ch©vq mviwY

 (10)
1789 8 18
1864
1869
1913

 Period
Y (Y
7 (X)
(X) + 10)

(Y)
1H K-1 1 1 1 1
 8O K-2, L- 2 6 2 16
Group 6
18 18 11Na K-2, L- 3 1 3 1
I VIII 8, M-1
15P K-2, L- 3 5 3 15
18 IUPAC 8, M-5
17Cl K-2, L- 3 7 3 17
8, M-7

18Ar K-2, L- 3 8 3 18
8, M-8
Li Na K
20Ca K-2, L- 4 2 4 2
Li K- 7 8, M-8,
7 + 39 46 N-2
39 Na- = = 23
2 2

1864

Li(7) Be (9.02) B (10.8) C(12) N(14) O(16) F(19) Na(23) Mg(24)

Li Na- Be 
Mg- 1 Li, Na, K, Rb Cs
Ca(20)
17 F, Cl, Br I

 1869

 1 Li, Na,
K, Rb, Cs Fr alkali metal

1913
 2 Be Ra
alkaline earth metal

2

 3 11
transition metal


 11 - Cu 15
Ag Au
-

coinage metals
 17 F, Cl, Br I At 5
halogen (inferior
metals)
salt maker

electron sharing -

 18-

- 17 F, Cl, Br, I At 5


(B),  Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 
Si), (As), Te)

Na, K
F, Cl


17
F- I-

 Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi 

64
18 29 Cu
29,
2, 8, 18, 1 4,

11

17

Li, Be, B,
C, N, O, F Ne Li Be

3 Ac Th Lr 15
Ac, Th, Pa,
U

18

1
 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe Rn- 6 M 114  118
109
K Sg  Mt
M Bh N Hs

K 38 L 39
He  40 N 43
He 2
K Na+  Mg2+
M Cl N Ar

K L

i.  N

ii.
K Na LK
M Rb  Cs

 11 L 12
M 13 N 14
(Pb)
K L
 N

H2SO4
H2SO4  11 L 12
M 13 N 14
H2SO4
H2SO4
K L
1  N
1
 L
-1
M N
1
-1 K 1819 L 1839
 1829 N 1929

K L
নৈর্ব্যক্তিক অংশ  N

K Mg L Na  Si N Al

K Na S M Rb N Mg
K 1 7  3 11
M 8 17 N 5 11  L
M N
K L
M  K

B L Na M
M Al NP
N

K Be B
MC NV K Br I
M Cl NF

K O2 P
M Br N Cl  Ca L Li
M Na N Fe
 F > Cl > Br > I L F > Br > Cl > I
M Cl > F > Br > I N Cl > F > Br > I i.
ii.
K 13 L 14 iii.
 15 N 16
2 Ki iii L ii iii i ii N i, ii iii
K0 L −1 Na, K, Pb
M +1  +2
i.
ii.
 III L VII
M IV N XIII iii.
2012
K 98 L 112 i iii Li ii M ii iii N i, ii iii
 Mg Al X P S Y MgX2
i. Y i.
ii. X Y XY2 ii.
iii. Mg Y iii. MgX2

Ki ii L ii iii i iii N i, ii iii i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

i. Y L Mg
ii. MX N Ar

iii. MgX2
i.
Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii ii.
2
3s 3p 5 iii. MgX2
i.
ii. group- i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
iii.

Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii X Si Q Z Cl Ar

3-10
i. i. X
ii. ii. X Z XZ2
iii. iii. Z

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

53 X Cl
i.  L
ii. M N
iii.

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii Mg

A = 1s22s22p6; X
i. A Ra
ii.
K L
iii.
 N

Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii X

i.
i. Li, Na, K ii. Ra
ii. Cl, Br, I iii. Mg
iii. Fe, Co, Ni
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii P, Q, R
d R
i. d
ii. P
iii. K P− L P+
M P2+  P2−
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii R
K4 6

X, Y Z M7 N8

X Y Xe Z
52 53 54 55 X, Y Z
X X Y Xe Z
K III L IV 52 53 54 55
M V  VI X
K III L IV
K 10 L 9 MV  VI
Z
 11 N 12

i.
ii.
X Y iii.
Y Mg X Ar
Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
A B 4 A 1 B 17 (O2)
(O3)
2F2 + 2H2O = 4HF + O2
B
3F2 + 3H2O = 6HF + O2
K L
 N
A 2Cl2 + 2H2O = 4HCl + O2
− + (Br) (I)
KA A
M A2− N A2+

F> Cl > Br > I

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→

সৃ জৈশীল অংশ


1 2, 8, 8, 1.
F Rb
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Br
I

11

H2O
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  Rb
11 (Cu), (Ag) (Au)

15

(Coinage metals)
(15)
2, 8, 5 3 3
2, 8, 8, 1,
5
19
10
18, 2, 8, 8
15

(Na Ar)

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2, 8, 7
2.23 1.82 1.72 1.46 1.23 1.09 0.97
−8
(Å) 1Å = 10 cm
Na Ar
(K) (Ar)
(K) 39 (Ar)
40
(F I) 17 18
(F, Cl, Br, I, At) IA-
IA- 18-
  4bs cª‡kœi DËi 


A→ 1s22s22p63s1
i.
B → 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
C → 1s22s22p63s23p5 ii.
iii.

