INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

People budget their money differently, their differences depend on their day to
day needs and their needs largely depend on their lifestyles and practices. In their day to
day living, people usually encounter problems on how they manage their financial
resources effectively and efficiently. Having a budget in place prevents out-of-control
spending and lessens the likelihood of arguments (Quicken, 2018).

Many aspects had influenced a person’s decision-making behavior when it

comes to buying or spending, one of these is the gender (Aswegen, 2015). Boys and
girls are raised differently by their parents (Thorne, 2008). Parents are usually stricter
with daughters than sons. Daughters are more expected to take on household chores
than sons. As a result, gender differences in attitudes about money may occur (Brusdal
and Berg, 2010; Edwards et. al, 2008).

Gaining an understanding of how gender differences influence purchase and

budget allocation is significant for any business that sells to people and wants to do so
more effectively (Guided Selling, 2015). Men can be better in finances than women, or
vice versa. Each gender has his/her reasons why he/she believes is better than the
other. From being more cautious with money to comparing phone plans to make sure
they get the best deal, women and men generally do have different attitudes to finance
(Intuitive Finance, 2018). Male and female students have different attitudes, preferences,
rationales and choices. Hence, product categories of choice also differ between genders
(Aswegen, 2015).

However, a talk in the Small Business Administration (SBA) research study is

typical in concluding that gender is not a factor in new venture performance and
allocating budgets. Yet, other studies identify significant difference between genders in
the approach and rationale (Business Insider, 2010). According to Balhorn, (2013), there
is also a significant difference between how men and women perceived themselves and
others as spenders/savers. To formulate a budget that aims at recognizing and strives
for lessening the gender gap might be vital in increasing the chance for economic
development and for gender equality, as well (Szekeres, 2008).

Most of the Filipinos who have a hard time budgeting their allowance are
students (Nolasco, 2018). Of all the concerns students have in common money-related
problems are at the forefront of their minds, even more so than making friends or
planning to further their education. That is why, many students adopt money-saving
behaviors (Hoyt, 2013). According to the NSW Office of Fair Trading Research, among
the teenagers nowadays, those who aged 18 are the ones who are prone to large debt
through problems in financial budgeting. That’s why this study focused on Senior High
School as respondents because students at this level are at the age ranging from 16-18
years old. With the existing gaps in literatures, the researchers therefore conducted a
study regarding this aspect with emphasis on whether there is difference between the
budget allocations of the Senior High students based on their gender.

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 1

Research Objective
The main objective and importance of this study was to look into the results
whether there is a difference in the budget allotment of the students’ allowance with
respect to their gender and to have a knowledge on their priority and behavior towards
saving and spending.

Research Questions
The study aimed to know if there is a difference on budget allocation on the
Senior High School students in terms of gender which will answer the questions stated
below:
1.) What is the budget perception of male and female students?
2.) What is the budget allocation of male students?
3.) What is the budget allocation of female students?
4.) Is there a significant relationship between the budget perception and budget
allocation of Senior High students based on their gender?
5.) Is there a significant difference on budget allocation of Senior High students
based on their gender?

Hypothesis
There is no significant difference on the budget allocation of the students in
terms of gender.

Significance of the Study

Out of the many aspects that influenced a customer’s decision-making
behavior, one of the major factors is gender. Men and women approached shopping with
different motives, perspectives, rationales and considerations. One of the problems
usually encountered by students nowadays is budgeting their personal finances or daily
allowance. Whether who is better in financing in terms of gender and their priorities is a
gap still left hanging.

Hence, the main objective and importance of this study was to look into the
result whether there is a difference in the budget allotment of the students’ allowance
with respect to their gender and if who is better at accounting. This study sought the
impartment or dissemination of awareness among people on how male or female
students budget their money according to their needs, wants and priorities. This also
urged at raising awareness against gender equality and the current condition of the
students in terms of budgeting. It also aims at unleashing from the mind of the citizens
that females are thriftier than males or vice versa in terms of spending or saving
behavior or in allocating budgets.

