LAW ENFORCEMENT

ADMINISTRATION
The BASIC Concepts

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 POLICING SYSTEMS
Basic Concepts
Police – “Politeia” G, government of a city
“Politia” R, same meaning above
“Polizei” Gr, Safe keepers (territory)
“Police” F, persons to enforce law
**borrowed by the English and Americans to
refer to LAW ENFORCER.
** constable, patrol, F in origin

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 Historical Background
 2300 B.C – Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma – set
standards on what constituted an offense against
society – the Sumerian Code
 2100 B.C – Babylonians – Code of King Hammurabi –
Principle LEX TALIONES – oldest harsh code.
 1500 B.C – Egyptians – Court system presided by
judges appointed by the Pharoah; Marine patrol &
custom house officers protecting commerce started;
first use of dog patrol;
Medjays – civilian police under the command of a military.
Ancient Greece – Ephori – law enforcers

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Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the first written
laws,
Emperor Augustus – created the
Praetorian Guard, Urban Cohorts (City Patrol),
and the Vigiles (fire fighters);
Emperor Justinian – Justinian Code became known as
Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law)

**Vigiles –first civilian police force which keep the

peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes

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Modern Period of Policing
**Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 –
modernize the police system of England; creation
of Scotland Yard – Robert Peel
“Father of Modern Policing”

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1935 – PC Personnel were absorbed by the
Philippine Army
1936 – Commonwealth Act #88 created the State
Police
1938 – Commonwealth Act #343 – reconstituted
the Philippine Constabulary – PC became an
independent National Police Force
1939 - The Manila Police Department introduced
the bicycle patrol.

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 Japanese Occupation
1941 - The Japanese Military Police (Kempetai)
took over MPD.

Liberation Period
1945 - The MPD was reconstituted and placed
under American control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones
became the Chief of Police of the MPD.

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Aug. 1966 – RA 4864 – Police Act of 1966 –
Creation of the Police Commission - POLCOM
1975 – PD 765 – integration of the
national police - the PC/INP became the nucleus of a
united police force in the country
1990 – R.A. 6975 – Creation of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) that is civilian in character and
national in scope (Constitution)

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 1998 – RA 8551 – PNP Reform & Reorganization Act
dubbed as the “PNP Professionalization”.

Most Recent

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Organization – group – formal or informal
** Formal – structured
** Informal – non structured

Administration – process of POSDCRB

Management – resources (5Ms)

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 Police Organization

A group of trained personnel in the field of

public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of peace and
order, protection of life and property,
enforcement of the laws and the prevention of
crimes.

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Line Type Organization
(military type; simplest type)

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Functional Type Organization

(specialized; functional managers)

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Line and Staff Type Organization

combination of line & functional

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Police Management
Pertains to the utilization of available resources in an
organization.
Police administration
Refers to the processes used in the organization

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> POSDCRB
Planning - setting performance objectives
Organizing - dividing the work to be done
Staffing - filling the org with the right people/position
Directing - making decisions
Coordinating – interrelating various parts of work
Reporting – keeping executives informed
Budgeting – fiscal planning, accounting, and control

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PRINCIPLES of Police Organization
Specialization - grouping of activities and
segregation of line, staff, and auxiliary functions.
Hierarchy of Authority - formal relationship
among supers and subordinates in any organization
Span of Control - maximum number of
subordinates at a given position
Delegation of Authority - conferring of an amount of
authority by a superior position to a subordinate
 Unity of Command – command should come
from one superior only

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 ORGANIZATIONAL TERMINOLOGIES
Functional Units
 Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large
department. It comprises of numbers of divisions.
Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary
for specialization.
Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest
functional group with in an organization.

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 Territorial Units
 
Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty,
such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk
from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.
Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also
called LINE BEAT.
Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually
with its own station.
Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of
designated districts.

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OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
 Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police department who have
oath and who posses the power to arrest.
 Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either
temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank.
 Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the
department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
 Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior rank/higher
rank in a team or group.
 Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since the
oath of office was administered.
 On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the
performance of his duty.

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 Ranking System
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

Director General (DG) General

Deputy Director General (DDG) Lt General
Director (DIR) Maj General
Chief Superintendent (CSUPT) Brig.Gen.
Senior Superintendent (SR SUPT) Colonel
Superintendent (SUPT) Lt Colonel
Chief Inspector (CINSP) Major
Senior Inspector (SR INSP) Captain
Inspector (INSP) Lieutenant

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 NCOs
Senior Police Officer IV (SPO IV) Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III (SPO III) Tech. Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II (SPO II) Staff Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I (SPO I) Sergeant
Police Officer III (PO III) Corporal
Police Officer II (PO II) Private 1st Class
Police Officer I (PO I) Private

Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are

classified above the Senior Police Officer IV and below the
Inspector rank in the PNP.