A AB BC KO2
B C SO2
(KO2)
KOH O2
 3bs cª‡kœi DËi 
4 KO2(s) + 2H2O (l) → 4KOH(aq) + 3O2(g)
SO2

18 SO2(g) + H2O (l) = H2SO3(aq)

H2SO3
H2SO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O
H -1
Na, K H 1
A 1

Li, Na, K, Rb
1
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Li(3) = 1s22s1
H(l) = 1s1
H
(H+)
A Na

B -1
NaCl, HCl
C -17 B C

1
B C 1 1


(Be
A (... 2s1), B (...4s1), C (... 5s1), D (... 7s1)
F, Cl)
IUPAC
Be IUPAC

 5bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 IUPAC International
H He Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
B IUPAC
C D
A

AB BC

A (... 2s1) = Li;

H B(... 4s1) =K; C (... 5s1) = Rb; D (... 7s1) = Fr
 H = 1s1; Na = 3s1 Q 1 1-
Cs = 6s1 1
H = 1s ; Li = 2s ; Na = 3s1; K = 4s1; Rb = 5s1; Cs = 6s1
1 1
R 2, 8, 4.
Fr = 7s1 4 3
4 (4 + 10) = 14
H (1) 1s1 T 2, 8, 7.
Li (3) 1s2 2s1 R (7 + 10)
Na (11) 1s22s22p6 3s1 = 17.
 Q, R T
K (19) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
-1, 14 17
Rb (37) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
4s24p6 5s1
Cs (55) 1s 2s22p63s23p63d10
2

4s24p64d105s25p6 6s1
Q, R, S, T
Fr (87) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
4s24p6
4d104f145s25p65d106s26p6 Na2O
7s1
NaOH
1 Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH.
1

1. SiO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + H2O

2.
P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4
P2O5 + 4NaOH = 2Na2HPO4 + H2O

3.

Cl2O7 + H2O = 2HClO4

4. Cl2O7 + 2NaOH = 2NaClO4 + H2O


Na, Li, Mg, K, Ra, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Be
 1 2-
Q, R, S, T
1, 4, 6, 7. 2
1
2
Q, R T 1 2

 7bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 6bs cª‡kœi DËi 
2

2 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

2

2- Be Ra

Q, R T
1
1 1
+1
Q 2, 8, 1
2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl
 Cl (X) Ar
M + 2H2O = 2MOH + H2 [M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs] (Cl) (Ar) 17
1 18
17Cl → 1s22s22p63s23p5
18Ar → 1s22s22p63s23p6
Cl 7

1 (octet) (duplet duet)

Fr > Cs > Cl
Rb > K > Na > Li Ar

Fr > Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li (S)

16
1 2 16S→ 1s22s22p63s23p4
1 S 3
1 1 3-
2+4=6

1
1 2
(10)
-2
2 2
(S) 6 + 10 = 16
16

2 1
3 11
2 1

S
18 
He
Ne
S X 18Ar 3A, 11B, 19C, 37D

Kr
Xe
Rh

17

X Ar
 9bs cª‡kœi DËi 
3 11

 8bs cª‡kœi DËi 

X 17 3A →1s22s1
11B → 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 1
17 (Cl)
19C → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
2 2 6 2 6 1
 37Rb → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1

1 1 X
A

X
>A

1 A B
A(9) 1s22s23p5
B(17) 1s22s22p63s23p5
A-
1 B B
1 17 A A
F, Cl, Br, I A B
9F → 1s 2s 2p
2 2 5
17
2 2 6 2 5
17Cl→1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
35Br → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5
A B
53I → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5
B A A

17
A
B A
17 7
1 1
17 
X(21) → [Ar] 3d1 4s2
 Y(26) → [Ar] 3d6 4s2
Z(29) → [Ar] 3d10 4s1
A, B, C,
D, X Y
A
X, Y Z
16 17
X 9A
Y 17B
35C
53D
 11bs cª‡kœi DËi 

X A
A B
1869
 10bs cª‡kœi DËi 
11 (Cu), (Ag)
(Au) X, Y Z
X(21) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
Y(26) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
18 Z(29) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s1
X 4
d s
3 3
Y 4,
X A 8
X 16 A 17 A Z 4
9 2, 7 X 2, 6 X d s 10
8 s d Z
11
 Na > Al > Si > P > S > Cl > Ar
d (nm)
4 7 d
d
X, Y
Z 3, 8 11
3 11


Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

 12bs cª‡kœi DËi 

1

1869

(Al) (Ar)
Al (13) ⎯→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Ar (18) ⎯→ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

(Al)
(Ar) 3

3
8 (Al)
(Ar) 13 18
(Al)
13 (Ar) 18