Organic & Inorganic Chem 1.

Chemistry
- A science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes these materials
undergo.
Central Science
- Understanding most other fields of science requires an understanding of
chemistry.
Note:
The results of the experiment may change because of oxidation. Always follow the instructions
in order to avoid oxidation or oxygen reduction.

Solving the problems using a scientific approach

Define the problem
- Gather information: facts and observations.
Propose Solutions
- Organize information and look for patterns.
- Hypothesis.
Approach
- Evaluate your proposed solutions
- Test your patterns by using them to predict
- What will happen
- Experiments.
Scientific Method
- Process of studying natural phenomena that involve making observations, forming laws
and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.
Make Observations
- Qualitative -> descriptions
- Quantitative -> measurements
Formulate Hypothesis
- Possible explanations for observed characteristics or behaviors
Perform Experiments
- Test hypothesis
Under scientific method:
- Repeat the process until we get a will-tested explanation.
- While experimenting, we may observe=
Theory
- A set of assumptions was put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behavior of
matter.
- May need to be modified or discarded as new information (observations) becomes
known.
- Explain why something happens.
Law
- A generally observed behavior.
- Without explanation as to why the behavior occurs!
- predict what will happen.

Best Approach to Learning Chemistry

- Learn the vocabulary of chemistry:
Definitions of terms
How common vocabulary is applied to chemistry.
- Memorize Important Information:
 Names, Formulas, and Charges of Polyatomic ions.
Solubility Rules
- Learn and Practice Processes:
Systematic names and formulas
Dimensional analysis
- Do the questions and Exercises at the end of the chapter to test your
understanding and help you see the patterns.

Six levels of thoughts

- Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- synthesis
- Evaluation
Aq
- Can dissolve in water

What is Chemistry?
- It is a science of change
- It looks at all the different kinds of substances and how they interact with each other.

Hydrophilic Nature of substances hydrophobic

Water (polar) Polarity Organic (nonpolar)

Polar molecules dissolve in Dissolve in water Nonpolar molecules group

water together in water (don’t
dissolve in water)

Hydrogen bond with water Bonds Hydrogen bond with one

molecules another

Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
- Study of matter that contains carbon
- Organic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of carbon
compounds.
- Useful in the petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals, polymers.
Inorganic Chemistry
- Is the study of matter that does not contain carbon
- The chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of non-carbon
compounds.
- Polymers, metallurgy
Biochemistry
- Study of chemistry in living things.
- Cross between biology and chemistry.
- Pharmaceuticals and genetics.
Physical Chemistry
- Study of physics of chemistry.
- Forces of matter.
- Computational and develop theoretical ideas for new compounds.
Analytical chemistry
- Study of high precision measurement.
- Find composition and identity of chemicals.
- Forensics, quality control, medical tests. For microscopical blood.

Biological Compounds
Proteins
- Polymer composed of amino acids produces muscles.
Carbohydrates
- Simple sugar or a polymer composed of simple sugars.
Lipids
- Fats. an oil, a wax, or steroids.

Nucleic acids
 - Polymer is composed of sugar, an organic base, and phosphoric acid. Phosphate
groups and also your DNA.
- Dribosomes. Ribosomes.

Element Compounds

Simplest form Made up of two or more kinds of atoms with a

positive / negative charge definite ratio
Spit by chemical reaction

Classified 3 GEN types compounds

Metals: Element with (L/D/M/ gC of a. Ionic ; transfer e
heat/electricity) b. Covalent ; sharing of e
Non-Metals: W/O LDMgC brittle c. Metallic ; interaction of element
Metalloids M/ nM (ordinary metal)

Matter & Energy

Matter
 - Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Two general properties
Intrinsic
- quality/kind of materials that are present and can be found by means of melting points,
boiling points, viscosity, and refractive index.
Refractive Index
- Resolution
- Viscosity
- Lapot
Extrinsic
- Quality of amount of materials. Can be found with temp, size and shape, width, and
height.

Other Kinds of Compounds

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

Cmpds : C atom (CHO/CHOs/CHON) Other elements

except : oxides Few Carbon
Cyanides Salts
Carbonates
bicarbonates BASO
Base : OH (p acceptor)/effect in water/ pH in
litmus
Acids : H (M) in water H+ (p donor) pH
inlitrums
Salts : (+ions & - ions) ca/io (except : HOH),
electrolytes
Oxides : O and other elemtns

Mixtures Point of Differences Compounds

May be present in any Components Definite component (weight)

proportion/ratio
 NO Evidence show Chemical Reaction Highly visible evidence show

Component don’ts lose ID Nature of Property Lose ID and property

Mechanical Separation Chemical

Two or more not chemically Composition of substances Two or more chemically

combined combine

Types of Mixtures
Homogenous (salt/water)
Heterogenous (gravel/sand)
Solution
- Homogenous (solute & solvent)
Suspension
- heterogenous /particles settle out on standing.
Colloids
- Tyndal effect (Brownian movement)
Types of Colloids