Nhóm 1 Hà N I Capital

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY
OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES -
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF TOURISM –
HOSPITALITY
MODULE: TOURIST DESTINATION 1
HÀ NỘI CAPITAL
LECTURER: MÃ XUÂN VINH
GROUP: 1
CLASS: DL1901
SEMESTER I
SCHOOL YEAR 2021-2022
i
th
Hồ Chí Minh City, 12 September 2021
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY
OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES -
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF TOURISM -
HOSPITALITY
MODULE: TOURIST DESTINATION 1
HÀ NỘI CAPITAL
MEMBERS:
1. Nguyễn Văn Hải Hoàng – 19DH130280
2. Dương Minh Huệ - 19DH130044
3. Phạm Nhật Huy – 19DH130449
4. Nguyễn Quang Mai Huyền – 19DH130489
5. Trần Quốc Hưng - 19DH13 0022
SEMESTER I
SCHOOL YEAR 2021-2022
th
Hồ Chí Minh City,12 September 2021
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Areas bordering the Red River Delta.............................................................................2
Figure 1. 2 Provinces and centrally-run cities in Red River Delta...................................................2
Figure 1. 3Provinces bordering Hanoi..............................................................................................4
Figure 1. 4 Đuống River...................................................................................................................7
Figure 1. 5 Đà River.........................................................................................................................8
Figure 1. 6 Đáy River.......................................................................................................................8
Figure 1. 7: Nội Bài International Airport......................................................................................10
Figure 1. 8Cát Bà International Airport.........................................................................................11
Figure 1. 9:Hà Nội Station..............................................................................................................11
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Figure 3. 1: Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám...........................................................................................16

Figure 3. 2:Map of visiting monument Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám.............................................17
Figure 3. 3:Hoàn Kiếm Lake..........................................................................................................19
Figure 3. 4: Hoàn Kiếm Lake.........................................................................................................19
Figure 3. 5: Đắc Nguyệt Lâu..........................................................................................................22
Figure 3. 6: Map of Đền Ngọc Sơn................................................................................................23
Figure 3. 7: Tháp Bút......................................................................................................................24
Figure 3. 8: Đài Nghiên..................................................................................................................26
Figure 3. 9: Đài Nghiên..................................................................................................................26
Figure 3. 10: Thê Húc Bridge.........................................................................................................27
Figure 3. 11: Thê Húc Bridge.........................................................................................................28
Figure 3. 12: Đắc Nguyệt floor.......................................................................................................29
Figure 3. 13:Ba Đình Spare............................................................................................................30
Figure 3. 14: Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum.........................................................................................31
Figure 3. 15: President Palace........................................................................................................33
Figure 3. 16:Uncle Hồ stilts house.................................................................................................33
Figure 3. 17: One Pillar pagoda......................................................................................................35
Figure 3. 18:Bát Tràng pottery village in the 15th and 16th centuries...........................................36
Figure 3. 19: Bát Tràng pottery village..........................................................................................37
Figure 3. 20: Vạn Phúc silk village................................................................................................38
Figure 3. 21:Phú Vinh bamboo and rattan village..........................................................................39
Figure 3. 22: Long Biên Bridge......................................................................................................41
Figure 3. 23 Map of Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long...................................................................43
Figure 3. 24: Hà Nội Flag Tower...................................................................................................44
Figure 3. 25: The 18 Hoàng Diệu Archaeological Site..................................................................45
Figure 3. 26: Kính Thiên Palace.....................................................................................................46
Figure 3. 27:Kính Thiên Palace......................................................................................................46
Figure 3. 28:Princess’s Pagoda.......................................................................................................47
Figure 3. 29: Princess’s Pagoda......................................................................................................48
Figure 3. 30:North Gate..................................................................................................................48
Figure 3. 31: North Gate.................................................................................................................49
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Figure 3. 32:South gate...................................................................................................................50
Figure 3. 33: South Gate.................................................................................................................50
Figure 3. 34:Hỏa Lò Prison............................................................................................................52
Figure 3. 35:Trấn Quốc pagoda......................................................................................................54
Figure 3. 36:Quán Thánh Temple..................................................................................................56
Figure 3. 37:Đồng Xuân Market....................................................................................................57
Figure 3. 38: Đồng Xuân market....................................................................................................58
Figure 3. 39:Hà Nội Old Quarter....................................................................................................61
Figure 3. 42:Hà Nội Opera House..................................................................................................63
Figure 3. 45: Hà Nội Opera House.................................................................................................65
Figure 4. 1:Hương Tích Cave.........................................................................................................66
Figure 4. 2:Hương Festival 2019....................................................................................................67
Figure 4. 3:Gióng Festival opens in Hà Nội...................................................................................68
Figure 4. 4:Gióng Festival in Hà Nội.............................................................................................69
Figure 4. 5:Cổ Loa Festival in Hà Nội...........................................................................................70
Figure 4. 6:Traditional Vietnamese water puppetry.......................................................................71
Figure 4. 7:Statue of Monk Từ Đạo Hạnh......................................................................................72
Figure 5. 1:Phở Hà Nội...................................................................................................................74

Figure 5. 2: Bún chả Hà Nội...........................................................................................................75
Figure 5. 3:Lã Vọng frilled fish......................................................................................................77
Figure 5. 4:Nuggets Làng Vòng.....................................................................................................78
LIST OF TABLES
YTable 1. 1: Vehicle registration plate number of provinces in Red River Delta

Table 1. 2: Topography of Hà Nội and Red River Delta..................................................................6
Table 2. 1: Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties........................................................................15

Table 3. 1: Table of Map Đền Ngọc Sơn.......................................................................................23
Table 3. 2 Table Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long..........................................................................43
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Table of contents
1 Overview..................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Geography.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Red River Delta...........................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Hà Nội.........................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Topography.......................................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 Red River Delta:..........................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Hà Nội:........................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Climate..............................................................................................................................................9
1.3.1 Red River Delta...........................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Hà Nội.........................................................................................................................................9
1.4 Transportation..................................................................................................................................9
1.5 Religion and beliefs.........................................................................................................................12
2 History....................................................................................................................................................12
2.1 Overview of Hà Nội........................................................................................................................13
2.2 Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties.........................................................................................14
3. Tourist destination...............................................................................................................................15
3.1 Temple of Literature......................................................................................................................15
3.2. Hoàn Kiếm lake.............................................................................................................................17
3.2.1. Ngọc Sơn Temple.....................................................................................................................20
3.2.2. Tháp Bút...................................................................................................................................23
3.2.3. Đài Nghiên...............................................................................................................................24
3.2.4. Thê Húc Bridge........................................................................................................................26
3.2.5. Đắc Nguyệt Floor.....................................................................................................................28
3.3. Ba Đình Square..............................................................................................................................29
3.3.1. Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum........................................................................................................30
3.3.2. President Palace (Phủ Chủ Tịch)..............................................................................................31
3.3.3. One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột)...........................................................................................33
3.4. Bát Tràng pottery village..............................................................................................................35
3.5. Vạn Phúc silk village.....................................................................................................................37
3.6. Phú Vinh bamboo and rattan village...........................................................................................38
3.7. Long Biên bridge...........................................................................................................................39
3.8. Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (Hoàng thành Thăng Long)....................................................41
3.8.1. Hà Nội Flag Tower (Cột cờ Hà Nội)........................................................................................43
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3.8.2. The 18 Hoàng Diệu Archaeological Site (Khu khảo cổ 18 Hoàng Diệu)..................................44
3.8.3. Kính Thiên Palace (Điện Kính Thiên)......................................................................................45
3.8.4. Princess’s Pagoda (Hậu Lâu)....................................................................................................47
3.8.5. North Gate (Bắc Môn)..............................................................................................................48
3.8.6. South Gate (Đoan Môn)............................................................................................................49
3.9 Hỏa Lò Prison Museum.................................................................................................................51
3.10 Trấn Quốc pagoda........................................................................................................................53
3.11 Quán Thánh Temple....................................................................................................................55
3.12 Đồng Xuân market.......................................................................................................................56
3.13 Hà Nội Old Quarter......................................................................................................................59
3.14 Hà Nội Opera House.....................................................................................................................62
4. Festivals.................................................................................................................................................65
4.1 Hương Pagoda Festival..................................................................................................................65
4.2 Gióng Festival.................................................................................................................................67
4.3 Cổ Loa festival................................................................................................................................69
4.4 Thầy Pagoda Festival.....................................................................................................................70
5 Spectities................................................................................................................................................72
5.1 The culinary culture of Hà Nội.....................................................................................................72
5.2 Methods and ingredients................................................................................................................72
5.3 Some iconic Hà Nội dishes.............................................................................................................73
5.3.1 Phở Hà Nội:...............................................................................................................................73
5.3.2 Bún chả Hà Nội.........................................................................................................................74
5.3.3 Lã Vọng grilled fish:..................................................................................................................76
5.3.4 Nuggets Làng Vòng:..................................................................................................................77
6. Tips........................................................................................................................................................78
6.1 Note..................................................................................................................................................79
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................81
1. The supernatural crossbow..........................................................................................................81
2. God Gióng – Thánh Gióng...........................................................................................................83
3. The Legend of Hoàn Kiếm Lakes....................................................................................................84
REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................................85
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RED RIVER DELTA
Area: 14,860 km 2
Population: 22,920 million people (2020)(GIỚI THIỆU &
TỔNG CỤC THỐNG KÊ, 2020)
HÀ NỘI
Area: 3,359 km2
Population: 8,246 million people (2021)(GIỚI THIỆU & TỔNG
CỤC THỐNG KÊ, 2020)
1 Overview
1.1 Geography
1.1.1 Red River Delta
The Red River Delta region includes 10 provinces and centrally-run cities Hà Nội, Hải
Phòng, Hải Dương, Bắc Ninh, Vĩnh Phúc, Hưng Yên, Thái Bình, Nam Định, Hà Nam, Ninh
Bình. The Red River Delta is the gateway in the East Sea to the world. The Red River Delta
stretches from latitude 21°34Ń (Lập Thành district) to the alluvial area about 19°5Ń (Kim Sơn
district), from 105°17É (Ba Vì district) to 107°7É (on Cát Bà island). The whole region has an
area of over 14860 km², accounting for about 4.5% of the total area of the country.
The north and northeast are the northeast (Việt Nam), the west and the southwest are the
northwest, the east is the Gulf of Tonkin and the south is the North Central region. The plain
gradually lowers from the northwest to the southeast, from the ancient alluvial terraces 10 - 15m
down to the alluvial flats 2 - 4m in the center and the tidal flats daily are still flooded with tidal
water.
The relatively flat terrain with a dense system of rivers has created favorable conditions
for the development of the land transport system and infrastructure of the region.(LỮ HÀNH S9,
2018)
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Figure 1. 1 Areas bordering the Red River Delta
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/EEaAcxnw3H3YXAKo6 )
Figure 1. 2
Provinces
and centrally-run cities in Red River Delta
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Tsdc3wxSCwr7y2q27)
Province Vehicle registration plate number

1. Hà Nội 29,30,31,32,33,40
2. Hải Phòng 15,16
3. Hải Dương 34
4. Bắc Ninh 99
5. Vĩnh Phúc 88
6. Hưng Yên 89
7. Thái Bình 17
8. Nam Định 18
9. Hà Nam 90
10. Ninh Bình 35
Table 1. 1: Vehicle registration plate number of provinces in Red River Delta
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1.1.2 Hà Nội
Located northwest of the center of the Red River Delta, Hà Nội is located from 20°53 'to
21°23' North latitude and 105°44 'to 106°02' East longitude, continued bordering the provinces of
Thái Nguyên, Vĩnh Phúc in the north, Hà Nam, Hòa Bình to the south, Bắc Giang, Bắc Ninh and
Hưng Yên to the east, Hòa Bình and Phú Thọ in the west. Hà Nội is 120 km from Hải Phòng city,
87 km from Nam Định city, forming three main poles of the Red River Delta. After the expansion
of administrative boundaries in August 2008, the city has an area of 3,324,92 km², located on
both sides of the Red River, but mainly on the right bank.
Hà Nội capital has four poles:
- The North Pole is Bắc Sơn commune, Sóc Sơn district.
- The Western Pole is Thuận Mỹ commune, Ba Vì district.
- The South Pole is Hương Sơn commune, Mỹ Đức district.
- The East Pole is Lê Chi commune, Gia Lâm district.
Figure 1. 3Provinces bordering Hanoi
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/pwisv7g7W2JtQprU8)
1.2 Topography
1.2.1 Red River Delta:
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As the name of the region is, the Red River has been associated for thousands of
generations with the inhabitants of this delta. The topography of the region is relatively flat, with
an altitude of 0.4 - 12m above sea level. In addition, the topography also has a number of hilly
areas with limestone karsts along the southwest and northeastern flanks.
Hà Nội Red River Delta
Rivers Red River, Đuống River, Tô Red River, Mã River, Đáy
Lịch River, Đáy River, Nhuệ River, Đuống River, Cuống
River, Tích River River, Cầu River, Cà Lố
River, Kinh Thầy River,
Nhuệ River, Lô River, Ngòi
Thia River, Kì Cùng River,
Bứa River, Đà River, Phó
Đáy River, Luộc River, Trà
Lý River,…
Mountains Ba Vì, Trầm, Hàm Lợn, Sái, Thái Bình and Hưng Yên are
Tiên Lữ, Sài Sơn, Sóc, two provinces with flat
Thanh Tước, Câu Lậu, topography, without hills
Nương Ngái - Hương Sơn, and mountains.
Khán, Nùng, Sưa, Mã, Tử Ngăm (Nam Định); Kỳ Lân,
Trầm Non Nước (Ninh Bình);
Ngọc, Hàm Long, Cấm (Hà
Nam), Sáng Sơn Range,
Tam Đảo, Sáng (Vĩnh Phúc);
Lạn Kha, Dạm, Thiên Thai
(Bắc Ninh); An Phụ, Phượng
Hoàng – Kỳ Lân Range, Côn
Sơn (Hải Dương); Voi –
Xuân Sơn (Hải Phòng)
Coastline Hà Nội has no coastline, 180km long start at Đình Vũ
however, the main river (Hải Phòng) and end at Cồn
flowing into the sea with Ba Thoi (Ninh Bình)
Lat estuary is the Red River 257 Km: Đình Vũ - Hải
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Phòng
322 Km: Diêm Điền - Thái
Bình
412 Km : Hải Hòa - Nam
Định
437 Km : Cồn Thoi - Ninh
Bình
Famous beaches: Cát Bà, Đồ
Sơn (Hải Phòng), Quất Lâm,
Hải Thịnh (Nam Định)
Others (Lake, Park, Cave, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, Tây Lake, Phù Lãng pottery village,
Waterfall, Beach...) Thủ Lệ Park, Thống Nhất Đông Hồ picturesque village
Park, Hòa Bình Park, Tây (Bắc Ninh)
Phương Pagoda,… National Parks: Cúc Phương
(Ninh Bình), Ba Vì (Hà
Nội), Tam Đảo (Vĩnh Phúc),
Cát Bà (Hải Phòng)
Hot mineral springs: Kênh
Gà (Ninh Bình), Tiên Lãng
(Hải Phòng)
Caves: Hương Sơn (Hà Nội),
Vân Trình, Tam Cốc - Bích
Động (Ninh Bình),…
Historical and cultural relics:
Một Cột Pagoda, Tây
Phương Pagoda (Hà Nội),
Bút Tháp Pagoda, Đô
Temple (Bắc Ninh), Keo
Pagoda (Thái Bình), Cổ Lễ
Pagoda (Nam Định), Bái
Đính Pagoda, Hoa Lư
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ancient capital (Ninh Bình)
…
Table 1. 2: Topography of Hà Nội and Red River Delta
1.2.2 Hà Nội:
At present, Hà Nội has mountains, hills and terrain is gradually lower from North to
South, from West to East, in which delta accounts for a quarter of the natural area of the city. The
average altitude of Hà Nội is from 5 to 20 meter above sea level, high hills and mountains are
concentrated in the North and West. The highest peaks are Ba Vì 1,281 meters; Gia Dê 707
meters; Chân Chim 462 meters; Thanh Lanh is 427 meters and Thiên Trù is 378 meters ... The
inner city has a number of low hills, such as Đống Đa mound and Nùng mountain.
Area of land used for distribution (332889,0 ha)
- Land for agriculture, forestry and fisheries: 188601,1 ha
- Non-agricultural land: 134947,4 ha
- Unused land: 9,340,5 ha
Hà Nội is formed from the Red River Delta, geographically characterized as a "City of
rivers and lakes" or "City inside rivers". Thanks to the large and small rivers flowing tirelessly
through over thousands of years that bring fertile to the land. Currently, there are 7 rivers running
through Hà Nội including Red, Đuống, Đà, Nhuệ, Cầu, Đáy and Cà Lố Rivers. In particular, Red
River section running through Hà Nội is up to 163km (representing 1/3 of the length of the river
flowing through the territory of Việt Nam). In the inner city, beside the two rivers - Tô Lịch and
Kim Ngưu - there is also a system of lakes and marshes acting as the drainage path of Hà Nội.
(Viet Nam Government portal, 2016)
In the last century, there were over 100 large and small lakes, most of which were natural
lagoon pools, the remains of former river sections, some were artificial lakes transformed from
boggy fields into lakes. At present, although the majorities were leveled for construction, there
remain hundreds of large and small lakes and marshes distributed across wards and communes of
the Capital of Hà Nội. The most famous ones are Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, Quảng Bá, Trúc
Bạch, Thiền Quang, Bảy Mẫu, Thanh Nhàn, Linh Đàm, Yên Sở, Giảng Võ, Đồng Mô, Suối
Hai…
These lakes of Hà Nội are not only huge water reservoirs but also a natural air
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conditioning system reducing the heat in the inner city coming from blocks of concrete, steel,
asphalt and the operation of plants... Hà Nội lakes not only create a cool climate for the city - an
urban microclimate - but are also famous beauty spots, unique cultural areas of Thăng Long – Hà
Nội.
Figure 1. 4 Đuống River
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/6LSKwY6x9mdqP2XSA)
Figure 1. 5 Đà River
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(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/mMU7pxo1jpFBDEnq7)
Figure 1. 6 Đáy River
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/ZXGHzmtAPRsCmwLV9)
1.3 Climate
1.3.1 Red River Delta
Characteristics of climate in Red River Delta are diversified according to terrains and seasons.
Winter in this region lasts from October to April. It is also the dry season. In spring, it is drizzling
and cold. Meanwhile, summer and autumn in this region is portrayed by high temperature and
humidity. Climatic conditions of the region facilitate the development of agriculture.
The weather in Red River Delta is different from that in other plain regions. Thus, there is
a form of humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Moreover, climate in this region is
erratic with cold and wet northeast monsoon, resulting hot and humid monsoon in summer. It is
very cold in high mountains in winter, but cool in summer. Coastal areas are described by mild
climate with abundant humidity which is adapted to the development of tropical flora and fauna.
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Moreover, these places will be ideal attractions for traveling all four seasons. The hottest period
in summer runs from May to September, which facilitates development of marine tourism in Hạ
Long Bay, Cát Bà Island and Đồ Sơn Beach.
1.3.2 Hà Nội
Hà Nội is located in a tropical monsoon climate. If divided by details then Hà Nội has 4
distinct seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. But to help visitors from far away, it can
be divided into two main seasons: the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season is from
October to April next year, this is a cold period, the rain is not large. From January to March, it is
still cold, but because of spring, there is a light rain or spring rain. From May to September is the
hot season with heavy rains and storms, the average rainfall is 1,800 mm and each year there are
about 114 rainy days.
The boundary dividing the four seasons is only relative, because Hà Nội has an early cold
year, a late cold year, a long hot year, the temperature is up to 40°C, and there are years when the
temperature drops below 5°C.
High humidity and high temperatures are making the weather pleasant at times, but also and
partly tropical hot and humid. In 9 months the average temperatures are over 25°C. Pleasant
water temperatures of up to 29°C even invite you to take a bath in the warm season. Because of
the lower temperatures the best time for traveling is from December to March. Try to avoid the
rainy season from June to September.
1.4 Transportation
The system of highways has the North-South expressway; Highway Hà Nội – Hải Phòng,
expressway Hà Nội – Lào Cai and is building the expressway Ninh Bình – Hải Phòng – Quảng
Ninh.
The system of national highways with National Highway 1A through Việt Nam, intercity
road Hà Nội – Hưng Yên, also known as road 39B, highway 5A linking Hà Nội to Hải Phòng
through the provinces, Hà Nội, Hưng Yên, Hải Dương, Hải Phòng, New expressway 5B Hà Nội –
Hải Phòng going through the provinces, Hà Nội, Hưng Yên, Hải Dương, Hải Phòng; Highway 10
linking Ninh Bình to Hải Phòng, Highway 18 linking Hà Nội – Bắc Ninh – Hải Dương; Highway
39 from Nội Hưng Yên street to Diêm Điền port; Highway 21 linking Hà Nam to Thịnh Long,
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Highway 21B linking Hà Nội – Hà Nam – Nam Định – Ninh Bình, Highway 38 linking Bắc Ninh
to Hà Nam going through Hưng Yên; Highway 38B connects Hải Dương to Ninh Bình, Highway
45 connecting Ninh Bình – Thanh Hóa, other highways such as National Highway 2, National
Highway 3, National Highway 6, National Highway 32, Highway 35, National Highway 37,
National Highway 37B, National Highway 37C, National Highway 17 … North – South railway
line and discharge to other cities; Nội Bài international airport, Cát Bi airport.
Figure 1. 7: Nội Bài International Airport
(source: https://images.app.goo.gl/nmZFtoVUaCGfR7Yx7 )
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Figure 1. 8Cát Bà International Airport
(source: https://images.app.goo.gl/b1DyHNhf2KVnPehV7 )
Figure 1. 9:Hà Nội Station
(source: https://images.app.goo.gl/9Xg3DaPtXtGdjJqZ6 )
1.5 Religion and beliefs

