance of series and parallel circuit connections.
Series Connection Parallel Connection
Total Current Same as current in individual load Equal to the sum of current in
individual loads
Total voltage Equal to the sum of the voltages Same anywhere across two points in
the circuit
across each load
Total Resistance Increases with increasing load Decreases with increasing load
Page 49 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
IV. ELABORATE
Do Task 9. Comparing and Contrasting Series Circuit and Parallel circuit on page
25 of your Explore and Experience Science work text
V. EVALUATE
Directions: Fill out in the appropriate portion of the Venn diagram to compare and
contrast series and parallel circuits in terms of characteristics.
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Page 50 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
● Lesson 6.3: Electrical safety Devices

Electric circuits are all around us. These circuits can release great amounts of
electrical energy that can be dangerous. The dangers associated with electricity are fire and
electric shock. Each danger is addressed in different ways in the modern electric system. In
this lesson you will be learning the functions of safety electronic devices at home. You will be
learning also about how we can save electrical energy at home as part of our daily life.
I. ENGAGE
Your parents have probably cautioned you about the use of electrical devices even before
you reached school age. You were told not to touch electrical outlets or insert anything into it. You
were told not to touch any electrical wires in the house. Well they may not have explained it to
you back then, but they have valid reasons. Firemen advise homeowners to check the electrical
connections in their homes, especially the condition of the wires. They advise homeowners to
replace exposed electrical wires. Why is there a need to cover exposed wires? Why is electrical
safety important? List down 3 importance of electrical safety that you know.
1.
2.
3.
II. EXPLORE
In order for you to learn more about electrical safety devices at home. Research about
some safety devices installed by electricians to avoid overloading and overheating which
eventually cause fires. List at least 5 of them in the table below.
Safety Devices How to use Benefits
Page 51 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
III. EXPLAIN
● Why is it important to ensure circuit safety?
❖ Overload and Short Circuit

Electric circuits such as those in our homes are supplied by pairs of insulated copper wires
led through the walls. We connect appliances in parallel across these lines. Adding more load to
a circuit will result in an increase in current. If the increase is more than the circuit can safely
carry, the circuit is said to be overloaded. If the circuit is not protected by a fuse or a circuit breaker,
the heat produced may burn away the insulation from the overloaded conductors. The conductors
may even melt or make contact with one another and form a short circuit. Such a short circuit may
cause a fire.
❖ Overheating
To prevent this, sizes of wires are indicated with the maximum allowable current it can carry.
● Why is electricity dangerous?
Warning signs are used to alert people to the presence of high voltage electricity. When a
current pass through living material, it causes an electric shock. This interferes with nerve
signals from the brain to the body, and can cause a heart attack, muscle spasms and breathing
difficulties. Other dangers include overheated and faulty appliances, which may lead to electrical
fires. Although electricity can be very dangerous, it is also incredibly useful and is essential for
modern life.
❖ What precautions can be taken to make electricity safer?
Here are some tips on how you can prevent overloading, overheating and other fire accidents
associated with improper usage of electrical devices or appliances.
1. Do not overload sockets

