Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 35





'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/+$&,$
81$'(02&5$&,$5(35(6(17$7,9$',*,7$/
(1(/6,67(0$,17(5$0(5,&$12

%HDWUL]05$0$&&,277, 3HUú *

6XPDULR ,QWURGXFFLyQ , 'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO \ 'HPRFUDFLD  /D
LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHOSDUDGLJPDGHPRFUiWLFR/DGHPRFUDFLDHQHO6LVWHPD
,QWHUDPHULFDQR ORJURV \ GHVDItRV ,, /DV 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ OD
&RPXQLFDFLyQ 7,& HQHOPXQGRDFWXDO /DV7,&\VXLPSDFWRHQHOHVFHQDULR
SROtWLFR±GHPRFUiWLFR/RVULHVJRVGHODV7,&HQHOPHGLRDPELHQWHYLUWXDO,,,
/DLQQRYDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFDHQHOiPELWRLQWHUDPHULFDQR/DH±GHPRFUDFLD¢8Q
QXHYR SDUDGLJPD GHPRFUiWLFR"  (O JRELHUQR HOHFWUyQLFR H±JRELHUQR  \ HO
JRELHUQR DELHUWR  (O DFFHVR GLJLWDO D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD H±DFFHVR D OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ   /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD \ ORV PHGLRV YLUWXDOHV H±
SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD ,9¢+DFLDXQD'HPRFUDFLD5HSUHVHQWDWLYD'LJLWDOHQHO
6LVWHPD,QWHUDPHULFDQR"$OJXQDVUHIOH[LRQHVILQDOHV

5HVXPHQ$SDUWLUGHXQDLQWURGXFFLyQVREUHHO³SDUDGLJPDGHPRFUiWLFR´HQ
HO iPELWR GHO 'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO FRQWHPSRUiQHR SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ HO
6LVWHPD ,QWHUDPHULFDQR VH H[DPLQDQ ODV GHQRPLQDGDV ³7HFQRORJtDV GH OD
,QIRUPDFLyQ \ ODV &RPXQLFDFLRQHV´ 7,&  VX LPSDFWR HQ HO PXQGR SROtWLFR \
DOJXQRV GHVXVDVSHFWRVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRVSURPHVDV\OLPLWDFLRQHV /XHJR
VH DQDOL]D OD LQQRYDFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFDHQHOiPELWRLQWHUDPHULFDQRUHSUHVHQWDGD
SRUHOe–JRELHUQR\HOJRELHUQRDELHUWRHOe–DFFHVR DODLQIRUPDFLyQS~EOLFD\
OD e–SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD WRGRV HOHPHQWRV HVHQFLDOHV GH OD e–GHPRFUDFLD
)LQDOPHQWH OD FUHFLHQWH HYROXFLyQ GHO FRQFHSWR GHPRFUiWLFR WUDGLFLRQDO KDFLD
XQR PiV SDUWLFLSDWLYR \ GHOLEHUDWLYR VXJLHUH HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ QXHYR


0LHPEURGHO,+/$', $ERJDGD3RQWLILFLD8QLYHUVLGDG&DWyOLFDGHO3HU~ 0DVWHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

$IIDLUV 7XIWV )OHWFKHU 6FKRRO RI /DZ  'LSORPDF\ 'RFWRUD HQ 'HUHFKR 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH
&yUGRED +D GHVHPSHxDGR GLVWLQWRV FDUJRV HQ HO iPELWR S~EOLFR \ SULYDGR HQWUH RWURV 3URIHVRUD GH
'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO\3ROLWLFD([WHULRUHQGLYHUVDVHQWLGDGHVDFDGpPLFDVGHODV$PpULFDV3URIHVRUD
$VRFLDGDH,QYHVWLJDGRUD*HRUJHWRZQ8QLYHUVLW\:DVKLQJWRQ'&(PEDMDGRUDGHO3HU~DQWH2($
0LHPEUR &RUWH 3HUPDQHQWH GH $UELWUDMH ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH /D +D\D &RIXQGDGRUD H[ 'LUHFWRUD \
0LHPEUR+RQRUDULDGHO,QVWLWXWRGH(VWXGLRV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHV ,'(,±38&3 /LPD3HU~
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

SDUDGLJPDODDemocracia Representativa Digital.



3DODEUDV FODYH 'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO \ GHPRFUDFLD LPSDFWR GLJLWDO \
SROtWLFD H±JRELHUQR \ JRELHUQR DELHUWR H± DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ H±
SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD'HPRFUDFLD5HSUHVHQWDWLYD'LJLWDO

Abstract: Following an introduction about the “democratic paradigm” in
contemporary International Law, particularly in the Inter–American System,
this paper examines “Information and Communication Technologies” (ICT),
their impact in the political environment and some positive and negative aspects,
promises and limitations. In addition, it analyzes the democratic innovation in the
Inter–American region represented by the e–government and the open
government; e–access to public information; and e–citizen’s participation; all
essential parts of e–democracy. Finally, the evolution of the traditional democratic
concept towards a more participative and deliberative one, suggests the
development of a new paradigm: the Digital Representative Democracy.

Keywords: International Law and democracy; digital impact and politics; e–


government and open government; e–access of public information; e–citizens
participation; Digital Representative Democracy.

,QWURGXFFLyQ

(VWHHQVD\RWLHQHFRPRSULQFLSDOSURSyVLWRSUHVHQWDUDOJXQDVUHIOH[LRQHVVREUHHO
LPSDFWR TXH HVWi WHQLHQGR HO PXQGR GLJLWDO HQ HO VLVWHPD SROtWLFR YDOH GHFLU
FyPRODLQQRYDFLyQ WHFQROyJLFDHVWiSHUPHDQGRORVUHJtPHQHVGHPRFUiWLFRV1R
HVFDVXDOTXHVHXWLOLFHFDGDGtDPiV HQ QXHVWUR OHQJXDMH FRWLGLDQR WpUPLQRV
FRPR ³e–democracia´ ³democracia digital´ R ³democracia cibernética´3DUD
FRPSUHQGHU HVWD QXHYD UHDOLGDG FRQ ORV LQFRQYHQLHQWHV SURSLRV SDUD
GLPHQVLRQDUXQIHQyPHQRUHODWLYDPHQWHQXHYR\FRQVFLHQWHVTXHD~QVRQPiVODV
SUHJXQWDV TXHODVUHVSXHVWDVVHDQDOL]DUiVLORVDYDQFHVTXHVHDGYLHUWHQSHUPLWHQ
DILUPDUTXH,QWHUQHWODV UHGHVVRFLDOHV\RWURVQRYHGRVRVPHGLRVYLUWXDOHVHVWiQ
WUDVFHQGLHQGR VX PHUR XVR LQVWUXPHQWDO SDUDUHYLWDOL]DU HO FRQFHSWR PLVPR GH
GHPRFUDFLDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDFRQPHFDQLVPRVSURSLRVGHXQD GHPRFUDFLDGLUHFWD\
SDUWLFLSDWLYD (VWD VLWXDFLyQ VLQ GXGD WLHQH P~OWLSOHV UHSHUFXVLRQHV D QLYHO
LQWHUQR\WDPELpQHQHORUGHQDPLHQWRMXUtGLFRLQWHUQDFLRQDOTXHGHEHUiUHFRJHU

/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHDOL]DGDVHLQVSLUDHQLGHDVSUHOLPLQDUHVFRQWHQLGDVHQ%05DPDFFLRWWL ³/D

'HPRFUDFLD HQ OD (UD 'LJLWDO 8QD PLUDGD GHVGH HO iPELWR ODWLQRDPHULFDQR´ HQ Liber Amicorum:
Estudios de Derecho Internacional,HQKRPHQDMHDOD'RFWRUD=ODWD'UQDVGH&OHPHQW, 'LUHFWRUHV(UQHVWR
-5H\&DUR 0&5RGUtJXH]GH7DERUGD&yUGRED(G$GYRFDWXVSS±
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

ORV DYDQFHV \ FDPELRVTXHVHYLHQHQSODVPDQGRHQHOHVFHQDULRGHPRFUiWLFRHQ


QXHVWURVSDtVHV
3DUD GHVDUUROODU HVWDV LGHDV VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD SULPHUD SDUWH HO WHPD GH OD
GHPRFUDFLD FRPR SDUDGLJPD SROtWLFR GH QXHVWURV WLHPSRV TXH DOFDQ]D XQD
YRFDFLyQ FDVL XQLYHUVDO GHVWDFDQGR VX FUHFLHQWH LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ H
LQFRUSRUDFLyQFRPRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO (QHVDPHGLGD
HV UHOHYDQWHVX FRQVLGHUDFLyQ DQLYHO GHODV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV 218 OD8QLyQ
(XURSHD 8(  \ OD 2UJDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV $PHULFDQRV 2($ 
6HJXLGDPHQWH VH UHVHxD HQ XQ EUHYH FRPSHQGLR ODV QRUPDV GHO 6LVWHPD
,QWHUDPHULFDQR TXH HVWDEOHFHQ TXH OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD HV HO ~QLFR
UpJLPHQSROtWLFROHJtWLPRDSOLFDEOHDORV(VWDGRVPLHPEURVGHOD2($ (VWR VH
FRQGLFH FRQ OD UHDOLGDG GH SDtVHV GHPRFUiWLFRV HQ HO FRQWLQHQWH ±HQ GLYHUVRV
JUDGRV \ PRGDOLGDGHV±QRREVWDQWHODH[LVWHQFLDGHDOJXQRVJRELHUQRVDXWRULWDULRV
TXHJHQHUDQXQDFUHFLHQWH IDOWDGHFRQILDQ]DHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHPRFUiWLFDV\
GLYHUVDV UHDFFLRQHV GHO HOHFWRUDGR TXH YDQ GHVGH OD DSDWtD D ODV SURWHVWDV
YLUXOHQWDV3HVHDWRGRVHVLJXHUHFRQRFLHQGRPD\RULWDULDPHQWHDOD GHPRFUDFLD
FRPR HO VLVWHPD SROtWLFR TXH RIUHFH PiV SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD XQD FRQYLYHQFLD
SDFtILFD \HOHMHUFLFLRGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV
)UHQWHDODQHFHVLGDGGHIRUWDOHFHUODGHPRFUDFLDORVSURWDJRQLVWDVGHOHVSDFLR
S~EOLFR SURJUHVLYDPHQWH YXHOYHQ VXV PLUDGDV KDFLD XQD LQQRYDFLyQ GH OD
JREHUQDELOLGDG XWLOL]DQGR HQWUH RWURV ORV YHUViWLOHVLQVWUXPHQWRVFLEHUQpWLFRV
3UHFLVDPHQWHHQODVHJXQGDSDUWHVHH[DPLQDQODV 7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ
\ OD &RPXQLFDFLyQ 7,&  FX\D H[SDQVLyQ HVWi JHQHUDQGR P~OWLSOHV
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV D WRGR QLYHO (Q OR TXH VH UHILHUH D OD HVIHUD SROtWLFD ORV
PHGLRV YLUWXDOHV PXOWLSOLFDQ\DPSOLILFDQODVYRFHV\ORVLQWHUHVHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQ
XQD VRFLHGDG WDQWR GH ORV OtGHUHV FRPR GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV SDUD DGRSWDU
GHFLVLRQHVHQIRUPDPiV H[SHGLWDSDUWLFLSDWLYD \FRQ PHQRUHV FRVWRV DFHOHUDU
HO DFFHVR \ HO LQWHUFDPELR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DPSOLDU HO GHEDWH \ OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ \IDFLOLWDU OD WUDQVSDUHQFLD HQWUH RWURV DVSHFWRV 7RGR HOOR LQFLGH
QR VyOR HQ XQD QXHYD IRUPD GH KDFHU ODV FRVDV FRQ ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH SXQWD
VLQRTXHWDPELpQSHUPLWHFUHDUXQ GLVFXUVRFROHFWLYRPiVGLQiPLFRFRQPD\RU
SUHVHQFLDGHOSXHEORIDFLOLWDQGRHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGH VXV GHPDQGDV VRFLDOHV \
OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV HO HVFHQDULR TXH VH YD FRQILJXUDQGR
HQHVWHFDPLQRKDFLDXQD³VRFLHGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR´OOHYDDUHIOH[LRQDUDFHUFD
GH OD SRGHURVD UHDOLGDG GLJLWDO \ VXV HIHFWRV HQ OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD
\ OD JREHUQDELOLGDGGHPRFUiWLFD TXH SUREDEOHPHQWH FRQVHUYDQGR VXV YDORUHV
\ SULQFLSLRV EiVLFRV WHQGUiQ TXH DGDSWDUVH JUDGXDOPHQWH D ORV UHIHUHQWHV
YLUWXDOHV $VLPLVPRGHEHFRQVLGHUDUVHTXHQRWRGRHQ HVWH HQWRUQRHVSRVLWLYR
([LVWHQ ³OXFHV´ SHUR WDPELpQ ³VRPEUDV´ TXH VH SUR\HFWDQ HQ HO
PHGLRDPELHQWH FLEHUQpWLFR FRPR OD EUHFKD GLJLWDO OD VHOHFWLYLGDG GH OD
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VH GLIXQGHODLQYDVLyQGHODSULYDFLGDGODXVXUSDFLyQGHOD


SURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDOHQWUHRWURVVHULRV SUREOHPDV\GHOLWRVFLEHUQpWLFRV
&RPR HO XQLYHUVR GH HVWRV WHPDV HV DPSOtVLPR HQ OD WHUFHUD SDUWH VH
H[DPLQDUiQ ORV SULQFLSDOHV UDVJRV GH OD UHYROXFLyQ LQIRUPiWLFD
FRQWH[WXDOL]DGRV HQ OD LQQRYDFLyQ TXH VH HVWi SURPRYLHQGR HQ HO 6LVWHPD
,QWHUDPHULFDQR D WUDYpV GH HOHPHQWRV GH XQD ³GHPRFUDFLD GLJLWDO´ e–
GHPRFUDFLD  HQ iUHDV TXH UHYLVWHQ PD\RU LQWHUpV FRPR VRQ HO JRELHUQR
HOHFWUyQLFRR e–JRELHUQR \HO JRELHUQRDELHUWR; el e–DFFHVR DODLQIRUPDFLyQ
S~EOLFD \ OD e–SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD (Q OD SDUWH ILQDO VH HVER]DUi XQD
UHIOH[LyQ VREUH OD YDOLGH] GH OD DILUPDFLyQ TXH HO LPSDFWR GH ODV 7,& HVWi
IDFLOLWDQGRHOWUiQVLWRGHGHPRFUDFLDVHOHFWRUDOHV DGHPRFUDFLDVPiVSOHQDV, FRQ
JRELHUQRV PiV HILFLHQWHV DELHUWRV \ FRQHFWDGRV \ FLXGDGDQRVTXH HMHUFHQ VXV
GHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVFRQ PD\RUHVHVSDFLRVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ$VLPLVPRVHSURSRQH
TXHORVFDPELRVSRVLWLYRVTXHHVWiQ RSHUDQGRíJUDFLDVDODUHDOLGDGYLUWXDOíVHDQ
UHFRJLGRVHQLQVWUXPHQWRVMXUtGLFRVLQWHUDPHULFDQRV \ OH\HV PRGHOR (Q VXPD
TXHGDSODQWHDGDOD SUHJXQWDVL VHUiSRVLEOHTXH HO VLHPSUHUHQRYDGR UHSHUWRULR
GH ODV 7,& FRDG\XYH D ³GHPRFUDWL]DU OD GHPRFUDFLD´ \ D SUR\HFWDU XQ QXHYR
SDUDGLJPD HO GH XQD ³democracia representativa digital”, TXH IDFLOLWH XQD
JREHUQDELOLGDG PiV SOHQD \ HO FDPLQRKDFLDODVRFLHGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR

,'HUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDO\GHPRFUDFLD

1. La internacionalización del paradigma democrático.

/D VRFLHGDG LQWHUQDFLRQDO HQ HVWD VHJXQGD GpFDGD GHO VLJOR YHLQWLXQR
SUHVHQWD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FHQWUDGDV HQ OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ OD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD
FRPSOHMD\XQDUHYROXFLyQGLJLWDOVLQSUHFHGHQWHV (QHVWHFRQWH[WRXQVLJQR
YLVLEOHGHORVQXHYRVWLHPSRVHVTXHHOSRGHUVHSHUFLEH \HMHUFHDWUDYpVGHQXHYDV
PRGDOLGDGHV)UHQWHDOGHQRPLQDGR³hardpower´±UHSUHVHQWDGRSRUHO SRGHUtR
PLOLWDU GH ODV VXSHUSRWHQFLDV \ HO SRGHU HFRQyPLFR \ ILQDQFLHUR HQ HO PXQGR
JOREDO²VH PDQLILHVWDRWUDPRGDOLGDGHO³softpower´HVHQFLDO\VLJQLILFDWLYRHQ
HVWDHUDGLJLWDOTXHVHSODVPD D WUDYpV GH OD LQIOXHQFLD OD SHUVXDVLyQ \ OD

(QHVWHHQVD\RVHHVWXGLDQGHWHUPLQDGRVHOHPHQWRVGHOD³e±GHPRFUDFLD´VLQHPEDUJRH[LVWHQRWUDV

iUHDVTXHWDPELpQVRQUHOHYDQWHVHOe–YRWR SURFHVRVHOHFWRUDOHV\XUQDHOHFWUyQLFD HOe–SURVHOLWLVPR


SDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVFDPSDxDVFDQGLGDWXUDVILQDQFLDPLHQWRGHODSROtWLFD HQWUHRWURV
 0 ) 3ODWWQHU  $ 6PRODU (GLWRUV  Globalization, Power and Democracy, %DOWLPRUH -RKQV

+RSNLQV 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV  = 'UQDV GH &OpPHQW Globalización Integración, Regionalismo,
&yUGRED0DUFRV/HUQHU(GLWRUD&)LHUOEHFNGlobalizing Democracy: Power, Legitimacy, and
Interpretation of Democratic Ideas1HZ<RUN0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0&DVWHOOVLa Era de la Información: Economía, Sociedad y Cultura0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO

-1DLVELWWThe Global Paradox1HZ<RUN$YRQ%RRNV


'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

FDSDFLGDG GH GLIXQGLU HO DSHJR D FLHUWRV YDORUHV SURGXFWRV\IRUPDVGHYLGD


LQFOX\HQGRORVFRQFHSWRVGHPRFUiWLFRV\ODVOLEHUWDGHVIXQGDPHQWDOHV (Q HVWH
FRQWH[WR HO 'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO VXVWHQWDGR HQ WUDWDGRV \ DFXHUGRV HQ OD
FRVWXPEUH LQWHUQDFLRQDOORVSULQFLSLRV\ODGRFWULQDFRQQRUPDVVREUHODVPiV
GLYHUVDVPDWHULDVSDUDUHJXODU OD FRQGXFWD GH ORV (VWDGRV ODV 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV
,QWHUQDFLRQDOHV HQWLGDGHV VXSUDQDFLRQDOHV \ HO LQGLYLGXRUHSUHVHQWDXQ poder
blando QHFHVDULR SDUD OD VROXFLyQ SDFtILFD GH ODV FRQWURYHUVLDV OD HVWDELOLGDG
PXQGLDO\XQDPD\RUJREHUQDQ]DGHPRFUiWLFD
7HQLHQGR FRPR WUDVIRQGR HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD HQ HO WHPD PiV HVSHFtILFR GH ORV
GHVDUUROORV GHPRFUiWLFRVFDEHUHFRUGDUTXHOD³WHUFHUDRODGHGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQ´
LQLFLDGD D PHGLDGRV GH OD GpFDGD GH ORV VHWHQWD FRQ GHWHUPLQDGRV KHFKRV
KLVWyULFRV VH DFHOHUD FRQ OD FDtGD GHO PXUR GH %HUOtQHQ\HOILQGHOD
*XHUUD )UtD (VWD ³ROD´ DOFDQ]y D PXFKRV SDtVHV TXH VH FRQYLUWLHURQ HQ
GHPRFUDFLDVGHGLVWLQWRVJUDGRV\FDOLGDGHV (OUHFKD]RDORVJRELHUQRVDXWRULWDULRV
DFUHFHQWy HO DSR\RDSURFHVRVHOHFWRUDOHVPXOWLSDUWLGDULRV\ODYROXQWDGGHYLYLU
HQGHPRFUDFLDFRQYDORUHV FHQWUDGRVHQODOLEHUWDGODLJXDOGDG\ODVROLGDULGDG
&RPR DILUPDQ GHVWDFDGRV SHQVDGRUHV ± GHVGH .DQW   HQ HO SDVDGR \
5XVVHWW   HQ HO SUHVHQWHí HVWi FRPSUREDGR HPStULFDPHQWH TXH ODV
GHPRFUDFLDV YDQ JDQDQGR WHUUHQR SRU ORV EHQHILFLRV TXH WUDHQ WDQWR D QLYHO
LQWHUQR EULQGDQGR XQD PHMRU SURWHFFLyQ HQ PDWHULD GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV
WUDQVSDUHQFLD\ SOXUDOLVPRVRFLDO\SROtWLFRFRPRHQHOSODQRLQWHUQDFLRQDOFRQ


-61\HThe Paradox of American Power, 2[IRUG±1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DS

³7KH,QIRUPDWLRQ5HYROXWLRQ´
 % 0 5DPDFFLRWWL ³/D ,QWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ GHO 3DUDGLJPD 'HPRFUiWLFR HQ HO 6LVWHPD

,QWHUDPHULFDQR´ Revista Globalización, Competitividad y Gobernabilidad, *HRUJHWRZQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 


8QLYHUVLD:DVKLQJWRQ'&
6+XQWLQJWRQLa Tercera Ola. La Democratización a finales del siglo XX.%DUFHORQD(GLWRULDO