Under the dark ages of foreign invader’s ruled, the people of Việt Nam lived in pain and
agony. When our country regain independence, a certain uncertainty still exist until today,
pushing the necessity to be saved by some supernatural force, called gods.
During the Ngô, Đinh, Lê, Lý, Buddhism and Taoism are heavily worshipped. Both
religions taught people about love and compassion, to help each other in life.
The citizen of Thăng Long worshipped many gods who protected the people’s land. There
are also ceremonies for heroes at pagodas, shrines and temples, attracting many visitors every
year to come to these grands and majestic worshipping grounds.
People all over the Northern part gather to Tây Hồ Temple to pray for wealth and fortune,
luck in their business, pray for everything to be smooth. In front of the shrine of Guan Yu (Quan
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Công), people made solemn vow, and wished to be testified by Guan Yu. In ancient time, many
confucianists and candidates before having tests, come to Văn Xương and pray to Wenchang
Wang (Văn Xương Đế Quân), the god of Culture and Literature.
Hà Nội now has 7 religious State recognizes the legal status personnel : Buddhist, Catholic ,
Protestant, Cao Đài religion, Islamic , Baha'i and Minh Sư religion; simultaneously, exists in
some current object religious others...
Buddhism: the number of followers is about 800,000. Religious activities at 2,059 temples
and monasteries.
Catholic: has about 250,000 adherents. Working in 400 places of worship, 83 parishes, 306
parishes. Hanoi has 19 religious communities with over 270 monks, religious activities in 20
monasteries.
Protestant: there are 33 denominations and more than 10,000 adherents.
Cao Đài religion : nearly 400 adherents.
Islam: has about 800 followers.
Baha'i: there are 15 local Spiritual Assemblies, with more than 400 adherents.
Minh Sư religion: 50 adherents.
2 History
2.1 Overview of Hà Nội
Nearly 1000 years ago, in "Chiếu Dời Đô" from Hoa Lư - Ninh Bình to Thăng Long,which is
now known as Hà Nội, Lý Thái Tổ has affirmed the position of "Center of heaven and earth. tall
but bright, the people are not miserable about flooding in darkness, all good things are prosperous
... ”. The prophecy that has passed through 1,000 years is still effective. And by the 21st century,
Hà Nội has become the political, cultural and economic center of the country.
After taking the throne in 1009 at Hoa Lư, in 1010, Lý Thái Tổ decided to move the capital
to Đại La. According to a popular legend, when Lý Thái Tổ came to Đại La, Lý Thái Tổ saw a
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dragon fly, so the new capital was named Thăng Long. Thăng Long Citadel was then limited by
three rivers: the Red River in the east, the Tô Lịch River in the north and the Kim Ngưu river in
the south. The royal citadel was built near West Lake with the royal palace and political works.
The rest of the metropolis is residential areas, comprising wards of both agriculture, industry and
commerce. Even in the tenth century, many religious works were quickly built, Diên Hựu pagoda
west of the citadel was built in 1049, Bảo Thiên pagoda was built in 1057, Văn Miếu was built in
1070, Quốc Tử Giám was built in 1076 ... Only after a century, Thăng Long became the cultural,
political and economic center of the country.
In the 13th century, Thăng Long had "vacant houses" three times (1258, 1285, 1288) to
conquer Nguyên – Mông invaders into hunger, passive and then wiped out. It was again in
Thăng Long that the hero Nguyễn Huệ made a mark for the history of the country by the glorious
victory - the victory of Đống Đa defeated the 30,000 Thanh soldiers on the fifth day of Tết 1789.
Nguyễn Huệ became a king of Đại Việt , Emperor Quang Trung changed his name from Thăng
Long to Bắc Thành, started Tây Sơn Dynasty.
The Tây Sơn dynasty was collapsed after a short time, Gia Long ascended the throne in 1802
to take the capital at Phú Xuân, starting the Nguyễn Dynasty. In 1805, Gia Long demolished the
old citadel of Thăng Long, built a new citadel that remains to this day, surrounded by streets of
Phan Đình Phùng, Hùng Vương, Trần Phú and Phùng Hưng. In 1831, during the administrative
reform of Minh Mạng, the country was divided into 29 provinces, Thăng Long belonged to Hà
Nội province. With the meaning of being in the river, Hà Nội province at that time consisted of 4
municipalities, 15 districts, located between the Red River and Đáy River.
When the French colonialists conquered Việt Nam, Hà Nội was the cradle of the
revolutionary movement. The pinnacle of the revolutionary movement was on August 19, 1945.
Hà Nội uprising established revolutionary government, opening the total national uprising. Also
in Hà Nội, Ba Đình Square witnessed President Hồ Chí Minh's declaration of independence
giving birth to the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam.
2.2 Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties

With a history of development over a thousand years, Hà Nội has gone through many ups
and downs in the history of Việt Nam, and the name of Hà Nội has also changed over the period.
Before 1945, Hà Nội had undergone 7 dynasties and 2 subordinates :
- The Lý Dynasty (1009 – 1225)
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- The Trần Dynasty (1225 – 1400)
- The Hồ Dynasty (1400 – 1407)
- The later Trần Dynasty (1407 – 1413)
- The Minh Dynasty (1413 – 1428)
- The later Lê Dynasty (1428 – 1788)
- Tây Sơn (1788 – 1802)
- The Nguyễn Dynasty (1802 – 1882)
- Thuộc Pháp (1882 – 1945)
- Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties :
Name Name Time

Long Đỗ Theo sự tích ?
Tống Bình Nhà Tùy, Đường 456 – 761
Đại La Trương Bá Nghi 767 – 1010
Thăng Long Lý Thái Tổ 1010 – 1397
Đông Đô Hồ Quý Ly 1397 – 1404
Đông Quan Nhà Minh 1408 – 1427
Đông Kinh Lê Lợi 1427 – 1787

Bắc Thành Quang Trung 1787 – 1802
Thăng Long Gia Long 1805 – 1831
Hà Nội Minh Mạng 1831 – 1902
Hà Nội Toàn quyền Đông Dương 1902– tới nay
và chính phủ Việt Nam
Table 2. 1: Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties
3. Tourist destination
3.1 Temple of Literature
Văn Miếu - Quốc Tử Giám is a famous historical and cultural relic consisting of the
Temple of Literature and Việt Nam’s first university. The Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu) was
founded in October 1070 to worship Confucianism's saints and sages. Six years later (1076),
Quốc Tử Giám house ( closed to Văn Miếu), at beginning it is a place to educate the sons of
mandarins, later admitted talent pupils in the country Văn Miếu enclosed by brick wall, inside
there are 5 court yards divided by walls.
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The first area started from the gate, on it heaped 3 letter Văn Miếu Môn, two sides of gate
there are a pair of stone dragons bearing Lê Sơ dynasty style (15th century). A path leads to Đại
Trung Môn gate to start the second area. Two sides there are also two small gates. And this path
continues leading to the Khuê Văn Các area; on the two sides of belaying there are also two small
gates. The third ones started from Khuê Văn Các pavilion to Đại Thành Môn. On the center of
this area here is a square lake called Thiên Quang Tỉnh surrounded by low walls. Two sides of
the lake there are stale gardens, though 116 examinations were held between 1442 and 1778,
when the practice was discontinued only 82 stelea are extant, and the most ancient is a stale about
the examination in 1442, and the latest is in 1779. Those are precious relics of this fourth area
calculated from Đại Thanh gate. A large yard on the two sides there are two houses now.The far
side of the yard is Đại Bái house with colorful and monumental architecture. In this area, there is
a statue casted in 1768 on the left and a stone going on the right on which carved a literature
regarding effectiveness of this instrument. Follow that is a stone, in where laid a statue of
Confucius (Khổng Tử) and his disciples Nhàn Tử, Tăng Tử , Tử Tư and Mạnh Tử. Behind Đại
Bái area under Lê dynasty this place was a Quốc Tử Giám university. In 1802, Emperor Gia
Long transferred this university to his new capital, Huế. This place was used to set up a Khải
Thánh temple to worship Khổng Tử parents. But this temple was destroyed in the war. In 1999,
there started a construction of a chain building in ancient architecture style for socio scientific
activities center Văn Miếu is the first abundant complex of relics of Hà Nội.
With values of spirituality, culture and architecture, for many years, Văn Miếu Quốc Tử
Giám relic has always been one of the destinations not to be missed by domestic and foreign
tourists. In the monthly activity reports of the Hà Nội Department of Tourism, the Temple of
Literature - Quốc Tử Giám is always on the list of relics with stable operation, an attractive
destination of tourism in the capital. From the beginning of the year until now, the number of
tourists visiting the Temple of Literature has reached nearly 900,000.(HOÀNG LÂN, 2019)
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Figure 3. 1: Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/9XMCGwGnwXowpKAc6 )
Figure 3. 2:Map of visiting monument Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/nRNwc4Lv4BZ2HbaSA )
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3.2. Hoàn Kiếm lake
"Rủ nhau xem cảnh Kiếm hồ
Xem cầu Thê Húc, xem chùa Ngọc Sơn
Đài Nghiên, tháp Bút chưa mòn
Hỏi ai gây dựng nên non nước này"
Location
Hồ Gươm is located in the center of Hà Nội capital, with an area of 12 hectares, the length
of south-north, the width of east-west is 200 meters. Hồ Gươm is an old stretch of the Red River
left over when it diverted to the east, which is a natural freshwater lake of Hà Nội city.
History
The lake has existed for a long time, a few thousand years ago, but before its official
name is Hoàn Kiếm, the lake has many names associated with different stories such as the name
of Lục Thủy Lake because the lake water is colored. Blue all year round, Thủy Quân Lake is the
court used to browse the marines. According to the tradition is from Lê Thái Tổ. It is said that Lê
Thái Tổ King before the uprising in Lam Sơn against the invaders invaded the Ming Dynasty,
was given a sword. In 1428, completely regained the country, became a king, built the capital in
Thăng Long, and one day the king sat in a boat playing in the lake, suddenly saw a golden turtle
emerge.
The King was holding the sword in his hand and slicing along, the turtle raised his neck to
grab the sword and then settled down to the bottom of the lake. The king wrongly slapped the
lake to search, the turtle could not find anywhere but the sword also lost, so it was supposed that
the god gave the sword to kill the enemy, now the enemy was quiet and then took the sword
away, so the lake was changed to Hoàn Kiếm, meaning Return the magic sword. That name
appeared from the beginning of the 15th century (1428-1433).
Previously, the lake was also called Lục Thủy Lake because the colors of the water were
green all four seasons. During the Lý Dynasty, Lý Thánh Tông King chose this place to build
Sùng Khánh Pagoda to pray for peace and prosperity. In 1057, the Lý Dynasty erected the Đại
Thắng Tự Thiên stupa to remember the victory in defeating the Chiêm Thành people. In the Trần
Dynasty (at that time, the lake area was very large, and it was connected to Tô Lịch River), so the
Trần Dynasties often practiced on the lake, hence the lake was named Thủy Quân Lake. During
the reign of Lê Thái Tổ, after defeating the invaders of the Ming Dynasty, the king sat on the
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dragon boat on the lake, when he saw a golden turtle appearing to claim the king to return the god
who had loaned the sword to fight the enemy, the king changed the name of the lake to Hoàn
Kiếm Lake.
The name that people still use is Hồ Gươm. At the end of the 16th century, the Trịnh Lord
erected the Lord in Báo Thiên Ward, Hoàn Kiếm Lake at that time surrounded from the right to
the left of Phủ Chúa, so once again changed its name, the two parts of a lake into two lakes were
Tả Vọng và Hữu Vọng.
Turtle Tower is a small tower located on a small mound about 350m2 wide in the middle
of Hồ Gươm, Hoàn Kiếm District, Hà Nội. With that prime location, it is very convenient for you
to move from different points in Hà Nội to the tower. During the reign of Lê Thánh Tông, there
was a Điếu Đài built on this Turtle mound for the king to fish. In the 17th-18th centuries, Lord
Trịnh built Tả Vọng communal house, but by the Nguyễn Dynasty, there was no trace leftIn
1883, after the French defeated Hà Nội, the people around here were evacuated, leaving only
Nguyễn Ngọc Kim - a translator of Tự Pháp village who was appointed as an intermediary
between the French and Vietnamese, he was also known as Bá Hộ Kim. In 1886, he found the
mound beautiful and feng shui, so he decided to build a tower to later bury his father there.
(Luyến Nguyễn, 2020)
Figure 3. 3:Hoàn Kiếm Lake