2. Wire plugs correctly.
3. Never mix water and electricity.
4. Regularly check cables for breaks and loose wires.
5. Never stick anything other than a plug in a socket.
6. Use earth wires, fuses and circuit breakers to prevent accidents in the event that a fault
develops.
Do task 10. Table completion; Safety electronic devices at home on page 26 of your
Explore and Experience science work text
Page 52 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
IV. ELABORATE
You are given two different situations below. Analyze each and answer the questions that follow.
Scenario 1
“Mark is fond of doing things all at the same time. He watches his favorite TV show every 7:00 in
the evening while chatting with his friends online. He stays in their living room and turns off the
lights as he does all these things.
1. What can you say about Mark’s activities?
2. How does he conserve electricity?
Scenario 2
“Alex wants to invite his friends to their house this Saturday. He plans to have his group play video
games all day. His mother told him that they can also watch their favorite movie or listen to music
if they want to. Upon hearing this, he’s so happy that he starts calling his friends on the phone to
give this good news”.
1. Will Alex be able to save electricity? Why? Or Why Not?
2. How can he conserve electricity considering these plans?
V. EVALUATE
I. Conceptual Questions
Directions. Explain why the following actions should be done.
1. Do not switch on an electric appliance with a wet hand.
2. Remove a person in electric shock from an electric line using a dry, wooden pole.
3. Wear rubber shoes or slippers when repairing electric appliances.
✵ SYNCHRONOUS:
Page 53 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
--You may join the online session using Google meet as scheduled. You will be
given links and code by your teacher
● Performance Task:
Performance Standards: The learners shall be able to create flyers that explain electrical safety
and energy saving practices.
You live in a barangay where residents frequently experience fires due to electrical
failures. You are an electrical engineer, you want to launch a campaign that will educate the
residents on electrical safety and energy saving practices. You are going to make flyers that
contain electrical safety and energy saving practices that will be distributed online to your nearest
residents in your barangay. Suppose your product will be presented to at least one member of
the barangay council for approval prior to distribution.
You will be grade based on the following criteria
● RUBRIC:
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2
ADVANCED PROFICIENT DEVELOPING BEGINNING
INFORMATIVE The content of the The content of the The content of the The content of the
campaign ad campaign ad campaign ad campaign ad
encourages the encourages the encourages the people encourages the
people to promote people to promote to promote the people to promote
the purpose and the purpose and purpose and the purpose and
importance of importance of importance of saving importance of
saving energy. Its saving energy. The energy. But some of saving energy. The
ideas show clarity ideas show clarity. the information is content is not
and correct The content is lacking. scientific at all.
information. It is scientific and free
scientific and from errors
supported by
interesting details.
LAYOUT Very neat, easy to Neat, easy to read Somewhat difficult to difficult to read and
read and the and the concept read and the concept the concept used
AND
concept used in used in the used in the campaign in the campaign ad
CREATIVITY campaign ad is campaign ad is ad is heavily borrowed is ambiguous and
unique and common, well and lacks appeal does not catch
appealing executed, and attention
catches attention
Page 54 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
ILLUSTRATION Adds to the _________________________
Good but does not Has nothing to do with None included.
understanding of add much the text.
the text. meaning to the

text.
GRAMMAR & Flyer contains no Flyer contains one Flyer contains two or Flyer contains four
errors. error. three or more
CONVENTIONS
errors. errors.
I. Multiple Choice. ____6. Which of the following is an injury from
Directions. Read each statement and write electricity?
your answer on the space provided.
A. Electric shock that may or may not result in
______1. What must a voltmeter have to electrocution
function properly? B. Falls
C. Burns
A. It must have very low resistance D. All of the above
B. It must have very high voltage _____7. You discover that the electrical cord on a drill
C. It must have high currents has been damaged and some of the cord insulation is
D. It must have high resistance missing. What should be done to fix this?
______2. Why must an ammeter have an
extremely low resistance? A. Wrap tape around the damaged spot to prevent
electrical shocks
A. To have a minimum voltage drop. B. Check to see if the drill still works
B. Low resistance changes the voltage C. Tag the drill out of the service and notify the
reading department responsible for equipment maintenance.
C. Low resistance will change the current D. Make sure that the cord does not come in
in the circuit you want to measure contact with the floor.
D. High resistance ensures that there are _____8. Where is the most dangerous place to use
fewer ohms electrical equipment?
_____3. If you have two lights in parallel and
you add more identical light in parallel, what A. Indoors
happens to the total current? B. Near waters
C. Outdoors
A. It increases D. Near other electrical equipment
B. It decreases _____9. As a safety precaution, what should be done
C. It remains the same first before plugging in the power cord?
D. It becomes zero
A. Check that the tool belongs to you
B. Mark a danger zone or area
C. Keep the tool storage box is handy
D. Make sure that switch is in its “off” position.
Page 55 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_____4. If you have a 90 V power source with _____10. An electric toaster has a resistance of 12 Ω.
_________________________
a 30 Ω and 60 Ω resistors in series, what is What current will it draw from a 120 V supply?
the voltage drop over the 60 Ω resistor?
A. 10 A B. 20 A C. 30 A D
A. 2V B. 30 V C. 60 V D.90 V 40 A
____5. What happens when an electric switch _____17. Which of the following is needed for the
is turned off? charges to flow through a circuit?
A. A circuit breaker turns off I. Resistor or another electrical component

B. The circuit is broken II. Potential difference
C. The circuit becomes a series circuit III. Conducting path
D. There is a short circuit
A. I only C. I and III only