3DLGyV,EpULFD(QHVWDREUDVHHVWLPDTXHODWHUFHUDRODGHODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQFRPLHQ]DFRQOD
UHYROXFLyQGHORVFODYHOHV HQ3RUWXJDOTXHWHUPLQDFRQ FDVL FLQFRGpFDGDVGHGLFWDGXUD FRQWLQ~D HQ
*UHFLD\GHVSXpVHQ(VSDxD/XHJRODH[SDQVLyQGHPRFUiWLFDOOHJD/DWLQRDPpULFDHQWUHRWURVOXJDUHVGHO
SODQHWD

3&6FKPLWWHU 7/\QQ.DUO³:KDW'HPRFUDF\LVDQGLVQRW´Journal of Democracy, VXPPHU
 $ 6HQ ³'HPRFUDF\ DV XQLYHUVDO YDOXH”, Journal of Democracy IDOO  7KH (FRQRPLVW
,QWHOOLJHQFH 8QLW Democracy Index 2015, ZZZLHXFRP ±(VWH ,QGLFDGRU LQFOX\H D  (VWDGRV
GHPRFUiWLFRVHQWUHSDtVHV\VHEDVDHQFLQFRLQGLFDGRUHVSURFHVRHOHFWRUDO\SOXUDOLVPROLEHUWDGHV
FLYLOHVJREHUQDELOLGDGSDUWLFLSDFLyQSROLWLFDFXOWXUDSROLWLFD
,.DQWSobre la Paz PerpetuaPD(G0DGULG(G7HFQRV.DQWSXEOLFyHVWHOLEURHQ

SODQWHDQGRTXHODSD]HQWUHORV(VWDGRVVyORSRGUtDVHUXQDUHDOLGDGVLVHFRPSDUWtDQWUHVSUHVXSXHVWRV
GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD DGKHVLyQ DO GHUHFKR LQWHUQDFLRQDO \ RUJDQL]DFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV \
DYDQ]DGDLQWHJUDFLyQFRPHUFLDO
%5XVVHWW\-52¶1HDOTriangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International

Organizations 1HZ <RUN :1 1RUWRQ  &R  $ 7RXUDLQH What is Democracy?, %RXOGHU
:HVWYLHZ3UHVV5'DKOOn Democracy1HZ+DYHQ<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

XQDPHQRUSURSHQVLyQDODJXHUUD \DOFRQIOLFWRDGLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVUHJtPHQHV
$QLYHOPXOWLODWHUDOODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHXQUpJLPHQSROtWLFRFRPLHQ]DQDVHU
REMHWR GH LQWHUpV GHVGH PHGLDGRV GHO VLJOR YHLQWH SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ OD
2UJDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV $PHULFDQRV HQ OD 8QLyQ (XURSHD \ HQ ODV
1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV UHJLVWUiQGRVH DYDQFHV MXUtGLFRV SDUD IRUWDOHFHU OD
JREHUQDELOLGDG GHPRFUiWLFD TXH VH FRQVLGHUD HVWUHFKDPHQWH YLQFXODGD D ORV
GHUHFKRVKXPDQRV \ODSD] /RQRYHGRVRGHHVWHSURFHVRHVODH[WHQVLyQGHOD
SURWHFFLyQGHOD GHPRFUDFLD GHVGH HO HVSDFLR MXUtGLFR LQWHUQR DO VXSUDQDFLRQDO
OOHYDQGR D FXHVWLRQDU XQ EXHQ Q~PHUR GH SRVWXODGRV GHO corpus juris GHO
'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO RWURUD LQDPRYLEOHV (Q OD DFWXDOLGDGORVDVXQWRVTXH
SXHGHVVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVGHH[FOXVLYDFRPSHWHQFLDGHODMXULVGLFFLyQ LQWHUQDVRQ
FDGD YH] PHQRV SRUTXH EXHQD SDUWH GH ORV WHPDV GH ODV DJHQGDV QDFLRQDOHV
VRQ FRQVLGHUDGRV HQ OD HVIHUD PXOWLODWHUDO VLHQGR REMHWR GH XQD X RWUD IRUPD
GH UHJXODFLyQ LQWHUQDFLRQDO (Q HO FDVR GHO paradigma democrático15, HVWH KD
UHSHUFXWLGR SRU HMHPSOR HQ OD QRFLyQGHOHJLWLPLGDGSDUDHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRV
GHJRELHUQRVYDOHGHFLUXQJRELHUQR³QR± GHPRFUiWLFR´ QR VHUi UHFRQRFLGR
GHELGR D OD H[LVWHQFLD GH ODV ³FOiXVXODV GHPRFUiWLFDV´ TXH LPSOLFDQ XQD
QXHYD opinio iuris VREUH HO UHVSHWR DO HVWDGR GH GHUHFKR \ OD JREHUQDELOLGDG


3*OHGLWVK³'HPRFUDF\DQG3HDFH´, Journal of Peace Research9RO1RYSS±


%05DPDFFLRWWLDemocracia y Derecho Internacional en las Américas&yUGRED(G/HUQHU

SS±
 /D 218 GHVGH VX RULJHQ DFHSWy (VWDGRV PLHPEURV FRQ GLYHUVRV UHJtPHQHV GH JRELHUQR H

LGHRORJtDVGDGRTXHIXHFRQILJXUDGDFRPRXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQPXOWLODWHUDOSOXUDOFRQHOREMHWLYRHVHQFLDO
GHSUHVHUYDUODSD]\ODVHJXULGDGLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV1RVHPHQFLRQDODSDODEUD³GHPRFUDFLD´HQVX&DUWD
FRQVWLWXWLYD 1R REVWDQWH D WUDYpV GH OD Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos   VH
LQFRUSRUDQORVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVTXHGHEHQVHUUHVSHWDGRVHQHOPDUFRGHXQDsociedad democrática. (Q
HQORV3DFWRV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVVREUH'V&LYLOHV\3ROtWLFRV\'V(FRQyPLFRV6RFLDOHV\&XOWXUDOHV
VHLQFOX\yHOGHUHFKRDYRWDU\VHUHOHJLGRHQHOHFFLRQHVSHULyGLFDV\DXWpQWLFDV3RUVXSDUWHHOSULQFLSLR
GH³DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHORVSXHEORV´ $UWGHO3DFWRGH'HUHFKRV&LYLOHV\3ROtWLFRV HVLQWHUSUHWDGR
DFWXDOPHQWHSRUHO&RPLWpGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV218FRPRXQ³derecho colectivo a la democracia”
(QOD³Declaración del Milenio´  , OD218VHUHILHUHDODGHIHQVDGHODOLEHUWDGODGHPRFUDFLD\HO
HVWDGRGHGHUHFKR(QODCumbre Mundial  VHKDFHXQUHFXHQWRGHORVDYDQFHVGHPRFUiWLFRVHQHO
~OWLPR TXLQTXHQLR ([LVWH HO Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, SDUD SURPRYHU OD
FRQVROLGDFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD \ FDGD  GH VHWLHPEUH OD 218 FRQPHPRUD HO Día Internacional de la
Democracia
2SFLW%05DPDFFLRWWL³/D'HPRFUDFLDHQODHUDGLJLWDO´SS
(Oparadigma democrático HVWiUHIHULGRDOPRGHORGHGHPRFUDFLDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDGHQWURGHODWHRUtD

SROtWLFDOLEHUDOTXHWLHQHPDUFROHJDOHQXQDFRQVWLWXFLyQTXHHVWDEOHFHYDORUHVHVHQFLDOHVsine qua non


FRPR GHUHFKR D YRWDU SDUD HOHJLU \R VHU HOHJLGR UHSUHVHQWDQGR OD YROXQWDG SRSXODU HQ HOHFFLRQHV
SHULyGLFDVOLEUHVMXVWDVPXOWLSDUWLGDULDVDOWHUQDQFLDHQHOSRGHUSRGHUHVVHSDUDGRVHLQGHSHQGLHQWHVTXH
SHUPLWDQPXWXRFRQWURO\XQEDODQFHGHSRGHU3RGHUMXGLFLDODXWyQRPRTXHJDUDQWLFHLJXDOGDGDQWHODOH\
\HOGHELGRSURFHVRHMHUFLFLRGHOLEHUWDGHV\GHUHFKRVKXPDQRVFLYLOHV\SROtWLFRV\GHVDUUROORSURJUHVLYR
GHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOHVHFRQyPLFRV\FXOWXUDOHVHQWUHRWURV
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

GHPRFUiWLFD 3RU VX SDUWH HO SULQFLSLR GH QR±LQWHUYHQFLyQ WDPELpQ VH KD
UHVWULQJLGR VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH$VtHQDOJXQRVDFXHUGRVUHJLRQDOHV 8(\2($ 
QRVHDGPLWHH[LPLUVHGHXQ UpJLPHQ GH GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD ,QFOXVR
SDUD GHIHQGHU OD HVWDELOLGDG GHPRFUiWLFD \ HO HVWDGRGHGHUHFKRVHFRQWHPSOD
OD SRVLELOLGDG GH LPSOHPHQWDU XQD DFFLyQ FROHFWLYD VHJ~Q ODV QRUPDVYLJHQWHV
DQLYHOPXOWLODWHUDOTXHQRFRQVWLWX\HXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQHQORVDVXQWRVLQWHUQRVGH
XQDQDFLyQ (OSULQFLSLRGHOLEUHGHWHUPLQDFLyQDGTXLHUHXQDQXHYDGLPHQVLyQ
HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH FDGD (VWDGR SXHGH HOHJLU OD PRGDOLGDG GH VX VLVWHPD
SROtWLFR PiV VLHPSUH GHQWUR GH ORV PiUJHQHVGHPRFUiWLFRV'HHVWHPRGRVH
DSUHFLDTXHHVWiVXUJLHQGRXQQXHYRHVWiQGDUSROtWLFR± GHPRFUiWLFR TXH VH YD
FRQVROLGDQGR FRPR XQD WHQGHQFLD WUDVYHUVDO D OR ODUJR \ DQFKR GHO SODQHWD
(Q GHILQLWLYD HQ HVWH VLJOR YHLQWLXQR OD LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ GH OD
GHPRFUDFLD VLJXLHQGRXQDHYROXFLyQVLPLODUDODRFXUULGDFRQODSURWHFFLyQGH
ORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVSHUPLWH DILUPDUXQDVXHUWHGH³HFXPHQLVPR´GHOPRGHOR
GHPRFUiWLFRHQVXVGLIHUHQWHVYDULDEOHVpQIDVLV \PRGHORVDVtFRPRODREOLJDFLyQ
GHORV(VWDGRVGHQRLPSHGLUHOHFFLRQHVOLEUHV\PXOWLSDUWLGDULDV \ HVWiQGDUHV
DFHSWDEOHV GH OLEHUWDG LJXDOGDG \ MXVWLFLD GHQWUR GHO HVWDGR GH GHUHFKR (Q
HVWH FRQWH[WR VH SODQWHDQ WDPELpQ XQ VLQQ~PHUR GH SUR\HFFLRQHV UHVSHFWR DO
LPSDFWR TXH WHQGUi OD LPSDUDEOH UHYROXFLyQ WHFQROyJLFR±LQIRUPiWLFD VREUH ODV
HVWUXFWXUDV GHPRFUiWLFDV \OD JREHUQDELOLGDGHQQXHVWURVSDtVHV

2. La democracia en el Sistema Interamericano: Logros y Desafíos.

(QHOFRQWLQHQWHDPHULFDQRHOLGHDOGHXQJRELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFRQRREVWDQWH
VXV DOWLEDMRV \ SHULRGRVGLFWDWRULDOHVKDVLGRXQDFRQVWDQWHGHVGHODpSRFDGHOD


([LVWHQFOiXVXODVGHPRFUiWLFDVHQOD2($ &DUWD'HPRFUiWLFD,QWHUDPHULFDQD$UWž HQ

0(5&26853URWRFRORGH8VKXDLDHQOD8QLyQ(XURSHD7UDWDGRGH1L]DDUWžHQWUH
RWURV
/RVHVWXGLRVHQHOFDPSRGHODFLHQFLDSROtWLFDDVtFRPRODSUiFWLFDHVWDWDOPXHVWUDQXQDGLYHUVLGDG

GH PRGHORVGHPRFUiWLFRVHQODVGLVWLQWDVODWLWXGHV \ DORODUJRGHOWLHPSRTXHUHVSRQGHQDODSURSLD


FXOWXUD LGLRVLQFUDVLD \ FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRV KLVWyULFRV GH FDGD QDFLyQ ([LVWHQ GHPRFUDFLDV GLUHFWDV H
LQGLUHFWDV GHPRFUDFLDV UHSUHVHQWDWLYDV SUHVLGHQFLDOLVWDV \ SDUODPHQWDULVWDV UHSXEOLFDQDV R EDMR
PRQDUTXtDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVFRQHOHFFLRQHVFDGDFXDWURVHLVRVLHWHDxRVFRQRVLQUHHOHFFLyQLQPHGLDWD
FRQFRQJUHVRVXQLFDPHUDOHVRGHGRVFiPDUDVHQWUHRWUDV
 $ 0 6ODXJKWHU ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DZ LQ D :RUOG RI /LEHUDO 6WDWHV´ European Journal of

International Law,  0 %\HUV (GLWRU  The Role of International Law in International Politics
2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 / 'LDPRQG ³8QLYHUVDO 'HPRFUDF\"´ 3ROLF\ Review -XQH  $ 0DQJDV Humanización,

Democracia y Estado de Derecho0DGULG'LDOQHWSS±='UQDVGH&OHPHQW³1XHYDVIRUPDV


GHUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGGHPRFUiWLFD¢,JXDOGDG3ROLWLFD"´VII Congreso de Academias Jurídicas y Sociales
de Iberoamérica
(&.DPDUFN -RVHSK61\HGovernance.com: Democracy in the Information Age:DVKLQJWRQ

'&%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWH3UHVV
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

LQGHSHQGHQFLD\HPDQFLSDFLyQ GHODVPRQDUTXtDVHXURSHDV(QFXDQGR
VHFUHDOD2UJDQL]DFLyQGHORV(VWDGRV$PHULFDQRVVX&DUWDFRQVWLWXWLYDHVWDEOHFLy
GHQWURGHVXVSULQFLSLRVTXH³…La solidaridad de los Estados americanos y los
altos fines que con ella se persiguen, requieren la organización política de los
mismos sobre la base del ejercicio efectivo de la democracia representativa´
(Q ODV GpFDGDV VLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ ORV DxRV QRYHQWD VH DGRSWDURQ
YDULRV LQVWUXPHQWRV MXUtGLFRV SDUD SURPRYHU OD GHPRFUDFLD FRPR FRQGLFLyQ
LQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDODHVWDELOLGDGODSD]\ HOGHVDUUROORGHODUHJLyQLQFOX\HQGR
HQDOSULPHUPHFDQLVPRGHDFFLyQFROHFWLYDGHOD2($ SDUDUHVSRQGHUIUHQWH
DTXHEUDQWDPLHQWRGHODLQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDGGHPRFUiWLFDHQDOJXQRGHVXV (VWDGRV
PLHPEURV
(Q  VH DSUXHED OD &DUWD 'HPRFUiWLFD ,QWHUDPHULFDQD &',  TXH
VLVWHPDWL]D ORV SULQFLSLRV \ QRUPDV GHPRFUiWLFDV FRQWHQLGDV HQ OD &DUWD GH OD
2($ \ HQ UHVROXFLRQHV GH OD $VDPEOHD *HQHUDO HQ XQ FRPSHQGLR TXH
UHSUHVHQWDHOGHVDUUROORSURJUHVLYRGHO'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO UHJLRQDO VREUH OD
PDWHULD &RQ XQD YLVLyQ RPQLFRPSUHQVLYD GH OD GHPRFUDFLD HVWDEOHFH TXH
³«los pueblos de América tienen derecho a la democracia y sus gobiernos
la obligación de promoverla y defenderla´(QVXWH[WRFRQWLHQHORVHOHPHQWRV
HVHQFLDOHV TXH GHEHQ HVWDU SUHVHQWHV HQ XQ UpJLPHQ GHPRFUiWLFR íUHVSHWR D
ODV OLEHUWDGHV \ ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRVDFFHVRDOSRGHU\VXHMHUFLFLRFRQIRUPH
DOHVWDGRGHGHUHFKRHOHFFLRQHVSHULyGLFDV OLEUHVMXVWDV\EDVDGDVHQHOVXIUDJLR
XQLYHUVDO \VHFUHWR XQ UpJLPHQ SOXUDO GHSDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV \ODVHSDUDFLyQH
LQGHSHQGHQFLDGHORVSRGHUHVS~EOLFRV
3RU VX SDUWH LQFOX\H GLYHUVRV PHFDQLVPRV SDUD SURPRYHU \ DVHJXUDU VX
YLJHQFLD HQ XQD VHFXHQFLD SURJUHVLYD GHVGH OD DOHUWD WHPSUDQD FRQ
UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV EiVLFDV KDVWD PHGLGDV PiV FRQFOX\HQWHV IUHQWH DXQD FULVLV
GHPRFUiWLFD(VWDEOHFH TXH XQD FULVLVSXHGH OOHYDUDOD FRQYRFDWRULDGHORV
yUJDQRVFRPSHWHQWHVGHOD2($±&RQVHMR3HUPDQHQWH$VDPEOHD*HQHUDO² SDUD
UHDOL]DUXQDDSUHFLDFLyQFROHFWLYDGHODVLWXDFLyQFXDQGRHQXQSDtVH[LVWD³«la
ruptura del orden democrático o una alteración del orden constitucional que
afecte gravemente el orden democrático de un Estado miembro«´ (Q HVWH
FDVR OD 2($ SXHGH DSOLFDU OD ³FOiXVXOD GHPRFUiWLFD´ TXH FRPSRUWD OD
VXVSHQVLyQGHOJRELHUQRGHXQ(VWDGR0LHPEURGHVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQODVGLYHUVDV


2SFLW%05DPDFFLRWWLDemocracia y Derecho Internacional en las AméricasSS±
2($&DUWD&RQVWLWXWLYD$UWG
5HVROXFLyQ$*5(6 ;;,± VREUH'HPRFUDFLD5HSUHVHQWDWLYD
&DUWD'HPRFUiWLFD,QWHUDPHULFDQD,$UW
,ELG,$UW
,ELG&DS,9DUWVžž\HODUWžTXHLQFOX\HOD&OiXVXOD'HPRFUiWLFD
,ELG$UWž
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

LQVWDQFLDV\HQWLGDGHVGHOD2($/DDSOLFDFLyQGHHVWDVDQFLyQGLSORPiWLFDTXH
QR HV SXQLWLYD VLQR HMHPSODU HQ HO PDUFR GH OD ³VROLGDULGDG GHPRFUiWLFD´ TXH
VLJQLILFDTXHOD2($ VHJXLUi DGHODQWH FRQ ODV JHVWLRQHV GLSORPiWLFDV KDVWD TXH
VH SURGX]FD HO UHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH OD QRUPDOLGDG GHPRFUiWLFD HQ HO (VWDGR
DIHFWDGR
/RV SULQFLSLRV GHPRFUiWLFR±OLEHUDOHV \ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ Régimen
Democrático Interamericano29 TXHLQFOX\HODDFFLyQFROHFWLYDHQGHIHQVDGHOD
GHPRFUDFLD QR KDQ LPSHGLGR TXHH[LVWDQDOJXQRV JRELHUQRVDXWRULWDULRVTXH
GLVLHQWHQ HQ OD SUiFWLFD GH ORV YDORUHV GHPRFUiWLFRV SURWHJLGRV HQ HO SODQR
MXUtGLFR $Vt OD SUHVHQFLD GH SUiFWLFDV DUELWUDULDV R PHGLGDV YHUWLFDOHV
DGRSWDGDVVLQHOGHELGRFRQVHQVRYDQGHWHULRUDQGRHOFOLPDGHFXOWXUDFtYLFDOD
FRQILDQ]D GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV \ WLHQHQ HIHFWRV DGYHUVRV SDUD OD JREHUQDELOLGDG
GHPRFUiWLFD\HOHVWDGRGHGHUHFKR )UHQWHDHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHYHUiPiVDGHODQWH
DOJXQDV PHGLGDV TXH VH HVWiQ SURPRYLHQGR FRQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQGHODV7,&HQHO
iPELWR GH OD 2($ \ HO %,' SDUD UHYLWDOL]DU \ DYDQ]DU KDFLD HVTXHPDV PiV
GHPRFUiWLFRVHLQFOXVLYRV

,,/DVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ 7,& HQHOPXQGR
DFWXDO

/DV 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ \ OD &RPXQLFDFLyQ 7,&  HVWiQ
FDPELDQGR OD YLGD GHO VHU KXPDQR \ GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV HQ WRGDV VXV
GLPHQVLRQHV D WUDYpV GH XQD LPSDUDEOH ³UHYROXFLyQ GLJLWDO´ (VWHIHQyPHQR
TXHVHLQLFLDHQORVDxRVQRYHQWDFXDQGR,QWHUQHWVHH[WLHQGHDOS~EOLFR HQJHQHUDO
\ VH SURSDJD HO XVR SURJUHVLYR GH ODSWRSV FHOXODUHV \ WDEOHWDV JHQHUD XQD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ LQVWDQWiQHDDWUDYpVGHOFRUUHRHOHFWUyQLFR\PHQVDMHVDGHPiVGH
XQDPSOLRDFFHVRDWRGDFODVH GHGDWRV URPSLHQGRODV EDUUHUDV GHO WLHPSR \HO
HVSDFLR$SHQDV HQWUDQGRDO VLJOR YHLQWLXQR LUUXPSH OD H[SORVLyQ GH ODV UHGHV
VRFLDOHV Web 2.0  FRQ blogs chats \ SODWDIRUPDV FRPR Facebook, Twitter,
YouTube, Google+,WhatsAppHQWUHRWURV (VWRV LQVWUXPHQWRV TXHEULQGDQORV

-0$UULJKL³(O6LVWHPD,QWHUDPHULFDQR\OD'HIHQVDGHOD'HPRFUDFLD´Anuario Hispano–Luso–

Americano de Derecho Internacional, 9RO0DGULG ± SS±


2SFLW%05DPDFFLRWWLDemocracia y Derecho Internacional en las AméricasSS±


2SFLW%05DPDFFLRWWL³/D'HPRFUDFLDHQOD(UD'LJLWDO´SS±-61\HThe Paradox

of American Power, 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&KDSWHU,,³7KH,QIRUPDWLRQ5HYROXWLRQ´