Literature Review

Underpinning Theory

This study is anchored on the Utility theory which assumed that people
commonly have a diminishing utility of wealth. This basically means that individuals are
risk averse. The measure of the utility of wealth is not the main issue however the
researchers found it to be of importance to mention how it is related to risk aversion.
That is, each peso has greater value to the poor than to the wealthy. The utility of wealth

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 2

 curve helps clarifies why an individual is willing to take risks when he has less wealth
and risk averse when wealthier. In addition to that, the general view of gender and risk
aversion is that women appear to be more risk averse than men in investment decisions
in equivalent circumstances.

Knowledge and Perception on Gender Budgeting

In a study entitled “A Study on the Gender Differences in the Spending Attitude

and Behavior of IT Professionals in Urban Bangalore” perception and insights into the
existence and reasons of gender differences were assessed in 150 IT professionals both
male and female. The researcher here analyses gender as a factor that has a profound
influence on various aspects of personal finance especially spending that will force the
people to devote their time and effort for its effective management. There are some
differences between males and females in terms of money related questions (Er et. al).
Meanwhile, a survey was conducted and it was found out that students are less
knowledgeable and inexperienced with issues concerning personal financial planning,
budgeting and overdraft, thus, students need to improve their personal finance
knowledge (Opoku, 2015). But on the contrary a study also says that a student who felt
confident in his/her ability to manage his/her own finances scored higher on the financial
knowledge section of the survey than students who were not confident in their ability to
manage their own finances (Kieschnick, 2008). Nonetheless, men show tendencies to
take more risk in comparison to women.
Of all the concerns students have in common money-related problems are at the
forefront of their minds, even more so than making friends or planning to further their
education. That is why, many students adopt money-saving behaviors, like utilizing
student discounts, buying used textbooks, choosing to grocery shop over eating out,
utilizing coupons and online discounts, sharing housing, walking or biking instead of
owning a car, renting a textbooks and working longer hours to increase their personal
funds or allowance (Hoyt, 2013).

Attitude of Men and Women towards Saving and Spending

Studies conducted show different results when it comes to the attitude or how
people react on budgeting or financial management aspects that lead us to different and
diverse beliefs towards budgeting in terms of gender. Generally, men and women have
different attitudes and behaviors related to spending and that their behaviour may vary.
Many aspects had influenced the person’s attitude, belief and decision-making behaviour
in spending, one of which is gender (Nandanan & Sibila, 2017; Aswegen, 2015; Gutter
et. al, 2010).
Studies have found in spending, budgeting and saving behavior that, females
react positively to these behaviors more likely than males (Fisher, 2010; Stollack et. al,
2011; Seereetrakul, 2013). Females/ women tend to budget more their money than
males because they are risk averse. They do not want to spend their money to unsure
plans which can be considered as a waste of time in budgeting (Balhorn, 2013; Francis
et.al, 2014). However, males especially those who have financial difficulties in sustaining
their educational expenses tend to be more knowledgeable in finance (Ergun, 2017).
While many studies had laid results revealing that there is a significant effect of
gender difference in budget allocation and that gender could be a great factor when it
comes to financial management of a person, there are still studies that opt to prove that

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 3

 there is no significant difference of financial behaviors between male and female
(Quiao, 2012). That female and male student did not have different saving behavior,
although females had a more positive attitude towards saving and shopping than males
(Sereetrakul, 2013).
In a study entitled, “Gender Differences in Perception of Spending and Financial
Risk Aversion”, men and women indicate that there was significance between how men
and women perceived themselves and others as spenders/savers. The findings also
indicated that women tended to be more financially risk averse than men (Balhorn,
2013). Women tend to avoid taking any risk by just allotting money in an unsure plan or
goal wherein they may consider it as a waste of their time for in their time allotted for
budgeting would be used for other stuffs that are more important to do. That is why
women make smaller investment than men that leads female to adopt more conservative
financial reporting policies (Charness & Gneezy, 2008; Francis et. al, 2014). But on the
contrary, in the exploratory study conducted by Seereetrakul (2013), it was found that
females had a more positive attitude towards saving and spending than males.

