Hippocrates(460B.C.-377B.C.

)
Hippocrates of Kos was a Greek physician who lived from about 460 B.C. to 375
B.C. At a time when most people attributed sickness to superstition and the wrath
of the gods, Hippocrates taught that all forms of illness had a natural cause. He
established the first intellectual school devoted to teaching the practice of
medicine (The Hippocratic or Coan school). For this, he is widely known as the
"father of medicine."
Approximately 60 medical documents associated with his name, including the
famous Hippocratic oath, have survived to this day. These documents were
eventually gathered into a collection known as the Hippocratic Corpus. While
Hippocrates may not have written all of them himself, the papers are a reflection
of his philosophies. Hippocratic oath
Often included in the Hippocratic Corpus is the Hippocratic oath, an ancient code
of ethics for doctors.

Hippocrates coined the theory of the four humors, stating that the body contains
four distinct bodily fluids: black bile, phlegm, blood, and yellow bile. Any
disturbance in their ratios, as the theory goes, causes ill health.

Herophilus of Alexandria (325-255 B. C.).

Herophilus (325-255 B. C.) is one of the group that has been called the great
Greek physicians. Herophilus was born in the Greek town of Chalcedon. He
received his medical training under Praxagoras, a famous physician and
anatomist who taught at the Hippocratean medical school on the island of Cos
(Kos). He moved to Alexandria, Egypt, as a young man and lived there for the
rest of his life. With his younger contemporary, Erasistratus, he did the first ever
scientific human cadaveric dissections for a short period of no more than 30-40
years. Human dissection then was forbidden and was not allowed again for 1800
years. It seems that only these two physicians ever performed human dissection
until the Renaissance, around 1530 A. D. The anatomic and physiologic
discoveries of Herophilus were phenomenal. As Hippocrates is called the Father
of Medicine, Herophilus is called the Father of Anatomy. Most would argue that
he was the greatest anatomist of antiquity and perhaps of all time. The only
person who might challenge him in this assessment is Vesalius, who worked
during the 16th century A. D.

Herophilus (c335 - c280 B.C.) was the founder of the school of anatomy of
Alexandria, and was among the first physicians to conduct anatomical
dissections in public. He made extraordinary anatomical discoveries and
developed standards for measuring the flow of blood from the heart through the
arteries.
Erasistratus (304-250 B.C.E.)
Erasistratus Of Ceos, (flourished c. 250 BC), Greek anatomist and physician in
Alexandria, regarded by some as the founder of physiology.

Known especially for his studies of the circulatory and nervous systems,
Erasistratus noted the difference between sensory and motor nerves, but thought
that the nerves were hollow tubes containing fluid. He believed that air entered
the lungs and heart and was carried through the body in the arteries, and that the
veins carried blood from the heart to the various parts of the body. He correctly
described the function of the epiglottis and the valves of the heart, including the
tricuspid, which he named.

Erasistratus was the first major exponent of pneumatism, which was based on
the premise that life is associated with a subtle vapour called the pneuma.
The Greek physician and anatomist Erasistratus (304-250 B.C.E.) is considered
the father of physiology. Based on his numerous dissections of human cadavers,
he accurately described the brain, including its cavities and membranes, stomach
muscles, and the differences between motor and sensory nerves. He understood
correctly that the heart served as a pump to circulate blood. Anatomical research
ended with Erasistratus until the thirteenth century, in a large part because of
public opinion against the dissection of human cadavers.

Erasistratus (c310- c250 B.C.) was a disciple and collaborator of Herophilus. He

made important contributions in the study and teaching of human anatomy and
carried out research at the Museum of Alexandria.

Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)

Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian born anatomist and physician, born in 1514 into
a family of physicians. He is considered the father of modern anatomy and his
work the beginning of modern medicine. In 1543, at the young age of 29,
Vesalius dissected numerous human cadavers, and took detailed notes and
drawings of the human anatomy. Compiling his research, Vesalius published an
anatomy work titled Vesalius published his most important work, De Humani
Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (Seven Books on the Fabric of the Human Body),
generally known as the Fabrica. The Fabrica is the most famous anatomy book
ever written and also the first book on human anatomy to be reasonably
accurate. Vesalius was one of the first physicians to accurately record and
illustrate human anatomy based on his findings from autopsies and dissections,
which led to improved understanding of the human body and enhanced surgery
techniques.
 While in Paris, Vesalius studied Galenic medicine, the widely accepted
techniques of the time. Galen of Pergamon was a second-century Greek
physician who wrote many texts on the observations he had made in his
dissections of animals, primarily primates, dogs, and pigs. Throughout the
Fabrica, Vesalius noted the inconsistencies between his own observations and
Galenic descriptions of human anatomy. For example, Vesalius noted the uterus
as having a single cavity, but Galen had claimed it had many small
compartments. Throughout the Fabrica, Vesalius frequently praised Galen, but
also corrected Galen when Vesalius's observations were inconsistent with those
of Galen's. According to historian of science and medicine William Richardson,
some people in the medical field condemned Vesalius's Fabrica for questioning
and criticizing Galenic teachings, while others praised it.

References
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hippocrates
https://www.livescience.com/62515-hippocrates.html
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9762750/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasistratus-of-Ceos
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25181783/

https://www.ohsu.edu/historical-collections-archives/fabrica-andreas-vesalius
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/andreas-vesalius-1514-1564