00DUJROLV '5HVQLFN Political as Usual: The Ciberspace Revolution7KRXVDQG2DNV6DJH
(QWUHODVP~OWLSOHVDSOLFDFLRQHVSRU,QWHUQHWHVWiQH±FRUUHR gmail, hotmail, yahoo; etc. JUXSRV

YLUWXDOHVchatsblogsUHGHVVRFLDOHVí Facebook; Twitter; Myspace, Whatsapp; etc; EXVFDGRUHVGHGDWRV


\QDYHJDGRUHV*RRJOHGoogle Chrome, Google+; Mozilla, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, etc.í RWURV
VLWLRV:HEFRPR<ouTube; Wikis; Wikipedia, Linkedin, Wordpress; Skype; ViberTango; Netflix; Flickr;
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

VLHPSUH UHQRYDGRV VRIWZDUH \ hardware32, PXHVWUDQ HQ OD SUiFWLFD \ D FDGD


LQVWDQWHTXHOD JOREDOL]DFLyQH[LVWH\TXHODHUDGLJLWDOHVXQDUHDOLGDGSUHVHQWH1R
VyORKDFDPELDGRODPRGDOLGDG GH ODV WUDQVDFFLRQHV HFRQyPLFDV \ORV QHJRFLRV
VLQR TXH ORV SDWURQHV PLVPRV GH LQWHUUHODFLyQ \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ VH FRQFUHWDQ
PD\RULWDULDPHQWH FRQ DSR\R FLEHUQpWLFR WUDVSDVDQGR OD OtQHD GH OR ORFDO D OR
XQLYHUVDO \ ODV UHODFLRQHV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV ±XQR D XQR± SRU LQWHUFDPELRV
PDVLYRV± XQRYDULRVP~OWLSOHV LQWHUORFXWRUHV²HQ WLHPSR UHDO &RQ DOJR WDQ
VLPSOH FRPR XQ HTXLSR LQIRUPiWLFR \ XQD FRQH[LyQ VH SXHGH DFFHGHU D
LQIRUPDFLyQ DPSOLD JXDUGDUOD PRGLILFDUOD \ WUDVPLWLUODDVXYH]DQXPHURVRV
XVXDULRV (Q HVD IRUPD ODV GLVWDQFLDV HO WLHPSR \ORV UHIHUHQWHV FXOWXUDOHVVH
UHODWLYL]DQHQXQFRQWH[WRTXHKDVLGRWLSLILFDGRFRPR³HOPXQGRSODQR´DOXGLHQGR
D TXH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV HFRQyPLFDV FRPHUFLDOHV VRFLDOHV \ SROtWLFDV KDQ GHMDGR
GH VHU UtJLGDV \ YHUWLFDOHV SDUD YROYHUVH IOH[LEOHV \ KRUL]RQWDOHV YDOH GHFLU
HO RUEH HVWD LQWHUFRQHFWDGR FRQ SHUPDQHQWHV H LQFRQWDEOHV LQWHUFDPELRV GH
WRGRWLSRDWUDYpVGHORVPHGLRVYLUWXDOHVHQIRUPD QXQFDDQWHVFRQRFLGD /R
DVRPEURVR HV TXH HVWD PDVLYD LQWHUFRQH[LyQ HQ UHG KDFH D~Q PiV QRWDEOHOD
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD D WRGR QLYHO FRQ PLOORQHV \ PLOORQHV GH XVXDULRV VHDQ
IXQFLRQDULRV GH JRELHUQRV \ RUJDQLVPRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH
HPSUHVDV HQWLGDGHV \ RUJDQL]DFLRQHV QR JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV SROtWLFRV JUXSRV
RUJDQL]DGRVGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLO\HOS~EOLFR HQ JHQHUDO VLQ GLVWLQFLyQ GH UD]D
QDFLRQDOLGDG HVWDGR FLYLO HVWDWXV VRFLDO SURIHVLyQ HGDG LGHRORJtDRUHOLJLyQ
(Q HVWH FRQWH[WR FDEH PHQFLRQDU TXH ODV 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV ,QWHUQDFLRQDOHV
HQWUH HOODV 1DFLRQHV8QLGDVKDQDERUGDGRHOWHPDGHODUHYROXFLyQGLJLWDO(Q
OD Declaración del Milenio   HQ OD Cumbre Mundial sobre Desarrollo
Sostenible  \PiVUHFLHQWHPHQWHHQOD Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo
Sostenible   HO RUJDQLVPR PXQGLDO KD UHLWHUDGR TXH OD H[SDQVLyQGHODV
7,&\ODLQWHUFRQH[LyQGLJLWDOSODQHWDULDEULQGDQPD\RUHV\PHMRUHVSRVLELOLGDGHV
SDUDDFHOHUDUHOSURJUHVRKXPDQR\DYDQ]DUKDFLDHOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLHGDGGHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR $VLPLVPRHQHVWHEUHYHUHFXHQWRQRSXHGHGHMDUGHPHQFLRQDUVH
DODCumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información cuya UHDOL]DFLyQ VH
DSUREy HQ OD $VDPEOHD *HQHUDO GH 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV HQ  \ TXH VH

Instagram; HQWUHRWURV<DVHSHUILODQQXHYRVDYDQFHVUHGHVGHFXDUWDJHQHUDFLyQ/7(*WUDVPLVLyQ
GHGDWRVFRQHOFXHUSRFyPSXWR\DUFKLYRVHQODQXEH cloud)LPSUHVLyQ')LU9R[ YR]SDUDILUPDU 
HQWUHRWURV
(ODQJOLFLVPR³software´HVHOHTXLSRVRSRUWHGHXQVLVWHPDLQIRUPiWLFRTXHFRPSUHQGHHOFRQMXQWR

GHHOHPHQWRVOyJLFRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDFRQFUHWDUWDUHDVHVSHFtILFDVHQFRQWUDSRVLFLyQFRQORVFRPSRQHQWHV
ItVLFRVTXHVHGHQRPLQDQ³hardware”
7)ULHGPDQThe world is flat: A brief history of the twenty–first century1HZ<RUN6WUDXV 

*LURX[2SFLW%05DPDFFLRWWL³/D'HPRFUDFLDHQOD(UD'LJLWDO´SS
 218 5HVROXFLyQ $5(6 Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información ž

3HULRGR GH 6HVLRQHV  GLFLHPEUH  KWWSZZZLWXLQWQHWZVLVGRFVEDFNJURXQGUHVROXWLRQV


BBXQJDB±HVSGI
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

PDWHULDOL]y HQ GRV HWDSDV OD SULPHUD HQ *LQHEUD HQ  D OD TXH OOHJDURQ
PiV GH GLH] PLO DVLVWHQWHV LQFOX\HQGR -HIHV GH (VWDGR R VXV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV
IXQFLRQDULRV GHRUJDQLVPRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVHQWLGDGHVGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLO\GHO
VHFWRU SULYDGR 6H DSUREDURQ GRV GRFXPHQWRV SULQFLSDOHVOD 'HFODUDFLyQ GH
3ULQFLSLRVGH*LQHEUDVREUH³Construir la Sociedad de la Información: Un desafío
global para el nuevo Milenio´ \XQ 3ODQ GH $FFLyQ /D VHJXQGD IDVHGHHVWD
&XPEUHVHFRQJUHJyHQ7~QH]HQDSUREDQGRHO³Compromiso de Túnez´\
XQ 3URJUDPD GH $FFLyQ 8QR GH ORV REMHWLYRV HVHQFLDOHV GHQWUR GHO
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVLQPHQVDV UHSHUFXVLRQHV GH ODV 7,& HQ WRGRV ORV DVSHFWRV
GH OD YLGD LQGLYLGXDO \ VRFLDO IXH OD XQLyQ GH HVIXHU]RVSDUDUHGXFLUODbrecha
digital con HO DSR\R GH JRELHUQRV HPSUHVDULRV \ OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO PiV OD
FRRSHUDFLyQUHJLRQDOHLQWHUQDFLRQDO
3RU VX SDUWH OD 81(6&2 OD 8QLyQ ,QWHUSDUODPHQWDULD \ OD 8QLyQ
,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV HQWUH RWURV RUJDQLVPRV WDPELpQ KDQ
H[SUHVDGR VXV SXQWRV GH YLVWD \ DQiOLVLV VREUH HO FLEHUHVSDFLR \HO WUiQVLWR
KDFLDODVRFLHGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVHxDODQGRTXHODV 7,&FRPRUHGHVDELHUWDV
\FRQWHFQRORJtDGHSXQWD WLHQHQ XQ SRWHQFLDO DPSOtVLPR TXHVHJXLUi DGHODQWH
DOFRPSiVGHORVDYDQFHVWHFQROyJLFRV,QFOXVLYHVHHVER]DQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHXQ
QXHYR WLSRGHGHUHFKRVHQIRUPDFLyQORVGHUHFKRVGHcuarta generacióQTXH
HQWUH RWURV LQFOXLUtDQ OD OLEUH FRQHFWLYLGDG GLJLWDO \ DFFHVR D ,QWHUQHW HQ
FRQGLFLRQHV GH LJXDOGDG \ VLQ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HO GHUHFKR D OD DOIDEHWL]DFLyQ
GLJLWDO \ DO habeas data informático OD SULYDFLGDG GH ODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV
YLUWXDOHV\HOGHUHFKRDODVHJXULGDGGLJLWDO

1. Las TIC y su impacto en el escenario político–democrático.

/RV FDPELRV VXVWDQFLDOHV D WRGR QLYHO TXH FRPSRUWDQ ORV GHVDUUROORV
LQIRUPiWLFRVQRVFRQGXFHQ DXQSURFHVRUHIOH[LYRVREUHXQWHPDFHQWUDOGHHVWH
HQVD\R¢&XiOHVHOLPSDFWRGHODV7,&HQHOPXQGRSROtWLFR"¢(VWiQFDPELDQGR
ODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHUHSUHVHQWDQWHVSROtWLFRV\ORVHOHFWRUHVFRQ OD LQFLGHQFLD GH
ORV PHGLRV GLJLWDOHV HQ ODV SUiFWLFDV GHPRFUiWLFDV" ¢&XiOHV VHUtDQ VXV DSRUWHV
SDUDDYDQ]DUKDFLDGHPRFUDFLDVPiVFRQVROLGDGDV\GHFDOLGDG"
$QWHV GH SDVDU DO DQiOLVLV HVSHFtILFR FDEH PHQFLRQDU TXH FRPR

&XPEUH0XQGLDOVREUHOD6RFLHGDGGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ'RFXPHQWRV)LQDOHV*LQHEUD\7~QH]

KWWSVZZZLWXLQWQHWZVLVRXWFRPHERRNOHW±HVSGI
KWWSXQHVGRFXQHVFRRUJLPDJHVVSGI
KWWSZZZLSXRUJGHP±HZHSUPHPRLUH±VSSGI
KWWSZZZLWXLQWHV,78±'3DJHV$ERXWDVS[
*=LFFDUGL5HVLVWDQFH, Liberation Technology & Human Rights in the Digital Era+HLGHOEHUJ

6SULQJHU  'HUHFKRV GLJLWDOHV GH FXDUWD JHQHUDFLyQ KWWSZZZRHLHVKLVWRULFRUHYLVWDFWVL


QXPHUREXVWDPDQWHKWPKWWSVSDSHUVVVUQFRPVROSDSHUVFIP"DEVWUDFWBLG 
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

DQWHFHGHQWHV VH KDQ FRQVLGHUDGR ORV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV SRU HO 318'218
\ SRUVXSDUWHHO 318'FRQ 2($ HQWUHRWURVTXHGLDJQRVWLFDQ \SURSRQHU
FDPELRV D XQD VLWXDFLyQ SROLWLFD UHJLRQDO FRQ ³GpILFLWV GHPRFUiWLFRV´ (VWR
VLJQLILFDTXHQRREVWDQWHORVDYDQFHVDOFDQ]DGRVHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDFRQ OtGHUHV
TXHKDQDFFHGLGRDOSRGHUDWUDYpVGHHOHFFLRQHVOLEUHVFRPR~QLFDYtDOHJLWLPD
í FRQ H[FHSFLyQ GH &XEDí  VH REVHUYDQ DOJXQRV VLJQRV GH LQHVWDELOLGDG
DXWRULWDULVPR \GHVDIHFFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD$VtSRUHMHPSORODVDOLGDDQWLFLSDGD
GHO SRGHU GH MHIHV GH (VWDGR VLQ URPSLPLHQWR GHO RUGHQ FRQVWLWXFLRQDO
SUHVLGHQFLDOLVPRV DXWRULWDULRV TXH PLQLPL]DQ HO EDODQFH \ OD DXWRQRPtD GH
SRGHUHV OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHVPHGLGD GH PHFDQLVPRV SOHELVFLWDULRV FDPELRV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV ³a la carte´ SDUD IDYRUHFHU UHHOHFFLRQHV LQGHILQLGDV
DFDSDUDPLHQWRGHORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQH LUUHVSHWR D XQD SOHQD OLEHUWDG
GH H[SUHVLyQ HQWUH RWURV IDFWRUHV 7RGR HOOR XQLGR D FDVRV GH FRUUXSFLyQGH
ORVOtGHUHV\ODPHUPDGHORVGHUHFKRVFLXGDGDQRVHVWiOOHYDQGRDXQDFUHFLHQWH
GHVFRQILDQ]D HQ OD FODVH SROtWLFD \ DO GHVFRQWHQWR UHVSHFWR D OD GHPRFUDFLD
3UHFLVDPHQWHHQHVWH HVFHQDULRPXFKRVFRQVLGHUDQTXHODV7,&VRQLQVWUXPHQWRV
TXHSRGUtDQFRDG\XYDUDWUDQVSDUHQWDU ODDFWXDFLyQGHORVSROtWLFRV\HQJHQHUDO
DORJUDUTXHODFLXGDGDQtDDOFDQFHXQDPD\RUSUHVHQFLD FRQWURO H LQIOXHQFLD HQ
ODV GHFLVLRQHV TXH WLHQHQ TXH YHU FRQ DVXQWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD OD
FRQYLYHQFLDFtYLFD\HOELHQHVWDUFROHFWLYR
(QUHODFLyQDODV7,& DXQTXHVX XVR SULPLJHQLR IXHGHFDUiFWHUFRPHUFLDO H
LQGLYLGXDOHQ HVWD~OWLPDGpFDGDHVWiQFDGDYH]PiVFHUFDQDVDODSROtWLFD\DOD
VRFLHGDG DEULHQGR SRVLELOLGDGHV GH XQ QXHYR UHODFLRQDPLHQWR \ GLYHUVDV
PRGDOLGDGHVSDUD³HPSRGHUDU´DDTXpOORVTXHTXLHUHQ KDFHUSROtWLFDRLQIOXLUHQ
GHWHUPLQDGDV FDXVDV FRPXQLWDULDV $OJXQRV KDEODQ GH XQD ³WHFQRORJtD GH OD
OLEHUWDG´ liberation technology SRUVXIiFLODFFHVR\FDUiFWHUGHVFHQWUDOL]DGR
SRU VXV SRVLELOLGDGHVGHFRQHFWDU\GHVHUHOFDVRUHXQLUHQWLHPSRUHDODXQD
JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH SHUVRQDV HQ WRUQR D FXDOTXLHU DVXQWR SRU VX LQFUHtEOH
YHUVDWLOLGDG SDUD IDFLOLWDU OD LQWHUUHODFLyQ\ OD FUHDWLYLGDG 3RUVXODGRWRGR

 318'218 ,QIRUPH VREUH GHPRFUDFLD KWWSZZZUHVGDORUJXOWLPRV±GRFXPHQWRVLQIRUPH±

SQXG±GHPRFUDFLDKWPO
318'2($Nuestra democraciaKWWSVZZZRDVRUJHVVDSGRFVQXHVWUDBGHPBVSGI
%05DPDFFLRWWL³&XED\HO6LVWHPD,QWHUDPHULFDQR´Revista CRIES(GLFLyQ(VSHFLDO%XHQRV

$LUHV
 0 *XHGDQ ³'pILFLWV 'HPRFUiWLFRV \ *OREDOL]DFLyQ´ ,&2126  )/$&62±(FXDGRU 4XLWR

SS±(-DUTXtQ\)&DUULOORDemocracia en déficiW%,':DVKLQJWRQ'&
5)DULV %(WOLQJ³0DGLVRQDQGWKH6PDUW0RE7KH3URPLVHDQG/LPLWDWLRQVRIWKH,QWHUQHWIRU

'HPRFUDF\´The Fletcher Forum of World AffairsYROVXPPHU


/RVPHGLRVGLJLWDOHVKDQUHYROXFLRQDGRWDPELpQHOOHQJXDMH/D;;,,,HGLFLyQGHO'LFFLRQDULRGH

OD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxROD 5$( LQFOX\HWpUPLQRVcomo i.e. tuitear, tuiteo, tuit \tuiteroHQWUH


RWURV\VHKDODQ]DGRHOPDQXDO³Escribir en Internet. Guía para los nuevos medios y las redes sociales´
Op. cit/'LDPRQG³/LEHUDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\´Journal of Democracy
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

LQGLFDTXHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ\ODGLIXVLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQGRV HOHPHQWRV
EiVLFRV HQ XQD GHPRFUDFLD VRQIDYRUHFLGDVD WUDYpV GH,QWHUQHWFRQ XQ DOFDQFH
HQRUPHPHQWH PD\RU TXH OD SUHQVD HVFULWD R GH ODV UHGHV WHOHYLVLYDV$GHPiV
SDUD OOHJDU DO S~EOLFRORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRV\VXVOtGHUHVHVWiQXWLOL]DQGRFDGD
YH]PiVODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVSDUD FRPXQLFDUVXVSODQHVGHDFFLyQ\SURSXHVWDV(V
ODDFWXDOLGDGHVQRUPDOTXHLQFOXVRODVPiVDOWDV DXWRULGDGHV WHQJDQ Facebook \
Twitter y XWLOLFHQ YouTube QR VyOR GXUDQWH ODV FDPSDxDV HOHFWRUDOHVVLQRDOR
ODUJRGHVXOLGHUD]JRSDUDSURPRYHUVXVLGHDV\SODQHVGHJRELHUQR
1RREVWDQWHODVFODUDV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVTXHVHDFDEDQGHPHQFLRQDU
VH DEUHQ QXPHURVRV LQWHUURJDQWHV ¢4XpWDQFLHUWR HV TXHOD H[SDQVLyQ GHORV
PHGLRVGLJLWDOHVSURPXHYHXQD QXHYDYLVLyQGHODSROtWLFD \GH FyPR³KDFHU´
SROtWLFD"¢&yPRHVWiLPSDFWDQGR,QWHUQHW\ODVUHGHV VRFLDOHVHQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
FLXGDGDQDDWUDYpVGHODVFRQVXOWDVSRSXODUHVUHIHUpQGXPVSOHELVFLWRV \WDPELpQ
FRQPDUFKDV\SURWHVWDV"¢/DGHPRFUDFLDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDWHQGUiHOPLVPRVXVWHQWR
HQ SRFRV DxRV" ¢&DPELDUiQ ORV SULQFLSLRV GHPRFUiWLFRV" ¢+D\ XQD FULVLV GH
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQSRUIDOWD GHPHFDQLVPRVDSURSLDGRVHQWUHORVJREHUQDQWHV\ORV
HOHFWRUHV"
(Q WRGR FDVR OR TXH Vt SDUHFH VHU XQ KHFKR IHKDFLHQWH HV TXH ODV 7,&
\ WRGDV ODV SODWDIRUPDVGLJLWDOHVXWLOL]DGDVHQODHVIHUDSROtWLFDVXSRQHQQXHYDV
SRVLELOLGDGHV GHQWUR GH XQD FDGD YH] PHMRU SRVHVLRQDGD e–GHPRFUDFLD
GHILQLWLYDPHQWHLQVWDODGDHQODsociedad–re.

