SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

Long assessment
Reminders:
+ starts at 13:45 but may come in at 13:30
+ video, audio must be on, otherwise considered absent and zero for quiz. Video must also
direct at the hands of the student.
+ Modified true or false, most likely it would be press true if it is correct, if false, select the
correct answer. NO ESSAYS.
+ only mouse/trackpad will be used according to dr David.
+ it is likely that it is one minute per question but depends on the numbering of the
questions.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1st PART:

Science – “Scientia” which means to “to know” or “knowledge”

- A body of organized knowledge about nature; a way of thinking.
- An organised and hierarchal structure that investigate nature and human nature
through observation and experiments.
- Science aims to achieve explanation, understanding, prediction, and control.
- Hypothesis Driven (Scientific method)
Scientific method – the method used to obtain knowledge
- The structure of the method is: observation, hypothesis, prediction, test/experiment
(then becomes either a theory or law)
Technology – came from the words “Techne” and “Logos” which means “the discourse of
the arts,” or the scientific study of the practical and industrial arts.
- It can be also known as applied science.
- The use of devices that satisfy the problems of the human needs and wants.
- A system-based knowledge on the application of knowledge.
Society – a group of large or small people in a particular place and time linked by a common
interest and goals.
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

THE GOAL OF STS EDUCATION:

Engaging students to be more proactive in the setting and issue the world is currently facing
such as:
1.) Climate Change
2.) Animal Testing
3.) Nuclear Testing
4.) Genetic Engineering (tip: search for Dolly the sheep 1997)
5.) Deforestation Practices
6.) Environmental Legislations
IS IT SCIENCE OR TECHNOLOGY?
This probably is going to ask things like in the power point like:
“Airplanes are made from aluminium is a technology based and Aluminium is a light weight
metal is a scientific based fact.” True or False?
IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1.) Community Life – both positive and negative impacts

Development of cities and evolved from the nomadic life; witnessed the industrial
revolution in the 19th century which decreases the work (labour) of men. Though
Populated cities caused pollution.
2.) Health – massive positive impacts
Its greatest innovation was longevity of life; largely of the advancement of the human
race is devoted on Medicine practices.
3.) Work – positive impacts
The concept of leisure was born due to the labour-saving technology; technical
innovations saved physical energy and lessened people’s workload.
4.) Communication – massive positive impacts
Egypt: papyrus and hieroglyphics
Ancient Babylonia: cuneiform
Ancient Greece: public speaking, persuasive rhetoric, drama, and philosophy
Ancient Rome: Roman alphabet
Modern Europe: printing press and telephones
World today: World Wide Web and internet
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

HISTORY OF THE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY:

*We start from the industrial era phase until the present.
POWER GENERATION:
1765 – James Watt improves the steam engine Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen
(but he only mentioned Newcomen so), to make a power source.
1820 -1860 – Michael Faraday lays the foundation and development for power generators
and motors
1878 – 1880 – Thomas Alva Edison creates the first light bulb (the first incandescent electric
light).
1887 – Nikola Tesla creates the induction motor, which is the first practical motor to run on
an alternating current electricity (AC makes the transmission of electricity faster and longer
through heightened towers)
1887 – George Westinghouse creates the first commercially available transformer (types of
machines that are able to transmit and store volts so that electricity would not be a waste.)
MEDICINE:
1796 – Edward Jenner paved the way for modern immunology by discovering a vaccine for
smallpox.
1811 – 1870 – Sir James Young Simpson, demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of
chloroform on humans.
1845 -1846 – Horace Wells and William T.G. Morten demonstrate the first successful
anaesthesia for surgery and dental
1847 – Ignaz Semmelweis invents antiseptic prophylaxis
1865 – 1867 – Louis Pastuer discovers that bacteria causes many diseases and is the
author of pasteurisation.
1897 – Felix Hoffman synthesises heroin and aspirin.
1907 – Paul Ehrlich discovered a treatment for syphilis; chemotherapy
1927 – Hermann J. Muller discovers Gene Mutation
1928 – Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin and antibiotics
1953 – Francis Crick and James Watson discovers the structure of DNA
Transportation:
1869 – George Westinghouse develops the air-compressed breaks for trains
1889 – 1890 – Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gasoline powered automobile
1896 – Henry Ford mass created the Model T and is the first to mass produced gasoline
powered automobile
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1903 – Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first inventors and pilots of the airplane.
Communications:
1838 – Samiel F.B. Morse created the Morse code
1843 – Samuel Colt, also created the revolver, the first to lay down underwater cables from
Manhattan to Governor Island NYC
1840 – 1860 – railroads develop everywhere, especially in the USA leading to the US Steel
Industry; most power cables follow the railroad track
1869 – Charles Dowd – created standard timezones
1876 – Alexander Graham Bell created the first telephone
1877 – Thomas Alva Edison – phonograph, motion picture, camera, projector
1888 – George Eastman – founder of Kodak, roll film camera
1890 – Guglielmo Marconi developed long ranged coms; antennas, got his physics award in
1909.
Everyday Life:
1884 – Ottomar Mergenthaler & Tolbert Lanston developed the modern printing press both
linotype and monotype
1853 – Elisha Otis invents the elevator safety breaks
1879 – William L.B. Jenney – first steel-framed skyscraper (The Home Insurance Building
Chicago)
1910 – Alva John Fisher creates Thor, the first washing machine
1945 – Robert Oppenheim creates the first atomic bomb and launches at Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
1957 – Soviet Union launches the first satellite, Sputnik
1969 – First landing on the moon by the USA by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
BIOLOGY
Biology –“bio” means life, “logos” means study. It is the study of life
- A structural hierarchy of life, from molecules to ecosystem  the scope of biology
- About everyday life
- Organisms are made up of organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules
Properties of life
1.) Living things can grow larger
2.) All living things use food for energy
3.) All living things can reproduce
4.) Living things can repair injury to themselves
5.) All living things can undergo change
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6.) All living things can move