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/5QJ6mSxFL96VdTx97 )
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Figure 3. 4: Hoàn Kiếm Lake
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Fx55FWggAVb5qf1c9 )
3.2.1. Ngọc Sơn Temple
Location
Ngọc Sơn Temple Hà Nội is located on Ngọc Sơn Island in Hoàn Kiếm Lake, also known
as Hồ Gươm. The temple was built on a small island to the north of Hồ Gươm with luxurious and
ancient beauty. Leading to the temple is a system of gates and a wooden bridge. Located on Hàng
Dầu Street, the first gate consists of four pillars made of bricks and two Mezzanine sections.
History
Ngọc Sơn Temple was built in the middle of the 19th century, exactly in the late 40s of
the nineteenth century. At first, it was called Ngọc Sơn Pagoda, but it was later renamed Ngọc
Sơn Temple because in the temple, worship only gods and not Buddha. In 1841 Hướng Thiện
repaired a temple, built a place of worshiping more worshiping God to enter the bell tower that
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Tín Trai had built and this whole complex was called Ngọc Sơn Đế Quân Temple, later called
Ngọc Sơn Temple. Thus, from 1841-1842 in the temple has just worshiped Buddha, worship
Quan Đế and Văn Xương. Now the temple is completely new, in front of an embankment and
water to the Trấn Ba communal house, which implies that the pillar stands firmly in the middle of
the Văn line. On the left, on the east side of Thê Húc Bridge, there is Đài Nghiên, and in the east
on Độc Tôn Mountain, to build Tháp Bút, representing the objects. Originally when King Lý
Thái Tổ decided to move the capital to Thăng Long, the temple has been built here ever since and
is called Ngọc Tượng. Under the Trần Dynasty, the name was changed to Ngọc Sơn. Previously,
in the Trần Dynasty, the temple was a place of worshiping heroic martyrs and national heroes
who had merit in the resistance war against Nguyên Mông Army, but later the temple collapsed.
Lord Trịnh Giang erected Thụy Khánh Palace and built two mountains on the east opposite Ngọc
Sơn called Đào Tai and Ngọc Bội Mountains. At the end of the Lê Dynasty, Thụy Khánh Palace
was destroyed by Lê Chiêu Thống. A philanthropist named Tín Trai, on the basis of the old
palace, established a temple called Ngọc Sơn Pagoda. So in history, in the area of Ngọc Sơn
Temple today there was a temple named Ngọc Sơn Pagoda. A few years later, the temple gave
way to a charity to change to Tam Thánh Temple. The association is composed of people from
the past few years. At its inception, the association's purpose was primarily to encourage good
deeds. It worships Văn Xương Đế Quân but there is no temple. Tín Trai's children were closely
related to the association, so they volunteered to return this temple to the association.(Phương
Anh, 2018)
Architecture
Ngọc Sơn Temple was built in the shape of Tam. In the temple there are couplets,
diaphragms and sacred objects. The roof of Ngọc Sơn Temple is square, with three roofs, and a
two-storey roof with eight pillars supporting it. The system of the four outer pillars of the temple
is made of stone and the four inner pillars are wooden. On each pillar, there are Hán Chinese
couplets, got in the two main pillars have sentences:
“Lâm thủy đăng sơn nhất lộ tiệm nhập giai cảnh
Tầm nguyên phỏng cổ thử trung vô hạn phong quang”
Meaning:
“Đến cõi nước, trèo lên non, một lối dẫn dần vào cảnh đẹp.
Tìm nguồn cội, hỏi chuyện xưa, trong chốn này biết mấy phong quang”
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On the two sides of the wall are two large Phúc and Lộc words, painted as a blessing for
goodness. Phúc is happiness and joy. Lộc is prosperous and enjoyable. Those are two concepts
that wish for everyone and also something that everyone wants to have.
Entering through the gate, on the left stands a stone tower built on the mountain. This mountain
has a diameter of 12m and a height of 4m. The square tower has five floors, the bottom of the
first floor is 2m, up to the fifth floor is 1,2m. The whole floor is 28m high. On the fifth floor is
the brush tip, both the handle and the nib are 0,9 m high. Thus the total tower height of 28,9m.
That is the Tháp Bút architecture cluster. Tháp Bút, to the second gate class: The path is limited
by two pillars, on top of a couple of opposing recommended sentences:
“Nhân gian văn tự vô quyền toàn bằng âm đức
Thiên thượng chủ hữu nhãn đơn kháng đan điền.”
The first side means: In this world, the righteous right is the moral upbringing, which is
the negative virtue, the immoral virtue (which is an indifferent blessing). On the second side, he
said: In heaven, he considered the examination of the world, but only examined the heart of man.
On both sides of the pillar, there are two fake eight-storey armpits with curved roofs. On the front
of these two doors, one dragon is curled up to welcome the fish fighting each other two words
Long Môn. According to oriental culture, Long Môn is the success in examinations. Hổ Bảng is
literally a tiger table, literally meaning a board showing the names of doctorates. Through the
above ideas, it can be considered as a symbol of encouraging study according to Confucianism.
Through the gates of Long Môn and Hổ Bảng, the road to the temple is narrowed because
the two rows of low flower beds are built on both sides. At the end of the road is the third gate
class. This gate layer has high walls, roofs, rolling doors, and painted wooden doors. On the roof,
there is a stone stand, so the gate is also called Nghiễn Đài, which means "Đài Nghiên''. The
study must also be proportionate to the pen. This is a study carved out of an entire blue, figured
rock longitudinal cross-section peaches, hollowed out the hollow, 0.97m long peaches, 0.8m high
0.3m wide, about 2 meters in circumference. There are three platforms (toads) like a tripod. There
is an opinion that when building Tháp Bút, Đài Nghiên: On the morning of the 5th of the 5th
month of the Lunar Calendar, when the sun rises, the shadow of the pen will be applied to the
ink. Exit from Đài Nghiêng is the Thê Húc Bridge which means "save the early morning
sunlight". After all 15 spans of red painted bridge, you can reach the Đắc Nguyệt Floor with the
meaning of being the moon floor.
xxviii
The main temple is two connected temples, worshiping Hưng Đạo Đại Vương - Trần Quốc
Tuấn and Văn Xương Đế Quân. In addition, the temple also worships Amitabha Buddha, Lã
Động Tân and Quan Vân Trường. This way of worship reflects the spirit of solidarity and
religious harmony of Vietnamese. The statue of Trần Hưng Đạo is placed on a 1m high stone
pedestal, flanked by two stone stairs, the symbol of Văn Xương stands up solemnly, holding a
pen in his hand, showing an elegant and elegant appearance.
Figure 3. 5: Đắc Nguyệt Lâu
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/it9RxVRBhsZsE2cd8
1 Hai bức đại 2 Tháp Bút 3 Miếu Sơn 4 Long Môn 5 Hổ Bảng
tự Phúc-Lộc Thần
6 Đài Nghiên 7 Cầu Thê 8 Đắc 9 Nhà Tiền 10 Đình Trấn
Húc Nguyệt Lâu Tế Ba
Figure 3. 6: Map of Đền Ngọc Sơn

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(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/5iwsg8eULHJU65Lv8)
Table 3. 1: Table of Map Đền Ngọc Sơn
3.2.2. Tháp Bút

Tháp Bút (1865) as of 2020, was 155 years old. Tháp Bút, according to the ideas of the
designers, is an image for culture, Tháp Bút architectural cluster has both performed a literary
proclamation and a martial arts demonstration at the same time, here the Lord Trịnh's martial arts
in suppressing the uprising of Nguyễn Danh Phương. This is the implication of the designers,
because we see Tháp Bút built on a mound filled with rocks. This hill represents a mountain called
Độc Tôn.
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Through the first layer of the gate of Ngọc Sơn Temple, we will see on the left a stone
tower built on the mountain also made of stones. This mountain has a diameter of 12m and a
height of 4m. The square tower has 5 floors, the bottom edge of the first floor is 2m, up to the 5th
floor is 1,2m. All 5 floors are 28m high. On the 5th floor is the tip of the brush, both handle and
nib, 0,9m high. Thus, the total tower is 28,9m high. Separating each tower floor is a roof
protruding about 15cm in front, on the four sides around the floors are trapezoids, getting smaller
and smaller as you go up. On those sides, there is a fake door that is indented by 10cm. To the
north, in the three doorways on the lower three floors, there are three large words "Tả Thanh
Thiên" (written in the blue sky). To the west, in the bottom floor door, there is an engraved poem
compiled by
Nguyễn Văn Siêu.
The content is
about the history of
the mountain
and Bút Tháp . On
the rocky mountain,
there is also a
temple of Sơn Thần,
a stone stele."
Thái Sơn Thạch
sympathizes". It is the architectural cluster of Tháp Bút.
Figure 3. 7: Tháp Bút

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/RvXApRzqHCL2rRQH8 )
3.2.3. Đài Nghiên
Đài Nghiên is located on the first building leading into the temple, it was a piece of blue
stone ink carved in the shape of a half peach, cut vertically, cut concave. The length of the peach
is 0,97m, the width of 0.8m, the height of 0,3m, the circumference of 2m, there are three sickle
thorns (toads), such as three tripod legs. On the body of the Nghiên is engraved a poem of the
form of ancient poetry - a form of poetry born in the Đường Dynasty (China) without following
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the law, with no limit on the number of sentences and words. The demonstration on Đài Nghiên
includes 64 Chinese characters (four languages of the exam) of which the main author is Nguyễn
Văn Siêu.
There are many interpretations and so far there are many different translations. Here we
temporarily translate as follows: "Using the soil cavity to study, commenting on “Đạo đức kinh”,
brooding on the large side, writing Hán Xuân Thu books. From the stone split to do research,
there is no shape. Not square round, used to do everything miraculously, not high or low, in the
middle, bent over Hoàn Kiếm Lake, looking back at the stone tip, applying to Thái Dương,
making all changes”. Perhaps this is an ontological conception of Đài Nghiên and also about
people's ideas.(LÂM GIANG, 2009)
Cổ hữu:
Xưa có:
Huyệt địa trực nghiễn,
Dùng thẳng hốc đất làm nghiên,
Chú Đạo đức kinh.
Chú giải Kinh Đạo đức.
Chước đại phương nghiễn,
Đẽo nghiên lớn hình vuông,
Trước Hán Xuân thu.
Chép Kinh Xuân thu đời Hán.
Thạch tư nghiễn dã,
Còn chiếc nghiên đá này,
Phỉ tượng hà hình.
Hình gì cũng chẳng giống.
Bất phương bất viên,
Không vuông cũng không tròn,
Diệu tồn chư dụng.
Nhưng khéo chứa công dụng.
Bất cao bất hạ,
Không thấp cũng không cao,
Vị hồ quyết trung.
Vị trí vào khoảng giữa.
Phủ Hoàn Kiếm thuỷ,
Cúi soi nước Hồ Gươm,
Ngưỡng thạch bút phong.
Ngửa trông ngọn bút đá.
Ứng Thượng Thai nhi thổ vân vật,
Ứng sao Thượng Thai nhả lời hay,
Hàm nguyên khí nhi ma hư không.
Hợp nguyên khí mài vòm trời rộng.
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Figure 3. 8: Đài Nghiên
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/kpijmeuwMQ97cuPi6)
Figure 3. 9: Đài Nghiên

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/xhxwXNXttktFu7kZ7)
3.2.4. Thê Húc Bridge
This ancient bridge was built during the reign of King Tự Đức (the fourth king of the
Nguyễn Dynasty). In 1865, Nguyễn Văn Siêu built a bridge connecting the lake with Ngọc Sơn
Temple and named it Thê Húc, meaning "light drops back" or "halo gathering halo". The bridge
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has undergone two reconstructions since its completion. The first time was in 1897, Thành Thái
dynasty. The second time was in 1952 after a bridge span broke on New Year's Eve in the Nhâm
Thìn because the guests of the Ngọc Sơn Temple were overcrowded. The bridge was rebuilt,
instead of wood, the foundation was re-cast with cement. The bridge has a circular shape, with 16
rows of piles, beams of horizontal and vertical casting by concrete. The deck and the bridge are
still wooden. At present, the bridge is 45m long, 15 spans, each span 3m, the sphere is 2,6m wide.
The bridge is oriented to the east, oriented to the rising sun to catch the integrity of that gas. With
such a meaning, the bridge should always be red to symbolize the color of life, the color of all
happiness, and the desire to pass on the ancient life up to now, this is the symbol of the sun god.
Figure 3.
10: Thê
Húc Bridge
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/sYRBudRaW2rjTEkJ6 )
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Figure 3. 11: Thê Húc Bridge
( Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/uXFZXkGXdSkJLqtV7 )
3.2.5. Đắc Nguyệt Floor

The reason that the floor is called a moonlit floor is because in this position you can enjoy
the full moonlight. The architecture is a lovely small floor, consisting of 2 floors, 8 roofs, a
smaller upper floor planted on a larger lower floor. Each floor has 4 roofs, on the 2nd floor there
is a circular window facing the East, above the window there is a sign painted with yellow
lipstick with 3 words Đắc Nguyệt Lầu.
Crossing Thê Húc Bridge leads to the gate of Đắc Nguyệt Lâu (the floor with the moon),
which is a steeple with 2 curved roofs shaped like Khuê Văn Các in the Temple of Literature,
hidden under the shadow of an ancient banyan tree, in the middle of an area of trees. luxuriant, as
if emerging from the water. The two sides of the gate have 2 fake doors, on the embossed reliefs
"Long Mã Hà Đồ", "Thần Quy Lạc Thư". Through Đắc Nguyệt gate is to enter the main
architectural area of the temple.
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Figure 3. 12: Đắc Nguyệt floor
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/kHva3g92ATq6tnc19 )
3.3. Ba Đình Square

Location
Ba Đình Square was the west gate of Thăng Long Citadel with a dense population. During
the French colonial period, Ba Đình was the headquarters of the administrative offices of the
French Governor General in Indo China.
History
After the August Revolution 1954, the new Vietnamese Government also decided to get
the name of Ba Đình Revolution to name this special land of Hà Nội. After September 2, 1945,
both domestic and foreign media reported simultaneously: On September 2, 1945 at Ba Đình
Square, Hà Nội, President Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration of Independence, giving birth to the
Democratic Republic of Việt Nam. After that time, the Square was also called Độc Lập Square.
During the anti-French resistance war, Ba Đình Square was also called Hồng Bàng. From January
1, 1955 a solemn meeting was held to welcome President Hồ Chí Minh, the Central Party
Committee and the Government back to Hà Nội Capital, this place was again called Ba Đình
Square. After Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration of Independence on September 2, 1945, the
solemn meeting on January 1, 1955 was the second most important ceremony of the national
36
history and Hà Nội Capital of Hồ Chí Minh Era. After President Hồ Chí Minh's death, this place
became a particularly important relic of our country.
Architecture
In addition to Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum, the Ba Đình Square is also home to many
historical works, attractive attractions such as the Presidential Palace, The Stilt House, One Pillar
Pagoda,...
Figure 3. 13:Ba Đình Spare
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/k9s5WBzVBWT3ri4h7 )
3.3.1. Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum

Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum is also called by Việt Nam people with many names such as
Uncle Hồ Mausoleum, Ba Đình Mausoleum, Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum. Is a famous architectural
work built with the contribution of Việt Nam and Russia. On August 28, 1975 the Mausoleum of
President Hồ Chí Minh was completed and inaugurated. The main face of the Mausoleum looks
straight out at Ba Đình Square.
Architecture
The mausoleum consists of three floors: The first floor is a series of stands built in the
shape of a ladder to facilitate important ceremonies at Ba Đình Square. The second floor is the
37
Central part of the Mausoleum containing the corpse room, the corridors and stairs up and down.
The remains of President Hồ Chí Minh are housed in a glass cage. The upper floor is a three level
Mausoleum. On the main side of the Mausoleum is engraved with the words "President Hồ Chí
Minh" in plum colored ruby stones.
The entire mausoleum has a height of 21,6 meters, Ba Đình Square has a length of 320m,
a width of 100m with 240 green fields all year round. On the west side of Ba Đình Square is the
memorial area for President Hồ Chí Minh, including Hồ Chí Minh Museum, people's stilt house,
fish pond, coconut trees and hibiscus fences,...
Figure 3. 14: Hồ Chí Minh

