Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Political Rise and Fall of The Farmer in The Gilded Age
The Political Rise and Fall of The Farmer in The Gilded Age
4
HistorySage.com
The Political Rise and Fall of the Farmer in the Gilded Age
Use space below
Themes of the Gilded Age:
for notes
Industrialism: U.S. became the world’s most powerful economy by
1890s; railroads, steel, oil, electricity, banking
Unions and reform movements sought to curb the injustices of
industrialism.
Urbanization: America was transformed from an agrarian nation to
an urban nation between 1865 and 1920.
Millions of "New Immigrants" came from Southern and Eastern
Europe, mostly to cities to work in factories.
By 1900 society had become more stratified into classes than any
time before or since.
The "Great West": mining, farming, and cattle frontiers
Farmers increasingly lost ground in the new industrial economy
and eventually organized (Populism)
Politics: hard vs. soft money ('70s & '90s); tariff ('80s); corruption
due to political machines, patronage & trusts (throughout late 19th
c.); election of 1896
don’t have right to regulate interstate commerce (effectively Use space below
overturned Munn decision) for notes
Supreme Court reverses, especially the Wabash case, reduced
Granger influence in state politics
2. The People’s Party (Populist Party) emerged in the early 1890s Use space below
through the Farmer’s Alliances; party was born in Topeka, Kansas for notes:
a. Attracted recruits from Farmer’s Alliances & disenfranchised
southern whites.
b. Ignatius Donnelly was elected three times to Congress, and was a
major figure in the Populist movement
He was formerly known as a utopian author (like Henry
George & Edward Bellamy)
c. Mary E. Lease gave numerous speeches in 1890 denouncing the
Eastern Establishment in Wall Street
Kansas should raise "less corn & more hell."
d. "Sockless" Jerry Simpson, along with Lease, traveled to the South
to get Southern Alliance support for Populist unity.
e. Tom Watson: elected to Congress in 1890, fought for the
subtreasury plan, and fought for Populist unity in 1892
In 1896, became the Democratic party’s vice presidential
candidate alongside William Jennings Bryan
C. People’s party (Populists) nominated General James B. Weaver Use space below
1. Delegates from Farmers Alliances, Knights of Labor, Nationalists for notes
(Bellamy Clubs) and Land and Labor parties met in Omaha,
Nebraska
2. Omaha Platform (written by Ignatius Donnelly)
a. Free and unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16 to 1 (to
stimulate inflation)
b. A graduated income-tax (redistribute wealth)
c. Gov’t ownership of the telephone and telegraph, and railroads
d. Initiative, referendum and recall
Initiative: people of a state place a new proposed law on the
ballot and if it passes, it becomes law
Referendum: people of a state place a proposition to overturn
an existing law on the ballot; if it passes the existing law is
removed
Recall: people of the state place a proposition on the ballot to
remove an elected official; if it passes the official is removed
e. Postal savings banks (a safe repository run by the gov’t)
f. Giving gov’t land grants to settlers rather than railroads
(influenced by Henry George)
g. Direct election of senators
h. 8-hour work day
i. The subtreasury plan was not included: it had been defeated and
was a Southern idea—many southerners didn’t support Populists
due to racial reasons)
3. James B. Weaver: former abolitionist and general in the Union
Army; had been the Greenback-Labor Party presidential nominee in
1880.
E. Results
1. Cleveland defeated Harrison 277-145
Cleveland became the only president in U.S. history to serve two
non-consecutive terms
2. Populists won over 1 million votes and 22 electoral votes for
Weaver.
a. One of the few 3rd parties in U.S. history to win electoral votes.
b. Support came predominantly from KA, CO, ID, and NV
c. 3 governors; 5 U.S. Senators & 10 representatives; 1,500
candidates overall elected to office
3. Indebted white farmers of the "Solid South" refused to desert the
Democratic party for fear of losing political power to blacks who Use space below
claimed more than a million members in the segregated Colored for notes
Farmers’ Alliance.
a. Hanna believed the function of gov’t was to aid business. Use space below
He believed that prosperity "trickled down" to the laborer. for notes
Critics lambasted Hanna for this idea
b. Hanna raised $3.5 million compared to only $300k for
Democrats.