7.) All living things respond to their surroundings
8.) All living things have limited lifespans and will die
9.) All living things use oxygen for metabolic process
*Micro-organisms are anaerobic
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Life requires 25 elements – Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen - contains 96% of
everything. Calcium, Phosphorous, Sulphur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium – contain 4%
The rest are truce elements (if you want it to be easier to memorise, it is a reflection of what
is a person is made up of). Hydrogen is the universal element as it is found everywhere in
the universe.
Life is sensitive to acid and base conditions.
pH Scale:
Use of the pH scale which has a range of 0 to 14.
If it releases H+ (Hydrogen) Ions it is acid
If it accepts H+ (Hydrogen) Ions it is base
7 is the neutral which is neither base nor acid and this is where water is.
7.4 – pH of blood.
8 – seawater
4.85 – 5.10 – coffee
Urine is around 6 to 7 because it will protect the urinal tract from bacteria
4.5 – pH level that all aquatic animals will die.
PROPERTIES OF WATER
- Water is a polar molecule because the two ends are slightly oppositely charge and
they attract other nearby molecules with the opposite charged.
- Water creates hydrogen bond
- Water is the only element that can be a solid, a liquid, and a gas
- It has both cohesion and adhesion
- It has polarity
- It is the universal solvent
- High heat of vaporisation
- Ability to moderate temperature
- Expanding upon freezing
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ANATOMY
Anatomy – they study of the study of the structure of an organism
Physiology – the study of function
Applied (clinical) anatomy – application of anatomical study for diagnosis and treatment
of disease
Descriptive (systemic) anatomy – involves the description of individual parts of the body
without reference to diseases.
Overview of the Organ System:
Anatomical planes:
- Coronal or Frontal plane
- Sagittal or lateral plane (Median and Parasagittal plane)
- Axial or transverse plane
Anatomical terms:
- Anterior vs posterior
- Ventral vs dorsal
- Superior vs Inferior
- Cranial vs Caudal
- Proximal or Distal
- Median vs Lateral
Anatomic Regions of the abdomen:
- Right Upper Quadrant (liver)
- Left Upper Quadrant (stomach)
- Right Lower left Quadrant (appendix)
- Left Lower Quadrant
Nine Regions of the Abdomen:
- Right and Left Hypochondriac Region
- Right and Left Lumbar Region
- Right and Left Iliac Region
- Epigastric Region
- Umbilical Region
- Hypogastric Region
Human Organ Systems:
- Integumentary system
i) Protection
ii) temperature
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- Skeletal System
i) Appendicular system
ii) Axial System
- Muscular System
i) Main function = movement
- Respiratory System
i) Lungs and airway
- Cardiovascular System
i) Heart and vessels and blood
- Immune System
i) Protects the body against infection
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Digestive System
- Urinal System
- Reproductive system
Connective tissues:
LL 102-1
1. Left Interosseous Membrane.
2. Left Medial Meniscus.
3. Left Posterior Cruciate Ligament.
4. Left Patellar Ligament.
5. Left Quadriceps Tendon.
6. Left Fibular Collateral Ligament.
Left Sustentaculum Tali.
Pelvis 102-3
7. Left Common Iliac Artery.
8. Left Pubofemoral Ligament.
9. Left Iliofemoral Ligament.
10. Left Hip Joint Capsule.
11. Left Inguinal Ligament.
12. Left Anterior Superior Iliac Spine.
13. Left Sacrotuberous Ligament.
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