Mausoleum
(Source:https://i mages.app.goo.g
l/L9mXYAvNzV mL11WK)
3.3.2. President Palace (Phủ

Chủ Tịch)
President Hồ Chí Minh
lived and worked at the
Presidential Palace for 15
years (from 1954 to 1969). Many historic sites here have been associated with the exciting
revolutionary activities and daily life of President Hồ Chí Minh such as: Presidential Palace
building, House 54, House on stilts, H.67 house, Room meeting of the Politburo, Tunnel H.66
and outdoor monuments such as: mango street, orchard, fish pond, flower trellis of the President
Palace,...
The Presidential Palace relic area is located in Ngọc Hà ward, Ba Đình district, Hà Nội city. The
site is bordered on the North by West Lake, the South by One Pillar Pagoda and Hồ Chí Minh
Museum, The West is adjacent to Bách Thảo, the East looks straight out to Hùng Vương Street,
Uncle Hồ's Mausoleum and Ba Đình Square - where President Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration
of Independence that gave birth to the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam in the autumn year
1945. The entire area of the relic is more than 10 hectares, including houses, green gardens,
38
lawns, fish ponds and yards, paths. According to the nature of the architectural works and
activities of President Hồ Chí Minh in those places, the relic is divided into three areas:
Zone A: is the place where President Hồ Chí Minh lives and works. The monuments here
are directly related to the daily life and activities of him in the last 15 years of his life. That is:
House Ruins 54 - where President Hồ Chí Minh lived and worked (from late 1954 to mid May
1958). Wooden stilt house relic - where President Hồ Chí Minh lived and worked (from mid May
1958 to 1969). Relic house 67 - where President Hồ Chi Minh worked during the fierce
bombardment of the North (1967 - 1969), where the healer died. Other relics such as green
gardens, fish pond, kitchen and car President Hồ Chi Minh used.
Areas B and C: including the President Palace guest house, the Government Office and
the gardens surrounding these places. Currently, this sector State and Government are still
working. The first relic in the journey to visit the Hồ Chí Minh relic at the President Palace is the
Presidential Palace building. This is a luxurious, superficial, four storey building overlooking
Hùng Vương Street.
This Renaissance-style work was built in the early years of the twentieth century (1900 -
1906), designed by French-German architect Lichelen Sensor. The usable area of the building is
nearly 1300 square meters. The entire building has more than 30 rooms, each of which is
decorated in its own style. During the French colonial rule, the building was called the Governor
General of Indochina. From the time the house was completed to the successful August 1945
revolution, there were 29 Governor General and Governor General in residence and work.
With international guests, President Hồ Chí Minh welcomes from heads of state, party
leaders from brother countries, ambassadors of other countries to present national letters, art
delegations, sports, writers, houses newspapers, scientists, mass organizations and friends all over
the world come to Việt Nam, support the cause of the revolution and help the people of Việt Nam
build new lives.
With the people of Việt Nam, he meets with representatives from all parts of society,
regardless of their religion, party, or profession. In 15 years, from 1945 to 1969, at the
Presidential Palace, President Hồ Chí Minh received more than 1000 domestic and foreign
delegations. The Presidential Palace is also the place where President Hồ Chí Minh repeatedly
read poems for the New Year's Day.
39
After President Hồ Chí Minh passed away (September 2, 1969), the Presidential Palace
became one of the monuments of the State ranked as a particularly important relic in the overall
relic area. Hồ Chí Minh at the Presidential Palace. However, since then, this building has
remained the workplace of the President of Việt Nam. The activities of our Party and State are
still solemnly conducted here.
Uncle Hồ stilts house is a two-storey wooden architecture, with thatched roof, built in
1958. The house has the architecture of the Tày - Thái ethnic group in Việt Bắc,Uncle Hồ stilts
house has a length of 10,5 m, a width of 6,2 m, two floors high. The second floor has two rooms,
between the two rooms there is a shelf to use the bookshelves, and there is a corridor around.(Hà
Thành, 2020)
Figure 3. 15: President Palace
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/BfRRXmNha6DXf1tY9 )
40
Figure 3. 16:Uncle Hồ stilts house
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/zQ7MXpcaoW5wckSB9)
3.3.3. One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột)

Location
Located in Ba Đình District, Hà Nội, near President Hồ Chí Minh’s Mausoleum and
located in the west Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long. The pagoda is also known as Diên Hựu
Pagoda, Mật pagoda, Liên Hoa Đài or Nam Thiên Nhất Trụ.
History
One Pillar Pagoda, as known as Diên Hựu pagoda or Liên Hoa Đài, was built in 1049 by
Lý Thái Tông (1028-1054), a king of Lý’s dynasty. Its name means “long happiness and
prosperity”. In Vietnamese language, One Pillar Pagoda is called Nhất Trụ Tháp.(Rachel Tran,
2019a)
According to folk legend, the king was old but had no child. Each day, he used to go to
pagodas to pray to Buddha for a son. One night, he dreamt that he saw Quan Âm Bồ Tát sitting
on the lotus pond that lightened up gorgeous halos and gave him a baby. When he woke up, the
king told his subjects about that. A few months later, the queen gave birth to a prince. The king
was at the top of the world. He decided to construct a pagoda with only one pillar to resemble a
giant lotus blossom to show deep gratitude to Quan Âm Bồ Tát.
41
In 1105, King Lý Nhân Tông renovated and expanded the pagoda with Linh Chiểu Lake
added.
In 1954, French colonialists set mine to destroy One Pillar Pagoda; there was only the
pillar with some wooden beams remained in confusion.
In 1955, the municipal government restored and preserved the pagoda as it is now.
In 1962, One Pillar Pagoda Complex was recognized as National Historic Heritage and
“The Pagoda with the Most Unique Architecture in Asia” by Asia Record Organization in
10/10/2012 in Faridabab (India).
Architecture
The pagoda has a square structure made of wood, roofing tiles, each side 3m, with four
roofs, four curved heads with dragon heads. The stone pillar consists of two blocks attached to
each other, 1,2m in diameter and 4m high. The path to the temple is a small staircase made of
bricks. The upper part of the cylinder consists of a system of wooden bars that form a solid frame
supporting the temple built above, similar to a lotus rising from the lake, this is a very unique
architecture of One Pillar Pagoda.
In the pagoda, the statue of Buddha Quan Âm sits on a wooden lotus painted with golden
veneer, at the highest position. Above the Buddha image is the diaphragm “Liên Hoa Đài”
reminiscent of the dreaming legend of King Lý leading to the construction of the temple. From
the yard to the pagoda floor to chant the worship ceremony, you have to go through 13 steps of
1,4m wide, on both sides of brick walls, with stone steles to introduce the history of the temple.
The pagoda was built in the middle of a lotus pond, 20m on each side of the lake,
surrounded by a low wall. Although the scale of the temple is not large, it brings a very unique
beauty,
erected by
only one
pillar but
can still
stand firm,
42
nothing can be demolished over time. The pagoda today is not shaped like lotus petals on the old
stone pillar, but the image of a temple in the middle of rising water still reminds of a lotus flower
– a beautiful flower, symbolizing the beauty of the planet drug topping – located right in the
middle of the lake. Not only that, it is also a symbol of wisdom, of longevity, liberation through
intellectual awareness to reach nirvana. One Pillar Pagoda is not like any other Buddhist tower,
the pagoda is full of philosophical humanity with a square outer ring representing yin (âm), and a
round column symbolizing yang (dương), law of yin and yang, this is the law of reciprocity, the
analogy of the universe. It’s beauty has both the majesty of the Buddha realm.
Figure 3. 17: One Pillar pagoda

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/BP5Puh6rN3RtPqC99 )
3.4. Bát Tràng pottery village

Location:
On the left bank of the Red River, now in Bát Tràng commune, Gia Lâm district, Hà Nội,
more than 10km southeast of the city center. Located in an area rich in clay, the village has
advantage of ingredients to create fine ceramics. This is a famous traditional craft village for
ceramic products.
History:
This craft village was formed in the Lý Dynasty, over 500 years of history with many ups
and downs at the same time, but the name Bát Tràng still exists and continues to develop until
now.
Moreover, lying besides the Red river, between Thăng Long and Phố Hiến, two ancient trade
centers in the north of Việt Nam during 15th-17th century, Bát Tràng’s ceramics were favorite
43
products not only in domestic market, but also foreign ones thanks to Japan, Chinese and Western
trading boats that passed by.
In the 18th and 19th century, due to restricting foreign trade policy of Trịnh, Nguyễn
dynasty. It was difficult for pottery products in Việt Nam to be exported to foreign countries, and
some famous pottery making villages like Bát Tràng, or Chu Đậu ( Hải Dương province) went
through a hard time. Since 1986, thanks to economic reforms and development, more attention
has been vested in the village and the world gets a chance to know more about Vietnamese
porcelain through many high quality exported Bát Tràng ceramic products.
Bát Tràng ceramics are produced for daily household use (bow, cup, plates, pot, bottle…),
worshipping, or decoration purposes. Nowadays, the pottery artists bring into ceramics many
innovations in production techniques, and creativity in products’ features, hence many new
products have been born, and even daily household items may have the beauty like decoration
ones.
Figure 3. 18:Bát Tràng pottery village

in the 15th and 16th centuries
(Source https://battrang.hanoi.vn/wp-
content/uploads/2016/12/2.jpg )
Figure 3. 19: Bát Tràng pottery village
44
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/QjfyhnCxTm9Z62hK8 )
3.5. Vạn Phúc silk village
Location:
Also known as Hà Đông silk weaving village in Vạn Phúc ward, Hà Đông. Having
existed for more than 1000 years, Vạn Phúc silk village is one of the most beautiful silk weaving
villages in Việt Nam.
History:
Vạn Phúc silk village was formerly known as Vạn Bảo. Due to the Nguyễn Dynasty, the
village was renamed Vạn Phúc. According to legend, about 1.200 years ago, Ms. A Lã Thị
Nương living in Cao Bằng is a famous person with skillful weaving of Vạn Phúc village. She
brought the secrets of Chinese weaving silk to teach people who live in the village. When she
passed away, she was respected as tutelary deity.
Vạn Phúc silk village became famous from the reign of Lý. Vạn Phúc silk was the first
introduced at the Marseille International Fair (1931) and Paris (1938), it was evaluated as the
sophisticated products of Indochina. Vạn Phúc silk is very popular in France, Thailand, and
Indonesia… From 1958 to 1988, Vạn Phúc silk were exported to Eastern Europe countries, from
1990, it was exported to many countries in the world.
For many years, Vạn Phúc village still retains intact the traditional values. In general, the
special features of Vạn Phúc silk and in particularly Hàng Vân silk is warm in the winter and cool
in the summer, wearing it people find soft and gentle. Decorative patterns on silk are diverse such
as Sông Hac sample, Thọ Đình sample, Tứ Qúy sample… and it always follows the traditional
methods.
45
Figure 3. 20: Vạn Phúc silk village
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/vrCqUdhGQoVHVdei9 )
3.6. Phú Vinh bamboo and rattan village
Location:
Phú Vinh craft village in Phú Nghĩa commune, Chương Mỹ. Famous for the craft of
bamboo and rattan from about the 17th century, about 20 km from the center of Hà Nội.
The village is famous for delicate and beautiful bamboo and rattan products, ranging from items
such as baskets, baskets,... to souvenirs, decorations such as couplets, photo frames, royal duels,...
or objects such as tables, chairs, vase, ... The materials that make up the products are carefully
selected by the craftsmen from the highlands and carefully handled: bamboo drying, peeling,
polishing, drying, splitting small,...
History:
Phú Vinh Village is considered to be the "Rattan Land" famous for its rattan and bamboo
knitting business with a long history of craft development. Elderly people recounted that, about
400 years ago, Phú Hoà Trang (now Phú Vinh) had a place called Cò Dầu plain because there
were many storks (Cò) here, later called Gò Dầu. Stork feathers often shed and made a white
plain, some people liked and picked up and made very lovely hats. Initially they used to see these
were beautiful, durable gifts for relatives, friends, gradually, the products were popular and many
people came to buy. Over time, the stork feathers were limited, people looked for grass, reeds
available in the field and went to the forest to find flexible materials such as bamboo, rattan, and
giang... to produce household items such as baskets, cooking-pot holders, hand baskets... Over
time, many new materials were added, product designs were improved, bamboo and rattan
knitting techniques of the villagers were improved to make the products more and more
sophisticated and of higher economic value. The rattan and bamboo handicraft has since spread to
other villages in the region and spread to more than 20 provinces and cities nationwide.
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Figure 3. 21:Phú Vinh bamboo and rattan village
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/p89AvzCzBo2ZtfVJ7)
3.7. Long Biên bridge
Location:
Long Biên Bridge crosses the Red River, connects two districts of Hà Nội – Hoàn Kiếm
and Long Biên.
History:
Long Biên Bridge is the first steel bridge in Hà Nội, also one of the first bridges built by
the French in Việt Nam. The more than one-hundred-year-old bridge was constructed from 1899
to 1902 with the idea and construction of the architects Daydé & Pillé of Paris. At first, it was
named after the Governor-General of French in Indochina – Paul Doumer. It was not until 1954
when the Vietnamese totally defeated the French in Điện Biên Phủ that the bridge was renamed
Long Biên Bridge. At the time it was built, Long Biên Bridge was one of the four greatest bridges
in the world. The bridge has attached with many memories of the citizens in the heart of Vietnam
when witnessing the panoramic picture about the history of Hà Nội. Despite being more than a
hundred years of age, the bridge is nowadays still in use and becomes one of the most superb
tourist attractions in Hà Nội, alluring numerous both domestic and international tourists to delve
into. (RACHEL TRAN, 2020)
More than 100 years of wars, Long Biên Bridge is the witness and also the victim in the
bombardments of the American army in 1967, 1972, that is why a lot of spans were destroyed.
47
However, the left spans still remain today, which reminds us of an unforgettable past. Hence,
Long Biên Bridge is not only a fundamental traffic construction, a typical architecture, but also a
real historical relic.(RACHEL TRAN, 2020)
Architecture
With the length of 2290 meters, Long Biên Bridge, one of the famous bridges in Hà Nội,
started its construction in September 1898 and it finished after 3 years 7 months. The initial name
of Long Biên Bridge was “Doumer Bridge”, the name of Governor-General of French Indochina
at that time. Nowadays, the bridge still remains the metal plaque engraved “1899 – 1902 – Dayde
& Pille – Paris” on the head of the bridge.
Long Biên Bridge includes 20 piers and bridge abutment with the depth of 30 m and 13,5
m in height. The construction of 2 roads on both sides and a railway in the middle seem the most
prominent of the bridge. Instead of hiring Chinese workers like before, the ingenuity and subtle
Vietnamese workers directly assembled metal components, operated cranes… under the
professional instruction of French engineers.
There are more than 5,300 tonnes of French steel, cement produced in Hải Phòng, wood
from Thanh Hóa, and over 30,000 m3 stone from many parts throughout Việt Nam to create
Long Biên Bridge as we see today. With a length of 1,682 m and about 896 m long of
approaching the bridge, Long Biên bridge is divided into 9 frames with 61 m in length of each,
and it is the first bridge of the railway route running through Indochina and Hà Nội – Hải Phòng
route as well. Particularly, steels used on Long Biên Bridge is the same with steel creating the
famous Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. As a result, discover the unique architecture and heroic
48
history of the bridge will surely one of the most fascinating things to see in Hà Nội.(STEPHEN
NGUYEN, 2018)
Figure 3. 22: Long Biên Bridge