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The OLD vs. the NEW
What is Traditional Policing?
The old system or concept of policing whereby
policemen are looked upon as an authority
representing the government it serve rather
than as a servant of the community. Here, The police
organization is used as protector of
“the few” instead of “the many”.

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 Traditional vs Community Policing

Who are the Police?

Traditional Community

A government agency Police are the public and

for law enforcement the public are the police

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The Traditionalist The Community Oriented

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POLICE PERSONNEL
IN RE: R.A 8551
Flow of Personnel Career
Pointers:
RECRUITMENT PROCESS - Citizenship
Note: Qualifications - Morality
- Eligibility
- Education
SELECTION PROCESS - Age
Note: Procedures/Tests - Height Pointers:
- Weight
- Agility
- Medical
- NP
- Interview

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 APPOINTMENT
Note: Nature of Appointment
Appointing Authorities
TRAINING
Note: Standards of Training
Field Training
In Service Training
APPRAISAL
Note: Purposes
Standards of Evaluation

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 PROMOTION
Note: System of
promotion
Kinds of Promotion
ASSIGNMENT
Note: Purpose
Powers/Authorities

Salaries, Benefits, Privileges

Note: Incentives/Awards
Pays/Allowances
Retirement Benefit

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 INSPECTION
Note: Types
Powers/Authorities to Inspect

Types:
Authoritative Inspection – those conducted by the head of subordinate units
in a regular basis.
Staff Inspection – those conducted by the staff in behalf of the Chief PNP or
superior officers in command. Ex. A.G.I

Authorities:
Internal (w in units) CPNP, RD, PD, CD, COP,
External (w in community) HRDD, IAS, NAPOLCOM

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 DISCIPLINARY MECHANISMS
Note: LCE, PLEB, IAS,
COP, RD, C/PNP
Admin Offenses
LCE – Mayor/Governor
Employ – Utilize PNP elements
Deploy – Physical movement
PLEB – Central receiving office
of all citizen’s complaint
Composition – 5
Note:
Term of office – 3 years
Citizen’s Complaint (PLEB)
Breach of Internal Discipline
Forum Shopping

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 IAS Power
Inspect, Investigate, Summary Hearing,
Filing Cases, Assist Ombudsman

IAS Entry – Voluntary (5 years experience)

IAS Head – Inspector General (Civilian)

NAPOLCOM RAB/NAB
RAB – hear decision from PLEB, RD, Mayor
NAB – hear decision from CPNP

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 Administrative Offenses
Imposable Penalties
Light Offenses  Reprimand
Less Grave Offenses  Forfeiture of Privilege
 Suspension
Grave Offenses
 Demotion from Rank
 Dismissal from Service
Forms:
** or any combination
Malfeasance (Misconduct) – abuse power
Misfeasance (Irregularities) – improper perfo…
Non-feasance (Neglect of Duty) – refusal …

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 RETIREMENT
Note: Nature of Retirement

Retirement is either OPTIONAL or MANDATORY

OPTIONAL - YEARS OF SERVICE – 20 YEARS

MANDATORY – AGE OF MEMBER – 56 YEARS OLD

Retirement Benefit
50% of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in case
of twenty (20) years of active service, increasing by 2.5% for
every year of active service rendered beyond twenty (20) years
to a maximum of 90% for 36 years of service and over.

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Why is patrol referred to as the “backbone” of police organization?

…because it serves as the organizational

foundation from which other specialization branch
out like traffic, investigation, vice control, etc.
It is also the only division within a department
which cannot be eliminated.

..patrol activities is about 50% of all police functions

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What is police patrol?
…the regular and repeated circuit of guarding a
beat, normally performed by the police in a given
area either on foot, mobile of other methods of
patrol for the purpose of enforcing the law and crime
prevention and suppression.

VIP: Patterns of Patrolling:

..clockwise, counter-clockwise, zigzag, straightway,
cloverleaf

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What is Reactive Patrol?

…the old system of police patrol activity which

consist of continuously driving around the area of patrol
waiting for something to happen and to
react accordingly in case something does
happen.

Note: Low Visibility Theory

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What is Proactive Patrol?

It is the more economical alternative patrol

system, which has an objective approach against
criminality as much as practicable. It addresses
crime at its very root before it is able to develop
into a felonious act.