Product categories of choice

However, on the study conducted by Bailey et.al (2008) using the stratified
random sampling they examine the spending pattern of a traditional student population
to analyse their spending behavior and results show that women devote larger share of
their budget on general merchandise, while men favor recreation. Mostly of the women’s
concern and utmost priority are their basic needs while men usually prioritize their hobby
when it comes to budget allocation.
Gender differences mean that male and female teenagers have different
attitudes, preferences and choices. Consequently, the product categories of choice also
differ between genders. Much research has been conducted in this area. Male
adolescents in Finland have been found to be more rational in their purchases than
female adolescents. Studies show that women spend their money on clothes, cosmetics,
gift-giving to friends while men on hobbies and sport gear, computers, computer games,
visit to the cinema, sporting equipment, multimedia equipment , entertainment and
attractions. However, both genders do not show significantly different expenditure on
clothing and personal ornamental items, shoes, mobile phones, internet services and
educational equipment (Brusdal & Berg, 2010; Saimek, 2009).

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 4

Research Paradigm

Budget Allocation

 Spending
 Saving

Gender Gender

Male Female

Figure1. A DIAGRAM ON THE DIFFERENCES OF MALE AND FEMALE IN BUDGET

ALLOCATION

The research studied the differences between male and female students
in their budget allocation in terms of spending and saving. In the diagram, Gender (Male
and Female) served as the independent variable and Budget Allocation as the
dependent variable. The horizontal line connecting the two sub variables (Male ,Female)
showed the differences and the line connecting horizontal line showed their differences
when it comes to budget allocation in terms of saving and spending.

METHODS

Research Design
This study used the Descriptive Quantitative Research design since the
information needed is a quantifiable data for the researchers to measure the budgeting
or financial allocations of students in terms of gender and on what aspects do men or
women spend or save the most.

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at University of Saint Louis, Senior High School
department.

Respondents of the Study

Respondents were from the Senior High School department. The
researchers used the Stratified Random Sampling technique. This was carried out by
choosing from the whole population of Senior High School who are to be the
respondents. From the 1, 800 whole population, the researchers set a total of 350
respondents (175-males, 175-females) to be the participating respondents.

Instrumentation
The researchers made used of a questionnaire as their data gathering tool. The

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 5

questionnaire used was composed of 40 self-made questions. The questionnaire was
composed of three (3) parts. The first part contained the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of gender. The second part assessed the budget perception
between males and females and last part assessed the students’ budget allocation when
it comes to spending and saving.

Data Gathering Procedure

To gather the needed data for this study, the researchers identified first the
location and the needed participants. After that the researchers sought permission from
the administration in order to formally conduct the study. After which, they asked consent
to the target respondents to answer the questions given and distributed the
questionnaire. And then lastly, the researchers collected the questionnaires and see into
it that all the questions were answered accordingly and there is no data missing. If there
is, questionnaire was given back to the concerned respondent.

Data Analysis
T- Statistical test for the sample population was employed to determine the
significant difference of the student- respondents’ budget allocation in terms of gender.
Descriptive Statistics (Mean and Median Frequency) was administered in measuring the
budget allocation and budget perception of the male and female respondents. While
Pearson Correlation R was used in analyzing the relationship between budget
perception and budget allocation. The data collected was presented in a tabular format
in order to summarize the numerical facts for the purpose of analysing them.

Ethical Considerations
In conducting this research, especially when gathering some data, there are a lot
of things they considered. The researchers asked the respondents politely for their
cooperation and participation in this research. The respondents were also informed of
the content and purpose of the study. Consent form was given to each respondent and
they are not being forced in joining the study. After having gathered the information, the
identity of the respondents was held confidential. The answers of the respondents were
also reflected without fabrication and falsification. For the sake of anonymity, the
questionnaires used were burnt and buried.

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 6

RESULTS AND FINDINGS

Table 1. Budget Perception of Male and Female Students

Gende Categories Level Median Mean Description
r
Male Budget Average 3.36 3.38 Male students
Perception constantly
follow a
budget or
spending
plan.
Female Budget Average 3.27 3.31 Female
Perception students have
a habitual use
of a spending
or budget
plan.
Table 1 shows that both the male and female respondents had the same level of
budget perception wherein they perceived budgeting on the average level therefore both
genders are constantly utilizing the usage of budget plan; keep track and heads up of
their expenditures and income. Although both genders (male, female) are of different
means and both surpass the median value, female students are more closely to the high
level rather than the male ones. Legend: Low=1-2.33, Average= 2.34- 3.67, High=3.68-
5.00.