(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/5rLJTZdkWH5z8u9YA )
3.8. Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long (Hoàng thành Thăng Long)
Location
The Imperial Citadel is located at 19C Hoàng Diệu Street, while the archeological site is
at 18 Hoàng Diệu Street. This is one of the most prominent monumental complex of the capital. It
is bounded by the Northern road of Phan Đình Phùng Street, South of Bắc Sơn Street, West of
Điện Biên Phủ Street, East of Nguyễn Tri Phương Street.
History
The Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, is an intriguing relic of Việt Nam’s history and,
signifying its historical and cultural importance, was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
2010. Also known as the Hà Nội Citadel, many artefacts and items dating back to between the 6th
and 20th centuries were excavated in 2004, including foundations of old palaces, ancient roads,
ponds and wells. The ancient site was the political centre of the country for 13 consecutive
centuries and served as the capital of Việt Nam for eight centuries.
The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long - Hà Nội, located in the heart of
the capital of Việt Nam, is the most important and best-preserved part of the ancient Imperial
Citadel of Thăng Long. The Thăng Long Imperial Citadel was built in the 11th century by the Lý
Việt Dynasty, marking the independence of the Đại Việt. It was constructed on the remains of a
Chinese fortress dating from the 7th century, on drained land reclaimed from the Red River Delta
in Hà Nội. It was the centre of regional political power for almost 13 centuries without
interruption.
The Imperial Citadel buildings and the remains in the 18 Hoàng Diệu Archaeological Site
reflect a unique South-East Asian culture specific to the lower Red River Valley, at the
crossroads between influences coming from China in the north and the ancient Kingdom of
Chăm-pa in the south. (United Nations Educational, 2016)
49
During the French colonial era, the royal palaces and most of the structures were severely
damaged. By the 20th century, a number of the remaining structures were torn down. The Citadel
was used by the Imperial Japanese Army to imprison over 4000 French colonial soldiers captured
in March 1945. During 1954, when the Vietnamese Army took over Hà Nội, the Citadel became
the headquarter of the Ministry of Defense. In the 21st century, the ruin foundations of Thăng
Long Imperial Citadel were systematically excavated. In 2004, a number of artefacts and items
between the 6th and 20th centuries were excavated, including foundations of old palaces, ancient
roads, ponds and wells. (Rachel Tran, 2020a)
Artchitecture
The World Heritage Site comprises two sections: the archaeological site at 18 Hoàng Diệu
Street and the central axis of the Nguyễn Dynasty Citadel of Hà Nội, which together create an
integrated heritage complex. This was the most important sector of Thăng Long Citadel, the
capital of Đại Việt under the Lý, Trần, and Lê dynasties from the 11th to the 18th centuries. It
was also the core of the earlier Đại La Citadel, dating from the period when the region was ruled
directly by China (7th to 9th centuries) and the headquarters of the North Vietnamese
government and army during the Resistance War against the Americans between 1954 and 1975.
Standing monuments in the Nguyễn Dynasty’s Ancient Citadel include the Flag Tower
(Kỳ Đài), the South Gate (Đoan Môn), the Kính Thiên Palace Foundation, the Princess’s Pagoda
(Hậu Lâu), and the North Gate (Bắc Môn). The 18 Hoàng Diệu Archaeological Site, located
about 100 meters to the West of Kính Thiên Palace Foundation, is an important part of the
Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long- Hà Nội. This is a site of immense
archaeological value, which accommodates a huge complex of architectural relics and an
exceedingly large volume of artifacts overlapping and alternating one another, dating back to the
Đại La (7th to 9th centuries), Đinh Dynasty, Anterior Lê Dynasty (10th century), Lý Dynasty
(1009-1225), Trần Dynasty (1226-1400), Early Lê Dynasty (1428-1527), Restored Lê Dynasty
(1593-1789) and Nguyễn Dynasty (1802-1945). (Hoàng Thành Thăng Long, 2021)
50
The standing monuments and subterranean vestiges of palaces, together with numerous
other unique artifacts unearthed in the Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long- Hà
Nội are invaluable assets not only of Việt Nam but also the entire human race.
Figure 3. 23 Map of Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/sgHzeQ1MYyuSKutg6)
1 Ngũ Phượng Tinh Lâu 7 Điện Quãng Võ 13 Cửa Diệu Đức
2 Điện Phụng Tiên 8 Gác Chuông 14 Điện Nguyệt Minh
3 Điện Thiên An 9 Điện Thiên Khánh 15 Cung Long Thuỵ
4 Điện Tuyên Đức 10 Điện Trường Xuân 16 Điện Nhật Quang
5 Điện Thiên Phúc 11 Khu cung điện mới xây

dưới Triều Lý Cao Tông
6 Điện Văn Minh 12 Cung Nghinh Xuân

Table 3. 2 Table Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
3.8.1. Hà Nội Flag Tower (Cột cờ Hà Nội)
Flag Tower is known as one of the most iconic symbols of Hà Nội. Built in 1805 under
the reign of King Gia Long, Flag Tower is one of the few constructions of Hà Nội Citadel, which
have survived almost intactly. It now lies within the Việt Nam Military History Museum
compound.
Flag Tower consists of three storeys of bases and one tower. The pyramid-shaped bases
are tiled with bricks. The first storey is 170m in perimeter and 3,1m in height. Each side of the
second storey is 27m long and 3,7m high. There are four doors at this storey. On the eastern-
looking door are two Hán characters meaning "welcoming sunrise", on the western-looking one,
51
"reflection of light", and on the southern-looking one, "looking towards light". Only the northern-
looking door has no Hán characters. Each side of the third storey is 12,8m long and 5.1m high.
The door leads to the staircase that turns to the north. The body of the flag tower lies on this
storey. It is an eight-sided cylinder, getting narrower as it reaches the height of 18,2m. There is a
54-step spiral staircase leading to the top inside. For ventilation and light, there are four or five
asterisk-shaped holes on each of the eight sides. On the highest location of each side is a sector-
shaped hole.
The top of the flag tower takes the shape of an eight-sided observation floor that is 3,3m
in height. Each side has one door. At the top of the floor is a round column, 0.4m in diameter,
where the flag has been fixed since Hà Nội’s liberation day (10 October 1954).
Figure 3. 24: Hà Nội Flag Tower

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Z282jq2ty92r5oxY6)
3.8.2. The 18 Hoàng Diệu Archaeological Site (Khu khảo cổ 18 Hoàng Diệu)
The Archaeological Site at 18 Hoàng Diệu Street covers the area of 4,53ha, about 100m to
the west of Kính Thiên Palace.
It houses many architectural vestiges and artifacts from Pre-Thăng Long period to Đinh -
Pre-Lê (10th century), Lý - Trần (11th to 14th centuries), Post-Lê - Mạc (15th to 18th centuries).
Artifacts here are mostly porcelain and ceramic wares used in the imperial citadel through
various stages of development. The findings paved the way for researchers to study ceramics
52
made in Thăng Long in general and ceramic wares used in the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
through different dynasties.
Figure 3. 25: The 18

Hoàng Diệu Archaeological Site
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/rLvGQMFYGVewXWd6A )
3.8.3. Kính Thiên Palace (Điện Kính Thiên)

Kính Thiên Palace was the centre of Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long in Lê Dynasty and
Hà Nội Citadel in Nguyễn Dynasty. In 1886, the French colonists destroyed Kính Thiên Palace,
except for two sets of stone dragon steps and had a house built on the foundation of the palace
including 2 floors with 7 rooms. The house was used as the French headquarters of artillery and
called Dragon House because there are sets of stone dragon steps at the front and the back of the
house. When Hà Nội was liberated in 1954, Dragon House became the general headquarters of
the Vietnamese People's Army. It is now a relic of revolution and history, opened frequently for
visitors.
Kính Thiên Palace is the central relic in the complex. It was built in 1428 and used as a
place to celebrate imperial ceremonies and major national affairs. The palace’s foundation is 57
meters long, 41,5 meters wide, and 2,3 meters high. Despite being a culturally significant relic,
the only remains of Kính Thiên Palace to the present day are the steps. (Rachel Tran, 2020a)
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Figure 3. 26:
Kính Thiên
Palace
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/6QtPzRgkc8ADcXDX8 )
Figure 3. 27:Kính Thiên Palace

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/MnxTAAotEZ7xwFTX7 )
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3.8.4. Princess’s Pagoda (Hậu Lâu)
Hậu Lâu (literally “the tower in the back”) was built of brick and consists of a basement
and 3 floors above. The Pagoda was constructed for the use of princesses and queens. The French
called Hậu Lâu “Pagode des Dames”. Hậu Lâu was built in the north (the back) of Kính Thiên
Palace for peace according to feng shui principles. Therefore, it’s called Tịnh Bắc Lâu or Back
Pavilion. Hậu Lâu was also known as the Princesses’ building because it was accommodation for
concubines of Nguyễn Kings during their trip to Hà Nội Citadel. At the end of the 19th century,
Hậu Lâu was seriously damaged due to war and reconstructed by the French as a military post of
the French army. At present, Hậu Lâu is the place to exhibit some artifacts found in the
surrounding area as well as images about Hà Nội through some historical periods. (Rachel Tran,
2020a)
Figure 3. 28:Princess’s Pagoda

(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/ikfLaBEexMTqv7yo6)
Figure 3. 29: Princess’s Pagoda

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Ait1y4MR81aagSqr5)
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3.8.5. North Gate
(Bắc Môn)
Bắc Môn
(Northern Gate) is the last
remains of five gates of
Hà Nội Citadel under
the Nguyễn
Dynasty. Built of brick
and arches of stone in 1805, Bắc Môn is 8,71m high and 17,08m wide. Its two wooden doors, 16
tons in weight, spread over 24m², running on bronze wheels weighing some 80kg. The two holes
caused by the cannonballs from a French war ship on 25 April 1873 in its outside wall still
remain. Bắc Môn is now open to visitors. The gate is now used as a place to worship the two
former governors of Hà Nội: Nguyễn Tri Phương and Hoàng Diệu. They stood as loyal subjects
to the Vietnamese court under the invasion of the French colonists in the 19th century. (Rachel
Tran, 2020a)
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Figure 3. 30:North Gate
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Md9UvioVpAMeifQQ9 )
Figure 3. 31:
North Gate
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/zXEpnWCwgLpF4kj67 )
3.8.6. South Gate (Đoan Môn)

Đoan Môn was built in the Lê Dynasty and located to the south of the Citadel. Only
members from the royal family were allowed to pass this gate. There is one main gate in the
middle and four smaller gates on the sides. The gate is now decorated with lotus-shaped lanterns
that are lit up at night, adding a mystical beauty to the Citadel. Đoan Môn is the main gate of
Forbidden Citadel, directed toward the South. Đoan Môn is U-shaped, 46,5m in length, 26,5m in
width and 6m in height. Constructed of stone and large square bricks, Đoan Môn has three floors.
The first floor includes 5 doors, of which the central door reserved for kings is the largest
one.The second floor is surrounded by a balustrade and reached by two flights of stairs. The third
floor features a gazebo-style pavilion with a two-layer roof. Dragon faces adorn the gables.
(Rachel Tran, 2020a)
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Figure 3. 32:South gate
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/4zZNici4gPLVkf9RA )
Figure 3. 33: South Gate

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/nnwUcCshXJpmDvBg9 )
3.9 Hỏa Lò Prison Museum
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Location
Hoả Lò Prison (now a historical site of Hoả Lò Prison) is located at 1 Hoả Lò Street, Hà
Nội. In the past, this land belonged to Nam Phụ village, Tiền Nghiêm canton. The location of the
prison's premises is located on a trapezoidal plot of land in Phụ Khánh village. Opposite the
prison to the east is the court, the southwest borders Thợ Nhuộm street, the west borders Richaud
street (Quán Sứ street), the north borders Rollandes street ( Hai Bà Trưng street).
History
Hoả Lò Prison was built by the French in 1896 and named "Central Prison".
Due to the extremely urgent nature, the construction of Hoả Lò prison was carried out
right in 1896. Hoả Lò Prison was placed by the French colonialists in the most important
position in the plot to suppress the opponents of the colonial regime. Therefore, they built this
prison on a large scale and solidified the first class in Indochina. Hoả Lò Prison is where the
French colonialists once imprisoned tens of thousands of Vietnamese patriotic and revolutionary
soldiers throughout Bắc Kỳ provinces and Đà Nẵng province . In addition, there are both ordinary
prisoners and foreign prisoners here. Prisoners with sentences of up to 5 years or death were
detained by the French in Hỏa Lò, while those sentenced to 5 years or more were transferred to
Sơn La prison, Côn Đảo prison and many orthers prisons.
From a famous pottery craft village, the French colonialists turned Hỏa Lò land into a
place of physical and mental imprisonment and exile of thousands of patriotic and revolutionary
soldiers in Việt Nam. Living in an imperial prison, with a harsh prison regime, and damned
activities, the patriotic and revolutionary soldiers still kept their temper, turning the prison into a
school and a place to popularize revolutionary theories. Many people have cleverly escaped from
prison to return to the people and organizations, making worthy contributions to the cause of
national liberation. There were many patriotic and revolutionary leaders of Việt Nam who were
detained by the French in Hỏa Lò prison, such as: Phan Bội Châu, Lương Văn Can, Nguyễn
Quyền, Hồ Tùng Mậu, Nguyễn Lương Bằng… and five years. General Secretary of the
Communist Party of Việt Nam includes: Nguyễn Văn Cừ, Trường Chinh, Lê Duẩn, Nguyễn Văn
Linh and Đỗ Mười.
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Architecture
The total area of Hỏa Lò Prison and adjacent roads leading to the prison is 12,908 square
meters. Surrounding the prison is a solid wall built of stone 4m high, 0.5m thick, on top of bottle
fragments and high voltage wires to prevent prisoners from escaping. At the foot of the inner wall
is a 3m wide sidewalk used for guards to patrol around the prison area. The four corners have
four watchtowers, capable of observing the entire inside of the patrol road and around the outside
of the prison.
After peace was established (October 10, 1954), the prison was renamed "Hà Nội Prison Camp"
and assigned to the Hà Nội Military Management Committee, under the management of the City
Police. . From 1964 to 1973, Hoả Lò prison was also a place to hold American pilots.
Figure 3. 34:Hỏa Lò Prison

(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/HxTsKryHLvFEsmpS8)
According to the design approved in 1896, Hoả Lò prison includes the following work items:
1. A house used for guarding
2. One house is used as a hospital
3. One house is used as a hospital for alms
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4. Two houses are used to imprison the accused (not yet convicted)
5. One house is used as a workshop for carpentry, iron, sewing, leather
6. Five houses are used to hold convicted prisoners
7. Four prison camps are used to hold death row inmates, dangerous prisoners, and prisoners who
violate prison rules. (Ban Biên tập sách “Nhà tù Hoả Lò Trường học yêu nước và cách mạng,”
2015)
Currently, Hoả Lò prison relic has become "Red Address", a place to educate patriotic
and revolutionary traditions to all classes of people, especially the young generation of the
Capital; which attracts a large number of domestic and international tourists to visit, study.
3.10 Trấn Quốc pagoda

Location
Trấn Quốc Pagoda is located on an eastern peninsula of West Lake, near the end of Thanh
Niên Street, Ba Đình District, Hà Nội. This pagoda is one of the oldest pagodas in Việt Nam,
with a history of 1500 years.
History
Trấn Quốc pagoda was built during the reign of King Lý Nam Đế (in 541-547) in An Hoa
village, Quảng Đức district, near the banks of the Red River with the name "Khai Quốc". During
King Lê Thái Tông (in 1440-1442), the king changed the name of the pagoda to An Quốc. In
1615, Lê Kính Tông dynasty , the river bank was avalancheed close to the pagoda, the people of
An Hoa (later Yên Phụ) moved the pagoda to Kim Ngưu (Golden Fish) island in West Lake, is
the present location.
In 1624, after building the dyke "cố ngự", later called Cổ Ngư, An Hoa villagers built
more upper halls, incense burning houses, raised moats around, and paved the way. From now
on, the new pagoda is called Trấn Quốc Pagoda - it was the year of Vĩnh Tộ 10 (1628) of Lê
Thần Tông dynasty. In 1844, King Thiệu Trị of the Nguyễn Dynasty went to the North, visited
the temple and changed its name to Trấn Bắc, but now at home, the bell hangs on the diaphragm
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with the words Trấn Bắc Tự, but the name Trấn Quốc pagoda is too familiar to people.
Architecture
Like most other temples in Vietnam, the structure and interior of Trấn Quốc Pagoda are
arranged in sequence and according to strict Buddhist principles. Consisting of many layers of
houses with three main houses: Tiền Đuờng, Thiêu Hương and Thượng Điện, connected into the
shape of the word “Công”.
Tiền Đường faces west, the two sides of Thiêu Hương and Thượng Điện are two
corridors. Behind Thượng Điện is stepple, The pagoda's steeple is a three-room house, the roof is
stacked with matches, located on the main hall axis.
The temple campus has the Lục Độ Đài Sen stupa built in 1998. The large stupa consists
of 11 floors, 15m high. Each floor of the tower has 6 arched doorways, in each box there is a
precious stone statue of Amitabha Buddha. The top of the tower has a nine-storey lotus (called
the Cửu Phẩm Liên Hoa) also made of precious stones.
Figure 3. 35:Trấn Quốc pagoda

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/bZc349WeXyzJqd5H7)
Through many dynasties, Trấn Quốc Pagoda is still considered a very beautiful temple in
the most scenic destination in the city. The temple has a fairly large architectural scale, beautiful
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scenery, a famous temple that combines the ancient, historical relics with the elegant beauty of a
landscape along the West Lake.
The three main houses are connected and make the pagoda look like a blooming lotus. It
can be said that Trấn Quốc pagoda is a harmonious combination of the serene ambiance of green
garden, far-flung lake, and ancient and imposing architecture. That’s why it was recognized as a
national monument in cultural and historical values by the Ministry of Culture and Information in
1962. (Rachel Tran, 2019b)
3.11 Quán Thánh Temple