______11. What is the equation to find the B. II only D. All of the above
current?
A. I= (V) (R) C. I= V+ R ____18. Which of the following is true about the current
B. I= V/R D. I=V-R in a wire?
A. It depends on the potential difference applied

_____12. When a portable radio is playing, the B. It depends on both resistance and potential
current in the radio is 0.3 A. If the resistance of difference
C. It depends only on the resistance of the wire
the radio is 30 Ω, what is the voltage supplied
D. It does not depend on resistance and potential
by the ratio policy? difference
A. 9V B. 15 V C. 16 V
D. 12 V ____19. Which of the following statements does not
represent Ohms law?
______13. According to Ohm’s law, as the
A. Resistance x Potential Difference=current
resistance in a circuit ______ The current____ B. Potential difference/ current=constant
C. Current x resistance =potential difference
A. Increases, remain constant
D. Current/ potential difference=constant
B. Increases, doubles
C. Increases, decreases
D. Decreases, decreases _____20. Which of the following will you increase if you
want to increase the flow of current in a circuit?
______14. The purpose of fuses and circuit
A. Load
breakers is to ____________ B. Temperature
C. Resistance
A. Decrease the resistance in a circuit
D. Voltage
B. Prevent breaks in the circuit
C. Prevents circuit from overheating
D. Allows the overheating of circuits.
Page 56 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
______15. Which among the materials have _________________________
the highest resistance?
A. Silver B. Aluminum C.
Glass d. Plastic
______16. The resistance of conductors does

not depend on its______
A. Length B. Cross sectional area

C. Mass D. Resistance
A. Books
● Aquino, Marites D., Valdoz, Meliza P., Mariano, Jan Jason M., Bascara, Mary Anne T. K to
12 Science Links 8. RBS Science and Technology Series, First Edition 2013
● Aquino, Marites D., Abistado, Jonna M., Bagunu, Marianne V., Bascara, Mary Anne T.,
Valdoz, Meliza P. Rex S., TRMScience Links III Chemistry. RBS Science and Technology
● https://www.google.com/search?q=formula+on+how+to+get+the+current&tbm=isch&ved=2
ahUKEwjt6YzZoe_pAhUG4pQKHWBPBPkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=formula+on+how+to+get+the+current&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoFCAAQs
QM6BAgAEEM6AggAOgQIABAYUNHjCFjFjEdgnJBHaAFwAHgFgAHAA4gB5k2SAQowLjU
4LjIuMC4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQA&sclient=img&ei=RqLcXu2uKobE0wT
gnpHIDw&bih=654&biw=1366#imgrc=i5pkMAidkNZ24M
● file:///C:/Users/ACER/Downloads/resistance_voltage_and_current__with_answers_
● https://www.google.com/search?ei=mZwKX4O2Dv-
Sr7wP14GqmAM&q=worksheets+about+current%2C+voltage+and+resistance+pdf.&oq=wo
rksheets+about+current%2C+voltage+and+resistance+pdf.&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIGC
AAQFhAeMgYIABAWEB5Q2wFYrglg8gpoAHAAeACAAfsBiAGAB5IBBTAuMS4zmAEAoAE
BqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwjD5oTg-
sbqAhV_yYsBHdeACjMQ4dUDCAs&uact=5
Page 57 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
ANSWER _________________________
KEYS
MODULE 1: MODULE 1: MODULE 1:
Lesson 1: FORCE, MOTION AND Lesson 2: Work, Lesson 3 & 4:Light and
ENERGY Power and Energy Sound
PRE-ASSESSMENT PRE-ASSESSMENT PRE-ASSESSMENT
I. Multiple Choice I. Identification I. True or False

1. B. 11.D 1. Joule 1. True
2. D 12. B 2. Watts 2. True
3. D 13.D 3. Energy 3. False
4. C 14.B 4. Power 4. True
5. D 15.B
5. James Watt 5. True
6. A 16.C
7. A 17.B 6. Kinetic Energy 6. False
8. B 18.B 7. Potential energy 7. False
9. B 19.D 8. Machines 8. True
10. D 20.B 9. Robots 9. True
10. Potential Energy 10. True
21.C
II. Multiple Choice II. Explanation
22.C 11. C 11-15.
12. A
23.D When a sun rays struck
13. D
24.C 14. B at the surface of the
15. D raindrops. Some light
25.C 16. D rays are reflected and
17. B
refracted. The light rays
18. A
19. C will then be dispersed
20. A into colors.
16-20.
Air molecules have more