Note: >> High Visibility Theory

>> Theory of Omnipresence

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Prevention v.s. Repression
Prevention is the objective aimed towards ways and
means to reduce the desire of the human
being to commit crime. (proactive)

Repression, is the act of preventing the actual

commission of crimes. Repression is leveled on the
prevention of the very act itself which
constitutes crimes. (reactive)

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 Police Discretion
Use of one’s own wise judgment on certain events or
circumstances not covered by SOPs.
Sample Scenario
 On patrol alone
 Rainy & Foggy situation, urban area
 No FA, no HHR, no means of com to HQ
 No flashlight, wearing Rain Coat,
 3 Males in front of a pawnshop w in AOR
 Suspicious looking

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 The Criminal Formula
C=T+S
R
Where: C = Act (Criminal Act)
T = Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S = Total Situation (Opportunity)
R = Resistance to Temptation

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 Machinery for Crime Prevention
The Criminal Justice System

 Police/ Law Enforcement Pillar

 Prosecution Pillar
 Court Pillar
 Correction Pillar
 Community Pillar

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 The Criminal Process
POLICE
– initial response – arrest –
suspect

COMMUNITY
– law abiding – help PROSECUTION
prevent crimes – investigate – determine
CRIME probable cause

CORRECTION COURT
– reform – change criminal – trial –determine guilt or
behavior innocence

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 What are the Methods of Patrol?
Beat Patrol
 Foot Patrol VIPs
 Bicycle Patrol  Advantages & Disadvantages
of each patrol method
Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
 Practical Applications
 Automobile Patrol
 Related name/terminology
 Motorcycle Patrol
 Historical events
 Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed Wing)

Note
Specialized Patrol Methods
 Horse (mounted) Patrol
 10 million smell cell of dogs
 German Shepherds
 Marine (water) Patrol
 Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
 Special Terrain Patrol
 TV Patrol (Surveillance Cam)

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What are the basic types of Police calls?
ROUTINE CALL – mobile car is required to observe
all traffic laws and rules and does not normally use its
flashing lights and siren while on its way to the scene
URGENT CALL – also requires the responding police car
to observe all traffic rules and does not use its
flashing lights or siren.
EMERGENCY CALL – In most cases, this category
requires the use of the flashing light and fluctuating
siren although there are exceptions which include the
attempt to surprise criminals in the act.

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 OTHER OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES

Police Blotter
A police blotter is a logbook that contains the daily registry of all crime
incident reports, official summaries of arrest, and other significant events
reported in a police station.

A separate Police Blotter is maintained for crime incident reports involving

violence against women and children and those cases involving a CICL to
protect their privacy pursuant to Republic Act Number (R.A. No.) 9262
(Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004) and
R.A. No. 9344.

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 Police Intervention Operations
(arrest, raid, search and seizure, checkpoint,
demolition, civil disturbance management)

marked police vehicle

led by a Police Commissioned Officer
personnel in prescribed police uniform

***Warning shot – not allowed!

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 Frederick the Great

He was known as the “Father of Organized Military Espionage”

He has divided his agents into four classes:

 Common spies – those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a
small sum or to accommodate as military officer.
 Double spies – are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in
spreading false information to the enemy.
 Spies of Consequences – couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and
kindred conspirators, requiring a substantial bribe or bait,
 Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own
will.

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 Federal Bureau of Investigation
First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice
and became what is known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar
Hoover in 1924. On September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its
responsibility the task of a domestic intelligence.

 Central Intelligence Agency - The agency was created under the US National
Security Act of 1947. It was the Central Intelligence group established during the
time of President Truman in January 1946. The CIA was under the National
Security Council.

 Committee for State Security - Russia - The Intelligence agency known as the
KGB - Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB)

 British Secret Service – Great Britain

 Mossad – Israel

 Britain: Scotland Yard, London Metropolitan Police Force , MI 6

It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which signaled the beginning of a
colorful legendary police force and considered one of the most efficient in the
world today.

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THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
PHASE 1

PLANNING THE COLLECTION

EFFORT
PHASE 2

COLLECTION OF
INFORMATION

PHASE 4
MISSION
DISSEMINATION AND
USE OF INFORMATION

PHASE 3

PROCESSING THE
COLLECTED INFORMATION

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RELIABILITY ACCURACY
A - Completely 1 - Confirmed by
reliable other
B - Usually reliable 2 - Probably true
C - Fairly reliable 3 - Possibly true
D - Not usually 4 - Doubtfully true
reliable 5 - Improbable
E - Unreliable 6 - Truth cannot be
F - Reliability cannot judged
be judged

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 As to Source of Info
T- Direct Observation by Comdr/Chf of Unit
U- Report by DPA or Resident Agent
V- Report by PNP/AFP Troops
W- Interrogation of Captured Enemy
X- Observation of gov’t/civilian employee
Y – Observation from populace
Z- Documentary

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 INFORMATION

Information refers to all evaluated materials of every description

including those derived from observation, reports, rumors,
imagery, and other sources from which intelligence in produced.
Information is a communicated knowledge by others obtaining by
personal study, investigation, research, analysis, observation.