Location
Quán Thánh Temple is located on Thanh Niên Street, Hà Nội, this temple is not only one
of the Four Towns of Thăng Long but also becomes the oldest temple in Hà Nội.
History
Quán Thánh Temple was built during the reign of Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (1010-1028). In
1823, King Minh Mạng changed the name of the temple to Trấn Vũ Quán. During the reign of
King Thiệu Trị in 1842, it was renamed Quán Thánh Temple to this day. When King Minh Mạng
of the Nguyễn Dynasty came out to Bắc Thành, changed the name of the temple to Chân Vũ
Quán, these three Chinese characters were carved on the roof of the gate. However, on the mural
in Bái Đường is Trấn Vũ Quán. The three ancient Chinese characters at the top of entrance of
Quán Thánh Temple read “Trấn Vũ Quán”, which means that the temple is dedicated to Huyền
Thiên Trấn Vũ, the God who guarded and administered the north of country. Saint Trấn Vũ was
both a Vietnamese legendary character ( who assisted Emperor An Dương Vương in chasing
away ghosts during the construction of Cổ Loa Citadel) and a Chinese legendary character (who
guarded and administered the North).
The temple was dedicated to Trấn Vũ, Deity of the North in Taoism, whose symbols of
power are a serpent and a turtle. Along with other three temples in Hà Nội, the four are called
The Four Sacred Temples (Thăng Long Tứ Trấn), which protects the city from evil spirits. Each
of the four are located in a different direction and worships a different deity: Trấn Vũ Deity in the
north (Quán Thánh Temple), Bạch Mã Deity in the east (Bạch Mã Temple), Linh Lang Deity in
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the west (Voi Phục Temple) and Cao Vương Deity in the south (Kim Liên Temple). (Rachel
Tran, 2020b)
Architecture
The gate features the prevailing architectural patterns from the imperial era, with one
primary door in the middle and two smaller doors on the sides. Passing through the gate, tourists
will find a spacious yard shaded by a giant banyan tree, a layout typically found in Vietnamese
temples and pagodas. The main house hosts the display of statues and carvings, as well as the
shrines.
The temple was repaired in 1838. The architectural parts of the temple after restoration
include: three gates, courtyard, three pavilions, the front hall, the middle palace, and the apse.
Wood carvings and carvings have very high artistic value. The layout of the space is very airy
and harmonious. West Lake in front of the pagoda gives the pagoda a cool atmosphere all year
round. Statue of Huyền Thiên Trấn Vũ was reconstructed in black bronze. The statue is 3,96m
high, 8m in circumference. This statue is a unique work of art, marking the bronze technique and
talent of the Vietnamese people 3 centuries ago.Quán Thánh Temple architectural style is said to
be heavily influenced by Buddhism, the most popular religion when it was originally built, while
Taoism and Confucianism competed for the second position. Seeing through a lot of ups and
downs, the remaining architectural features resemble the Nguyễnn Dynasty architectural styles.
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Figure 3. 36:Quán Thánh Temple
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/xjuwtrXau8SnYBZx5)
Quán Thánh Temple is not only a valuable work in terms of history and architecture, this
temple is also a place of famous cultural and religious activities of Hà Nội people in the past and
present. Quán Thánh Temple is a valuable cultural, artistic, architectural and sculptural relic,
located on the banks of West Lake with the sound of Trấn Vũ bells blending with nature,
contributing to embellishing the ancient beauty, poetic of West Lake tourist area – Hà Nội.
3.12 Đồng Xuân market

Location:
Located in Hà Nội Old Quarter, in Hoàn Kiếm District, Hà Nội. The market borders on
Hàng Khoai Street to the North, Cầu Đông Street to the South, Đồng Xuân Street to the West,
Đồng Xuân market lane to the East.
History
Đồng Xuân market in Hà Nội is the "descendant" of two ancient markets of the Imperial
Citadel of Thăng Long, Bạch Mã market near Bạch Mã temple (now at 76 Hàng Buồm) and Cầu
Đông market near Cầu Đông pagoda (now at 38B Hàng Buồm Street). In the past, it was just a
small market on the alluvial ground of the Tô Lịch and Red river when it was not completely
filled. Established in 1889, Đồng Xuân Market is housed within a four-storey Soviet-style
building on the northern edge of Hà Nội Old Quarter. It’s also known as Hà Nội’s largest indoor
market, offering a wide range of goods such as fresh produce, souvenirs, accessories and
clothing, as well as electronic and household appliances. In 1890, the small market meeting
places were removed by the French government, collected into an empty land in Đồng Xuân
ward and established a market with the same name. Due to the location near the river, the traffic
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is busy, this place quickly became the largest trading point in Hà Nội. On February 14, 1947,
Đồng Xuân market was the place that suffered the biggest and fiercest battle of Hà Nội's army
and people in the early days of the resistance war. In 1994, the market was once again caught on
fire, causing heavy damage. Experiencing many ups and downs in history, the market has been
built and remodeled 3 times. Currently, it still has the old design but is equipped with emergency
exit doors and fire fighting equipment. This is also considered the market with the most beautiful
and widest design in Hà Nội.
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Figure 3. 37:Đồng Xuân Market
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/N182nB11umQHZ1fu7)
Figure 3. 38: Đồng Xuân market

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Zaj51sPbgWquVxwz6)
Architecture
The market consists of three floors built gradually from bottom to top with a total area of
14,000 square meters, with more than 2,000 large and small trade stalls. Not only has a large
space, the market also designs convenient aisles for customers to shop: 3 front entrances, 3 rear
entrances, 2 side entrances and many systems of stairs, elevators inside the market.
Based on French architecture, Đồng Xuân Market possesses a beautiful and modern dome
design, while the facade includes 3 triangular-shaped parts (formerly 5 parts) with holes like a
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honeycomb, creating a strong impression on visitors right from the first sight.
Inside the market, there are escalators for customer movement and goods transport.
Standing from the market center, you can feel so small in the middle of a large "hall" like this.
As the largest market in the capital with a total of more than 2,100 stalls and surrounding
71 kiosks with a wide range of goods, Đồng Xuân Market always welcomes thousands of people
every day for many other purposes like taking pictures, shopping, or enjoying food.
3.13 Hà Nội Old Quarter

Location.
Located between Hoàn Kiếm Lake the Lake of the Restored Sword), the Long Biên
Bridge, a former city rampart, and a citadel wall, the Old Quarter (consisting of 36 old streets
inside) started as a snake and alligator-infested swamp. It later evolved into a cluster of villages
made up of houses on stilts, and was unified by Chinese administrators who built ramparts
around their headquarters. The area was named “Dominated Annam” or “Protected South” by the
Chinese.
History
The names of 36 old streets in Hà Nội are summarized through the following poem:
''Rủ nhau đi khắp Long Thành,

Ba mươi sáu phố rành rành chả sai;
Hàng Bồ, Hàng Bạc, Hàng Gai,
Hàng Buồm, Hàng Thiếc, Hàng Hài, Hàng Khay,
Mã Vĩ, Hàng Điếu, Hàng Giầy,
Hàng Lờ, Hàng Cót, Hàng Mây, Hàng Đàn,
Phố Mới, Phúc Kiến, Hàng Ngang,
Hàng Mã, Hàng Mắm, Hàng Than, Hàng Đồng,
Hàng Muối, Hàng Nón, cầu Đông,
Hàng Hòm, Hàng Đậu, Hàng Bông, Hàng Bè,
Hàng Thùng, Hàng Bát, Hàng Tre,
Hàng Vôi, Hàng Giấy, Hàng The, Hàng Gà.
Quanh đi đến phố Hàng Da,
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Trải xem Hàng phố, thật là quá xinh.
Phố hoa nằm nhất Long Thành,
Phố dăng mắc cửi, đàn quanh bàn cờ.
Người về nhớ cảnh ngẩn ngơ,
Bút hoa xin chép nên thơ lưu truyền” (VYCTRAVEL, 2019)
The Old Quarter was formed in the Lý – Trần dynasties. At this time, people from
villages around the Northern Delta gathered here to live, forming the most crowded
neighborhood in the city. The outstanding feature of Hà Nội's Old Quarter is the concentrated
craft streets in each area. The merchant ships can enter the middle of the street to trade and
exchange, making the trade streets more developed. And the product being traded becomes the
name of the street, with the word "hàng" in front, meaning that it specializes in wholesale of that
item. During the Lê Dynasty, there were some overseas Chinese trading here, forming more
Chinese streets. At that time, in the middle of Hà Nội's Old Quarter, there were a number of lakes
and ponds, the largest being Thái Cực Lake. By the end of the 19th century, those lagoons were
filled, but there are still traces left through the places: Hà Khẩu, Giang Khẩu, Cầu Gỗ, Cầu Đông.
During the French colonial period, the old town was expanded, Indians and French also came
here to trade, forming cultural and ethnic diversity. Two small markets at that time were also
cleared to set up Đồng Xuân market, and the tram track Bờ Hồ - Thụy Khuê at that time also ran
through here... Experiencing many historical events, the old quarter of Hà Nội is still the busiest
commercial area of Hà Nội.
Architecture
Hà Nội Old Quarter is a unique architectural complex bearing the Vietnamese national
identity. Area 36 streets are part of the urban area in the overall Thăng Long citadel, formed from
the point of view of feng shui theory. Regarding the spatial boundary, many people still compare
Hà Nội Old Quarter as an isosceles triangle with the top of Hàng Than Street, the East side is the
Red River dike, the West side is Hàng Cót, Hàng Điếu, and Hàng Da streets and the bottom is the
axis Hàng Bông - Hàng Gai – Cầu Gỗ. The old quarters, until before the French arrived, all had
the same appearance: the streets lined with chessboard-style lines, mostly bearing the names of
goods produced or traded in those places, such as: Hàng Đường, Hàng Bạc, Hàng Voi, Hàng
Hòm... The streets are separated from each other by large gates built like walls whose width
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occupies the road surface, which is strictly closed at night. On both sides of the road are rows of
close-knit tubular houses, arranged in the style of "stack of matches". Most of the houses in the
Old Quarter are one-story houses, roofed with small tiles with two gable walls rising from the
roof, built up like stairs and with two pillars at the top of the roof.. . After the French colonialists
invaded Hà Nội, the planning of Hà Nội in general and the Old Quarter in particular had many
changes. Streets were paved and straightened, and the infrastructure added drainage, sidewalks,
and lighting. Some old houses were rebuilt more solidly still following the ancient architecture.
Some were built in the "Western" style, with one or two or three floors, influenced by new
building materials and European architectural decoration. French architecture crept throughout
the old town space and gradually became a heritage of Hà Nội. Hà Nội Old Quarter from 1954 to
1985 had many changes. Many families returning from the war zone were arranged to live
together in houses in the old quarter. From one household, now each house number has three or
four households living together, then each household develops more in the style of three, four
great streets... To meet the daily living needs of a large number of people. has given rise to more
distortions of the houses in the old town. The architecture of Hà Nội's old townhouses is small
and idyllic. In the old quarter, buyers and sellers are busy and bustling. The roof-to-wall and
wall-to-wall houses have created the attraction of Hà Nội Old Quarter architecture, thereby
expressing the spirit and soul of the people here: a lively architectural complex, attached closely
tied, dependent on each other to coexist, reproduce and develop. (Hoài Lâm, 2014)
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Figure 3. 39:Hà Nội Old Quarter
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/ZXzzbCUqT8DQbUsa9 )
)
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(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/uTFdXqTFiAg1GV3F9)
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/tvv2MErqmQNim6Kn6 )
3.14 Hà Nội Opera House
Location
Hà Nội Opera House is an architectural work for performing arts located on August
Revolution Square, at 01 Tràng Tiền Street, Hoàn Kiếm district, not far from Hoàn Kiếm Lake
and the Việt Nam History Museum.
History
The land for the construction of the Opera House was formerly a swampy area belonging
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to the land of two villages of Thạch Tần and Tây Luông of General Phúc Lân, Thọ Xương
District. In 1899, the city council met under the chairmanship of Richard - the Hà Nội
Ambassador to propose to the Governor General of Fourer to build the Theater. The author of the
design project are two architects Harlay and Broyer. This design has to be revised a lot by the
comments of many architects. Construction was started on June 7, 1901, under the technical
supervision of urban inspector - architect Harlay - one of the two design authors. The people in
charge of construction are Mr. Travary and Savelon. When completed with 870 seats, the Hà Nội
Opera House was a very large-scale project compared to the population of Hà Nội at that time.
The theater became the center of cultural and artistic events for the French and a few upper-class
Vietnamese in Hà Nội. This is also an ideal performance venue for troupes and bands from
France and Europe to tour. Some time later, a number of performances by Vietnamese artists for
charity purposes such as donating to rescue flood areas, building a hospice... also began to be
performed here. Since 1940, many Vietnamese troupes have been able to rent out the theater to
perform. Since then, the Hà Nội Opera House is no longer a venue only for the French. The
formation of a new urban class and intellectuals has turned this place into a cradle for many
Vietnamese artistic activities.
Architecture
The designers of the work sought to refer to the ancient Greek architecture of Corinth
combined with the style of the castle of Tuylory and the Paris Opera to create a separate
architectural block. Inside the former theater there is a large stage and a main audience room with
an area of 24x24m, leather seats, some seats upholstered in velvet. The middle floor has many
small rooms for spectators with separate tickets. The middle staircase to the second floor is a
large main hall. Side stairs and corridors on either side. Behind the theater is an administration
room, with 18 rooms for costume actors, 2 rehearsal rooms, a library and a meeting room. In
front of the second floor is a very splendid mirror room. (Hanoioperahouse, 2016)
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Figure 3. 42:Hà Nội Opera House
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/f672ekLM5nr1Qbf18 )
(Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/hxqvtfeCq6CB1dZN7 )

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(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/QeJ9nx6xDXv7uQJJA)
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Figure 3. 45: Hà Nội Opera House
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/4che8femWcHgGBoH6 )
4. Festivals
4.1 Hương Pagoda Festival
Located in Mỹ Đức - Hà Nội, 65 km from central Hà Nội, of Hương Sơn heritage area, Mỹ
Đức district, Hà Tây province, a huge festival is organized for the worshipping and praying of
Bodhisattva (Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát) and the Mother Goddess
Hương Pagoda Festival is associated with folk beliefs worshiping Lord Ba: According to
folk legend, in the past, Princess Diệu Thiện (customary called Lord Bà incarnate of Bodhisattva
Quan Thế Âm) came to Hương Sơn mountain after 9 years of practice, he attained enlightenment
and became a Buddha to save sentient beings (that day is called Buddha's birthday on the 19th
day of the second lunar month). This is also the time in the middle of spring, so hundreds of
flowers bloom, the trees are green, the air is cool.
In the third month of the Year of the Tiger (1770), Lord Tĩnh Đô Vương Trịnh Sâm
toured Trấn Sơn Nam with his courtiers. The Lord's house entered Hương Tích cave to burn
incense and admire the scenery and put the five words "Nam Thiên Đệ Nhất Động" on the cliff of
the cave entrance. Hương Tích Cave is already a spiritual place, and being praised by the Lord's
House as "Nam Thiên Đệ Nhất Động" is even more favorable to people's hearts. Because Hương
Tích cave worships Buddha, Quan Thế Âm, is the spiritual support of the people to pray for
peace and all good things. (Rachel Tran, 2019c)
The festival begins on the 18th, February on the Vietnamese calendar, or 6 th January on the
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original calendar. The festival lasted 3 months, which makes it the longest festival of Việt Nam
While traveling to the festival, visitors travel 2 hours by boat on the beautiful Yến stream.
The trip begins at Thiên Trù pagoda, to Đục harbor. From there visitors trek the rest of the way,
reaching Hương pagoda, while enjoying the beautiful mountainous views
The ceremony: The offering for the ceremony consists of incense, flowers, candles, fruits
and vegan. Inside there are two monks, who do gentle dances while the music instruments play.
All types of incense are lit continuously during the festival.
- Certain problems:
⬥ Littering: visitors often leave large amount of plastic and food waste on the mountain and in
the river
⬥ There are not enough boats to accommodate tourists to the destination
Figure 4. 1:Hương Tích Cave

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/dfzsyP46QrKFi8iY9 )
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Figure 4. 2:Hương Festival 2019
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/DvnxTAcbVx8nEgvq5 )
4.2 Gióng Festival