Table 2. Budget Allocation of Male in terms of Saving and Spending

Categories Level Median Mean Description
Male students
spend their
money on buying
Spending Sometimes 3.0 3.21 things
occasionally.

Male students do
save/ set aside
their money for
Saving Often 3.0 3.93 future use at
oftentimes.

Table 2 shows that male respondents are only occasionally allocating their
budget when it comes to spending and buying their personal needs and wants thus they
are not that efficient spender but on the other hand, they had set aside their money for
future needs / wants and for personal and academic use in the future frequently thus
male students are perceived to be efficient when it comes to saving aspects rather than
spending. Legend: Never=1-1.8, Seldom=1.81-2.6, Sometimes=2.7-3.4, Often=3.5- 4.2,
Always= 4.3-5.

Table 3. Budget Allocation of female in terms of Saving and Spending

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 7
 Categories Level Median Mean Description

‘ Female students
spend their
Always money for
Spending
3.0 4.31 personal needs
and wants
frequently.
Female students
allot their money
Saving Sometimes for saving and
3.0 3.39 future purposes
occasionally.

Table 3 indicates that the female respondents frequently allot their money for
spending and purchase their personal needs and wants and even their future desires at
oftentimes thus females had high level when it comes to spending activity. It is also
shown in the table that the female are less efficient when it comes to saving aspects and
set aside their money occasionally rather than spend it. Legend: Never=1-1.8,
Seldom=1.81-2.6, Sometimes=2.7-3.4, Often=3.5- 4.2, Always= 4.3-5.

Table 4. Relationship between Budget Perception and Budget Allocation

Categories P-Value Decision

Budget Spending .314 Reject Ho

Perception
Saving .000
Accept Ho
Table 4 indicates that there is a significant relationship on the perception of
students based on their gender when it comes to budgeting their money or the utilization
of a budgeting plan to the way they allocate their money when it comes to spending
aspect. On the other side, table also shows that there is no relationship between the
perception and allocation of the male and female students when it comes to saving
aspects. Thus, the way they perceive budgeting reflects on how they spend their money
but not on how they save and set it aside.

Table 5. Difference on budget allocation of Senior High students based on gender

Variable Categories T-Value P-Value Decision

Gender Spending -32.964 .000 Reject Ho

Saving 4.956 .002 Reject Ho

Table 5 shows that there is a significant difference on the spending behavior

between male and female respondents and reveals that female students had a higher
level of spending aspect and spend their money, avail their needs and wants more
frequently as compared to the male students. On the other hand, the saving level for
both genders yields also a significant difference to their spending activity for that table
states that male students are more efficient when it comes to saving their money, setting
aside for their needs and wants and even for their future purposes as compared to
female students.

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 8

DISCUSSION

The study is anchored at determining the differences in budget allocation when it

comes to their gender (male and female). Budget Allocation only involved two activities:
spending or saving. Results showed that there is a significant difference on the budget
allocation of male and female students. It was also revealed that budget perception of
both genders are on the same level but budget perception has no relationship when it
comes to their spending activity but posed a great relationship in terms of their saving
practices.

Initially the study focused on the differences on budget allocation between

genders and the respondents chosen were students because statistics showed that
those who are less knowledgeable and inexperience with issues concerning personal
financial planning, budgeting and overdraft are the students. Although some studies still
proved that there is no such difference on the budget allocation of a person with regard
to its gender, this study still served as strong evidence on the idea of gender differences
with respect to budgeting. According to Nandanan & Fernandez (2017), generally men
and women have different attitudes and behaviors related to spending saving. Their
avenues of spending are also different compared to their male counterparts.

Showing results that there is really a significant difference on the budget

allocation with respect to gender and focusing it to a more specific aspects of budgeting
could also be a significance in supporting gender budgeting which agreed with the study
of Morrissey (2018) as it claimed that gender budgeting can help improve gender
equality by identifying and classifying expenditure that is most likely to have a positive or
negative impact on a particular gender.

