ESSAY

In the mid-1300s BCE, a pharaoh attempted to change this heritage by worshipping only

Aten and renaming himself Akhenaton. Monotheism, or belief in one deity, is said to have

originated here. This change did not last long beyond Akhenaton’s reign. The New Kingdom

was ruled by Seti I and Ramesses II, who battled the Libyans and the Hittites to extend

Egyptian dominance westward (Hamer). It was a source of contention between Egyptians and

Hittites, and eventually supported the world's first recognized peace treaty. Narmer is shown

with two crowns, symbolizing Egypt. The "Narmer palette" is the most significant source

from the period.

The Nile delta's swamps sucked up pre-dynastic secrets. But the southern desert conceals

many surprises. For a grain of truth, archaeologists will need to search the Narmer palette.

For 3,000 years, every Egyptian pharaoh claimed victory, even though he had never battled.

Narmer may not have existed (Skeat). Hierakonpolis, 150 miles south of Abydos, may have

the solution. a cemetery for the Egyptian aristocracy, comprising tainting of approximately

200 tombs, and not only individuals were buried here.   Archeologists discovered remnants of

central breweries and bakeries that supplied beer and food for Hierakonpolis. But the most

amazing find came from beyond the city. He made ceramics for Hieraway residents at the

store adjacent. Nearly 10,000 people resided here, overshadowed by a massive temple

(Benchley).

9,000 years ago, vast herds of gigantic giants inhabited northern Africa's lush plains. For the

ancient Egyptians, the Nile River is the source of all life. Pilgrims come to the island of

Sopdet, which they regard as the origin of the Nile River. The Nile controls the destiny of all

crops; if the river is too low, there may be no crops at all; if it's too high, crops may be

destroyed. One day a year, the Nile unleashes its wrath on those who stand in its way. a
menagerie of African species flourished on the river's lush floodplains; papyrus and lotus

plants bloom in the marshes. The Nile delta, on the other hand, is controlled by the waters of

the Nile tremendously (Bradford). Every summer, weeks of heavy rains in the Ethiopian

highlands fill the Nile wasters. The earliest wooden boats were shaped like papyrus boats and

confined by the same means: boards tied together with grass or papyrus straps. In dynasty,

the Egyptian commerce and transit system started.

Mesopotamia is often referred to be the origin of civilization; however it is not the only site!

Its present name is Greek, meaning "land between two rivers" for the medium-mesas—the

river—Potamos. The Tigris and Euphrates are these two rivers. Mesopotamia was not only

the birthplace of agriculture but also the crossroads of Egyptian and Indus Valley

civilizations. It became a melting pot of cultures and languages which had a lasting effect on

literature, science, language, commerce, religion and law (Levett).

Ancient civilizations like the Sumerians, Assyrians, Akkadians and Babylonians are

connected to Mesopotamia. It's difficult to comprehend this period since various civilizations

have interacted and ruled over one another for thousands of years. These terms may be

connected based on the time period, languages, religions, or empires.

REFERENCES

McCombe, John P. “Cleopatra and Her Problems: T.S. Eliot and the Fetishization of Shakespeare’s
Queen of the Nile.” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 31, no. 2, Indiana University Press, 2007, pp.
23–38, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053266.

Hamer, Mary. "Queen Of Denial". Transition, no. 72, 1996, p. 80. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/2935362.

Accessed 20 Sept 2021.

Skeat, T. C. "The Last Days Of Cleopatra : A Chronological Problem". Journal Of Roman Studies,

vol 43, no. 1-2, 1953, pp. 98-100. Cambridge University Press (CUP), doi:10.2307/297786. Accessed
20 Sept 2021.

Bradford, E. . Cleopatra. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1972

Benchley, E. Cleopatra: The life and loves of the world’s most powerful woman. Hod
Hasharon: Astralog, 2004