Located in Phù Đổng commune, Gia Lâm district. The Gióng festival originated from a
legend, told about a little that was barely 3 years old. His name was Gióng, which meant the
bamboo shoot. One day the VI Hùng king found the one who can help to fight against Ân -
invaders. The boy then told his mother that he wanted to join the army, and asked for a metal
horse and a sword. He then ate tons of food, grew into a giant man and crushed all invaders. After
the victory, he headed to the heaven, and became an immortal saint that will always protect the
people.
Thánh Gióng festival, also known as Phù Đổng festival, is the biggest festival in the
Northern part of Việt Nam. It has the age of over 1000 years. The festival is to honor the
immortal ideology, or belief of a true hero, who can just be a little boy, with a fighting spirit of a
man, which represents the younger generation as the future of a nation.
The festival lasted 3 days, from the 7th to the 9th of April (Vietnamese calendar), every
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year. The preparation for the ceremony is very complex, consisting of over a dozen activities that
need to be prepared months before the festival. There are a wide range of traditional rituals such
as the opening ceremony, the procession, the offering of incense, and the offering of bamboo
flowers to Thuong Temple, which is the place of worshiping Thánh Gióng. The Gióng festival
was recognized as an intangible cultural heritage of the world by UNESCO on 16th, November
2010, at Nairobi city (the capital of Kenya). (Vina.com Editors, 2019)
Figure 4. 3:Gióng Festival opens in Hà Nội

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/EPw9ygnorMeZNp7a7 )
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Figure 4. 4:Gióng Festival in Hà Nội
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/dfzsyP46QrKFi8iY9 )
4.3 Cổ Loa festival

An Dương Vương temple:
An Dương Vương was the great king of Âu Lạc, the second goverment of the second nation
after Văn Lang of the Hùng kings. An Dương Vương temple is located in Đông Anh district,
17km from the central Hà Nội capital.
The temple lies inside the ancient Cổ Loa citadel, including Ngự Triều Duy Quy temple and
Bà Chúa shrine or Mỵ Châu shrine, the daughter of King An Dương Vương. From Bà Chúa
shrine, travel a bit more to reach An Dương Vương temple, also called Thượng temple, and Vua
Chủ temple (Owner King temple). In front of it, there is Ngọc well’s shrine. There is also a small
shrine for the gold tortoise Kim Quy, who provided An Dương Vương an godlike crossbow.
The festival started from the 6th of January and lasted 10 days. Every year, the 12 villages of
Cổ Loa Commune join hands in organizing the festival, which usually begin on the 6th of the
first lunar month.
Early on the morning of the first day of the first lunar month, 12 notables from each village
come to the house of the chief notable in order to prepare for the procession which starts soon
thereafter. Opening the procession is the music band, followed by the chief notable and the 12
village notables, and then the villagers carry various offerings to King An Dương Vương.
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The chief notable leads at the religious ceremony in honor of the King, among the sound of
music from the band. The nobles are followed by inhabitants. All beg the King to bestow peace
and prosperity to the village.
The ceremony lasts until 1 or 2 pm, which is followed by a general procession, with the
participation of all the 12 villages, in honor of the King.
An offering team of Cổ Loa village includes 24 people. Officiating man, who is annually
selected by the villagers, is one of the notables (has a happy family), has good health, 60-65 years
of age. The 14th of lunar December is “Nhập Tịch” ceremony, it is also the day when the former
Officiating man handing over the duty for the new one. This ceremony is usually held in families.
In old days, this ceremony was compulsory but now it is optional. Before taking office, the new
Officiating man must not “sleep” with his wife for a year, spending one year attending seance
ritual, in charge of the affairs in the communal house, temple. 2 – 3 people are selected by each
hamlet to take part in the offering team. Order of the procession:
● 14 people carrying 14 flags

● 1 wood horse
● Swords, eight weapons
● 2 pennants carried by 2 heads of hamlets.
● 1 red container, in which are votive offerings: sticky rice and boiled chicken, truncated
cone-shaped cakes made of sticky rice …
● 2 palanquins: palanquin of An Dương Vương leading and palanquin of Mỵ Châu
following.
(Hoà n Thành Thăng
Long, 2013)
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Figure 4. 5:Cổ Loa Festival in Hà Nội
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Noh3eUx1GvEcoXVa7 )
4.4 Thầy Pagoda Festival
Thầy Pagoda is in Sài Sơn commune, Quốc Oai district, Hà Tây province, where the
shaman Từ Đạo Hạnh is worshiped with his 3 lives. He is the Sangha, the Buddha, the King and
is considered by the people as the father of Vietnamese water puppetry.
Taking place from the 5th to the 7th day of the 3rd lunar month every year, the 7th day of
the 3rd lunar month is the main festival. The festival opens with a ceremony to worship Buddha
and play the lute - a religious performance with a combination of national and dignified musical
instruments. The crowd was drawn to the rhythm of chanting the monks' sutras. Thầy Pagoda
festival is actually a joint festival of four villages (Thuỵ Khuê, Đa Phúc, Khánh Tân and Sài
Khê). Although this area has numerous pagodas, the festival is held mainly in Thầy Pagoda,
which comprises three buildings: ante-chamber, Buddha’s Building and Building of the Genius.
The statue bathing ritual takes place before the opening of the festival. Buddhist monks and the
people participate in the ritual. Pieces of red cloth are used to clean the statues.
During the festival days, there are also many games, especially guests can see the unique
art of Vietnamese water puppetry that the stage performs right in front of Thuỷ Đình. There are
many puppet shows such as Thạch Sanh, Tấm Cám or scenes of folk activities such as plowing,
ducking, and wrestling.
Visiting the Thầy Pagoda Festival, in addition to the Buddha ceremony, guests also enjoy
climbing mountains and enjoying the natural scenery of the land of Đoài. In addition, guests can
also visit the countryside famous for its culture associated with legends about famous people, Zen
masters of many eras who have come here and enrich the traditional values of this scenic land. .
The scale and architecture of Thầy Pagoda is unique, with a system of precious statues. Crossing
Nguyệt Tiên Kiều Bridge, is the way to the mountain, on the way up the mountain is Cao Pagoda
with Thánh Hoá cave (it is said that Zen master Từ Đạo Hạnh dumped his body to be
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reincarnated as King Lý Thần Tông); There is Các Cớ cave (the same place is where the
insurgent army of the Lã family). There is a market on the mountain. From Các Cớ cave up to
Thượng temple, continue to go to Bối Am pagoda (Một Mái pagoda), next to the temple there is a
memorial temple of Phan Huy Chú, there is a memorial house of Uncle Hồ.. (Rachel Tran,
2019d)
Figure 4. 6:Traditional Vietnamese water puppetry

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/rrNXA95YGLvsMT1p8 )
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Figure 4. 7:Statue of Monk Từ Đạo Hạnh
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/nmXM8FsJhBdYSFe86 )
5 Speciaties:
5.1 The culinary culture of Hà Nội
With over a thousands year of history, Hà Nội culinary reflect the way others see as humble,
polite, but exquisite style of eating. As the same time, show the living conditions of the Hà Nội
people, which is unlike many have in mind, as understood that Việt Nam history is filled with
war. The way they prepare for every dish usually base on time and special occasion, through this
we can understand that Hà Nội cuisine is not so simple but have a certain complexity, making it
more than just eating to survive, which debunk the prejudice mindset of many.
5.2 Methods and ingredients

Hà Nội is on the center of the delta, so it has gained abundant materials from fishing and
agriculture as, farm animals, freshwater animals, vegetables, fruits and so on. Apart from these,
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Hà Nội Cuisine attracted many delicacies as: deer, sambar deer, snake, tortoise, mushroom,
bamboo shot, porcupine,... and seafood as: crab, lobster, fish, gracilaria,...
Especially many foreign dishes have been imported as Chinese cold slice, Chinese pork belly
stew, vermicelli, steam dumbling, phở (noodle soup), beefsteak, sausage, pate, curry,... and they
were Việt Namized, carrying private and different from their native. Hà Nội people have
developed most of modern day cooking technique, steamed, boiled, fried, BBQ, smoked, stir-
fried, and ferementing (pickled). The dish can also be determined by the way it is layout. On the
tray of food of Hà Nội, there are often two main courses, cooked courses with water and dry
courses as caramelized, fried. On the banquet there are two way, either served on plates or
bowls. Plates for most sir-fried, food that have little or no liquid, and bowls are for soups or
stews, and a smaller bowl for rice.
A part from the main meals, Hà Nội cuisine also have it own iconic desserts, and snacks. In
Vietnamese we called bánh mứt, basically coconut meat braise in sugar, and dried sugary fruits,
and dried pumpkin, watermelon, sunflower seeds. Most snacks are a part of Tết, when most
family use snacks as tributes, a side from that, fruits are also a great desserts.
5.3 Some iconic Hà Nội dishes

The culinary scene of Hà Nội used to be Việt Nam dishes, from flavors to materials carefully
selected and then processed dishes. Although after many years, the culinary culture of Hà Nội
still retains its true flavor. Although nowadays the dishes are processed extremely diverse, they
still bring a truly unique feature for Hà Nội. Hà Nội cuisine is said to be of sensory harmony,
from the ingenious harmony of ingredients. Hà Nội choose food that has a frugal, light, sour
taste, and the dish has a moderate taste but with a colorful color. The typical dishes in Hà Nội are
usually not as spicy, fatty or sweet as in other regions.
5.3.1 Phở Hà Nội:

Coming to Hà Nội, you can't help but enjoy the traditional pho here. Writer Thạch Lam
wrote: "Phở is a special gift of Hà Nội, not only Hà Nội, but it is only in Hà Nội tasty”. Phở Hà
Nội does not know since when it has become a culinary symbol not only in this place, but also
one of the national culinary symbols. It is a delicate traditional Việt Nam dish, has been
associated with Việt Nam people for ages with the main ingredients are white phở cakes, fragrant
broth and sweetness of beef bones, hot phở bowls at the time morning will make visitors have an
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extremely irresistible feeling. Phở is also one of the unique and delicate dishes, it is a
combination of noodle soup, broth and spices to create a rich and attractive flavor. Making a
correct, standard bowl of Phở is not simple at all and not all chefs can process it. When you enjoy
it, you can eat it with quail and add a little chili, pepper, vinegar, lemon, .. will help the pho more
delicious and richer. The image of” Gánh Phở” is also considered a typical image for Hà Nội
Capital.
The history of phở begins at the end of the 19th century, at the peak of French colonialism. It
was a simple dish made with slices of water buffalo meat cooked in broth with rice vermicelli.
Pho bo or Pho with buffalo meat was then followed by “Phở gà” which is round rice noodles with
chicken. (VOV, 2020)
The most important herb in Phở is star anise, but the onions or shallots that are first
grilled unpeeled give the characteristic fragrance of Pho. Fresh ginger gives the broth a subtle
spicy taste. Adding cinnamon and cardamom varies by region and personal taste.
The most important thing is the creation of the perfect stock through a very long cooking
process (8-14 hours) with the right mix of beef. The broth should remain clear and this can only
be achieved with proper care.
Figure 5. 1:Phở Hà Nội

( Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/bBeJhnjAUWV96rSz6)
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5.3.2 Bún chả Hà Nội
In the book "Hà Nội 36 phố phường", with the most delicate feelings, writer Thạch Lam
used the sound of poetry to describe the characteristics of the dish in the 30s of the last century:
“Ngàn năm bửu vật đất Thăng Long
Bún Chả là đây có phải không?”
Bún Chả at first glance is an extremely rustic dish with ingredients you can easily find
anywhere in everyday life. But to make a delicious bowl of Bún Chả is an art hidden behind it.
The vermicelli to eat vermicelli must be the soft, white, fragrant vermicelli from Phú Đô village,
the vegetables used are Láng basil. There are two types of Bún Chả cha in Bún Chả, which are
balls and pieces, both of which must be grilled and marinated to keep their softness and flavor.
Chả pieces are made from the third meat that is only lean enough fat, marinated overnight to
absorb the spices, and then grilled, the ball is made from minced or pureed pork shoulder,
marinated with a little spice, minced onion, roll the fat into a round ball, press it into a flat piece,
then place it on the griddle. The cake must be grilled directly on a charcoal stove, requiring a bit
of ingenuity and skill to get the right scorch, the right color. Noodles to eat are not white
vermicelli with thin fibers. Mixing dipping sauce for bún chả is also likened to the "soul" of this
dish. Must choose a delicious fish sauce, add garlic, lemon or vinegar along with sugar, chili,
pepper... so that the sauce is just right, not too spicy but not too sweet or too dark. Finally, Bún
Chả will somewhat lose its distinctive flavor and richness if it lacks raw vegetables to accompany
it such as lettuce, coriander, perilla, coriander, marjoram .. All these spices make Bún Chả more
flavorful, more and more enchanting. During the one time the president came to Việt Nam,
President Obama tried this Bún Chả dish and gave full praise to this Vietnamese dish. Bún Chả is
also a delicious dish Hà Nội is very famous and voted as a dish,best food summer 2012 on CNN.
In 2014, this dish once again entered the list of 10 best street foods of tourists on National
Geographic magazine. (Hà Nội 1000 Năm Văn Hiến, 2020)
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Figure 5. 2: Bún chả Hà Nội
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/rKH5i53U5s83Ziex9 )
5.3.3 Lã Vọng grilled fish:

The name of the delicious filled fish in Hà Nội, originating from the French resistance period.
Lã Vọng fish ball was born in 1871, invented by the Đòan family. From popular food, fish cakes
gradually become the quintessence of Hà Thành cuisine to today. Lã Vọng grilled fish is actually
a richly spiced fish dish, which is first lightly grilled and then cooked in a pan when serving.
(DILI HOUSE, 2021)
To cook fish is to use halibut, a fish with few bones and sweet meat that lives in large rivers.
Fish are usually quite large, strong and heavy. In addition, people can use Anh Vũ fish to do it.
But rare because fish are expensive. The most popular is still the lentil fish.. of course in case you
will be comfortable with the shrimp paste. (Bùi Nhật Lệ, 2021)
Shrimp paste is the heart of Lã Vọng grilled. You can enjoy Lã Vọng grilled with some other
sauces that make you comfortable such as soy sauce, sweet fish sauce. It's completely fine.
However, you will feel something is missing because of the lack of original flavor. Another
important ingredient of this dish is dill leaves. Dill leaves are a particularly popular herb in
Northern Việt Nam. Dill leaves are often used to cook with fish to remove the fishy smell of fresh
meat, especially fresh fish such as sour fish soup, sour crab soup... This dish has a very rich
flavor due to being seasoned with a variety of herbs. different spices. It must be cooked through 2
steps: baking to spice up and then frying until golden. In 2016, Lã Vọng filled fish was broadcast
on CNN as one of the best Việt Nam dishes in the world.
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Figure 5. 3:Lã Vọng frilled fish
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/8wQncfuMhw5VUz359 )
5.3.4 Nuggets Làng Vòng:
“Cốm Vòng gạo tám Mễ Trì