UQ 101-4
14. Epiglottis.
15. Tracheal Rings.
16. Intervertebral discs – Anulus Fibrosus.
LQ 101-2
17. Right Iliotibial Tract (Band).
Head 102-7
18. Dura Mater.
19. Right Optic Nerve in optic canal.
Foramen Magnum.
Crista Galli.
Upper & Lower Limb Muscles
UQ 101-3
1. Left Pectoralis Major
2. Left Pectoralis Minor. **
3. Left Serratus Anterior.
4. Left Deltoid Anterior fibres.
5. Left Deltoid Middle fibres.
6. Left Deltoid Posterior fibres.
UL 102-5
7. Left Subscapularis.
8. Left Coracobrachialis. **
9. Left Biceps Brachii – Short Head. ** Aponeurosis.
10. Left Biceps Brachii – Long Head. **
11. Left Brachialis.
12. Left Brachioradialis. **
13. Left Pronator Teres.
14. Left Flexor Carpi Radialis. **
15. Left Palmaris Longus.
16. Left Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. **
17. Left Palmar Aponeurosis.
18. Left Flexor Pollicis Brevis.
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19. Left Abductor Pollicis Brevis.

20. Left Opponens Pollicis.
21. Left Adductor Pollicis.
22. Left Abductor Digiti Minimi.
23. Left Tendon Flexor Digitorum Superficialis.
24. Left Tendon Flexor Digitorum Profundus
UL 102-
25. Right Infraspinatus. **
26. Right Teres Major.
27. Right Triceps Brachii Long Head. **
28. Right Triceps Brachii Lateral Head. **
29. Right Triceps Brachii Medial Head. **
UL 101-5
30. Left Extensor Retinaculum.
31. Left Extensor Carpi Ulnaris.
32. Left Extensor Digitorum.
33. Left Extensor Digiti Minimi.
34. Left Abductor Pollicis Longus.
35. Left Extensor Pollicis Brevis.
36. Left 1st Dorsal Interosseous muscle.
37. Left Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus.
UL 101-6
38. Right Pronator Teres.
39. Right Flexor Carpi Radialis.
40. Right Palmaris Longus.
41. Right Flexor Carpi Ulnaris.
42. Right Flexor Retinaculum.
Pelvis 102-3
43. Right Psoas Major.
44. Right Psoas minor. Iliopsoas is on muscles tables. **
45. Right Iliacus.
46. Right Gluteus Maximus.
47. Left Gluteus Medius. **
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