2. Los riesgos de las TIC en el medio ambiente virtual

8QDVSHFWRTXHUHPDUFDQYDULRVHVSHFLDOLVWDVHVTXH,QWHUQHW\VXVDSOLFDFLRQHV
VRQLQVWUXPHQWRV DELHUWRVTXHSXHGHQVHUXWLOL]DGRVSDUDORVPHMRUHVRORVSHRUHV
SURSyVLWRV (Q JHQHUDO FRPR VH KD FRPHQWDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH ORV PHGLRV
GLJLWDOHV HVWiQ JHQHUDQGR LQPHQVRV EHQHILFLRV HQ WRGR RUGHQ GH FRVDV 6LQ
HPEDUJR SUHVHQWDQ ULHVJRV \ VRPEUDV TXH QR SXHGHQ LJQRUDUVH7pUPLQRVWDOHV
FRPR ³hacker”, “virus” “spam”, ³cookies” ³phishing”, ³wikileaks” ³robo
de e– identidad”, HQWUH RWURV VRQ XWLOL]DGRV HQ OD SUiFWLFD SDUD SHUSHWUDU ORV
GHQRPLQDGRV ³GHOLWRV FLEHUQpWLFRV´ \ORV ³FLEHUD DWDTXHV´ PRVWUDQGR OD SDUWH


*DHWDQR\53HULQDInformática, Internet y Politica&/$(+\2($$%UHXHU\<:HOS

Digital Technologies for Democratic Governance in Latin America, /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH7D\ORU )UDQFLV


*URXS
0&DVWHOOV HG La Sociedad Red: Una visión GlobDO0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO(QHVWH

YROXPHQVHDSUHFLDTXHODVRFLHGDG±UHGVHLGHQWLILFDFRPRXQFRQFHSWRVRFLDOTXHUHSUHVHQWDXQDQXHYD
PRUIRORJtDGHQXHVWUDVVRFLHGDGHVGRQGHVHUHRUGHQDQWLHPSR\HVSDFLRJHQHUDQGRQXHYRVSURFHVRVTXH
WUDVIRUPDQODYLGDODVFXOWXUDVHLGHQWLGDGHVJHQHUDQGRQXHYDVIRUPDVGHUHODFLRQDPLHQWRSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
\HQGHILQLWLYDGHFRQFHELUODGHPRFUDFLD
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

RVFXUD GH ,QWHUQHW 7DPELpQ H[LVWH OD SLUDWHUtD LQIRUPiWLFD FRPR DFWLYLGDG
GHOLFWLYD TXH VH PDQLILHVWD D WUDYpV GH OD VXVWUDFFLyQ GH FRUUHRV FXHQWDV
EDQFDULDVWDUMHWDVGHFUpGLWRGRFXPHQWRVVHFUHWRVíS~EOLFRV\SULYDGRVí\WRGDV
FODVHGHLQYHQWRVOLEURVREUDVPXVLFDOHVDUWtVWLFDVSHOtFXODVSDWHQWHVPRGHORV
\DXWRUtDVVLQ UHVSHWDUODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDOLQGLYLGXDOQLGHHQWLGDGHVHVWDWDOHV
RFRPHUFLDOHV(VWDV XVXUSDFLRQHV SXHGHQSURGXFLUVHHQWRGRPRPHQWR\ GHVGH
FXDOTXLHU OXJDUDIHFWDQGR DXQ VLQQ~PHURGHSHUVRQDVELHQHV\SHUWHQHQFLDVHQ
HO iPELWR S~EOLFR R SULYDGR D WUDYpV GH HVWDIDV VXSODQWDFLyQ LQYDVLyQ GH
SULYDFLGDGLQILGHQFLDWHUJLYHUVDFLyQ\PDQLSXODFLyQGHGDWRVURERGH WtWXORV \
SHUWHQHQFLDV GHOLWRVVH[XDOHVLQFOX\HQGRSRUQRJUDItDLQIDQWLOWUDWDGHSHUVRQDV
XVXUSDFLyQGHODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDOGHVWUXFFLyQGHGDWRV\HTXLSRV DWDTXHVDOD
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD EiVLFD \ SURGXFWLYD REVWDFXOL]DFLyQ GH ODV IXQFLRQHV
JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV GDxRVRLQWHUUXSFLyQGH ORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRVGLVWRUVLyQGH
GDWRVDSRORJtDGHOWHUURULVPRDWDTXHVDOWUDQVSRUWHPDVLYR\ DVLWLRVS~EOLFRV
URER GH GDWRV HLQIRUPDFLyQ FRQILGHQFLDO HVSLRQDMH HOHFWUyQLFR YHQWD LOHJDO GH
QDUFyWLFRV HQWUH RWURV )UHQWH D HVWRV IHQyPHQRV WDQ SHOLJURVRV ORV JRELHUQRV
\ ODV HQWLGDGHV HVSHFLDOL]DGDV WDQWR D QLYHO QDFLRQDO FRPR LQWHUQDFLRQDO ODV
HPSUHVDV \ORVSURSLRVLQGLYLGXRV HVWiQWRPDQGRFRQFLHQFLDGHODPDJQLWXGGH
HVWDV DPHQD]DV DGRSWDQGR HQ IRUPD FUHFLHQWH XQD VHULH GH PHGLGDV SDUD
SUHYHQLUORV\HQIUHQWDUORV
(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDOPDUFRGHOD2($GHVGHILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWD
VH YLHQH FRQVLGHUDQGR OD WHPiWLFD GHO ³GHOLWR FLEHUQpWLFR´ UHIRU]DGR SRU HO
FRPSURPLVR GH ORV -HIHV GH (VWDGR \ GH *RELHUQR HQ OD 7HUFHUD &XPEUH GH
ODV $PpULFDV 4XHEHF   SDUD IRPHQWDU OD FRQHFWLYLGDGHQHO FRQWLQHQWH \
D OD YH] JDUDQWL]DU OD VHJXULGDG FLEHUQpWLFD IUHQWH D ORV ULHVJRV TXH SXHGHQ
VXUJLU FRQ HO XVR PDVLYR GH ORV PHGLRV GLJLWDOHV (Q OD “Conferencia sobre
Seguridad CibernéticD´HQVHDQDOL]DURQODVSRVLEOHVDPHQD]DVDORVVLVWHPDV
GHLQIRUPDFLyQ HQ OD UHJLyQ \ OD QHFHVLGDG GH XQD FRRSHUDFLyQ LQWHUVHFWRULDO
HIHFWLYD HQWUH HQWLGDGHV JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV \ SULYDGDV $ SDUWLU GH HVWRV
GHVDUUROORV OD 2($ HVWi FRPSURPHWLGD FRQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH XQD
“Estrategia Interamericana Integral de Seguridad Cibernética´ \ HO
VHJXLPLHQWR GH PHGLGDV HQ UHXQLRQHV GHO ³Grupo de Trabajo sobre Delito
Cibernético´ \ OD DFFLyQ D WUDYpV GH OD ³Red Interamericana de Vigilancia y
Alerta´SDUDODUiSLGDGLYXOJDFLyQGH LQIRUPDFLyQVREUHDVXQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVDOD

7.URQHHigh Tech Crime Brief, $XVWUDOLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI&ULPLQRORJ\&DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLD-

/=LWWUDLQThe Future of the Internet í And How to Stop It<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3HQJXLQ8.


2SFLW%05DPDFFLRWWL/D'HPRFUDFLDHQOD(UD'LJLWDOSS±
(OSULPHU*UXSRGH7UDEDMRVREUH'HOLWR&LEHUQpWLFRIXHFUHDGRHQOD2($HQDEULOGH\

FRQWLQ~DVXVDFWLYLGDGHVKDVWDODDFWXDOLGDGKWWSZZZRDVRUJMXULGLFRVSDQLVKF\EHUBIDTBVSKWP
,,,&XPEUHGHODV$PpULFDVSURPXHYHODFRQHFWLYLGDGGLJLWDO\DOHUWDIUHQWHDODVHJXULGDGHQ

ODUHG
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

VHJXULGDGLQIRUPiWLFD\ODVUHVSXHVWDV IUHQWHD FULVLV LQFLGHQWHV \DPHQD]DV TXH


SXHGDQ SURGXFLUVH GHVHVWDELOL]DQGR D ORV JRELHUQRV GHPRFUiWLFRV \ DIHFWDQGR
OD HFRQRPtD GH VXV SDtVHV 8Q DVSHFWR HVHQFLDO HQ HVWD HVWUDWHJLD GH ciber–
VHJXULGDG HVTXHVHKDFRQFHELGRGHIRUPDWDOTXHUHIXHUFH\QRYXOQHUHHOUHVSHWR
D ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV (Q FDVR VHD QHFHVDULR DSOLFDU FLHUWDV PHGLGDV TXH
FROLVLRQHQFRQHOOLEUHDFFHVRDGHWHUPLQDGRV VLWLRVWeb RLPSOLTXHQUHVWULQJLU
ODVOLEHUWDGHV\GHUHFKRVHQDOJXQDViUHDVYLQFXODGDVDGHOLWRV WLSLILFDGRVSRUOD
OH\ GLFKD DIHFWDFLyQ GHEHUi VHU VLHPSUH OHJDO MXVWLILFDGD \ QHFHVDULD
SURSRUFLRQDO \ OLPLWDGD DO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH GHWHUPLQDGRV REMHWLYRV GH FDUiFWHU
HVHQFLDO SDUD OD VHJXULGDG GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV HO (VWDGR \ OD FRPXQLGDG
LQWHUQDFLRQDO
2WUR DVSHFWR QHJDWLYR TXH VH HVWi JHQHUDQGR HQ HO PXQGR YLUWXDO HV OD ³la
brecha digital´ digital divide HQWHQGLGDFRPRODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVTXHVHYDQ
JHQHUDGR HQ WpUPLQRV GH DFFHVR D ,QWHUQHW \ KDELOLGDGHV SDUD HO XVR GH ODV
WHFQRORJtDVGLJLWDOHVIUHQWHDODUiSLGDLQQRYDFLyQGHODV DSOLFDFLRQHV 6L ORV
XVXDULRV QR HVWiQ HQ XQD VXHUWH GH UHDSUHQGL]DMH SHUPDQHQWH VH YD DPSOLDQGR
GLFKD ³EUHFKD GLJLWDO´ TXH VHJ~Q OD &(3$/ QR VH UHODFLRQD VRODPHQWH FRQ
DVSHFWRV WHFQROyJLFRV VLQR TXH HV IUXWR GH XQD FRPELQDFLyQ GH IDFWRUHV
VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV \ OLPLWDQWHV GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH WHOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV H
LQIRUPiWLFD HQ GHWHUPLQDGR SDtV R UHJLyQ (VWH GpILFLW VROR SXHGH UHGXFLUVH
LPSXOVDQGRQXHYDVFDSDFLGDGHVDQLYHOLQWHUQR\FRQHODSR\RGHODFRRSHUDFLyQ
LQWHUQDFLRQDO \ ODV DFFLRQHV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV SDUD KDFHU DFFHVLEOH \ SRVLEOH TXH
OD UHYROXFLyQ LQIRUPiWLFDOOHJXHDODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHSHUVRQDV
 


 ,QIRUPH GH OD &RQIHUHQFLD VREUH 6HJXULGDG &LEHUQpWLFD GRFXPHQWR 2($6HU

/;&,&7(&6GRF. “La Estrategia Interamericana Integral de Seguridad Cibernética” VH


EDVDHQODDFFLyQGHO&RPLWp,QWHUDPHULFDQRFRQWUDHO7HUURULVPR &,&7( OD&RPLVLyQ,QWHUDPHULFDQD
GH 7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV &,7(/  \ OD 5HXQLyQ GH 0LQLVWURV GH -XVWLFLD R 0LQLVWURV R 3URFXUDGRUHV
*HQHUDOHVGHODV $PpULFDV 5(0-$  /D(VWUDWHJLD IXH DSUREDGD PHGLDQWH $*5(6 ;;;,9±
 \UHFRQRFHODQHFHVLGDGGHTXHWRGRVORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQODVUHGHV\VLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQDVXPDQ
DFFLRQHVFRRUGLQDGDVDILQGHFUHDUXQDFXOWXUDGHVHJXULGDGFLEHUQpWLFD
 World Economic Forum: the digital divide KWWSVZZZZHIRUXPRUJDJHQGDWKUHH±

QXPEHUV±H[SODLQ± PRELOH±GLJLWDO±GLYLGH
KWWSZZZODYDQJXDUGLDFRPYDQJGDWDJUDILFRV±EUHFKD±GLJLWDO±HQ± PXQGR±
KWPO
$UWXUR6HUUDQR\(YHOLR0DUWtQH]La Brecha Digital: Mitos y Realidades0p[LFR(GLWRULDO8$%&

KWWSZZZUHYLVWDFWVQHWILOHV3RUWDIROLRHVSLQR]DBHGLWSGI
39LOODWRUR\$6LOYDEstrategias, programas y experiencias de superación de la brecha digital y

universalización del acceso a las TIC. Un panorama regional6DQWLDJR&(3$/


$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±


,,,/DLQQRYDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFDHQHOiPELWRLQWHUDPHULFDQR

(OHVFHQDULRSODQWHDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHFRQVXVDVSHFWRVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRV
FRQGXFHDXQSURFHVR UHIOH[LYRVREUHHOLPSDFWRGHODVWHFQRORJtDVYLUWXDOHVHQHO
PXQGRSROtWLFRUHJLRQDOHQSDUWLFXODU /DWLQRDPpULFD YDOH GHFLU HQ UHODFLyQ D
OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD FRQWHPSODGD WDQWR HQ ODV QRUPDV LQWHUDPHULFDQDV
&DUWD GH OD 2($ \ &DUWD 'HPRFUiWLFD ,QWHUDPHULFDQD  FRPR D QLYHO
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHQFDGD(VWDGRPLHPEURGHOD2($
(QRUJDQLVPRVLQWHUDPHULFDQRVFRPROD2($\HO%,'VHYLHQHLPSXOVDQGR
XQDVHULH GHLQLFLDWLYDV\SUR\HFWRVXWLOL]DQGRPHGLRVLQIRUPiWLFRVSDUDORJUDUXQD
LQQRYDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFD GHOVHFWRU S~EOLFRVXVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\HVWUXFWXUDVEiVLFDV
DVtFRPRGHWRGRVORVSRGHUHVGHO(VWDGR LQFOX\HQGR XQ UHODFLRQDPLHQWRPiV
GLQiPLFR FRQ OD FLXGDGDQtD 'H HVWH PRGR ORV HVIXHU]RV HVWiQ GLULJLGRV D
WUDQVIRUPDU ODV GHPRFUDFLDV HOHFWRUDOHV HQ GHPRFUDFLDV PiV IRUWDOHFLGDV TXH
SXHGDQ DYDQ]DUKDFLDODVRFLHGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
/RV IXQGDPHQWRV MXUtGLFRV GH HVWDV LQLFLDWLYDV HVWiQ FRQWHQLGRV HQ YDULRV
GRFXPHQWRV LQWHUDPHULFDQRVHQWUHORVTXHVHSXHGHQFLWDU
±7HUFHUD&XPEUHGHODV$PpULFD 4XHEHF  /RV-HIHVGH(VWDGR\ GH
*RELHUQRVH FRPSURPHWHQD³«seguir avanzando y ampliando la conectividad
cibernética continental, exhortando a los gobiernos a aceptar el gran reto de
insertarse en la era digital y estar a la altura de las expectativas y requerimientos
de la ciudadanía58
± $VDPEOHD *HQHUDO GH 2($ 6DQWR 'RPLQJR   /RV 0LQLVWURV GH
5HODFLRQHV([WHULRUHVGH ORV(VWDGRV0LHPEURVGHOD2($HQOD'HFODUDFLyQGH
6DQWR 'RPLQJR VREUH ³*REHUQDELOLGDG \ 'HVDUUROOR HQ OD 6RFLHGDG GHO
&RQRFLPLHQWR´HQIDWL]DQTXH ³«Reconociendo que la humanidad evoluciona
rápidamente hacia un nuevo modelo de desarrollo centrado en el ser humano,
basado en el uso intensivo del conocimiento y la innovación, tienen en cuenta la
capacidad de las TIC de producir, acceder y diseminar el conocimiento, como
una herramienta importante para fortalecer la gobernabilidad democrática,
lograr el desarrollo equitativo y sostenible en las Américas y reducir la brecha
digital”; “…Reconociendo la contribución que ofrecen las TIC como
herramientas fundamentales para el fortalecimiento de la democracia en el

318'La democracia en América Latina: Hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos

,QWURGXFFLyQ\SS±<:HOS¢Quién, cómo y para qué? La Innovación Democrática bajo la


lupa,  KWWSZZZDVXQWRVGHOVXURUJRSLQLRQTXLHQ±FRPR±\±SDUD±TXH±OD±LQQRYDFLRQ±
GHPRFUDWLFD±EDMR±OD±OXSD
&XPEUHVGHODV$PpULFDVKWWSZZZVXPPLW±DPHULFDVRUJLLLBVXPPLWBVSKWPO
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

hemisferio.”; \³«que el desarrollo y el acceso universal y equitativo a la


Sociedad del Conocimiento constituye un desafío y una oportunidad que ayuda
a alcanzar las metas sociales, económicas y políticas de los países de las
Américas”59

1. La e–democracia ¿Un nuevo paradigma democrático?

/RV DFXHUGRV DGRSWDGRV HQ HO 6LVWHPD ,QWHUDPHULFDQR VREUH HO WHPD EDMR
DQiOLVLV HVWiQ GLULJLGRV D SURPRYHU OR TXH VH WLSLILFD FRPR H–GHPRFUDFLD R
GHPRFUDFLDGLJLWDOTXHVHGHILQHDPDQHUD GHXQHVSDFLRWUDVYHUVDOGRQGHORV
JREHUQDQWHV\FLXGDGDQRVVHHQFXHQWUDQDWUDYpVGHOPXQGR YLUWXDOIDFLOLWiQGRVH
OD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD WUDQVSDUHQFLD XQD FRPXQLFDFLyQ FRODERUDWLYD XQD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQPiVDFWLYDHOGHEDWH\ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVHQIRUPDPiVDELHUWDH
LQFOXVLYD(VWDV SUHPLVDVSUHVXSRQHQODYROXQWDGSROLWLFDSDUDFUHDUGHVDUUROODU
\GLVHPLQDUORVFDQDOHVonline DSURSLDGRVEULQGDUDWUDYpVGHGLFKRVPHGLRVXQ
DPSOLR e–DFFHVR D ODLQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFDHQ IRUPD FRQILDEOH \ SHUPDQHQWH
DVLPLVPR SURPRYHU \ DPSOLDU OD e–SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD D WUDYpV GHO
LQWHUFDPELR\ODGLVFXVLyQGHORVDVXQWRVS~EOLFRV
'H HVWH PRGR ODV 7,& HVWiQ JHQHUDQGR WRGR WLSR GH SURPHVDV VREUH VXV
SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV UHVSHFWR D XQ QXHYR UHODFLRQDPLHQWR GHPRFUiWLFR HQWUH ORV
SRGHUHV GHO (VWDGR GHO JRELHUQR FRQ ORV FLXGDGDQRV HQWUH UHSUHVHQWDQWHV \
UHSUHVHQWDGRV\HQWUHORVFLXGDGDQRVHQWUHVtHQXQDIRUPD PiVGLQiPLFD $Vt
FDGDSDtVHVWiHQIUHQWDQGRVXVSURSLRVGHVDItRVSDUDDGHFXDUVHDORVQXHYRV UHWRV
WHFQROyJLFRV\HVWDUHQDSWLWXGGHLPSOHPHQWDUXQD e–GHPRFUDFLDFRQVHUYDQGR
ORVYDORUHV \SULQFLSLRVHVHQFLDOHVGHODGHPRFUDFLDUHSUHVHQWDWLYD 7RGRHOORHV
PiV QHFHVDULR D~Q HQ DTXpOODV VRFLHGDGHV FRQ GHPRFUDFLDV GpELOHV FRQ
LQVWLWXFLRQHV \ SRGHUHV GHO (VWDGR TXH QR LQWHUSUHWDQ DGHFXDGDPHQWHDVXV
HOHFWRUHV OH\HV TXH SUiFWLFDPHQWH QR KDFHQ SRVLEOH XQD UHQGLFLyQ GH FXHQWDV
LQDGHFXDGRVVLVWHPDVHOHFWRUDOHVIDOWDGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHO3RGHU-XGLFLDO eVWDV
\RWUDVIDOHQFLDVOOHYDQ D XQ FUHFLHQWH GHVFRQWHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ UHVSHFWR GHO


2006, OEA, AG/DEC.46(XXXVI–O/06) Declaración de Santo Domingo sobre “Gobernabilidad y
Desarrollo en la Sociedad del Conocimiento”. KWWSVZZZRDVRUJGRFVGHFODUDWLRQV$*±'(&±±
'HF±GH±6DQWR±'RPLQJR±63$SGI
31RUULV, Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide,

&KDS  ³7KHRULHV RI 'LJLWDO 'HPRFUDF\´, &DPEULGJH±0DVVDFKXVHWWV &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
-$*0YDQ'LMN³'LJLWDO'HPRFUDF\9LVLRQDQGUHDOLW\´8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH7KH1HWKHUODQGV
,26±3UHVV  ( )RUG ³/RV $OFDQFHV GH OD 'HPRFUDFLD 'LJLWDO´ XX Congreso Internacional de
CLAD/LPD
 & &RORPER ³,QQRYDFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD \ 7,& ¢KDFLD XQD GHPRFUDFLD SDUWLFLSDWLYD"´ Revista

Internet, Derecho y Politica, 82&-6XELUDWV³/RVGLOHPDVGHXQDUHODFLyQLQHYLWDEOH,QQRYDFLyQ


GHPRFUiWLFD\WHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ´HQ+&DLUR&DURX FRPS Democracia
Digital: Limites y Oportunidades, %DUFHORQD7URWWD
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

HQWRUQR VRFLRSROtWLFR JHQHUDQGR WUDEDVHLQFRQYHQLHQWHV HQ OD JREHUQDELOLGDG


GHPRFUiWLFD
(Q HVWD OtQHD GH SHQVDPLHQWR WRGR FRQGXFH D SODQWHDU OD KLSyWHVLV TXH FRQ
OD VXVWDQFLDOUHQRYDFLyQTXHRSHUDHQODUHDOLGDGDWUDYpVGHXQD³SROtWLFDGLJLWDO´
ODe–GHPRFUDFLD HVWi SUR\HFWiQGRVH FRPR XQ QDFLHQWH SDUDGLJPD GHPRFUiWLFR
3UHFLVDPHQWH DVt SDUHFHQ FRQILUPDUOR ORV GHVDUUROORV TXH VH HVWiQ OOHYDQGR
DGHODQWHHQQXPHURVDViUHDVGHODSROtWLFD\OD JREHUQDELOLGDG GHPRFUiWLFD WUHV
GH ODV FXDOHV VH H[DPLQDUiQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ OD SULPHUD HO e– JRELHUQR\HO
JRELHUQRDELHUWRODVHJXQGDHOe–DFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQS~EOLFD\ODWHUFHUDOD
H– SDUWLFLSDFLyQSROtWLFD

2. El gobierno electrónico (e–gobierno) y el gobierno abierto

/DV SULPHUDV LQLFLDWLYDV SDUD PRGHUQL]DU ORV JRELHUQRV GHPRFUiWLFRV SRU
PHGLRGHODDSOLFDFLyQ GHPHGLRVFLEHUQpWLFRVVXUJHDILQDOHVGHORVDxRVQRYHQWD
FRQHOSURSyVLWRGHUHQRYDU \FRQHFWDU DODVHQWLGDGHVS~EOLFDVFRQORVFLXGDGDQRV
GHXQDIRUPDPiVVLPSOH\FRWLGLDQDFRQODILQDOLGDG HVHQFLDOGHWUDQVSDUHQWDUOD
DFFLyQ JXEHUQDPHQWDO \ SRQHU HQ FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ ORV SODQHV
SUR\HFWRV\SUHVXSXHVWRVS~EOLFRVDVtFRPREULQGDUVHUYLFLRVonlinePRVWUDQGRXQ
(VWDGR HILFLHQWH\DOVHUYLFLRGHWRGRV
/D DFFLyQ GH OD 2($ HQ HVWH FDPSR HVSHFtILFR HVWi UHVSDOGDGD SRU OR
DFRUGDGR HQ OD &XPEUH([WUDRUGLQDULDGHODV$PpULFDV  'HFODUDFLyQGH
1XHYD/HyQTXHFRQVLGHUyOR VLJXLHQWH

³,PSXOVDUHPRV OD PRGHUQL]DFLyQ GHO (VWDGR FRPR HOHPHQWR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HO
IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR GH OD JREHUQDELOLGDG GHPRFUiWLFD \ HO EXHQ JRELHUQR FRQMXJDQGR HILFDFLD
\ HILFLHQFLDFRQXQPHMRUDFFHVRDORVVHUYLFLRVWUDVSDUHQFLD\UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQODJHVWLyQ
DVt FRPRODFRQVROLGDFLyQ\SURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFD1RVFRPSURPHWHPRV
D HVWLPXODU HO XVR GHODVQXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV GHLQIRUPDFLyQ \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQ ORV SURFHVRV
GH JHVWLyQS~EOLFD\DGRSWDUHVWUDWHJLDVTXHSHUPLWDQHOGHVDUUROORGHOJRELHUQRHOHFWUyQLFR´

$Vt WDPELpQ OD 'HFODUDFLyQ GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR DSUREDGD HQ OD $VDPEOHD
*HQHUDOGHOD 2($ HQ  GHFLGLy 


/DWLQREDUyPHWURInforme 2015.