2. The Republican platform supported the gold standard but advocated
bimetallism (world-wide gold-silver standard)
a. The proposal was really a sham as all other leading nations would
have to agree and they certainly wouldn’t
b. Platform also praised the protective tariff.
C. Campaign
1. Bryan forced the silver issue to the forefront despite Hanna wanting
to focus on the tariff.
2. Hanna waged a high pressure campaign against silver.
Hanna raised the hitherto biggest war chest for an election
3. McKinley remained at his Ohio home waging his "front-porch"
campaign.
He appealed to middle-class voters and characterized Bryan as
threat to their way of life.
E. The 1896 election and the Wonderful Wizard of Oz (L. Frank Baum)
-- Oz can be used as a parable for the election (in reality it is most-
likely coincidental)
1. Dorothy – represents everyman of the west; seen as pure and
likeable
2. Yellow Brick Road = gold standard
3. Dorothy’s silver slippers = soft money (no one knows how to use
their power)
4. Scarecrow = Midwestern farmers (seen as stupid but actually have
wisdom)
5. Tin Man = Eastern Labor victimized by the Wicked Witch of the
East
6. City of OZ = Eastern Establishment
7. Wizard = McKinley, or perhaps any Gilded Age president who is
powerless to carry out promises
8. Cowardly Lion with a big roar and no bite = William
Jennings Bryan
9. Wicked Witch of the East = Corporations of Eastern Finance
10. OZ = An ounce of gold or silver
11. Flying monkeys = Plains Indians once free but now subdued by the
Wicked Witch of the West
12. Wicked Witch of the West = Harsh frontier environment
(drought, tornados)
13. Water = boon that will thwart drought (kills the Wicked Witch of
the West)
F. Legacy of Populism
1. Populism failed as a 3rd Party cause but had a political influence
for 25 years after its defeat in the 1896 election.
2. Populist ideas carried forward during the Progressive Era
(1900-1920):
a. railroad legislation
b. graduated income tax
c. direct election of Senators
d. initiative, referendum and recall
e. postal savings banks
f. subtreasury plan
3. Populist ideas were geared to rural life. Yet, many of its ideas
appealed to urban progressives by 1900.
Terms to Know
Essay Questions
Note: This unit is the highest probability area for the AP exam! In the past
10 years, 9 questions have come wholly or in part from the material in this Unit.
This sub-unit is a high probability area for the AP exam. In the past 10 years, 3
questions have come wholly or in part from the material in this sub-unit. Below are
some questions that will help you study the topics that have appeared on previous
exams.
1. Analyze the factors that led to the rise of the Populist movement
3. Why might the election of 1896 be considered the most important election
since the Civil War?
Bibliography:
College Board, Advanced Placement Course Description: History -- United States, College
Entrance Examination Board, published annually
Foner, Eric & Garraty, John A. editors: The Reader’s Companion to
American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991
Hofstadter, Richard: The Age of Reform, New York: Random House,
1955
________________, The American Political Tradition, New York:
Alfred Knopf, 1948
Littlefield, Henry: "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism, American
Quarterly 16 (Spring, 1964)
Kennedy, David M., Cohen, Lizabeth, Bailey, Thomas A., The American Pageant (AP Edition),
13th edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006
Nash, Gary : American Odyssey, Lake Forest, Illinois: Glencoe, 1992
Painter, Nell Irvin, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-
1919, New York: W. W. Norton 1987
Rice, Richard B., Bullough, Wiliam A., Orsi, Richard J.: The Elusive
Eden: A New History of California, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1988
Schultz, Constance G., The American History Videodisc Master Guide,
Annapolis: Instruction Resources Corporation, 1995