48. Left Piriformis.

49. Left Gemellus Superior.
50. Left Gemellus Inferior.
51. Left Obturator Internus.
52. Left Quadratus Femoris.
LL 101-2
53. Right Sartorius. **
54. Right Rectus Femoris. **
55. Right Vastus Medialis. **
56. Right Vastus Lateralis.
57. Right Tensor Fasciae Latae.
58. Right Iliotibial band.
59. Right Gracilis. **
60. Right Adductor Longus.
61. Right Pectineus.
62. Right Adductor Magnus.
LL 101-1
63. Left Biceps Femoris Long Head. **
64. Left Biceps femoris Short Head. **
65. Left Semitendinosus. **
66. Left Semimembranosus.
67. Left Gastrocnemius Lateral Head.
68. Left Gastrocnemius Medial Head.
69. Left Soleus.
LL 102-2
70. Right Tibialis Anterior. **
71. Right Extensor Hallucis Longus.
72. Right Extensor Digitorum Longus.
73. Right Extensor Digitorum Brevis.
74. Right Extensor Hallucis Brevis.
75. Right Peroneus Longus.
76. Right Peroneus Brevis.
77. Right Soleus.
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LL 102-1
78. Left Pes Anserinus.
79. Left Tibialis Posterior.
80. Left Flexor Digitorum Longus.
81. Left Flexor Hallucis Longus.
82. Left Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus.
83. Left Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis. **
84. Left Extensor Digitorum Brevis.
85. Left Quadratus Plantae.
86. Left Flexor Digitorum Brevis.
Torso 102-4
1. Left Serratus Anterior.
2. Left External Obliques.
3. Linear Alba.
4. Left Sternohyoid.
5. Diaphragm. **
6. Right External Intercostal.
7. Right Internal Intercostal.
8. Right Anterior Scalene. **
9. Right Middle Scalene. **
10. Left Trapezius.
11. Left Rhomboid Major.
12. Left Latissimus Dorsi.
13. Right Iliocostalis Thoracis. **
14. Right Longissimus Thoracis. **
UQ 101-3
15. Left Digastric – Anterior Belly.
16. Left Omohyoid – Superior Belly.
17. Left Sternohyoid.
18. Left Temporalis.
19. Left Splenius Capitis.
UQ 101-4
20. Corpus Callosum.
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

21. Choroid Plexus.

22. Thalamus.
23. Hypothalamus.
24. Midbrain.
25. Pons.
26. Medulla Oblongata.
27. Arbor Vitae of Cerebellum.
28. Tentorium Cerebelli.
29. Conus Medullaris.
30. Dura Mater.
31. Cauda Equina.
Brain 102-8
32. Dura Mater.
33. Falx Cerebri.
34. Arachnoid Mater.
35. Left Frontal Lobe.
36. Left Parietal Lobe.
37. Left Occipital Lobe.
38. Central Sulcus.
39. Left Precentral Gyrus.
40. Left Postcentral Gyrus.
41. Cerebellum.
Brain 102-8
1. Olfactory Tract (CN I). 1. Left Vertebral Artery.
2. CN II Optic Nerve. 2. Basilar Artery.
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

3. Optic Chiasma.
4. CN III Oculomotor Nerve.
5. CN V Trigeminal Nerve.
6. CN VI Abducens Nerve.
7. CN VII Facial Nerve.
8. CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
Head 102-7
9. CN II Optic Nerve.
10. CN III Oculomotor Nerve.
11. CN V Trigeminal Nerve.
12. CN VII Facial Nerve & CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
13. Left Superior Rectus Muscle.
LL 101-1
14. Left Femoral Nerve. 3. Left Femoral Artery.
15. Left Saphenous Nerve. 4. Left Femoral Vein.
5. Left Great Saphenous Vein.
UL 101-5
16. Left Median Nerve. 6. Left Brachial Artery.
17. Left Ulnar Nerve.
18. Left Radial Nerve.
19. Left Axillary Nerve.
20. Left Musculocutaneous Nerve.
LL 102-2
21. Right Sciatic Nerve. 7. Right Popliteal Artery.
22. Right Tibial Nerve. 8. Right Popliteal Vein.
23. Right Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve.
Thorax 102-4
24. Right Brachial Plexus. 9. Ascending Aorta.
25. Right Phrenic Nerve. 10. Superior Vena Cava.
26. Right Sympathetic Trunk. 11. Left Brachiocephalic Vein.
27. Right Intercostal Nerves. 12. Abdominal Aorta.
13. Inferior Vena Cava.
 SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND TECHNOLOGY REVIEWER #1

14. Left Renal Artery.

15. Left Renal Vein.
UL 101-5
28. Left Median Nerve. 16. Left Ulnar Artery.
29. Left Ulnar Nerve. 17. Left Radial Artery.
30. Left Radial Nerve. 18. Left Superficial Palmar Arch.
31. Left Superficial Radial Nerve.
32. Left Deep Radial Nerve.
Pelvis 102-3

33. Right Obturator Nerve. 19. Right Common Iliac Artery.

34. Right Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve. 20. Right External Iliac Artery.
21. Right Internal Iliac Artery.
UL 102-6
35. Right Median Nerve. 22. Right Cephalic Vein.
23. Right Brachial Artery.

Umbilicus – area where the baby would be fed

- Intrauterus
- Label: belly button
- Important landmark
- This is the centre (0,0) of the graph if you graph your body using the lateral, axial,
and coronal