KWWSZZZHOWHOHJUDIRFRPHFLPDJHVHOWHOHJUDIRSRUWDIROLR,1)250(B/%BSGI
/DQRFLyQGHe–JRELHUQRWLHQHXQDQWHFHGHQWHHQORVHVIXHU]RVGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHVWDGRXQLGHQVH

GH%LOO&OLQWRQDILQHVGHORVQRYHQWDSDUDLPSOHPHQWDUHO“e–JRYHUPHQW´$&KDGZLFN &0D\
³,QWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ 6WDWHV DQG FLWL]HQV LQ WKH DJH RI ,QWHUQHW H±JRYHUQPHQW LQ 86 %ULWDLQ  (8´
Governance, :LOH\  YRO  $SULO  KWWSRQOLQHOLEUDU\ZLOH\FRPMRXUQDO
,661 ±
KWWSZZZRDVRUJMXULGLFRVSDQLVKPHVLFLFBFXPEUHBH[WUDKWP
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

³6ROLFLWDU D ORV yUJDQRV RUJDQLVPRV \ HQWLGDGHV GH OD 2($ TXH FRQWLQ~HQ DSR\DQGR D
ORV (VWDGRV 0LHPEURV HQ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH ODV 7,& HQ VXV SODQHV GH GHVDUUROOR
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ ODPRGHUQL]DFLyQ GH ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV S~EOLFDV «  TXHVRQ QHFHVDULDV
SDUD IRUWDOHFHU OD JREHUQDELOLGDG \ HO DPELHQWH GHPRFUiWLFR SURPRYHU OD WUDQVSDUHQFLDOD
UHQGLFLyQGHFXHQWDVODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD « FRQHOILQGHVDWLVIDFHUODV QHFHVLGDGHV \
DVSLUDFLRQHVGHODVSHUVRQDV´

6LJXLHQGR HVWRV PDQGDWRV OD 2($ \ HO %,' HVWiQ SURPRYLHQGR OD
LQQRYDFLyQ GH OD JHVWLyQ S~EOLFD HQ ORV SDtVHV GH OD UHJLyQ D WUDYpV GH XQD
VHULH GH LQFLWDWLYDV \ SUR\HFWRV (O GHQRPLQDGR JRELHUQR HOHFWUyQLFR VH
HQWLHQGH FRPR OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH ODV 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ \OD
&RPXQLFDFLyQ 7,& DORVSURFHVRVGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ\IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVHFWRU
S~EOLFR GHQWUR GH OD QRFLyQ PiV DPSOLD GH PRGHUQL]DFLyQ GHO (VWDGR HQ XQ
FRQWH[WR GHPRFUiWLFR(VWHe–JRELHUQRDXQTXHSDVDSRUODGLJLWDOL]DFLyQGHORV
SURFHVRV\VLVWHPDVGH ODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFD\HQWLGDGHVYDULDVWUDVFLHQGHVX
PHURXVRLQVWUXPHQWDOSRUTXHLPSOLFD HVWUDWHJLDV GLVWLQWDV D ODV SUHGRPLQDQWHV
HQ OD EXURFUDFLD WUDGLFLRQDO FRQ GLVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHV \ OLPLWDFLRQHVHQWUHRWUDV
ODULJLGH]HQORVSURFHVRVOHQWLWXGLQHILFLHQFLDGXSOLFDFLyQGH IXQFLRQHVIDOWD
GH WUDQVSDUHQFLD LQIRUPDFLyQ SRFR DFFHVLEOH WUDPLWDFLyQ SHUVRQDO HQ RILFLQDV
S~EOLFDV GLILFXOWDG SDUD HVWDEOHFHU FRQWDFWR\ SUHVHQWDU UHFODPRV DOWRV FRVWRV
HQWUH RWUDV IDOHQFLDV /D DFWXDO YLVLyQ TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D XQD QXHYD JHVWLyQ
S~EOLFD LQFRUSRUD DSOLFDFLRQHV FLEHUQpWLFDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH GLVHxDGDV SDUD
RSWLPL]DU H LQWHJUDU GLYHUVRV VLVWHPDV \ iUHDV GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFD
HVWDEOHFLHQGRSODWDIRUPDVYLUWXDOHVDG±KRFSDUDORJUDUHQWUHRWURVDYDQFHV FRPR
ORVVLJXLHQWHV OLEUH\IiFLODFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ open data  VLPSOLILFDFLyQGH
SURFHVRV HQ WRGDV ODV iUHDV SUHVWDFLyQ GH VHUYLFLRV RQOLQH ³7dias/24 horas´
SDUD WUiPLWHV \SDJR GH VHUYLFLRV S~EOLFRV HQWUHJD GH VHUYLFLRV HVHQFLDOHV HQ
IRUPD UiSLGD \ WUDQVSDUHQWH FRQ EDMR R QLQJ~QFRVWRKDELOLWDFLyQGHYHQWDQDV
online SDUDKDFHUWUiPLWHVIRUPXODUUHFODPRVFUtWLFDV\ VXJHUHQFLDV 9DOH GHFLU
HO REMHWLYR HV DFHUFDU OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ S~EOLFD D ORV XVXDULRV SDUD EULQGDUOHV
XQVHUYLFLRHILFLHQWH\UiSLGR
/D 2($ HQ VX ODERU GH SURPRFLyQ GHO e–JRELHUQR KD VLVWHPDWL]DGR ODV
H[SHULHQFLDV \ OHJLVODFLyQ GH XQ JUXSR GH SDtVHV TXH \D HVWiQ DGHODQWDGRV HQ
HVWH SURSyVLWR ,QFOXVR DOJXQRV JRELHUQRV KDQ LQVWDODGR OR TXH VH FRQRFH

'3LDJJHVL(O%,'\HO*RELHUQR(OHFWUyQLFRHQPolitica Digital0p[LFR')1RSS

±
/7RUUHV93LQD 65R\RE–government and the transformation of public administrations in

EU countries: Beyond NPM or just a second wave of reforms? 'RFXPHQWRGH7UDEDMR8QLYHUVLGDGGH


=DUDJR]D
(QOD2($HQOD6HFUHWDUtDGH$VXQWRV3ROtWLFRV'HSDUWDPHQWRSDUDOD*HVWLyQ3~EOLFD(IHFWLYD

VHKDQVLVWHPDWL]DGRODVSUiFWLFDV\OHJLVODFLyQSDUDLPSOHPHQWDUHOe±JRELHUQRHQDOJXQRVSDtVHV%ROLYLD
&KLOH &RORPELD (FXDGRU 3HU~ \ 9HQH]XHOD 0p[LFR +RQGXUDV 1LFDUDJXD 3DQDPi *XDWHPDOD \
&RVWD5LFDKWWSZZZRDVRUJHVVDSGJSHJXLDBHJRYDVS
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

FRPROD³ventanilla única´FRQVWLWXLGDSRUXQSRUWDO QDFLRQDOTXHFHQWUDOL]DOD


LQIRUPDFLyQPiVUHOHYDQWHVREUHORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRV\SHUPLWHXQD WUDPLWDFLyQ
online en IRUPDVLPSOHH[SHGLWD \ FRQEHQHILFLRVWDQJLEOHVSDUDODVSHUVRQDV
HPSUHVDV \ SDUD HO SURSLR JRELHUQR&DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH GRV FDVRV H[LWRVRV
VRQ ORV LPSOHPHQWDGRVSRU&RVWD5LFD\&KLOH(QGHILQLWLYDHVWDLQQRYDFLyQ
GHPRFUiWLFDHVWiGLULJLGD DORJUDUPD\RUHVQLYHOHVGHHILFLHQFLDHQHOTXHKDFHU
JXEHUQDPHQWDOQR VyORGHOJRELHUQRFHQWUDO \VXVGHSHQGHQFLDVVLQRWDPELpQ
HQWUHHOODV\SRUFLHUWRFRQUHVSHFWRDODFLXGDGDQtD
(QXQHVIXHU]RFRQMXQWROD2($\HO%,'KDQRUJDQL]DGROD5HGde Gobierno
Electrónico de América Latina y el Caribe 5HG *($/&  TXH VLUYH SDUD
LGHQWLILFDU ODV HVWUDWHJLDV VLVWHPDV LQIRUPiWLFRVXWLOL]DGRV software S~ELFR \
ORJURV DOFDQ]DGRV D SDUWLU GH H[SHULHQFLD FRQFUHWDV GH ORVSDtVHVPLHPEURV
$VLPLVPR VH KD FRQVWLWXLGR HO PHFDQLVPR GH Modernización de la Gestión
Municipal 0XQHW e±*RELHUQR  SDUD DSR\DU OD DGRSFLyQ GH ODV 7,& FRPR
KHUUDPLHQWDV DOLDGDV FODYHSDUDHOGLVHxRHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHSROtWLFDVORFDOHV
FRQSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD

– El Gobierno Abierto.
$FWXDOPHQWHH[LVWHXQDWHQGHQFLD SDUD DSOLFDUODHVWUDWHJLDGHPRGHUQL]DFLyQ
GHO(VWDGRQRVyOR DO e–JRELHUQR VLQR TXH WDPELpQ UHVSHFWR GH XQ FRQFHSWR
PiV RPQLFRPSUHQVLYR GHQRPLQDGR ³JRELHUQRDELHUWR´TXHSURSRQHXQPRGHOR
GLULJLGR D SURIXQGL]DU OD GHPRFUDWL]DFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD SROtWLFR HVHQFLDO
FRPSRQHQWH SDUDWUDQVLWDU KDFLD XQD 6RFLHGDG GHO &RQRFLPLHQWR (O JRELHUQR
DELHUWR WLHQH FRPR DQWHFHGHQWH XQD LQLFLDWLYD GHO 3UHVLGHQWH %DUDFN 2EDPD
TXLHQ DSHQDV OOHJDGR D OD &DVD %ODQFD HQ  VH FRPSURPHWLy D FUHDU XQ

&RVWD5LFDPortal Ciudadano *RELHUQR'LJLWDOKWWSJRELHUQRDELHUWRJRFU&KLOHChile Atiende,

Personas a tu servicio KWWSVZZZFKLOHDWLHQGHJREFO


$1DVHU\*&RQFKDEl Gobierno Electrónico en la gestión pública, 6DQWLDJR(GLWRULDO&(3$/


/DRedGEALCFUHDGDSRUOD2($\HO%,'HVXQDLQLFLDWLYDGHFRRSHUDFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOSDUD

SURPRYHUHOWHPDGHOJRELHUQRHOHFWUyQLFRHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD\HO&DULEH$FWXDOPHQWHYDULRVSDtVHV
IRUPDQSDUWHGHHVWD5HG$UJHQWLQD%ROLYLD%UDVLO&KLOH&RORPELD&RVWD5LFD(FXDGRU(O6DOYDGRU
+RQGXUDV0p[LFR3DUDJXD\3HU~5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD8UXJXD\9HQH]XHOD\+DLWt
KWWSSRUWDORDVRUJ3RUWDO6HFWRU6$3'SWRGH0RGHUQL]DFL&%QGHO(VWDGR\*REHUQDELOLGDG13$5H
G*($/&WDELG'HIDXOWDVS[
2($*RELHUQR(OHFWUyQLFR0XQHWe±JRELHUQR

KWWSSRUWDORDVRUJ3RUWDO6HFWRU6$3'HSDUWDPHQWRSDUDOD*HVWL&%Q3&%$EOLFD(IHFWLYD13
$0X1HWH*RYHUQPHQWWDELG'HIDXOWDVS[
-)/ySH](JDxD¢Pueden los Estados seguir gobernando ciudadanías bajo viejos paradigmas?

Los desafíos políticos del gobierno abierto en América Latina y el Caribe, 'RFXPHQWRGH'LVFXVLyQ%,'

KWWSVZZZZKLWHKRXVHJRYWKHBSUHVVBRIILFH7UDQVSDUHQF\DQG2SHQ*RYHUQPHQW
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

QRYHGRVRPHFDQLVPRSDUDIDFLOLWDU XQDPSOLRDFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ\VHUYLFLRV
GHWRGDVODVHQWLGDGHVS~EOLFDVSDUDDWHQGHUFRQ UDSLGH] \HILFLHQFLD ORV DVXQWRV
GH LQWHUpV FLXGDGDQR Open Government Dashboard  /D LQLFLDWLYDVHFHQWUy
HQ SURPRYHU WUHV SULQFLSLRV WUDQVSDUHQFLD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ \ FRODERUDFLyQ (VWD
LGHDWXYRXQDUHSHUFXVLyQHQHOPXQGRGDGRTXHDOSRFRWLHPSRIXHVHJXLGDSRU
YDULRVJRELHUQRV FRQHOFRQVLJXLHQWHLPSDFWRSRVLWLYRHQHOSURSyVLWRGHIRUWDOHFHU
OD e–GHPRFUDFLD \ SURPRYHU OD HILFLHQFLD \ HIHFWLYLGDG GH ORV JRELHUQRV
$VLPLVPR HQ  VH FUHD OD $OLDQ]D SDUD HO *RELHUQR $ELHUWR Open
Government Partnership) 2*3  FRPR XQD LQLFLDWLYD PXOWLODWHUDO LQWHJUDGD
DFWXDOPHQWH SRU  SDtVHV í YDULRV ODWLQRDPHULFDQRVí \ UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH OD
VRFLHGDG FLYLOSDUD DSR\DUHOGHVDUUROORGHXQJRELHUQRDELHUWRDWUDYpVGHORV
SULQFLSLRVGHWUDQVSDUHQFLDFRQVXOWD\ SDUWLFLSDFLyQSRSXODULQWHJULGDGS~EOLFD
\ OXFKD DQWLFRUUXSFLyQ DSR\DGRV HQ ODV QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV SDUD
IRUWDOHFHU OD GHPRFUDFLD HQ HO PXQGR /D 2*3 WLHQH XQ PHFDQLVPR
LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH HYDOXDFLyQ Independent Reporting Mechanism) ,50  SDUD
HVWLPDU HO PD\RU R PHQRU FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ORV JRELHUQRV UHVSHFWR D ORV
FRPSURPLVRVDVXPLGRVDWUDYpVGHLQIRUPHV FRQODUHQGLFLyQGHFXHQWDVGHFDGD
SDtV
(Q OR TXH UHVSHFWD DO 6LVWHPD ,QWHUDPHULFDQR SXHGH PHQFLRQDUVH HQWUH ORV
DQWHFHGHQWHV OD9,,&XPEUH GH ODV $PpULFDV 3DQDPi   TXHDSUREy HO
GRFXPHQWRVREUH³3URVSHULGDGFRQ (TXLGDG(OGHVDItRGHOD&RRSHUDFLyQHQODV
$PpULFDV´TXHUHFRQRFH

³«TXHODGHPRFUDFLDHV HVHQFLDOSDUDHOGHVDUUROORVRFLDOSROtWLFR\HFRQyPLFRGHORVSXHEORV
GHODV$PpULFDV \TXHOD LQHTXLGDG\ODSREUH]DFRQVWLWX\HQXQREVWiFXORSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR
QRV SURSRQHPRV «  SURPRYHU HO *RELHUQR $ELHUWR \ HO DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRPR
KHUUDPLHQWDVFODYHVSDUDORJUDU PD\RUWUDQVSDUHQFLDPHMRUJHVWLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDOSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
FLXGDGDQDHLQFOXVLyQVRFLDO´

7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HVWH PDQGDWR LQWHUQDFLRQDO FDEH DKRUD SUHJXQWDUVH
¢&XiOHV VRQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHe–JRELHUQR\JRELHUQRDELHUWR" (OJRELHUQR
DELHUWRFRQVWLWX\HXQSDVRDGHODQWH IUHQWHDOe–JRELHUQRHQHOVHQWLGRTXHIDFLOLWD
ORV ILQHV GHO SULPHUR EULQGDQGR DPERV HQ IRUPD FRPSOHPHQWDULD LPSRUWDQWHV
DSRUWHVSDUDODYLJHQFLDGHXQDGHPRFUDFLDGLJLWDO (OJRELHUQR DELHUWR YLHQH

KWWSVZZZZKLWHKRXVHJRYRSHQGRFXPHQWVOHDGLQJ±SUDFWLFHV±RSHQ±JRYW±SODQV
 2 3HUH] 2SHQ *RYHUQPHQW 7HFKQRORJLFDO ,QQRYDWLRQ DQG WKH 3ROLWLFV RI 'HPRFUDWLF

'LVLOOXVLRQPHQW(±'HPRFUDF\IURP6RFUDWHVWR2EDPDJournal of Law and Policy for the Information


Society9ROSS±
KWWSZZZRSHQJRYSDUWQHUVKLSRUJDERXW
KWWSZZZRSHQJRYSDUWQHUVKLSRUJVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHV2*3UHSRUWBSGI
KWWSVZZZFWJDOEDQ\HGXSXEOLFDWLRQVMRXUQDOVGJRBRSHQJRYGJRBRSHQJRYSGI
 $ +RIIPDQ $ 5DPtUH] \ - $ %RMyUTXH] &RRUG  La Promesa del Gobierno Abierto OLEUR

GLJLWDO SUHVHQWDGRHQHO³Encuentro Regional sobre Gobierno Abierto´GHO2SHQ*RYHUQPHQW3DUWQHUVKLS


$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

D VHUXQ PRGHOR SROtWLFR GH YDQJXDUGLD EDVDGR HQ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ HQWUH HO SRGHU
OHJDOPHQWH FRQVWLWXLGR HQ VXV GLVWLQWRV QLYHOHV FRQ OD VRFLHGDG XWLOL]DQGR ORV
PHGLRV YLUWXDOHV HQ WRUQR D WUHV REMHWLYRV D  Transparencia SRQLHQGR D
GLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD FLXGDGDQtD GDWRV UHOHYDQWHV H LQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD VREUH
SUR\HFWRV GHFLVLRQHV SODQHV \ IXHQWHV GH ILQDQFLDPLHQWR GHO JRELHUQR SDUD
SURSLFLDU OD UHQGLFLyQ GH FXHQWDV E  Participación ciudadana, KDELOLWDQGR
HVSDFLRVWDQWR SDUDHOVHJXLPLHQWRGHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVFRPRSDUDDUWLFXODU
SURSXHVWDV R XQD SRVLFLyQ FUtWLFD IUHQWH D ODV PLVPDV HQ EHQHILFLR GH XQD
FRQWLQXDLQWHUDFFLyQ\F ColaboraciónFRPRWHUFHU FRPSRQHQWHTXHLPSOLFD
XQD PD\RU SUHVHQFLD FROHFWLYD HQ OD JHVWLyQ S~EOLFD FRQ XQ JRELHUQR TXH
LQYROXFUDDODSREODFLyQSRWHQFLDOPHQWHLQWHUHVDGDRDIHFWDGDSRUODDGRSFLyQGH
GHWHUPLQDGDV GHFLVLRQHVFRQRSFLyQGHXQDGLVFXVLyQS~EOLFD\DSRUWHVDWUDYpV
GH XQ SURFHVR GHOLEHUDWLYR TXH HQ OD SUiFWLFD LPSOLFD XQD VXHUWH GH
FRUUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQODJHVWLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDO
(VWH ~OWLPR FRPSRQHQWH KD GDGR OXJDU D LPSOHPHQWDU XQD QXHYD IRUPD GH
KDFHU SROtWLFD SRU PHGLR GH OD ³FRODERUDFLyQ DELHUWD´ (crowdsourcing)82,
UHIHULGD D OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV\KDELOLGDGHVP~OWLSOHVSURYHQLHQWHV
GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV \ JUXSRV LQWHUHVDGRV HQ DOJ~Q DVXQWR SUREOHPD R IXQFLyQ
GHO iPELWR S~EOLFR TXH SHUPLWD OD FUHDFLyQ FRQMXQWD GH VROXFLRQHV HQWUH
OtGHUHV HOHJLGRV HQ HO SRGHU ±UHSUHVHQWDQWHV SROtWLFRV² \ ORV HOHFWRUHV R
UHSUHVHQWDGRV SURFHVDQGR GLFKDV LQLFLDWLYDV D WUDYpV GH ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV
SULQFLSDOPHQWH DVt FRPRRWURV PHGLRV \SRUWDOHVHQOtQHD (Q GLYHUVRVSDtVHV
GH/DWLQRDPpULFDVHHVWiQJHVWDQGR SUR\HFWRVSURPRYLGRVSRU HO%,'\ 2($
SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ FXDWUR iUHDV &RQVWLWXFLyQ &RODERUDWLYD SDUD FDPELRV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV &RQJUHVR$ELHUWR SURSXHVWDVRPRGLILFDFLRQHVGH SUR\HFWRV
GH OH\  3URSXHVWDV &LXGDGDQDV LQLFLDWLYDV \ GHEDWHV  \ 3URFHVR (OHFWRUDO
SODWDIRUPDV SDUD UHFHSFLyQ YHULILFDFLyQ \ SXEOLFDFLyQ HQ WLHPSR UHDO GH
GHQXQFLDV \ RWURV DVXQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV SURFHVRV HOHFWRUDOHV \ ODV
HOHFFLRQHV  (VWD PRGDOLGDG LQQRYDGRUD SDUD LQWHUDFWXDUHQWHPDV SROtWLFRV
SODVPDU LGHDV RULJLQDOHV SURYHQLHQWHV GH GLYHUVRV SURSRQHQWHV SDUD VXSHUDU
SRVLEOHV VHVJRV GH LQLFLDWLYDV HODERUDGDV SRU OD EXURFUDFLD R ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV

2*3  6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH  KWWSLQLFLRLIDLRUJP[3XEOLFDFLRQHV/DSURPHVDGHO
*RELHUQR$ELHUWRSGI
(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDOJRELHUQRDELHUWR\ODWUDQVSDUHQFLDH[LVWHQLQLFLDWLYDVHQDOJXQRVSDtVHVD

WUDYpVGH³DXGLWRULDVVRFLDOHV´SDUDHYDOXDUODHILFLHQFLD\HILFDFLDHQHOXVRGHUHFXUVRV\ODFDOLGDGGHO
VHUYLFLRS~EOLFRHIHFWXDGRSRUODFLXGDGDQtDRUJDQL]DGDRDWUDYpVGHXQHQWHSULYDGRRS~EOLFR
KWWSVZZZDFDGHPLDHGX9LHQWRVBGHBFDPELRB(OBDYDQFHBGHBODVBSRO&$'WLFDVBGHBJREL
HUQRBDELHUWRBHQB$P&$ULFDB/DWLQDB\BHOB&DULEH
 -& 9HODVFR ³'HPRFUDFLD \ GHOLEHUDFLyQ S~EOLFD³ HQ Revista de Pensamiento Político, Qž 

0p[LFR')SS±
 %,' &URZGVRXUFLQJ KWWSEORJVLDGERUJDELHUWR±DO±SXEOLFRSROLWLFD±FRODERUDWLYD±

FURZGVRXUFLQJ±DO±VHUYLFLR±GH±OD±GHPRFUDFLD
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

HQ HO 3DUODPHQWR UHSUHVHQWD XQD LQQRYDFLyQ TXH YD FRQILJXUDQGR \


IRUWDOHFLHQGRODe–GHPRFUDFLD 7RGRHOORLPSOLFDXQDUHIRUPXODFLyQGHODDFFLyQ
JXEHUQDPHQWDO\GHODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOVHFWRU S~EOLFRHOVHFWRUSULYDGR\ORV
FLXGDGDQRV PRGHUQL]DQGR \ DOLJHUDQGR HO DSDUDWR EXURFUiWLFR SDUD TXH ODV
SHUVRQDVWHQJDQXQIiFLODFFHVRDWHQFLyQHILFLHQWH\SHUPDQHQWH\SRUFLHUWRFRQ
DKRUUR GHWLHPSR\UHFXUVRVSDUDHOSDtV\ODSREODFLyQ(QHVWHPDUFRHOJRELHUQR
DELHUWR UHSUHVHQWDUtD XQD VXHUWH GH QXHYR ³FRQWUDWR VRFLDO´ HQ UHODFLyQ D ORV
GHUHFKRV\REOLJDFLRQHVGHJREHUQDQWHV\ JREHUQDGRV YDOH GHFLU TXH PHGLDQWH
HO PXQGR GLJLWDO VH KDJD SRVLEOH OD SURPHVD GH XQD JREHUQDELOLGDG
GHPRFUiWLFD FRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH WDQWR UHFODPD OD FLXGDGDQtD HILFLHQWH
WUDQVSDUHQWHLJXDOLWDULDGLQiPLFDSDUWLFLSDWLYD\VROLGDULD
(Q OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH pVWDV LQLFLDWLYDV WDQWR GHO e–JRELHUQR FRPR GHO
JRELHUQRDELHUWR WDPELpQ H[LVWHQ ULHVJRV \ SUHRFXSDFLRQHV UHODWLYDV D OD
VHJXULGDG FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG SDUD ORV XVXDULRVSHUPDQHQFLDGHORVSUR\HFWRV
FDSDFLGDGGHJHVWLyQ\FRPSURPLVRSROtWLFRWDQWRGHORV JREHUQDQWHVFRPRGH
ORVFLXGDGDQRVSDUDFRQWLQXDUORV\PHMRUDUORVHQHOWLHPSR

3. El acceso digital a la información pública (e–acceso a la información)

2WURFRPSRQHQWHHVHQFLDOGHODGHPRFUDFLDGLJLWDOHVHODFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ
HQ JHQHUDO \ HQ SDUWLFXODU HO DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD TXH HV
FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR XQ GHUHFKR KXPDQR HVWUHFKDPHQWHOLJDGR D ODOLEHUWDG GH
H[SUHVLyQDPERVSLODUHVHVHQFLDOHVGHXQDVRFLHGDG GHPRFUiWLFD (VWHGHUHFKR
LPSOLFDODIDFXOWDGSDUDREWHQHUGDWRVUHJLVWURVDUFKLYRVHLQIRUPDFLyQGHGLYHUVR
WLSR EDMR HO SRGHU GH HQWLGDGHV S~EOLFDV \ HQWLGDGHV SULYDGDV TXH WHQJDQ
ILQDQFLDPLHQWR S~EOLFRVHJ~QODOH\ 6HSDUWHGHOSULQFLSLRTXHSRUUHJODJHQHUDO
ODLQIRUPDFLyQHQSRVHVLyQGHO (VWDGR HV S~EOLFDVDOYRH[FHSFLRQHVTXHGHEHQ
HVWDU GHELGDPHQWH WLSLILFDGDV SRU OH\ (O REMHWR SULQFLSDO GH HVWH GHUHFKR HV
FRDG\XYDU D WUDQVSDUHQWDU OD JHVWLyQ S~EOLFD \ OD UHQGLFLyQ GHFXHQWDVGHODV
DXWRULGDGHVIRUWDOHFHUODUHODFLyQGHFRQILDQ]DHQWUHHOJRELHUQR\ODFLXGDGDQtD
\ SRQHU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH ODV SHUVRQDV SDUD TXH SXHGDQ HMHUFHU
FRQDPSOLWXGVXV GHUHFKRV SROtWLFRV VRFLDOHVHFRQyPLFRV \GHWRGDtQGROH (Q

 KWWSEORJVLDGERUJDELHUWR±DO±SXEOLFRSROLWLFD±FRODERUDWLYD±FURZGVRXUFLQJ±DO±VHUYL

FLR±GH±OD±GHPRFUDFLDKWWSZZZVXEROHWLQFRPFRQWHQWVRHDGRFV%ROHWLQB(GLWRULDOKWPO
 ) 0D\RUJD \ ( &yUGRYD Gobernabilidad y Gobernanza en América Latina :RUNLQJ 3DSHU

1&&51RUWH±6XU,3*LQHEUDSUHVHQWDQXQDGHILQLFLyQDPSOLDGHJREHUQDELOLGDGUHVFDWDQGRVX
FDUiFWHUPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO\UHODFLRQDOHQWHQGLGDFRPRXQHVWDGRGHHTXLOLEULRGLQiPLFRHQWUHHOQLYHOGH
ODVGHPDQGDVVRFLDOHV\ODFDSDFLGDGGHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFR (VWDGRJRELHUQR SDUDUHVSRQGHUODVGHPDQHUD
OHJtWLPD\HILFD]$VtFRPRODGHPRFUDFLDHVXQD³IRUPDGHJRELHUQR´ODJREHUQDELOLGDGLQGLFDHO³JUDGR
GHJRELHUQR´TXHVHHMHUFHHQXQDVRFLHGDG
 KWWSZZZUHYLVWDHJJSXFKLOHFOLQGH[SKS5(*3DUWLFOHYLHZ)LOH 2S FLW %0

5DPDFFLRWWL³/D'HPRFUDFLDHQOD(UD'LJLWDO´SS±
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

QXHVWUR DQiOLVLV VH UHYLVDUi HVWH GHUHFKRGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOe–DFFHVRDOD


LQIRUPDFLyQ S~ELFD, YDOH GHFLU EDMR HO SULVPD GH ORVEHQHILFLRV\GHVDItRVTXH
VHSODQWHDQSDUDHMHUFHUHVWHGHUHFKRDWUDYpVGH,QWHUQHWODWeb 2.0 \HQJHQHUDO
ODV1XHYDV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\OD&RPXQLFDFLyQ 7,& 
(OGHUHFKRGHDFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQHVWiSURWHJLGRSRUQRUPDVGHO'HUHFKR
,QWHUQDFLRQDO $QLYHOPXQGLDOOD'HFODUDFLyQ8QLYHUVDOGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV
  \HO3DFWR,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV \ 3ROtWLFRV  
UHFRQRFHQ TXH HO GHUHFKR GH OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ LQFOX\HHOGHUHFKRDUHFLELU
LQIRUPDFLRQHV\RSLQLRQHV\GLIXQGLUODVVLQOLPLWDFLyQ\ SRUFXDOTXLHU PHGLRGH
H[SUHVLyQ
(QHOPDUFRLQWHUDPHULFDQRH[LVWHQRWURVDQWHFHGHQWHV\GHVDUUROORVMXUtGLFRV
LPSRUWDQWHV HQWUH ORV TXH FDEH PHQFLRQDU ORV VLJXLHQWHV &RQYHQFLyQ
$PHULFDQDVREUH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV  HVWDEOHFHTXH³7RGDSHUVRQDWLHQH
HO GHUHFKRD ODOLEHUWDG GHH[SUHVLyQHVWH GHUHFKR FRPSUHQGH OD OLEHUWDG GH
EXVFDU UHFLELU \ GLIXQGLU LQIRUPDFLRQHV H LGHDV GH WRGD tQGROH VLQ
FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GHIURQWHUDV \D VHD RUDOPHQWH SRU HVFULWR R HQ IRUPD LPSUHVD R
DUWtVWLFDRSRU FXDOTXLHURWURSURFHGLPLHQWRGHVXHOHFFLyQ´ DUWž OD&DUWD
'HPRFUiWLFD,QWHUDPHULFDQD   GHVWDFDODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHORVJRELHUQRV
HQODJHVWLyQS~EOLFDODSURELGDG\HOUHVSHWR GHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOHV\ODOLEHUWDG
GH H[SUHVLyQ DUW ž  GHUHFKRV GLUHFWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO DFFHVR D OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD LQGLVSHQVDEOH SDUD TXH ODV SHUVRQDV SXHGDQ FRQRFHU \
GHIHQGHUGHELGDPHQWHVXVGHUHFKRVOD&XPEUH([WUDRUGLQDULDGHODV$PpULFDV
  'HFODUDFLyQGH1XHYD/HyQTXHHQIDWL]D ³«(ODFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ
HQSRGHUGHO(VWDGRFRQ HOGHELGRUHVSHWRDODVQRUPDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\OHJDOHV
LQFOXLGDVODVGHSULYDFLGDG\FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG HV FRQGLFLyQ LQGLVSHQVDEOH SDUD
OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD \ SURPXHYH HO UHVSHWRHIHFWLYRGHORVGHUHFKRV
KXPDQRV1RVFRPSURPHWHPRVDFRQWDUFRQORVPDUFRVMXUtGLFRV QRUPDWLYRVDVt
FRPR FRQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV \ FRQGLFLRQHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD JDUDQWL]DU D QXHVWURV
FLXGDGDQRVHOGHUHFKRDODFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ´
(O&RPLWp-XUtGLFR,QWHUDPHULFDQRSRUVXSDUWHSUHSDUyHQXQLQIRUPH
UHIHULGR D ORV ³3ULQFLSLRV VREUH HO 'HUHFKR GH $FFHVR D OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ´
&-,5(6 /;,,,±2  \OD&RUWH ,QWHUDPHULFDQD GH 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV
HQHQHO&DVR³Claude Reyes y otros vs. Chile”, LQWHUSUHWDTXHHOGHUHFKR

'HFODUDFLyQ8QLYHUVDOGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVGHDUWKWWSZZZXQRUJHVGRFXPHQWV

XGKU
 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV 3DFWR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV \ 3ROtWLFRV   $UW  

KWWSZZZRKFKURUJ633URIHVVLRQDO,QWHUHVW3DJHV&&35DVS[
KWWSVZZZRDVRUJGLOHVSWUDWDGRVB%±B&RQYHQFLRQB$PHULFDQDBVREUHB'HUHFKRVB+XPDQRVKWP
 Recomendaciones sobre Acceso a la Información 'RFXPHQWR &RQMXQWR SUHSDUDGR SRU HO

'HSDUWDPHQWRGH'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO\RWUDVHQWLGDGHVGHOD2($DSUREDGRSRU$VDPEOHD*HQHUDOGH
 $*5(6 ;;;9,,±2 
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

GH OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ LQFOX\H HO GHUHFKR GH DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ /D
$VDPEOHD*HQHUDOGHOD2($DSUREyHQXQD³Ley Modelo Interamericana
sobre Acceso a la Información Pública”91 TXH IXH HODERUDGD FRPR IUXWR GH
XQ WUDEDMR LQWHUDFWLYR GH ODUJR DOLHQWR FRQ UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH ORV (VWDGRV OD
VRFLHGDGFLYLOHOVHFWRUSULYDGRH[SHUWRV\ DFDGpPLFRV (Q  VH DGRSWy HO
³Programa Interamericano sobre Acceso a la Información Pública´ SDUD
FRDG\XYDUDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOD/H\0RGHOR\RWUDVDFFLRQHVGHFRRUGLQDFLyQ
\SURPRFLyQHQORVSDtVHVPLHPEURVGHOD2($ $*5(6 
(VWRV DYDQFHV MXUtGLFRV HQWUH RWURV VRQ IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD ORJUDU XQD
FLXGDGDQtD PiV FRQVLHQWH\HPSRGHUDGD\FDGDGtDPiVLQWHUFRQHFWDGD
&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG OD PD\RU SDUWH GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VH
VROLFLWD\DVX YH]TXHVHWUDVPLWHVHKDFHIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGHPHGLRV
FLEHUQpWLFRVVHUiQHFHVDULRTXH HQ HO IXWXUR SUy[LPR VH DERUGH HVWD WHPiWLFD
SHUIHFFLRQDQGR ORV DQWHFHGHQWHV MXUtGLFRV DQWHV PHQFLRQDGRV FRQUHODFLyQDO
DFFHVR GLJLWDODODLQIRUPDFLyQS~EOLFD. (VWDWDUHDSHQGLHQWHGHEHUi HIHFWXDUVHHQ
OyJLFD FRQMXQFLyQ FRQ ODV SROtWLFDV SDUD SURPRYHU HO e–JRELHUQR \ HO JRELHUQR
DELHUWR TXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQOD2($\HO%,''HHVWHPRGRVHGHEHUiH[DPLQDU
HOe–DFFHVRXQLYHUVDO D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FyPR EULQGDU ODV IDFLOLGDGHV QHFHVDULDV
D WUDYpV GH VLWLRV Web \ YHQWDQLOODV HOHFWUyQLFDV~QLFDVGHIiFLOXELFDFLyQFRQ
HOFRQVLJXLHQWHDXPHQWRGHODLQWHUDFWLYLGDG \ FRQ XQD PD\RUVLPSOLFLGDG \
HILFLHQFLD HQ IDYRU GH ORV XVXDULRV ODV GHSHQGHQFLDV S~EOLFDV \ ORV GLIHUHQWHV
SRGHUHVGHO(VWDGR

– E–acceso universal a Internet.


(QFRQH[LyQFRQHO e–DFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQHQJHQHUDO\DODLQIRUPDFLyQ
S~EOLFDHQSDUWLFXODU HVQHFHVDULRDERUGDURWUDWHPiWLFDHVHQFLDOHOGHUHFKRGH
e–DFFHVRXQLYHUVDOD,QWHUQHW /DLGHD IXQGDPHQWDO HV TXH ORV PHGLRV RQOLQH
TXH VRQ LQVWUXPHQWRV GHPRFUDWL]DGRUHV SRU H[FHOHQFLD GHEHQH[WHQGHUVHD
WRGRVDFFHVRJHQHUDOL]DGRDODWeb; simplificación GHOsoftware y HOhardware; \
ODGLVPLQXFLyQGHORVFRVWRVUHODFLRQDGRVDORVPLVPRV 3UHFLVDPHQWHHODFFHVRD
ODLQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD GHEH FRQFUHWDUVH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU YtD GLJLWDO VLQ
H[FOXLU RWURV PHGLRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDGDVSHUVRQDV FRQFDSDFLGDGHV HVSHFLDOHVR
DOJXQRV HQWRUQRV PiV GHVIDYRUHFLGRV 7RGR HOOR JHQHUDUi PD\RU DSHUWXUD
OLEHUWDG LJXDOGDG \ QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ HO XVR GH ORV PHGLRV YLUWXDOHVMXQWR

&DVRClaude Reyes y otros vs. Chile, 'HFLVLyQGHOD&RUWH,'+GHVHWLHPEUH

KWWSZZZFRUWHLGKRUFUGRFVFDVRVDUWLFXORVVHULHFBBHVSSGI
Ley Modelo Interamericana sobre Acceso a la InformaciónDSUREDGDSRUOD$VDPEOHD*HQHUDOGH

OD 2($ HO  GH MXQLR GH  SRU 5HV$*5(6  ;/±2  KWWSZZZRDVRUJHVVODGGL
GRFV$*±5(6BB;/±2±SGI
KWWSZZZRDVRUJHVVODGGLGRFVDFFHVRBDBODBLQIRUPDFLRQBSURJUDPDBLQWHUDPHULFDQRSGI
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

FRQXQDPiVDPSOLDWUDQVSDUHQFLDGHORVJRELHUQRV\HOLPSXOVRDXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
FLXGDGDQD PiV FRPSURPHWLGD FRQ ORV REMHWLYRV GHO ELHQ FRP~Q (Q OD
DFWXDOLGDGHOe–DFFHVR D,QWHUQHW VHFRQVLGHUDXQGHUHFKRKXPDQRTXHGHEHVHU
SURWHJLGRHQHOiPELWRMXUtGLFR
$ QLYHO LQWHUQDFLRQDO KD\ DQWHFHGHQWHV HQ GLYHUVRV IRURV PXOWLODWHUDOHV
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV 8QR PX\ VLJQLILFDWLYR HV OD
³Declaración Conjunta sobre Libertad de Expresión e Internet´  
VXVFULWD SRU HO 5HODWRU (VSHFLDO GH 218 SDUD OD /LEHUWDG GH 2SLQLyQ \
([SUHVLyQ \ OD 5HODWRUD (VSHFLDO SDUD OD /LEHUWDG GH([SUHVLyQ GH 2($ HQWUH
RWURV TXHPHQFLRQDQ³«el carácter trasformador de Internet, como medio que
permite que miles de millones de personas en todo el mundo expresen sus
opiniones, a la vez que incrementa significativamente su capacidad de acceder
a la información…y la divulgación de la información.” 7DPELpQ GHEH
UHVDOWDUVHTXHHO&RQVHMRGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV 218   DSUREy HQXQD
UHVROXFLyQ VREUH OD SURPRFLyQ SURWHFFLyQ \ GLVIUXWH GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV
HQ ,QWHUQHW LQFOX\HQGR HO SOHQR DFFHVR \ HPSOHR GH ,QWHUQHW SDUD WRGDV ODV
SHUVRQDVFRPRXQPHGLR IXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHMHUFHUORVGHUHFKRVGHOLEHUWDGGH
RSLQLyQ H[SUHVLyQ \ DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ (VWH PLVPR &RQVHMR HQ 
DSUREy XQD QXHYD UHVROXFLyQ TXH HVWDEOHFH TXH HO DFFHVR D ,QWHUQHW VHUi
FRQVLGHUDGR HQ DGHODQWH XQ GHUHFKR EiVLFRGHWRGRVORVVHUHVKXPDQRV \TXH
ORV(VWDGRV GHEHQSURYHHUDVXV FLXGDGDQRV XQ DFFHVR DODUHGFRQGHQDQGRD
ODVQDFLRQHVTXHDOWHUDQHVWH GHUHFKRGDGRTXHWRGRVGHEHQJR]DUGHORVPLVPRV
GHUHFKRVKXPDQRVoffline \ online

– Derecho a la privacidad y protección de datos personales en Internet.
2WUD WHPiWLFD UHODFLRQDGD DO DQWHULRU UXEUR HV OD QHFHVLGDG GH FRQFLOLDU HO
GHUHFKRGHOLEHUWDGGH H[SUHVLyQHOe±DFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQFRQRWURVGHUHFKRV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV FRPR OD SULYDFLGDG \ ODSURWHFFLyQGHORVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHV(Q
RWUDV SDODEUDV VH WUDWD GH ORV GHUHFKRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD SURWHFFLyQ GH OD
SULYDFLGDG ODLGHQWLGDGODUHSXWDFLyQ OD LQWLPLGDGHO KRQRU \GLJQLGDGGHODV