Further results of this study showed that the male students are only on the
average level of spending but more into saving. They were not considered as a
compulsive shopper and buy anything they want in impulse for they value they money
through planning and saving and they are more into setting aside their money for their
future needs and wants. They prioritized saving for different things rather than allocating
a lot for their own desires. Although majority of the studies found that women are more
conservative than men in financial decisions that females are more risk averse than male
which leads female adopting into more conservative financial policy and male being a
risk-taker when it comes to spending activity. The results somewhat proved that male
students at this young age are still risk-averse in allocating their budget for spending
that’s why they are putting it into saving.

Female students were considered spenders rather than savers. They have a high
possibility of committing a compulsive decision when it comes to buying leading them to
commit purchases (unexpected or not) that were beyond their budget. In the studies of
Berggren & Gonzales (2010), it was showed that women are more conservative than
men in financial decisions leading them to be more risk-averse in spending. They are
more aware as to which they will be spending their money than male, as a result they
should be an efficient spender. But the further results negated it by showing that female
had a high level of spending which leads them to be a compulsive buyers and inefficient
spenders. This somewhat reflects to the Philippines current condition wherein majority of
those who purchases a lot on dresses, cosmetics and other desirable things are the

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 9

females. Nonetheless, results supported the study of Fisher (2010) which shows that
women were less likely than men to have saved over the past years.

Budget perception also really matters as to how an individual will be going to

allocate or budget his/her money, be it in saving or spending. Whatever practices that
females perceived are also true to the males. Male and female students both considered
the usage of a budgeting plan when it comes to managing finances and they both
agreed to the idea of planning before allocating. The usage of budgeting plan drove their
decision-making if which aspect would they consider first; to spend or to save. This
somewhat negated the study of Balhorn (2013) wherein it was indicated that there is a
significant difference between how men and women perceived themselves and others
as spenders/savers and was further supported by the study of Stollak, Vandenberg &
Richards J. (2011) proving that females were found to be more likely than males at
creating a monthly budget. The growing community of gender nowadays would result to
varying needs and preferences and finally to varying perception but this showed that
men and women may differ in preferences but their perceptions on the significance of
budgeting are the same.

Some studies proved that there is no significant difference on the financial

perception between male and female but the results showed that the way the students
perceived on the usage of budgeting plan has no effect on their spending activity but
has a great effect on their saving practices. It focused the relationship of budget
perception to its allocation into more specific aspects. If we look more into it, there is
really a significant relationship of how one perceived the use of budgeting plan either
agree or disagree to his/her way of allocating budgets. Results showing that their
perception and behavior towards the idea of budgeting has no significant relationship
on their spending activity could only mean that majority of the students (male and
female) spend their money regardless of what they have initially planned. On the other
hand, results showing that there is a significant relationship on the budget allocation
and perception of students could expand the idea that planning before budgeting would
result into saving.

CONCLUSION

With the growing genders in our community, it would surely result to diverse
choices and preferences and budget allocation would also be affected. The findings
revealed that when it comes to allocating budget, male students differ from that of female
students. Female students are considered as risk-takers and male students to be risk-
averse when it comes to spending aspect. On the other hand, male students are into
saving aspect rather than to spending and that they agreed much with setting aside their
money for future purposes. However, aside from their allocation solely, budget
perception of an individual also posed a relationship with the way they allocate but the
way they perceived the usage of budgeting plan has only an impact to their spending
level and has no effect to their saving activity. Considering the gender of an individual
instead of its sex when allocating his/her budget would conform to the idea that gender is
a great influencer as to how a person decide on his/her own preferences and choices
thus, budget allocation would be considered and affected along the way.

RECOMMENDATION

A Study on the Gender Differences among SHS students in Budget Allocation | 10

 If the past researches showed the differences in the budget allocation between
males and females , so with this study is anchored at providing further information on
the way a male and female student allocates his/her budget with respect to spending
and saving. But this study focused on more specific aspects: spending and saving.
Furthermore, the other results of the study could also be significant for a researcher
who would like to test the relationship of budget perception on the budget allocation in
terms of saving and spending but it is recommended that this could also be delved
more by finding the impact on the students purchase and saving behavior if perhaps
there is or there is no relationship between the two. Future researchers are suggested
to include another demographic profile aside from gender to be considered with this
study which can also influence the budget allocation of a student, an example of this is
the living condition.

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