energy when it has a
higher temperature
which means they vibrate
and travel faster.
Because they are
propelled by collision
between molecules.
Page 58 of 60
Science 8
Name:
____________________________
a
________________ Grade &
Section:
_________________________
MODULE 1: MODULE 1:
Lesson 5: Heat and Temperature Lesson 6: Electricity
PRE-ASSESSMENT PRE-ASSESSMENT
I. Modified True or False I. Completion type
1. Ohms
1. True 2. Watts
2. Temperature 3. Coloumbs
3. Liquid to solid 4. Parallel Circuit
4. Change 5. Electricity
5. True 6. Voltage
6. Thermometer 7. Electricity
7. Chemical Energy 8. Circuit
8. Temperature 9. Ohms law
9. True 10. Fuse
10.Greater heat energy
II. Multiple Choice
III. Multiple Choice 11.B 16.C
12.B 17.B
11.C 16. D 13.D 18.D
12.B 17. C 14.C 19.A
13.D 18. C 15.D 20.C
14.C 19. B
15.C 20. A
Page 59 of 60
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MODULE 1: FIRST QUARTER: FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY

● Lessons and Coverage

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

______3. What is the SI unit of force?

______5. Which of the following describes Newton’s third law of motion?

_____10. What is the way to increase the acceleration of a moving object?

_____11. Which of the following describes the third law of motion?

_____12. A force acting on an object will not work if_____

_____13. What do you call the amount of matter in an object?

_____16. What is transferred by a force moving an object through a distance?

_____19. An inclined plane reduces the effort force by ______________.

_____20. What does the horizontal line on a distance-time graph mean?

______23. What is the force needed to give a 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1m/s2?

● LESSON 1.1: Net Force (Resultant Force)

1.___________________ 2. _________________ 3._____________________

The Net Force can be calculated with this simple equation:

● LESSON 1.2: Law of Inertia

INTERACTION OBJECT AT REST UNBALANCED FORCE

INERTIA NET FORCE DIFFRACTION

OBJECT IN MOTION CIRCULAR MOTION MASS

NANOMETER JOULE NEWTON

2. Which has a greater inertia- a small stone or a huge rock?

3. What does the law of inertia state?

1._____Pulling the tablecloth out from under the dishes.

1. Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the LAW OF __________________.

A. “An object at rest, or is ________________, will stay at __________, and

4. What property of an object determines how much inertia it has ___________________

A. Bowling ball or Tennis ball

● LESSON 1.3: Law of Acceleration and Uniform Circular Motion

-is the force that is necessary to

Directions: Complete the statements below.

2. Newton’s second law says that when an ____________________force is applied to an

________________, it causes it to ____________________________.

7. What do each of the variables mean?

F = ____________m = ________a = _______________

8. What unit of measurement must be used with each variable?

F = _________ m = _________ a = _______________

9-10. Uniform circular motion is a motion of a mass or an object at a _______speed and

● LESSON 1.4: Law of Interaction

Concepts were Concepts were Concepts were Concepts were

_______ 2. Which of the following statements is true?

_______ 4. Which of the following is inversely proportional to mass?

_______8. Which of the following describes uniform circular motion?

_______10. Is it the rate at which work is performed or energy is converted?

II. Modified True or False

_________________________11-12. Combination of forces may balance one another so the

_________________________13-14. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by

_________________________19-20. Acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the

_________________________21-22. Work is done when force causes an object to move in the

_________________________23-24. Weight is an example of force.

_________________________25-26. Concurrent forces are forces that act simultaneously.

● Lessons and Coverage:

_____________1. It refers to the SI unit of _________6. It refers to the energy possessed of a

______13. Which of the following is the rate at which work is done?

For items 15 and 16, consider the following scenario.

_____18. Which of the following is the main function of car jack?

_____19. Which of the following devices is not classified as an inclined plane?

_12. A force acting on an object will not work if_

_19. An inclined plane reduces the effort force by __________.

1.___________ 2. _ 3._____________

A. “An object at rest, or is ______, will stay at , and

, it causes it to ____________.

F = m = a = ___

F = _____ m = _ a = ___________

_____1. It refers to the SI unit of _6. It refers to the energy possessed of a