Tương Bần, Húng Láng còn gì ngon hơn”
Vòng village is a few kilometers from the center of Hà Nôi to the northwest, including villages:
Vòng Tiền, Vòng Hậu, Vòng Sở, Vòng Trung and Vòng Sở villages make delicious nuggets.
Vòng village in the past is now Dịch Vọng ward, Cầu Giấy district.
To get Nuggets Làng Vòng in the right taste, you have to go through many elaborate
stages. which is made from sticky rice with yellow flowers, a famous sticky rice with fragrant
aroma. but not only that, the rice to make delicious nuggets must be the rice crop, starting from
July to October. When the rice is cupped, the milk is still harvested and brought back to make
nuggets. Rice to make nuggets must not be crushed or pounded, but must be threshed. Then put it
in the roasting pot. After roasting, the nuggets must be pounded immediately, not allowed to cool.
Each batch is about 5 kg. In the process of pounding, there must be techniques, do not pound too
hard, the nuggets will be crushed. When pounding, you must always stir the nuggets from the top
to the bottom, up to the bottom for evenness. After 20 minutes, when you see there is rice husk,
shovel it out, remove the rice husk, and pound it again. Crushed about 10 times, then bring the
nuggets to the morning and paste, then put them in lotus leaves.And in the book "Hà Nội 36 phố
phường", Thạch Lam compares: "The green color of Com is like jade".
Nuggets Làng Vòng favorite dish every autumn in Hà Thành. Cớm is often eaten with
bananas, peppers, eggs, or red ripe persimmons. Not only that, com is also used as a special
ingredient for “Chè Cớm"... the dishes are no less poetic because of the fragrant plasticity of the
nuggets, the bold flesh of green beans, and the texture of thinly sliced coconut fibers.
(Ngonplus.com, 2014)
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Figure 5. 4:Nuggets Làng Vòng
(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/bVt3HVsh9z6ApExMA )
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6. Tips
Hà Nội climate is also divided into four distinct seasons, each with its own beauty, so you can
travel here at any time of the year. However, when traveling to Hà Nội, should go in the flower
seasons and especially the autumn of Hà Nội.
Flowering season: Hà Nội is full of flowers all year round such as cherry blossom (January),
ban flower (February), lotus flower (Summer), milk flower (September - October),
chrysanthemum flower (October - December)
Autumn and early winter: Hà Nội at autumn until early winter is the best time in the city. The
weather at this time is less hot, mild sunshine, in the cold, with more scent of milk flowers
spreading throughout the streets. October of autumn is the most beautiful time to visit, every
morning or sunset, the fields and rivers in Hà Nội have mist and hazy afternoon smoke. At the
end of October, there is a northeast monsoon, the weather starts to get cold and the sun here has a
beautiful golden iridescent color.
We should limit to Hà Nội in the summer, from May to July, Summer in Hà Nội is said to be
quite hot, the average temperature is quite high. In addition, we should also limit to Hà Nội in the
winter time of November and December. In these months, Hà Nội weather is often cold and dry,
sometimes there are strong cold spells alternating with rains prolonged drizzle.
Cultural places: Hà Nội has many famous cultural tourist sites such as Một Cột Pagoda, Văn
Miếu, Hòang Thành, the Museum of Ethnology, Hồ Chí Minh Museum, Ngọc Sơn Temple, Trấn
Quốc Pagoda, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake,...
Romantic places: Long Biên bridge, Gươm Lake, West Lake, Red river rocky beach, Bách
Thảo park, Thủ Lệ park,...
Fun places: Big Church, iced tea on sidewalks anywhere, lakeside cafe (Hoàn Kiếm Lake),
Vincom Bà Trị, Vincom Maga Mall Royal city (Nguyễn Trãi), Hồ Tây water park, national
cinema, The Garden Mễ Trì, Keangnam building more than 70 floors,...
Shopping areas: Hàng Bạc Street (one of the oldest streets in Hà Nội capital has a tradition of
making silver since the thirteenth century when silver pieces were brought here from rural
villages by decree of King Lê Thánh Tông, silver goods are still being produced here with secret
technology passed down for generations, a charming street with a long history and culture of how
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making Việt Nam jewelers), Hàng Gai street (also known as silk street, many products are woven
by the hands of talented craftsmen, this is also a great street to buy paper products such as
paintings, notebooks, lights, ...), Đồng Xuân market (is the largest market in Hà Nội and always
on the list of must see attractions when visitors come here children, household appliances,
clothing fabrics,… Đồng Xuân night market meets all week, especially on Saturday, also
organizes folk music activities such as hát chèo, xẩm, ca trù, hát quan họ. Hàng Đào and Đồng
Xuân night market, they can explore a shimmering Hà Nội old town in the light and shop for
souvenirs).
When coming to Bát Tràng pottery village, you can experience pottery making right there and
can bring objects created by yourself.
6.1 Note
The Temple of Literature
Respect monuments, abide by the regulations of the relic management unit. No harm to
artifacts, relic landscape. Do not rub turtle's head, write, draw, stand, sit on doctor's stele,...
The clothes when coming to the Temple of Literature should be clean and neat. Don't wear
very short skirts or pants, revealing clothing, or indoor clothing. Do not smoke, wear hats, hats in
the shrine area, showroom,...
Practice a civilized life in the place of worship: No acts of lack of culture, profanity, or
disorder and security; Having the right attitude during the ceremony, each person only lights one
incense stick; Offering ceremonies, burning incense at the right place.
The filming activities at Temple of Literature Quốc Tử Giám are only carried out with the
consent of the leader of the monument.
Ngọc Sơn Temple
We should choose suitable clothes and outfits. Do not wear short and insensitive clothing. We
should walk gently, avoid laughing, loud, noisy but need to keep order when going to the
worshiping places.
When going inside to burn incense, pray, it is necessary to remove shoes or not wear hats,
umbrellas,... in accordance with the temple's regulations.
Tourists coming through can freely take pictures outside but should not take pictures inside
the worship area.
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Ba Đình Square
Jewelry: When visiting Uncle Hồ's Mausoleum, it is necessary to dress politely and seriously,
do not wear too short or offensive clothes when visiting the Mausoleum.
Attitude and behavior: Demonstrating culture, being polite without being thin, disorderly,
walking lightly, speaking quietly, and lining up in order.
Do not allow children under 3 years old to enter the Mausoleum, must carry out the luggage
storage according to the regulations and arrangement of the tomb management. Do not send food
or drinks, electronics, jewelry or metal objects. Do not take pictures or videos in restricted areas,
especially inside the Mausoleum.
Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
You can visit here at any time of the year. But if you do not want to visit under the blazing
sun or wet rains, autumn in Hanoi will be a wise choice for you.
It is important to note that the Imperial Citadel is open weekdays except Monday. Visiting
time in the morning is 8:30am to 11:30pm from 14:00 to 17:00.
Follow the tour guide map in the relic area.
Do not bring weapons, explosives, combustibles, toxic substances and substances with a fishy
odor into the relic.
Neat and polite attire. There are no uncultured acts such as swearing, and writing on the wall
on the tree stump, causing disorder in the relic area. Vehicles and motorbikes must be left in the
right place (at 19 C Hoàng Diệu).
Consciously protect relics, preserve environmental sanitation, and dispose of garbage in the
right places. Do not arbitrarily climb trees, break branches, pick fruits, and step on the grass.
Collective units that need a tour guide should contact the Interpretive Guide Department for
service. Agencies and individuals wishing to film and edit movies must have a recommendation
letter and the consent of the leader of the Hà Nội Thăng Long Heritage Conservation Center. Do
not use ultralight aircraft (flycam).
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APPENDIX
1. The supernatural crossbow
After An Dương Vương built Cổ Loa citadel, god Kim Quy gave An Dương Vương a
foundation of his to use as a crossbow to keep the citadel. According to the god's instructions, a
crossbow with a lever made of a god's paw will be a crossbow that can shoot hundreds of times
and hit hundreds, and a single shot can kill thousands of enemy troops. An Dương Vương chose
from among the servants, a very skillful crossbow maker named Cao Lỗ and assigned him to
make a magic crossbow. It took many days of hard work to finish. The crossbow is very large
and very hard, unlike normal crossbows, it takes a strong hand to raise it. An Dương Vương
loved the magic crossbow very much, always hanging near his bed.
At that time, Triệu Đà was the lord of Nam Hải land, and several times brought his troops
to rob Âu Lạc land, but because An Dương Vương had a magic crossbow, the Nam Hải army was
killed a lot, so Đà had to entrench and wait for the right opportunity. Triệu Đà saw that it was not
beneficial to use troops, so he asked to make peace with An Dương Vương, sending his son
Trọng Thuỷ to ask for a friend, but the intention was to find a way to break the magic crossbow.
During the days of traveling to forge peace and harmony, Trọng Thuỷ met Mỵ Châu, the
beloved daughter of An Dương Vương, a young lady with eyebrows, phoenix eyes, and great
beauty. Trọng Thuỷ fell in love with Mỵ Châu, and Mỵ Châu gradually fell in love. The two
became close, there was no place in Loa Thành that Mỵ Châu did not bring her lover to see. An
Dương Vương did not suspect anything. Seeing that the young couple loved each other, the king
immediately married Mỵ Châu to Trọng Thuỷ.
One night with full moon and stars, Mỵ Châu and Trọng Thuỷ sat on a white stone in the
middle of the garden, looking at the highest wall of the city together. In the story, Trọng Thuỷ
asked his wife: Lady, what secret is there in Âu Lạc that no one can beat? Mỵ Châu replied: Is
there any secret, Âu Lạc has a high citadel, a deep moat, and a magic crossbow that kills
thousands of enemy soldiers with one shot, so who can still beat it? Trọng Thuỷ pretended to be
surprised, pretending to have heard of the magic crossbow for the first time. He offered to see the
crossbow. Muỵ Châu did not hesitate, immediately ran to her father's bed, took the magic
crossbow and showed it to her husband. She again showed him the sling that was Kim Quy's
toenail and taught Trọng Thuỷ how to shoot. Trọng Thuỷ listened attentively, looked at the
96
swing, looked at the frame of the crossbow for a long time, then handed it to his wife to put it
away.
The next day, Trọng Thuỷ asked An Dương Vương's permission to visit his father. He
told Triệu Đà about the magic crossbow. Đà sent a servant specializing in making crossbows,
making a crossbow that was identical to An Dương Vương. After finishing the fake dress, Trọng
Thuỷ hid it in his shirt and returned to Âu Lạc.
An Dương Vương originally pampered his daughter, seeing that every time he met his
husband, he was happy and happy, he immediately sent his servants to arrange a wine party for
the father and son to be happy. Trọng Thuỷ drank in moderation, while An Dương Vương and
Mỵ Châu were drunk. When his father-in-law was drunk, Trọng Thuỷ sneaked into the room to
remove the pin with Kim Quy's toenail and replace the fake one with a regular turtle's claw.
The next day, seeing that her husband seemed restless, stopping to sit still, Mỵ Châu
asked her husband: Do you have anything to worry about? Trọng Thuỷ replied: We are going to
have to go soon, my father told us to return immediately so that we can go to the North, the North
is very far away. Mỵ Châu was sad and silent, Trọng Thuỷ continued: Now we are going to have
to be apart, we don't know when we will see each other again! If there is an unfortunate incident,
where can I find it? Mỵ Châu said: I have a goose feather shirt, whenever I run in any direction, I
will sprinkle goose feathers along the way, you keep running after the feathers to find. After
saying that, Mỵ Châu sobbed.
Returning to Nam Hải land, Trọng Thuỷ gave his father a golden turtle claw, Triệu Đà
was overjoyed, shouting: "This time Âu Lạc land will return to me". Just a few days later, Triệu
Đà ordered his troops to go to Âu Lạc.
Hearing the news, An Dương Vương trusted with a magic crossbow and had no defense at
all. When the enemy army came close to the heart, An Dương Vương ordered the magic
crossbow to shoot, but it was no longer effective. Triệu Đà’s army broke through the gate and
rushed in. An Dương Vương quickly got on his horse, passed Mỵ Châu behind, rode out the back
door. Sitting behind her father, Mỵ Châu plucked goose feathers from her coat and sprinkled
them along the way.
The mountain road was bumpy and dangerous, and the horses ran for several days and
nights to Dạ Sơn near the coast. The father and son were about to get off the horse and sit down
to rest when the enemy army was almost there. Seeing that the mountain road was winding and
97
sloping, the evening shadow had fallen, and there was no way to run, An Dương Vương
immediately turned to the island and prayed to the god Kim Quy to help him. The king had just
finished his vows when a whirlwind of dust rose up, shaking the whole mountain. God Kim Quy
appeared, told An Dương Vương that "the enemy is behind the king". An Dương Vương woke
up, immediately drew his sword and cut Mỵ Châu, then jumped down to commit suicide.
Triệu Đà's army pulled in and occupied Loa citadel, while Trọng Thuỷ alone followed the
goose feathers to find Mỵ Châu. Approaching the beach, he saw his wife's body lying on the
grass, but her beauty did not fade. Trọng Thuỷ burst into tears, collected the body, brought it back
to bury it in the city, then plunged her head into the well in the city where Mỵ Châu used to
bathe.
Today, in the ancient village of Loa, in front of An Dương Vương temple, the well is
called Trọng Thuỷ well. Legend has it that when Mỵ Châu was killed by her father, her blood
flowed into the sea, the mussels were edible, so she had pearls. If you get that pearl and wash it
with well water in Cổ Loa citadel, the pearl is very pure. (Sưu tầm, n.d.)
2. God Gióng – Thánh Gióng

During the reign of Hùng Vương on Friday, China in the north just wanted to take over
our South country. King Hùng appeared to teach people to go around the country to invite gods to
help fight the enemy.
At that time, in the village of Phù Đổng, present-day Bắc Ninh province, there was
a woman who was 60 years old. One day, when she went to the field, she saw a very large
footprint, and when she got home, she became pregnant. She gave birth to a son and named him
Gióng. Gióng was three years old and could not speak.
One day, King Hùng sent people to find talented people to fight the enemy. Gióng
naturally told his mother to invite the messenger to come. Gióng told the messenger to cast an
iron horse and an iron sword and bring it to him to kill the enemy. At that time, Gióng stretched
out his shoulders to become an adult, ate a lot of rice, meat was not full, and no matter how large
his clothes were, he felt tight.
The messenger returned and reported the matter to the king. When he brought the horse
and the iron sword, Gióng put on his hat, took the sword and hurled it on the iron horse, charged
into battle like a storm, wherever he went, he slashed the enemy like weeds. When the sword was
98
broken, Gióng uprooted bamboo bushes by the road and threw them at the enemy. After defeating
the enemy, Gióng flew straight to Sóc Mountain, took off his clothes and flew straight to the sky.
Today, lakes and ponds are also seen as traces of iron horses' feet. The burned forest is
also known as Cháy forest. People set up a temple to worship Gióng and called it Saint Gióng
who incarnated to save the Vietnamese people. (Truyện cổ tích Tổng hợp, 2015)
3. The Legend of Hoàn Kiếm Lakes
During the time when the Minh aggressors set the yoke of domination in the South, they
treated our people like garbage, did many tyrannical things, and people hated them to the bone.
At that time in Lam Sơn area, the insurgents rebelled against them, but in the beginning, the
forces were still weak, so many times the insurgent army was defeated. Seeing this, Lord Long
Quân decided to lend the insurgents a magic sword to kill the enemy.
A year after expelling the Ming invaders, one day Lê Lợi - now a king - rode a dragon
boat around Tả Vọng lake in front of the citadel. On that occasion, Long Quân sent a golden
turtle to claim the magic sword. When the dragon boat came to the middle of the lake, suddenly a
large turtle popped its head and shell out of the water. At the king's command, the boat slowed
down. Standing at the side of the boat, the king saw that the magic sword he was wearing moved
spontaneously. The golden tortoise, not afraid of people, raised its head high and headed towards
the king's boat. It floated on the water and said: "Please return the sword to Long Quân!".
The king drew his sword and threw it at the golden turtle. Quick as a cut, the turtle opened
its mouth to grab the sword and dive into the water. Sword and turtle have sunk to the bottom of
the water, people can still see something glimmering under the blue lake. (Sưu Tầm, 2015)
99
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Nhóm 1 Hà N I Capital

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY

MODULE: TOURIST DESTINATION 1

LECTURER: MÃ XUÂN VINH

MODULE: TOURIST DESTINATION 1

1. Nguyễn Văn Hải Hoàng – 19DH130280

2. Dương Minh Huệ - 19DH130044

3. Phạm Nhật Huy – 19DH130449

4. Nguyễn Quang Mai Huyền – 19DH130489

5. Trần Quốc Hưng - 19DH13 0022

Figure 3. 1: Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám...........................................................................................16

Figure 5. 1:Phở Hà Nội...................................................................................................................74

YTable 1. 1: Vehicle registration plate number of provinces in Red River Delta

Table 2. 1: Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties........................................................................15

Province Vehicle registration plate number

Figure 1. 3Provinces bordering Hanoi

Figure 1. 4 Đuống River

Figure 1. 6 Đáy River

Figure 1. 7: Nội Bài International Airport

Figure 1. 9:Hà Nội Station

1.5 Religion and beliefs

Protestant: there are 33 denominations and more than 10,000 adherents.

Cao Đài religion : nearly 400 adherents.

Islam: has about 800 followers.

Minh Sư religion: 50 adherents.

2.2 Name of Hà Nội through the dynasties

Name Name Time

Đông Kinh Lê Lợi 1427 – 1787

Figure 3. 2:Map of visiting monument Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám

Figure 3. 3:Hoàn Kiếm Lake

Figure 3. 5: Đắc Nguyệt Lâu

Figure 3. 6: Map of Đền Ngọc Sơn

3.2.2. Tháp Bút

sympathizes". It is the architectural cluster of Tháp Bút.

Figure 3. 7: Tháp Bút

Figure 3. 9: Đài Nghiên

3.2.5. Đắc Nguyệt Floor

3.3. Ba Đình Square

Figure 3. 13:Ba Đình Spare

3.3.1. Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum

Figure 3. 14: Hồ Chí Minh

3.3.2. President Palace (Phủ

Figure 3. 15: President Palace

3.3.3. One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột)

Figure 3. 17: One Pillar pagoda

3.4. Bát Tràng pottery village

Figure 3. 18:Bát Tràng pottery village

Figure 3. 19: Bát Tràng pottery village

Figure 3. 22: Long Biên Bridge

Figure 3. 23 Map of Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long

1 Ngũ Phượng Tinh Lâu 7 Điện Quãng Võ 13 Cửa Diệu Đức

2 Điện Phụng Tiên 8 Gác Chuông 14 Điện Nguyệt Minh

3 Điện Thiên An 9 Điện Thiên Khánh 15 Cung Long Thuỵ

4 Điện Tuyên Đức 10 Điện Trường Xuân 16 Điện Nhật Quang

5 Điện Thiên Phúc 11 Khu cung điện mới xây

6 Điện Văn Minh 12 Cung Nghinh Xuân

Figure 3. 24: Hà Nội Flag Tower

Figure 3. 25: The 18

3.8.3. Kính Thiên Palace (Điện Kính Thiên)

Figure 3. 27:Kính Thiên Palace

Figure 3. 28:Princess’s Pagoda

Figure 3. 29: Princess’s Pagoda

3.8.6. South Gate (Đoan Môn)