Two General classifications of sources of information:

 Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming

from open sources.
 Close Sources – 1% of information are collected from close
sources.

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 Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or documents
procured openly without regard as to whether the subject or target
become knowledgeable of the purpose
Open Sources: Includes information taken from
 Enemy activity
 POW and Civilians
 Captured documents
 Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report - Agencies

 Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of information, which is

obtained without the knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding
vital intelligence interest.
Close Sources: Include information which maybe taken through:
 Surveillance
 Casing and Elicitation
 Surreptitious entry
 Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping device)
 Tactical Interrogation
 Observation and Description (ODEX)

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 PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people who
worked through the direction of the agent handler. The
informants, principal or cutouts supply the agent handler
directly or indirectly with Intel information

Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of

information, which could be voluntary, or in consideration
of a price.
 Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the
police voluntarily or involuntarily with out any consideration
 Informer – those who give information to the police for
price or reward

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 INFROMANT RECRUITMENT

 Selection – it is particularly desirable to be able to identity and recruit an

informant who has access to many criminal in-group or subversive
organization. Wide access is probably the single most important feature in
the consideration of recruiting the potential informant
 Investigation – the investigation of the potential informants that has
tentatively identified as a “probable” must be as thorough as possible. It
must establish possible existing motives as to this person might assist the
police Intel community. Failure to do so will deny this office who must
perform the approach and persuasion phase with little more that a guess.
If necessary, conduct complete background investigation (CBI)
 Approach – must be done in a setting from which might include pleasant
surroundings, perhaps a confidential apartment, completely free form any
probability of compromise, preferably in an adjacent city or a remote area
foreign to the informants living pattern.
 Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited
assignment, with a gradual integration into the more important areas. The
occasional testing of an informant should continue through the entire
affiliation

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 COVER AND UNDERCOVER
Cover - the means by which an individual group of
organization conceals the true nature of its
acts and or existence from the observer.
Cover story – a biographical data through
fictional that will portray the personality of the
agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the
operation
Cover Support – an agent assigned in target
areas with the primary mission of supporting the
cover story.

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 METHODS OF COVERT INTELLIGENCE

Concept of Surveillance
Surveillance is a form of clandestine investigation
which consists of keeping persons, place or other
targets under physical observation in order to obtain
evidence or information pertinent to an investigation.
Surveillance of persons is called Tailing or Shadowing,
Surveillance of place is called Casing or
Reconnaissance, and Surveillance of other things,
events, & activities is called Roping.

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 Surveillant – a person who conducts surveillance with includes only
observations.
 Stakeout or Plant – is the observation of places or areas from a fixed
point.
 Tailing or Shadowing – it is the observation of a person’s movement.
 Liason Program – the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to

other agencies in order to obtain information of police intelligence

value.
(Agencies like the press, credit agencies, labor unions, telephone
companies)
 Safehouse – is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,

where police undercover men meet for debriefing or reporting

purposes.

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 Drop – any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting
place where police undercover men meet his action agent for
debriefing or reporting purposes.
 Convoy – an accomplice or associate of the subject used to
avoid or elude surveillant.
 Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a
convoy whenever surveillant is burned.
 Contact – any persons whom the subject picks or deals

with while he is under observation & identifies the observer.

 Made – when subject under surveillance becomes aware

that he is under observation and identifies the observer.

 Lost – when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of
his subject or the subject had eluded the surveillance.

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 SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES

 According to Intensity and Sensitivity

 Discreet –subject person to be watch is unaware that he is under
observation
 Close – subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each
occasions
 Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied
on each occasion
 According to Methods
 Stationary – this is observation of place usually a bookie stall, a gambling,
joint, a residence where illegal activities are going on (fixed position)
 Moving – surveillance follow the subject from the place to place to
maintain continuous watch of his activities
 Technical – this is a surveillance by the use of communications and
electronic hardware’s, gadgets, system and equipment

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 OBSERVATION AND DECRIPTION (ODEX)

Observation – a complete and accurate observation

by an individual of his surroundings an
encompasses the use of all the major sense to
register and recognized its operational or Intel
significance

Description – the actual and factual reporting of

one’s observation of he reported sensory
experience recounted by another

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