HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS  Sebaceous gland: Opens into a hair follicle to secret an oily or

waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin
INTEGUMENTARY OR SKIN SYSTEM  Arrector pili muscle
 Largest organ of the  Hair
human body  Nails
Composed of the skin, Skin Disorders
sudoriferous glands,  Basal cell carcinoma - A type of skin cancer which develops in
and sebaceous glands, basal cells, a type of cell within the skin t produces new skin
hair, and nails cells.
 Major role is protection  Squamous cell carcinoma - A type of skin cancer, which forms
from pathogens and in the middle and outer layer of the skin. It causes red nodules,
dehydration scaly, red patches on lips or inside the mouth, open sores, or
 Accounts for 7% of the wartlike sore on or in the anus or on genitals.
body’s weight  Melanoma - A type of skin cancer which develops from the cells
(melanocytes) that control pigment of the skin.
Functions of the Integument (outer protective layer)
*ABCDE RULE (is used to determine if one has Melanoma or
 Protection against biological invasion, physical damage, and
not)
ultraviolet
o Asymmetry, Border (irregularity), Colour, Diameter,
 Excretion of salts and small amounts of wastes (ammonia and
uera) Evolving
 Synthesis for Vitamin D o the characteristics of skin damage that doctors look for
 Thermoregulation – regulate temperature when diagnosing and classifying melanomas.
 Cutaneous Sensation – demonstrates a slow response and has a Burns
small receptive field; it is useful for detecting steady pressure  Common Causes:
from small objects, such as when gripping something with the o Friction burns
hand. o Cold burns
o Four major types of mechanoreceptors (sense organ or o Thermal burns
cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or o Radiation burns
sound):
o Chemical burns
1. Meissner’s corpuscles
o Electrical burns
2. Pacinian corpuscles
 First-degree - Affects the epidermis
3. Merkel’s disks
 Second-degree ➔ Skeletal system - Affects the epidermis and
4. Ruffini’s corpuscles
upper dermis
Epidermis  Third-degree
 Outer protective layer o “Full-thickness burn”
 Composed of dead cells (keratinocytes) containing a tough and o Type of injury
fibrous protein called “keratin” o destroys the full layers of epidermis and dermis
 Contains melanocytes, cells that produce a dark pigment called  Fourth degree
“melanin” o deepest and most severe
o potentially life-threatening
Dermis
o These burns destroy all layers of the skin, as well as
 The inner, living layer
the bones, muscles, and tendons
 Richly supplied with blood vessels and sensory nerve endings
 Complications:
 It makes up the “Cutis”
o Infections because bacteria can enter the broken skin
o Richly supplied with blood vessels and sensory nerve
o Tetanus lockjaw (is a bacterial infection characterized
endings
o Made up of mainly of fibrous proteins and other large by muscle spasms.)
molecules o Muscle contractions
o Blood loss and shock (often could lead to death)
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous o Dangerously low body temperature (hypothermia)
 Fatty tissues; also known as the subcutis o Low blood volume (Hypovolemia)
 Conserves the body’s heat  The body loses too much blood from burn
 Protects our vital inner organs

Skin Appendages (ADDITIONS) SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: Secret sweat  APSH
o Types of sweat glands  Attachment for muscles
1. Eccrine Glands  Protect vital organs
2. Apocrine glands  Supports the body
 Ceruminous glands: secret cerumen (earwax) into the external  Houses bone marrow tissue (used for blood cell formation)
ear canal  usually consists of 206 named bones.
 o grouped in two divisions (parts): axial and appendicular  Consists of Humeru, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals,
phalanges

Axial skeleton (protects organs) – SKULL, VERTEBRAL, THORACIC Lower extremity

Skull  Consists of Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals,
 Two parts: Phalanges
o Cranium: Protects
Types of bones
brain, eyes, ears, 1. Long bones: Longer than wide (Ex: Femur,
nasal cavity, and humerus)
oral cavity 2. Short bones: Roughly as long as wide (Ex:
o Facial bones: Carpals, tarsals)
Attachment for 3. Flat bones: Plate-shaped (Ex: Sternum,
muscles of scapula, pelvis)
chewing and 4. Irregular bones: Shape very irregular (Ex.
turning the head Vertebrae)
Vertebral bones
 5 sections
o Cervical vertebrae (7)
o Thoracic vertebra (12)
o Lumbar vertebrae (5)
o Sacrum vertebrae (5 fused)
o Coccyx (3-5 small vertebrae attached to sacrum)
o Sacrum vertebrae (5 fused)
Skeletal System Disorders
Thoracic bones 1. Abnormal spinal curvatures
 Provides support for  Kyphosis: Exaggerated concavity of the thoracic vertebrae
organs, such as  Lordosis: Exaggerated convexity of the lumbar vertebrae
heart and lungs  Scoliosis: Lateral bending of the spinal vertebrae
 12 pairs of ribs: 2. Types of Fracture
Attached to the  Closed or simple: Bone breaks + No puncture or open
vertebral column at wound in the skin
the back  Open or Compound: Bone breaks through the skin
 True ribs and
False ribs: 10
pairs attached to sternum in front
 Floating ribs
o Inferior 2 pairs
o No attachment in front

Appendicular skeleton (the foundation for the movement of the

body and inner layer of the muscles) – PECTORAL & PELVIC GIRDLE
+ UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITY

Pectoral girdle
 Attaches upper extremity to the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
axial skeleton  Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints and
 Articulates with Sternum Generate heat
anteriorly and vertebral column
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
posteriorly
 Consists of: Clavicle and Scapula

Pelvic girdle
 “Coxae”, innominate bone or hip
bone
 Attaches lower extremity to the
axial skeleton
 Articles with sacrum posteriorly
 Consists of Illium, Ischium, pubis

Upper extremity
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
 The direction of muscle fibre
o Examples: rectus (straight)
 The relative size of muscle
o Example: maximus (largest)
 Location of the muscle
o Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g.
temporalis)
 Number of origins
o Example: triceps (three heads)

Origin: attachment to the bone that does NOT move

Insertion: attachment to the bone that MOVES

 Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

o Example: Sterno (on the sternum)
 Shape of the muscle
o Example: deltoid (triangular)
o Trapezius (trapezoid shaped)
 Action of the muscle
o Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a
bone)

Types of Movement
 Abduction: Movement away from midline of body
 Adduction: Movement toward midline of body
 Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle
between two body parts + Act of bending or being bent
 Extension: Refers to a movement that increases the angle
between two body parts + Brings limb into a straight condition
 Dorsiflexion: Backward bending of foot
 Plantar flexion: Bending sole of foot; pointing toes
 Pronation: Turning palm downward
 Supination: Turning palm upward

Muscular Disorder
 Spasm: Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
 Torticollis: Severe neck spasms pulling head to one side;
wryneck or crick in the neck
 Muscular Dystrophy (MD): Inherited disease with progressive
muscle atrophy
 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS): Repetitive motion disorder +
Compression of finger tendons and median nerve as they pass
through carpal tunner of the wrist