1\H-RVHSK6³,QIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DQGGHPRFUDWLFJRYHUQDQFH´HQ.DPDUFN(ODLQH& 

1\H -RVHSK 6 (GV  Governance.com :DVKLQJWRQ '& %URRNLQJV ,QVWLWXWLRQ 3UHVV  % 0
5DPDFFLRWWL2SFLW³/D'HPRFUDFLDHQOD(UD'LJLWDO´SS
 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV &XPEUHV GH OD 6RFLHGDG GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH 7~QH]  TXH

SURSRQHD218ODFHOHEUDFLyQGHOGHPD\RFRPR³Día de Internet´TXHOXHJRVHGHFLGLyGHQRPLQDU
³Día Mundial de la Sociedad de la Información”
Declaración Conjunta sobre Libertad de Expresión e Internet, 2182($26&(&$'+3

KWWSZZZRVFHRUJHVIRP"GRZQORDG WUXH
 &RQVHMR GH 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV Resolución A/HRC/20/L.13 ± GH MXQLR

KWWSDSRKFKURUJGRFXPHQWV6+5&GBUHVBGHF$B+5&BB/SGI
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

SHUVRQDVHQ,QWHUQHWWRGRVGHUHFKRVUHFRJLGRVHQHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO
(Q PHGLR GHO SHUPDQHQWH \ FDVL LOLPLWDGR LQWHUFDPELR GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV H
LQIRUPDFLyQ GHOPiVGLYHUVRWLSRHQXQPXQGRJOREDOGLJLWDOVHYDQJHQHUDQGR
ULHVJRV TXH SXHGHQ DIHFWDU D PXFKRVHQHVSHFLDODODVPLQRUtDV\JUXSRVPiV
YXOQHUDEOHVGHODVRFLHGDG (QHVWH~OWLPRWLHPSR GLVWLQWRV DFWRUHV VH KDQ
SURQXQFLDGR VREUH HVWD WHPiWLFD /D $VDPEOHD *HQHUDO GH 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV
FRQUHVROXFLRQHV VREUHHOGHUHFKR DODSULYDFLGDGHQODHUDGLJLWDO  ORV
UHODWRUHV GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV GH OD 218 \ OD 2($ HQ  HO &RPLWp
-XUtGLFR ,QWHUDPHULFDQR HQ  FRQ HO GRFXPHQWR VREUH ³Principios de la
OEA sobre la Privacidad y la Protección de Datos Personales”100\OD8QLyQ
,QWHUSDUODPHQWDULDTXHHPLWLyXQPDQLILHVWRVREUHODHUDGLJLWDO\ORV SUREOHPDV
TXH VH JHQHUDQ HQ DOJXQRV iPELWRV HQ  7RGDV HVWDV HQWLGDGHV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV VHKDQH[SUHVDGRHQ GHIHQVD GH OD SURWHFFLyQ GHO GHUHFKRDOD
SULYDFLGDGGHORVXVXDULRV\GHORV GDWRVSHUVRQDOHVHQ,QWHUQHW &DEHPHQFLRQDU
TXHLQFOXVRDOJXQRVJUXSRVFRPRHOLQWHJUDGRSRU GLVWLQJXLGRV3UHPLRV1REHO\
RWUDV DOWDV SHUVRQDOLGDGHV OOHYDQ DGHODQWH XQD FDPSDxD VREUH HVWD WHPiWLFD
LQYRFDQGR D ODV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV SDUD TXH VH QHJRFLH \ DSUXHEH XQD
&RQYHQFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDOVREUHORV'HUHFKRV'LJLWDOHV
(QOtQHDFRQORDQWHULRUKDVXUJLGRWDPELpQODSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUORV³UDVWURV´
TXH TXHGDQ HQ ORV EXVFDGRUHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ \ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH HMHUFHU HO
³GHUHFKRDOROYLGR´UHODFLRQDGR FRQODSURWHFFLyQGHORVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHV \HO
habeas dataTXHLPSOLFDODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHVH VXSULPDLQIRUPDFLyQLQGLYLGXDO
TXHUHVXOWDOHVLYDSDUDODLPDJHQGLJQLGDGRQRUHOHYDQWHFRQHO WUDVFXUVRGHORV


 (O 3DFWR GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV \ 3ROtWLFRV   GH 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV HVWDEOHFH HQ VX DUW ž

“…Nadie será objeto de injerencias arbitrarias o ilegales a su honra o a su reputación. Toda persona
tiene derecho a la protección de la ley contra tales injerencias o ataques”. /D&RQYHQFLyQ$PHULFDQDGH
'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV  GHOD 2($LQFOX\HQRUPDV UHIHULGDV D TXHWRGDSHUVRQDWLHQHGHUHFKR DO
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVXGLJQLGDGQDGLHSXHGHVHUREMHWRGHDWDTXHVLOHJDOHVHQVXYLGDSULYDGDVXIDPLOLD
VXGRPLFLOLRRVXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLD<TXHWRGDSHUVRQDDIHFWDGDSRULQIRUPDFLRQHVLQH[DFWDVRDJUDYLDQWHV
HPLWLGDVHQVXSHUMXLFLR\TXHVHGLULMDQDOS~EOLFRHQJHQHUDOWLHQHGHUHFKRDHIHFWXDUVXUHFWLILFDFLyQR
UHVSXHVWD
KWWSDSRKFKURUJGRFXPHQWV6+5&GBUHVBGHF$B+5&BB/SGI
KWWSZZZRDVRUJHVFLGKH[SUHVLRQVKRZDUWLFOHDVS"DUW,'  O,' 
 2($ &RPLWp -XUtGLFR ,QWHUDPHULFDQR Informe sobre Privacidad y Protección de Datos

Personales&,-GRF5HYGHPDU]R
8QLyQ,QWHUSDUODPHQWDULD81(6&2La democracia en la era digital y la amenaza a la privacidad

y las libertades individuales, 5HV$VDPEOHDGHOD8,3*LQHEUDRFWXEUH


 ,QWHOHFWXDOHV GH  SDtVHV ILUPDQ HQ  HO GRFXPHQWR GHQRPLQDGR ³En Defensa de la

Democracia Digital”VREUHSURWHFFLyQGHODSULYDFLGDG\ODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO
KWWSLQWHUQDFLRQDOHOSDLVFRPLQWHUQDFLRQDODFWXDOLGDGBKWPO
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

DxRV/DLQPHQVDFDQWLGDGGHGDWRVTXHXQLQGLYLGXRSXHGHREWHQHUHQWLHPSR
UpFRUG HQ ORV EXVFDGRUHV GH ,QWHUQHW OD SHUHQQLGDG GH GLFKD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ VX
SRVLEOHFROLVLyQFRQ XQD SOHQD OLEHUWDG \ DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VRQ DVXQWRV
TXH QHFHVLWDQ HQ IRUPD XUJHQWH HO GHVDUUROORGHXQDSURWHFFLyQMXUtGLFDDQLYHO
ORFDOHLQWHUQDFLRQDO

– La censura en Internet. 
)UHQWH D OD DSHUWXUD WRWDO GH ORV FDQDOHV GLJLWDOHV HQ HO RWUR H[WUHPR GHO
HVSHFWURDSDUHFHRWUR ODGR RVFXUR GH OD UHG OD ³FHQVXUD HQ ,QWHUQHW´ Internet
filtering), DVt FRPR HO PRQLWRUHR TXH SRGUtDQ HIHFWXDU ORV JRELHUQRV FLHUWDV
HQWLGDGHVRVXMHWRVSULYDGRVUHVSHFWRGHODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV GLJLWDOHV (Q WRGR
FDVR FDEH SUHFLVDU TXH HQ ODV GHPRFUDFLDV HV OHJDO TXH VH HIHFW~H FLHUWR WLSR
GH FRQWURO DPSDUDGR HQ OH\HV HVSHFLDOHV SDUD SUHYHQLU R HYLWDU ORV GHOLWRV
FLEHUQpWLFRV)UHQWHDHVWDSRVLELOLGDGHQDOJXQRVSDtVHV \DH[LVWHQOH\HVVREUH
³OD QHXWUDOLGDG GH OD UHG´ TXH LQFOX\H OD SURKLELFLyQ GH LQWHUIHUHQFLDV
EORTXHRVGLVFULPLQDFLyQ\UHVWULFFLyQ DUELWUDULDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHORVXVXDULRV
GH ,QWHUQHW GHELHQGRORV SURYHHGRUHV Internet Servicie Provider  DGRSWDU
PHGLGDV VREUH OD JHVWLyQ GH WUiILFR \ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH OD UHG SHUR VLHPSUH
UHVSHWDQGR OD SULYDFLGDG GH ORV XVXDULRV \EULQGDQGR XQD SURWHFFLyQ OHJDO SDUD
WRGRVORVGHUHFKRV

4. La participación ciudadana digital (e–participación ciudadana).

(Q HO FRQWH[WR GH OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH XQD GHPRFUDFLD GLJLWDO XQ WHUFHU
HOHPHQWR IXQGDPHQWDO HVWiGDGRSRUOD e±SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD&DEHVHxDODU
TXHHOGHUHFKRGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD HVWiVXVWHQWDGRHQORVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRV
FRQVDJUDGRVHQQRUPDVDQLYHOXQLYHUVDO\UHJLRQDO TXH UHFRQRFHQ\SURWHJHQ

(O7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLFLDGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDHQGLRXQIDOORTXHHVWDEOHFHTXHDQWHXQUHFODPR

GHXVXDULRV*RRJOHGHEHUiHOLPLQDUGHVXOLVWDGRHQODFHVTXHYLROHQFLHUWRVGHUHFKRVGHXQFLXGDGDQR
KWWSOH[LQIRUPDWLFDFROD±VHQWHQFLD±HXURSHD±GHO±GHUHFKR±DO±ROYLGR

 /H\HV VREUH QHXWUDOLGDG GH OD UHG &KLOH   KWWSVZZZOH\FKLOHFO1DYHJDU"LG1RUPD
3DtVHV%DMRV  3DUODPHQWR(XURSHR  YRWyDIDYRUGHODQHXWUDOLGDGHQ,QWHUQHW
%UDVLO  /H\0DUFR&LYLOGHOD,QWHUQHW
1HXWUDOLGDGHQOD5HG$XVHQFLDGHUHVWULFFLRQHVRSULRULGDGHVLPSXHVWDVSRUORVSURYHHGRUHVGH

,QWHUQHW DO WLSR GH FRQWHQLGRV WUDVPLWLGR D WUDYpV GH ,QWHUQHW KWWSGLFFLRQDULRUDLQJHVHVOHPD
QHXWUDOLGDG±GH±UHG
,63(Internet Service Provider VRQORVSURYHHGRUHVGHVHUYLFLRVGH,QWHUQHWHPSUHVDVRHQWLGDGHV

TXHEULQGDQHOVHUYLFLRGHFRQH[LyQD,QWHUQHWDWUDYpVGHGLIHUHQWHVWHFQRORJtDVFRPR'6,FDEOHPRGHP
*60ILEUDySWLFDHWF
'HFODUDFLyQ8QLYHUVDOGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV  $UW'HFODUDFLyQ$PHULFDQDGH'HUHFKRV

\'HEHUHVGHO+RPEUH  $UW;;\;;,3DFWR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH'HUHFKRV&LYLOHV\3ROtWLFRV  


$UWV\&RQYHQFLyQ$PHULFDQDGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV  DUWV
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

HOGHUHFKR \HOGHEHUGHWRGRFLXGDGDQRGHSDUWLFLSDUHQODYLGDSROtWLFDGH XQ


(VWDGR (Q HO FDVR GHO 6LVWHPD ,QWHUDPHULFDQR OD &DUWD 'HPRFUiWLFD
,QWHUDPHULFDQD   LQGLFDH[SUHVDPHQWHHQVXDUWTXH³ « /DGHPRFUDFLD
UHSUHVHQWDWLYDVHUHIXHU]D\SURIXQGL]D FRQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQSHUPDQHQWHpWLFD\
UHVSRQVDEOHGHODFLXGDGDQtDHQXQPDUFRGHOHJDOLGDG FRQIRUPH DO UHVSHFWLYR
RUGHQFRQVWLWXFLRQDO´ \HQVXDUWTXH³«/DSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOD FLXGDGDQtD
HQ ODV GHFLVLRQHV UHODWLYDV D VX SURSLR GHVDUUROOR HV XQ GHUHFKR \ XQD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDG (V WDPELpQXQD FRQGLFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD HO SOHQR\HIHFWLYR
HMHUFLFLR GH OD GHPRFUDFLD 3URPRYHU \ IRPHQWDU GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ IRUWDOHFH OD GHPRFUDFLD”. $ VX YH] &XPEUH ([WUDRUGLQDULDGH
ODV$PpULFDV  HQOD'HFODUDFLyQGH1XHYD/HyQORV-HIHVGH(VWDGR\GH
*RELHUQRPDQLIHVWDURQ

³&RLQFLGLPRVTXHDWUDYpVGHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQDODVRFLHGDG FLYLOGHEHFRQWULEXLUHQ
HOGLVHxRHMHFXFLyQ\HYDOXDFLyQGHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVLPSXOVDGDVSRU ORV GLVWLQWRV yUGHQHV
R QLYHOHV GH JRELHUQR 5HFRQRFHPRV HO SDSHO GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO \ VX FRQWULEXFLyQDOD
EXHQD JHVWLyQ S~EOLFD \ UHDILUPDPRV OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH FRQWLQXDU FRQVROLGDQGR QXHYDV
DVRFLDFLRQHV TXH SHUPLWDQ OD YLQFXODFLyQ FRQVWUXFWLYD HQWUH JRELHUQRV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV QR
JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV RUJDQLVPRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV \GLVWLQWRV VHFWRUHVGHOD VRFLHGDG FLYLOSDUDTXH
WUDEDMHQHQIDYRUGHOGHVDUUROOR\ODGHPRFUDFLD´

(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG HV QRWRULR TXH FRQMXQWDPHQWH FRQ OD H[SDQVLyQ GH ,QWHUQHW
\ODVUHGHV VRFLDOHVVHKDDELHUWRXQDPSOLRHVSDFLRSDUDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGLJLWDO
D WUDYpV GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GLQiPLFDGHXQDFLXGDGDQtDPHMRULQIRUPDGD\PiV
UHVXHOWD D GHIHQGHU VXV GHUHFKRV \ YLJLODU FRQ DWHQFLyQ ODV GHFLVLRQHV
JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV TXH DIHFWDQ VX ELHQHVWDU /D e–SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD WLHQH
P~OWLSOHV YHQWDMDV GDGR TXH FXDOTXLHU LQGLYLGXR FRQHFWDGR D XQD UHG
LQDOiPEULFD SXHGH LQIRUPDUVH GH ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV SROtWLFRV DGYHUWLU RWUDV
RSLQLRQHV\GDUODVX\DSURSLDGHPDQHUD LQVWDQWiQHD WRGR HOOR XQLGR D RWURV
IDFWRUHVGHODsociedad–red, SURYRFDQXQYHUGDGHURFDPELR HQODSROtWLFD'HEH
UHVDOWDUVHHOKHFKRTXHHOVXMHWRQRVyORHVUHFHSWRUGHODVQRWLFLDV±FRPRVXFHGH
FRQXQWUiPLWHRUGLQDULRGHDFFHVRDOD LQIRUPDFLyQíVLQRTXHD OD YH]SXHGH
HQYLDUORV GDWRVUHFDEDGRVRVXSXQWRGHYLVWDDXQVLQQ~PHURGHLQWHUORFXWRUHV
(Q HVH VHQWLGR ORV PHGLRV GLJLWDOHV FRPR HVSDFLRV GH GLVFXVLyQ GH LGHDV \
SURSXHVWDVDEUHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHXQD LQWHUUHODFLyQ FRQWLQXD HQWUH JREHUQDQWHV
\ FLXGDGDQRV \ HQ JHQHUDO GH GHEDWH DELHUWR VREUH DVXQWRV GH LQWHUpV
LQGLYLGXDO R FROHFWLYR HQ HO FRPSOHMR HVFHQDULR GH SOXUDOLGDG GH DFWRUHV TXH
UHSUHVHQWDQ ORV SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV DVRFLDFLRQHV IXQGDFLRQHV 21* PLOLWDUHV
LJOHVLDVVLQGLFDWRV XQLYHUVLGDGHV SHULRGLVWDV DVt FRPR VXMHWRV HPHUJHQWHV ±
DJUXSDFLRQHV PRYLPLHQWRV SRSXODUHV JUXSRV GH LQWHUpVí ± HQ WRUQR D
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

GHWHUPLQDGDV FDXVDV $ WUDYpV GH ORV PHQVDMHV GH Twitter, Facebook OD
blogosferachats \WRGRWLSRGHUHGHVYLUWXDOHVHOPXQGRSROtWLFRVHGLQDPL]D\
OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQDSURVSHUD

– La e–participación ciudadana y los mecanismos de democracia directa.
(QFXDQWRODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQDHQJHQHUDOGHEHPHQFLRQDUVHDDTXpOORV
PHFDQLVPRV GH ³SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GLUHFWD´ TXH QR FRQWUDGLFHQ D OD GHPRFUDFLD
UHSUHVHQWDWLYD VLQR TXH OD UHIXHU]DQ HQODPHGLGDTXHODYR]GHORVHOHFWRUHV
SXHGHH[SUHVDUVHQRVRODPHQWHHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRSURFHVR HOHFWRUDOVLQRWDPELpQ
HQ RWURV PRPHQWRV GH OD YLGD SROtWLFD GH XQ SDtV SDUD DSR\DU R GHVHVWLPDU
GHWHUPLQDGDVSURSXHVWDVDWUDYpVGHOYRWRSRSXODU
(O&RPLWp-XUtGLFR,QWHUDPHULFDQRPHGLDQWHXQFRPSOHWR,QIRUPHVREUHHVWD
WHPiWLFD KDHODERUDGRXQDQiOLVLVGHORVPHFDQLVPRVGLUHFWRVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
FLXGDGDQDTXHORV(VWDGRV PLHPEURVGHOD2($UHFRQRFHQHQVXV&RQVWLWXFLRQHV
DWUDYpVGHGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHLQLFLDWLYD \ FRQVXOWD SRSXODU DVDEHU 'HUHFKR
GH3HWLFLyQ6ROLFLWXGGH,QIRUPDFLyQ,QLFLDWLYD3RSXODU 5HIHUHQGR 3OHELVFLWR
5HYRFDFLyQ GH $XWRULGDGHV &RODERUDFLyQ &LXGDGDQD R 9ROXQWDULDGR
3DUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ OD *HVWLyQ 3~EOLFD &DELOGRV $ELHUWRV \ DILQHV 5HQGLFLyQ GH
&XHQWDV 3DUWLFLSDFLyQ \&RQVXOWD DORV3XHEORV ,QGtJHQDV 3DUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ OD
3ROLWLFD$JUDULDGHUHFKRD ODGHIHQVDGHLQWHUHVHVYDULRV PHGLRDPELHQWHVDOXG
S~EOLFDSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOGHUHFKRVGHO FRQVXPLGRUHQWUHRWURV 
(VWRV PHFDQLVPRV GH GHPRFUDFLD ³GLUHFWD´ QR VLHPSUH IXQFLRQDQ
DGHFXDGDPHQWH 8Q HOHPHQWRDFRQVLGHUDUHVTXHHQDOJXQRVSDtVHVHODSRUWH
GHORVPHGLRVGLJLWDOHVQRHV DSURYHFKDGRHQWRGDVXPDJQLWXGGHPRFUDWL]DGRUD
GDGRTXHQRH[LVWHVXILFLHQWHGHEDWHQLUHGHV VRFLDOHV SDUD SURPRYHU XQ YRWR
FRQVFLHQWH TXH QR VHD VyOR XQ ³Vt ³R XQ ³QR´ VLQR XQ YRWR UHIOH[LYR H
LQIRUPDGR 2WUR DVSHFWR SUHRFXSDQWH HQ HO FDVR GH JRELHUQRV HOHJLGRV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHSHURDXWRULWDULRVHQVXHMHUFLFLRHVHOSHOLJURGHXWLOL]DFLyQ
GH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH GHPRFUDFLD GLUHFWD SDUD DYDODU DVXQWRV FRPR OD
SHUPDQHQFLDLOLPLWDGDHQHOSRGHU \ GHWHUPLQDGDV PHGLGDV GLVHxDGDV SRU OD


([LVWHXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHHQWLGDGHV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVTXHWLHQHQFRPRREMHWLYR

FRQWULEXLUDIRUWDOHFHUXQDVRFLHGDGGHPRFUiWLFDFDQDOL]DQGRLQLFLDWLYDVFLXGDGDQDV\IRURVSDUDGHEDWLU
\ORJUDUGHGHFLVLRQHVSROtWLFDVSDUDORJUDUGHWHUPLQDGRVREMHWLYRV KWWSZZZSXEOLFDJHQGDRUJ 
 9 6DPSHGUR 2SLQLyQ Publica y democracia deliberativa: Medios, sondeos y urnas, 0DGULG

(GLFLRQHV,WVPR6$&56XQVWHLQInternet, Democracia y Libertad%DUFHORQD3DLGyV


2($Comité Jurídico Interamericano5HODWRU'U)DELiQ1RYDN³,QIRUPHGHO&RPLWp-XUtGLFR

,QWHUDPHULFDQR VREUH 0HFDQLVPRV GH 3DUWLFLSDFLyQ 'LUHFWD \ )RUWDOHFLPLHQWR GH OD 'HPRFUDFLD
5HSUHVHQWDWLYD´ &-,GRF UHY  SS± KWWSZZZRDVRUJHVVODFMLGRFV&-,±
GRFB±BUHYSGI
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

