Experiment No: 20

STUDY AND EXPERIMENT ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION

(NDE) USING YOKE TYPE MAGNETIC CRACK DETECTOR

AIM
To make detailed study and do experiment on yoke type (AC/HWDC) magnetic crack
detector (model radent 7YP)

EQUIPMENT
Radent 7YP yoke type (AC/HWDC) magnetic crack detector.

THEORY
Magnetic particle inspection is a Non Destructive method for revealing surface and
under certain conditions, subsurface discontinuities. It consist of basic three operations
1. Application of magnetic particles

2. Establishment of suitable magnetic field

3. Inspection and evaluation of particle accumulations

Discontinuities may exist in raw materials from which parts are made, or they may
occur during processing of fabrication of the arts or they may exist as cracks due to excessive
service stresses. Discontinuities are considered defects if their existence is detrimental to the
usefulness of the part. Magnetic particle inspection can readily and reliably locate the
discontinuities revealing manufacture and/ or service induced defects. Radent 7YP is an
articulating leg magnetic yoke providing A.C. or D.C. magnetic fields for defect detection in
ferromagnetic materials and small is size.

PRINCIPLE
When the Yoke is energized by connecting to proper power supply, depressing the
"Push—to—test" switch creates an intense longitudinal magnetic field between the legs. The
resultant field can best be described as a multiplicity of invisible lines of force extending
across the gap between the legs. As the yoke is applied to a Ferro magnetic material, the
magnetic circuit is closed and the field enters the part making its passage between the legs of
the Yoke, near the surface. A crack across this field cuts the magnetic circuit, the two sides of

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the crack become opposite poles of a magnet and a leakage field occurs in the air above the
crack. Magnetic particles sprinkled on the surface are attracted by this leakage field and
indicate the location of the flaw. For best results, the Yoke is positioned such that the
magnetic field created between the legs transverse to the direction of suspected cracks.

EQUIPMENT STUDY

Fig. Radent 7YP yoke type (AC/HWDC) magnetic crack detector.

i. Safety Precautions
Before conducting the study or demonstration on the NDT equipment general safety
and operating instructions to handle the NDT equipment should be thoroughly understood and
followed. Special safety precautions for Radent 7YP yoke type (AC/HWDC) magnetic crack
detector is listed below.
Ensure that the power supply is as mentioned on the nameplate.
a) DO NOT connect the yoke to a battery for portable work.
b) Ensure that there is firm contact between test piece and yoke legs for better Indications
of the defects and less noise.
c) DO NOT energise the Yoke more than the duty cycle - over - heating of the yoke
handle is an indication of excessive “ON” time.
d) DO NOT open Yoke handle and change any settings on the PCB.
e) DO NOT drop the Yoke form a height or subject the handle to any severe impact.

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 f) Ensure that the Yoke is connected to 'earth' through proper 3-pin plug for operator
safety.
ii. General Description
The 7Y-P is an articulating leg magnetic yoke providing A.C. or D.C. magnetic fields
for defect detection in ferromagnetic materials. The 7Y-P has the capability of
demagnetization, if required. The equipment has two magnetising field selection viz; AC
magnetisation and HWDC (pulsed) magnetisation. In AC magnetisation, the induced field is a
surface field which only detects surface flaws. It is particularly useful for inspecting thick and
irregular sections for surface defects. Best results are obtained with dry method. In HWDC
(pulsed) magnetisation, the induced field penetrates the work piece and detects both surface
and sub-surface flaws. The pulsing of the field improves particle mobility & sensitivity and
hence, this mode can be used for both dry and wet method. Wet method gives best result.
i) Technical Specifications

A. ELECTRICAL The YA/D is designed for use on 220V, 50 Hz, 1 Ph

Supply. The Yoke will draw 2.5A at max load
Conditions in DC. 2.2 Amps in AC
B. CONTROLS
ELECTRONIC Solid state control mounted inside the moulded casing.
MANUAL i. Momentary “push-to-test” switches

ii. AC/DC Selector Switch

iii. DC level control

C. DUTY CYCLE Two minutes “ON” and two minutes “OFF” at max
output.
D. MAGNETIC FIELD
AC Constant Level.
HWDC Pulsed, infinitely variable from zero to maximum.
E. POLES ADJUSTMENT 0-300mm
F. FULL FORCE Approximately 27 kgs max at 100mm pole spacing.
G. YOKE WEIGHT 3.5 kgs (approx.) (without case)

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 H. SPECIFICATION
COMPLIANCE MIL-STD-19

PROCEDURE
Magnetisation: Adjust the legs to a spacing of 120mm to 180mm and place the Yoke firmly
upon the work piece by securing best possible contact, with the suspected defect transverse to
the magnetic field between the legs. With the selector switch in either the AC or the DC
position, depress the test switch to energize the Yoke and lightly dust the magnetic particles
(dry method) or flow the magnetic particle suspension (wet method) over the area being
inspected. As an example, when testing for longitudinal cracks in a "butt weld" the yoke
would be positioned so that the legs straddle the weld. lf the direction of a possible defect is
not known, two inspections should be made in such area, turning the Yoke approximately 90
degrees for second inspection. Use the “AC” mode for surface flaw detection and "DC" for
slightly sub-surface inspection.
In the dry method using the powder blower bulb, the area between the legs of the Yoke is
dusted lightly with iron powder and inspected closely for flaws or other defects. Current
should remain "ON" (continuous method). This process is repeated until the entire area of part
is inspected.
The “continuous method” should always be used for maximum sensitivity. Always use the
lowest magnetizing current necessary (in DC) to produce distinct indications. Avoid
excessively strong fields which may magnetically saturate the test piece and cause a “masking
effect" or “background" which interfere with flaw indication.
Demagnetisation: The yoke can usually be used to obtain a satisfactory level of
demagnetization. With the instrument in “AC” mode, place the part across the poles and while
the current is flowing, slowly withdraw the part from the field to a distance of at least 60cm
before turning off the magnetizing current.
RESULT
Detailed Study on Radent 7YP yoke type (AC/HWDC) magnetic crack detector is
conducted. Magnetic particle testing was conducted using both dry method and wet method
and flaws are identified, located and sketched.
INFERENCE

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