F~SXOD JREHUQDQWH $ ODSDU SXHGHPHQFLRQDUVH HO IHQyPHQR GDGR SRU XQD


FDGDYH]PiVHVFDVDSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODSREODFLyQQRVyORHQFRQVXOWDV SRSXODUHV
GLUHFWDVVLQRWDPELpQHQORVSURFHVRVHOHFWRUDOHVJHQHUDOHV\ORFDOHV6HDSUHFLD
XQD DSDWtDGHYDVWRVVHFWRUHV\XQDGHVFRQILDQ]DFDGDGtDPD\RUKDFLDODFODVH
SROLWLFDYDOHGHFLUXQ ³GHVFRQWHQWR´ GHPRFUiWLFR (Q FRQWUDVWH FRQ HVWD
VLWXDFLyQ H[LVWHQ FLHUWRV JUXSRV PiV LQIRUPDGRV H[LJHQWHV \ DFWLYRV HQ OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ SROLWLFD TXH XWLOL]DQ ORV PHGLRV GLJLWDOHV HQFDX]DQGR FDGD YH]
VXV GHPDQGDV SRU YtDV DOWHUQDWLYDV D ODV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV SRU PHGLR GH
PRYLPLHQWRV VRFLDOHV FRQWHVWDWDULRV TXH QR VH VLHQWHQ LQWHUSUHWDGRV SRU ODV
DXWRULGDGHV HOHJLGDV QLSRUODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVTXHVHHVWiQLPSOHPHQWDGR
$VtODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVVHKDQFRQYHUWLGR UiSLGDPHQWHHQPHGLRVGHe–SDUWLFLSDFLyQ
FLXGDGDQD SRU H[FHOHQFLD SURPRYLHQGR XQD RSLQLyQ S~EOLFD DELHUWD IUHQWH DO
RUGHQ HVWDEOHFLGR H LQFOXVR HQ LQVWUXPHQWRV GH SUHVLyQ HQ IDYRU GH
GHWHUPLQDGDV FDXVDV \UHFODPRV DQLYHOLQWHUQRHLQWHUQDFLRQDO )UHQWHDHVWD
FRPSOHMD UHDOLGDG VH KDFH QHFHVDULR DPSOLDU ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH e–
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ \D VHD ORV SURPRYLGRV SRU ORV JRELHUQRVDWUDYpVGHORVFDQDOHV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV FRQ PHFDQLVPRV GH GHPRFUDFLD GLUHFWD \ RWURV FDQDOHV ³GH
DUULED KDFLD DEDMR ´ FRPR ORV TXH SURYLHQHQ GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO XWLOL]DQGR
EORJV PRYLOL]DFLRQHVRFDPSDxDV ³GHDEDMRKDFLDDUULED´  \RWURVPHGLRVQR
WUDGLFLRQDOHV

– Algunas sombras en el panorama de la e–participación ciudadana.
+DELHQGRUHVDOWDGRHOGHUHFKR \ODVYHQWDMDV GHODe–SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD
SDUD DSR\DU OD JREHUQDELOLGDG GHPRFUiWLFD QR SXHGH GHMDU GH UHIOH[LRQDUVH
VREUH DOJXQRV SHOLJURV \ ULHVJRV $Vt SRU HMHPSOR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH PDVLYDV
PRYLOL]DFLRQHVSRSXODUHV HQ WLHPSR UHFRUG SXHGH LQYROXFUDUHIHFWRVFRODWHUDOHV
QHJDWLYRVFRPRODH[DFHUEDFLyQGHORGLR \ODYLROHQFLD JHQHUDQGR FRQIOLFWRVH
LQFOXVR HO FDRV HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV FRQWH[WRV /DV GLIHUHQFLDV VRFLDOHV OD
GHVLJXDOGDG ODVLQMXVWLFLDV\VLWXDFLRQHVDUELWUDULDV±VRQOD³FKLVSD´TXHSRGUtD

<:HOS\86HUGXOW³'LUHFW'HPRFUDF\8SVLGH'RZQ´Taiwan Journal of Democracy9RO

1SS±(VWHWUDEDMRSUHVHQWDXQDQiOLVLVGHH[SHULHQFLDVFRQFUHWDVGHH±SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD
WDQWR³top–down´FRPR³bottom–up´HQGLIHUHQWHVFRQWH[WRV
)5LFFLDUGL\RWURVEstudio Comparado de Democracia y Participación Digital en América Latina

y Europa, 0DGULG(GLWRULDO(XURVRFLDO96DPSHGUR\-5HVLQDGHOD3XHQWH³2SLQLyQ3XEOLFD\
'HPRFUDFLD'HOLEHUDWLYD8QDDFWXDOL]DFLyQHQHOFRQWH[WRGLJLWDOGHODVRFLHGDGUHG´Revista de Historia
Contemporánea0DGULG
 KWWSUDGLRXFKLOHFODXGLWRULD±SQXG±WHQHPRV±XQD±GHPRFUDFLD±GH±UHSUHVHQWDFLRQ±TXH±

IXQFLRQD±PDO
1$OPLUyQ³+DFHUSROtWLFDHQ,QWHUQHW´5D]yQy Palabra, 0p[LFR'), 
 / 'DKOEHUJ ³7KH ,QWHUQHW DQG 'HPRFUDWLF 'LVFRXUVH ([SORULQJ WKH SURVSHFWV RI RQOLQH

GHOLEHUDWLYHIRUXPVH[WHQGLQJWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH´Journal Information, Communication & Society9RO



$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

H[WHQGHUVH UiSLGDPHQWH SRU ORV PHGLRV GLJLWDOHV²SURGXFLHQGR GLVWXUELRV


PXFKDV YtFWLPDV \ SRFDV VROXFLRQHV )UHQWH D HVWD HYHQWXDOLGDG ODV
LQVWLWXFLRQHV GHPRFUiWLFDV GHEHQ EULQGDU PHFDQLVPRV GH PHGLDFLyQ SDUD
VROXFLRQDU ORV FRQIOLFWRV HPHUJHQWHV \ TXH QR GHYHQJDQ HQ XQD UDGLFDOL]DFLyQ
TXHSRODULFHD~Q PiVDORVPLHPEURVGHXQDFRPXQLGDG
(VSUREDEOHTXHHQFROHFWLYLGDGHVPX\GLYLGLGDVORVFDQDOHVYLUWXDOHVQRWHQJDQ
HOPLVPR HIHFWR SRVLWLYR TXH HQ VRFLHGDGHV PiV GHPRFUiWLFDV (Q WRGR FDVR
HVSRUOH\TXHVHGHEHUiQHVWDEOHFHUORVOtPLWHVORVGHUHFKRV\GHEHUHVHQHVWDV
PDWHULDV FUHDQGR PHGLRV SDUD TXH OD e– SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD \ ODV
PRYLOL]DFLRQHVSRSXODUHV VHFDQDOLFHQKDFLD XQD FRQYLYHQFLD PiV GHPRFUiWLFD
\ VROLGDULDí \ QR D OD LQYHUVDíJXDUGDQGR ORV HTXLOLEULRV HQWUH OLEHUWDG \
UHVSRQVDELOLGDG UHVSHWDQGR VLHPSUH ORV GHUHFKRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH WRGDV ODV
SHUVRQDV
(Q UHVXPHQ ODV 7,& KDQ DELHUWR YtDV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD DPSOLDU ORV GHUHFKRV
SROtWLFRV HQ OR TXH UHVSHFWD D XQD e–SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD PiV SOXUDO
WUDVYHUVDO \ OLEUH TXH VH H[SUHVD FRQ GLVWLQWDVGLQiPLFDVGHJUXSRVHDQIRURV
FtYLFRVDJUXSDFLRQHVRPRYLPLHQWRV“pro” R³anti” TXH GHILHQGHQGHWHUPLQDGDV
WHPiWLFDV R FDXVDV WUDVFHQGLHQGR HO HVSDFLR ORFDO SDUD JHQHUDU XQ IHQyPHQR
DPSOLR LQFOXVR WUDQVQDFLRQDO HQ XQD sociedad–red FRPR OD DFWXDO (VWD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FtYLFD FDGDYH] PiV GLQiPLFD UHFLEH FUHFLHQWHPHQWH XQD PD\RU
DSUREDFLyQ\OHJLWLPDFLyQGHOD FLXGDGDQtD

,9 ¢+DFLD XQD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD GLJLWDO HQ HO VLVWHPD
LQWHUDPHULFDQR" DOJXQDVUHIOH[LRQHVILQDOHV

1RSRGUtDFRQFOXLUVHHVWHHQVD\RVLQSUHVHQWDUDOJXQDVUHIOH[LRQHVFRQVFLHQWHV
GHTXHQDGDSXHGH VRVWHQHUVH FRQ FDUiFWHU WULXQIDOLVWD R GHILQLWLYR FRQ UHODFLyQ
DO UHDO LPSDFWR GH ODV 7,& HQ ORV SURFHVRVGHPRFUiWLFRV8QSULPHUHOHPHQWR
TXHKDVLGRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHODQiOLVLVHIHFWXDGR HV HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GHO
paradigma democrático HQHOiPELWRGHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO \VX H[SDQVLyQ
HQ HO PXQGR (Q HO FDVR GHO 6LVWHPD ,QWHUDPHULFDQR VX SODWDIRUPD MXUtGLFD KD
FUHDGR PHFDQLVPRV GH SURWHFFLyQ GH OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD FRPR

0&DVWHOOLección Inaugural del Doctorado sobre Sociedad del Conocimiento8QLYHUVLWDW2EHUWD

&DWDOXQ\D 82& &DVWHOOVSODQWHDTXHODVRFLHGDG±UHGTXHHVWiFRQVWUXLGDHQWRUQRD,QWHUQHW\D


QRHVVRORXQUHVXOWDQWHGHXQSRGHURVRPHGLRWHFQROyJLFRVLQRHOFRUD]yQPLVPRGHXQQXHYRSDUDGLJPD
VRFLDO
Op. cit.0&DVWHOOVNetworks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age, 
318'Ciudadanía Politica: Voz y Participación Ciudadana$/LVVLGLQL<:HOS\'

=RYDWWRDemocracia Directa en América Latina, %XHQRV $LUHV3URPHWHR /LEURV :0HUNHO


Democracia Directa )XQGDFLyQ 5 (EHUW  5 $UD\D 'XMLVLQ ,QWHUQHW ³3ROLWLFD \ &LXGDGDQtD´
Nueva Sociedad SS±
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

~QLFR VLVWHPD OHJtWLPR GH JRELHUQR HQ OD UHJLyQ $VLPLVPR YDOH WHQHU HQ
FXHQWD TXH QR REVWDQWH TXH OD GHPRFUDFLD VH UHDILUPDVRFLDOPHQWHFRPRHO
VLVWHPDSROtWLFRPiVDSUHFLDGRODJREHUQDELOLGDGHQ/DWLQRDPpULFD HVWiVLHQGR
DIHFWDGDSRUXQFUHFLHQWHGHWHULRUR\GHVFRQWHQWRSRSXODU&RPRVHKDDQDOL]DGR
ODV FDXVDVVRQYDULDVHQWUHRWUDVODFULVLVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQODIDOWDGHFDQDOHVGH
GLiORJRHQWUHOtGHUHV \SREODFLyQPD\RUHVH[LJHQFLDVFLXGDGDQDVGHWUDQVSDUHQFLD
UHQGLFLyQ GH FXHQWDV \ JHVWLyQ IUHQWH D XQ (VWDGR EXURFUiWLFR SHVDGR H
LQHILFLHQWH \ ODGLVPLQXFLyQ GHODYRWDFLyQ SRSXODUHQ ORV SURFHVRV\FRQVXOWDV
HOHFWRUDOHVDVtFRPRHQODPLOLWDQFLDGHORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRV
3UHFLVDPHQWHHQPHGLRGHHVWHGpILFLWGHPRFUiWLFRDSDUHFHQ,QWHUQHWODVUHGHV
VRFLDOHV \RWURVPHGLRVYLUWXDOHVTXHHVWiQFDPELDQGRUDGLFDOPHQWHODVIRUPDV
WUDGLFLRQDOHVGHFRQYLYLU\ SRU FLHUWR GH KDFHU SROLWLFD SURPRYLHQGR IRUPDV
GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ FROHFWLYD PiV LQWHUDFWLYDV IOH[LEOHVKRUL]RQWDOHV\ SOXUDOLVWDV
ORFXDOUHSUHVHQWDXQLQGLVFXWLEOHFDPELR VXVWDQFLDO HQ QXHVWUDV VRFLHGDGHV (Q
HVD OtQHD VH YDQ JHQHUDQGR HOHPHQWRV \ FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD ORJUDU XQD
GHPRFUDFLD GLJLWDO FRQ XQD PHMRU RUJDQL]DFLyQ HILFDFLD \ WUDQVSDUHQFLD HQ OD
JHVWLyQS~EOLFDFRQ PD\RULQWHUFDPELR\FRODERUDFLyQGHODSREODFLyQ XQPiV
DPSOLR\IiFLODFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD\DORVFDQDOHVGHOLEUHH[SUHVLyQ\
RSLQLyQ \XQDPiVKRUL]RQWDO \GLQiPLFDSDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD QR VyOR HQ
GLiORJR FRQ ORV OtGHUHV \ UHSUHVHQWDQWHV VLQR FRQ FDQDOHV TXH IUDQTXHHQ XQD
FUHFLHQWH SUHVHQFLD HQ OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQGH OD DJHQGDSROtWLFD \HO FRQWURO GH OR
S~EOLFR
$OSDUHFHUDOFRPSiVGHORVFDPELRVWHFQROyJLFRV\XQDQXHYDSHUFHSFLyQGH
OD YLGD \ HO HQWRUQR ORV UHIHUHQWHV HVWiQ FDPELDQGR \ ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV
LQGLYLGXDOHV \ VRFLDOHV \D QR VH DMXVWDQ QHFHVDULDPHQWH D ODV IyUPXODV GH
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ SROtWLFD \ SDUWLFLSDFLyQ VRFLDO GH ODV ~OWLPDVGpFDGDV7RGROR
DQWHULRU FRQGXFH D IRUPXODU DOJXQDV SUHJXQWDV ¢6HUi QHFHVDULR FDPELDU OD
PRGDOLGDG GH HMHUFHU HO JRELHUQR \OD DFFLyQ FLXGDGDQD" ¢6HUiSRVLEOH TXHODV
7,&GLQDPLFHQ OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD TXH SUHVHQWD GHELOLGDGHV GHELGR
D OD IDOWD GH LGHQWLGDG GH ORVFLXGDGDQRVFRQODFODVHSROtWLFD\ORVJRELHUQRV"
¢2 TXL]iV VH HVWi JHQHUDQGR SURJUHVLYDPHQWH XQD PRGLILFDFLyQ GHO FRQFHSWR
PLVPR GH OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD FRQWHQLGD HQ ODV QRUPDV
LQWHUDPHULFDQDV"
/DUHIOH[LyQ\ODGLVFXVLyQHVWiQDELHUWDV1RREVWDQWHQRVHWUDWDGHPLQLPL]DU
VLQR GH UHIRU]DU ORV DYDQFHV ORJUDGRV HQ HO 5pJLPHQ 'HPRFUiWLFR
,QWHUDPHULFDQR TXH LQFOX\H XQD ULTXH]D MXUtGLFD IXQGDPHQWDO FRPR OR
GHPXHVWUDQ ODV QRUPDV GH OD &DUWD GH OD 2($ OD &DUWD 'HPRFUiWLFD

Op. cit%05DPDFFLRWWL, Democracia y Derecho Internacional en las Américas, ,,,3DUWH

³(O5pJLPHQ'HPRFUiWLFR,QWHUDPHULFDQR\HOGHVDUUROORSURJUHVLYRGHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO´SS±

$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

,QWHUDPHULFDQD \ QXPHURVDV UHVROXFLRQHV VREUH OD GHPRFUDFLD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD


DVt FRPRFRQYHQFLRQHV\WUDWDGRVVREUHGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVOXFKDDQWLFRUUXSFLyQ
\ XQ VLQQ~PHUR GH WHPDV GHPRFUiWLFRV DILQHV (VWRV GHVDUUROORV GHEHUiQ
FRPSDWLELOL]DUVHFRQXQSHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR GHOPRGHORGHPRFUiWLFROLEHUDO TXH
FRQWHPSOH HOHPHQWRV PiV SDUWLFLSDWLYRV \GHOLEHUDWLYRV 6LQ GXGD VH WUDWD GH
DSURYHFKDU DO Pi[LPR ODV YHQWDMDV GLJLWDOHV VLQ PHQRVFDER GH ORV SULQFLSLRV
GHPRFUiWLFRVHVHQFLDOHVTXHVHKDQFRQVROLGDGRDWUDYpVGHYDULDVJHQHUDFLRQHV
(VWRQRVLJQLILFD TXH HO HVTXHPD FRQFHSWXDO VHD DEVROXWDPHQWH LQDPRYLEOH
VLQR SRU HO FRQWUDULR TXH GHEHUi DGHFXDUVH H LQFRUSRUDU QXHYRV HOHPHQWRV
TXH SHUPLWDQ DPSOLDU \ SHUIHFFLRQDU ORV SDUiPHWURV H[LVWHQWHV
(OGHVDItRHVWiGDGRSRUDOJXQDVGHODVLQQRYDFLRQHVGHPRFUiWLFDVTXHVHKDQ
UHVHxDGR HQHVWHHQVD\RHQWUHRWUDVKDFHUUHDOLGDGHOJRELHUQRHOHFWUyQLFR\D~Q
PiV HOJRELHUQRDELHUWR DPSOLDU \ JDUDQWL]DU HO e±DFFHVR XQLYHUVDO D OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD GH OD PDQR FRQ XQD SOHQD OLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQOD e–
SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQDFRQXQPDUFRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQPiVKRUL]RQWDO HQWUHORV
UHSUHVHQWDQWHV \ HO HOHFWRUDGR FRQ PRGDOLGDGHV IOH[LEOHV \ GLQiPLFDV TXH
SHUPLWDQTXH ORVDFWRUHVVRFLDOHVDSRUWHQ VXYLVLyQ GHPDQGDV\ WHQJDQFDQDOHV
SDUD WRPDU SDUWHHQODV GHOLEHUDFLRQHV\GHFLVLRQHVGHORVDVXQWRVS~EOLFRV$Vt
VHSUR\HFWDUtDXQDVXHUWHGHJUDQiJRUD YLUWXDO TXH SRVLELOLWH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ
HQ WLHPSR UHDO D WUDYpV GH XQD HFXDFLyQ GH P~OWLSOHV HQWUDGDVJRELHUQR±
JRELHUQR JRELHUQR±FLXGDGDQRV FLXGDGDQRV±JRELHUQR FLXGDGDQRV±FLXGDGDQRV
7RGRHOORIDYRUHFHUiORVFRQVHQVRVHQWRUQRDOLGHDOGHPRFUiWLFRFRPRXQFRP~Q
GHQRPLQDGRU HQWUHP~OWLSOHVYRFHVLQWHUHVHVDFWRUHVSROtWLFRV\VRFLDOHV
2WUR KHFKR UHOHYDQWH TXH FDEH GHVWDFDU HV TXH HO DFWXDO GHVFRQWHQWR GH
PXFKRV QR VLJQLILFDTXHVHUHFODPHSRU³PHQRV´VLQRSRU³PiV´GHPRFUDFLD<
HVDSHUFHSFLyQIDYRUDEOHGH ODPDQRFRQHOHIHFWRGHPRFUDWL]DGRUGHORVPHGLRV
LQIRUPiWLFRVFRQGXFHDSHQVDUHQXQUHQRYDGRSDUDGLJPDGHPRFUiWLFRTXHSRGUtD
FRQILJXUDUVH FRPR XQD ³democracia representativa digital´ (Q HO FDVR GHO
6LVWHPD,QWHUDPHULFDQRGHPDQGDUtDXQDDGHFXDFLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVMXUtGLFRV
OH\HVPRGHOR\QXHYRVGHVDUUROORVHQODVPDWHULDVDILQHVTXHWHQGUtDQFRPRXQR
GHORVJUDQGHV UHWRVHVWDEOHFHUXQSRQGHUDGREDODQFHHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVGHUHFKRV
\ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV $Vt SRU HMHPSORTXHSURWHJHUHQWRGDVXPDJQLWXGDOD
OLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ\HOH–DFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ HQWUH RWURV QR VLJQLILTXH
TXH VHSRQJDHQULHVJR ODSULYDFLGDGODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO \RWURV GHUHFKRV
TXH VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH UHTXLHUHQ GH XQD DGHFXDGD WXWHOD MXUtGLFD DVt FRPR OD
LQGLVSHQVDEOH VHJXULGDGLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYD
(Q HVWH PXQGR JOREDO HQ HO TXH WRGRV VRPRV SDUWH WDQWR GHO SURFHVR FRPR
GHOVLVWHPD GLJLWDO OD LGHD GH XQD democracia representativa digital HQJDU]DGD
FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ \ OD GHOLEHUDFLyQFRPSRUWDUtDQRVyORXWLOL]DUORVEHQHILFLRV
GHOVXSHUODWLYRSRWHQFLDOGHODVWHFQRORJtDV YLUWXDOHVVLQRWDPELpQODUHFUHDFLyQ
'(02&5$&,$<'(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/

GH FDPLQRV SDUD GHYROYHU OD FRQILDQ]D HQ OD SROLWLFD $Vt VH SURPRYHUtDQ
JRELHUQRV PiVFHUFDQRV \HILFLHQWHV DUWLFXODGRVFRQLQVWDQFLDVPiVWUDVYHUVDOHV
\ HVTXHPDV QR±WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH GLiORJR \ SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD D ILQ GH
ORJUDU ORV PtQLPRV FRQVHQVRV LQKHUHQWHV D XQD VRFLHGDG GHPRFUiWLFD $O
PLVPR WLHPSR VLJQLILFDUtD H[WHQGHU \ IRUWDOHFHU ORV YDORUHV SHUPDQHQWHV TXH
FRQIRUPDQ HO SDUDGLJPD GHPRFUiWLFR YDOH GHFLU ORV SULQFLSLRV GH OLEHUWDG
MXVWLFLD LJXDOGDG \ VROLGDULGDG GHQWUR GHO IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR GHO HVWDGR GH
GHUHFKRSDUDDOFDQ]DUXQDJREHUQDELOLGDGGHPRFUiWLFDPiVFRQVROLGDGDHQHVWH
VLJORYHLQWLXQR


You might also like