EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE THE BIG BANG THEORY

-Most accepted theory today

TOPIC 1: ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE - claim that our universe is 13.7 billion years
EARTH old
- divided the history of the universe into a
COSMOLOGY- Science of the origin and development series of eras or time period
of the universe.
NOTE: expanding, malakas na pagsabog
PHILOLAUS (470-385 B.C) 8 eras
- Greek Philosopher/ Scientist
-wrote the book on Nature  ERAS OF BIG BANG
- first person to propose that the earth was not PLANCK ERA (All four know forces are unified)
the center of the universe -first era that marked the beginning of the
universe
ARISTARCHUS (310-230 B.C) -Short time span
-famous ancient astronomer and mathematician FOUR FUNDAMENTA FOURCE:
born in samos 1. Gravity ( NOTE: dominant force)
-first to say that the sun, and not the earth was 2. Electromagnetic (NOTE: force that domines atom
the center of the universe. molecular interaction)
-popular of his theories regarding the 3.Nuclear Strong Force (NOTE: This force atomic
“Heliocentrism” nuclei together, holds atomic nuclei- gives proton
distric meter)
NOTE: Heliocentrism (sun in mid.) 4. Nuclear Weak Force (NOTE:emith radiation ,
nuclear reaction/ electromagnetic reaction/ chemical
reaction change identity)

GUT (GRAND UNIFIED THEORY)

-gravity freeze out and become distinct
- concept of particles physic, whereby the 3
gage interaction of standard models with high
energies merged into 1 forces consisting of :
gravitational, weak and strong forces.
-Strong force

ARISTOTLE (384- 322 B. C) ELECTROWEAK ERA

-one of the greatest minds in Greek Classical -nuclear strong force freeze out and become
Antiquity distinct.
- believes that the center of the cosmos is
Earth  Quarts- electric charge
-Geocentric Cosmology (NOTE: Earth  Gluons- between protons and neutrons
centered, planets travel around the earth)  Inflation- napalakas na _ because of stong _

PARTICLES ERA
- Particles begin to form
NOTE: particles collide)

ERA OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
- Nuclear fusion creates HELIUM and tiny
amount of heavier elements
NOTE: 1st stars
Premojal is form (mix hydrogen, lithium and
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (100-170) helium -75%)
-Greco-Egyptian mathematician, geographer,
astrologer and astronomer ERA OF NUCLEI
-polularized/ furthered/ elaborated the -electron are not yet bound to nuclei
geocentric model where in celestial bodies revolved NOTE: stars unti-unting nabubuo
around the earth.
-Ptolemaic model ERA OF ATOMS
NOTE: earth is moving in central stars (fix) 24 hours -Electron recombined to form neutral atoms
NOTE: madami ng stars

ERA OF GALAXIES
- Galaxies begin to form leading up to the
present
Lesson 2: HOW DID THE SOLAR SYSTEM FORM
Some of the important pieces of evidence in testing
earlier theories:
1. MASS DITRIBUTION
- mass of the system is not evenly distributed.
- Most of the mass is concentrated in the sun
2. ANGULAR MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION
- similar to mass distribution
- the angular momentum (tendency to rotate) is
concentrated more among the plants in comparison to
sun.
3. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- the planets and the sun have similar
composition, although in varying proportion
4. SHAPE AND ALIGNMENT OF ORBITS
- planets move nearly circular orbits nearly align
with equator of the sun in same direction
-
Rotation of earth results in the alternation of
day and night
- Areas facing toward the sun experience day
time. Areas facing away from the sun
experience night time.
Revolution- earths movement around the sun
- Earths revolves or goes around the sun in
elliptical or oval orbit, from west to east
- It takes 365 days, 5 hours, 48 mins and 46
seconds ( 365 and ¼ days)
- A year with 366 is called leap year
TWO LAYER OF EARTH

THE PLANET EARTH

EARTH
- Only planet to be named in English.
- Old English word for “land”
- Belongs to the milky way galaxy
- Only planet to sustain life

EARTH’S FORMATION AND EVOLUTION

-Scientists think that earth is formed at same THE COMPOSITION OF EARTH
time as the sun and other planets some 4.6 billion
years ago. Structure of earth – (also referred as cross-section)
-when the solar system came from giant, divided into mainly
rotating cloud of gas and dust known as SOLAR 4 layers: CRUST, MANTLE, INNER CORE and
NEBULA OUTER CORE

As nebula collapsed in because of its gravity, it spun CRUST

faster and flattened into a disk. Most of the material was
pulled toward the center to form the sun. Other particles
within the disk collided and stuck together to form ever-
larger bodies , including earth.
ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS
-Earth spins on an imaginary line called AXIS
that runs in from the North Pole to the South pole.
-takes 23.429 hours to complete a rotation on
its axis
- 365.26 days to complete an orbit around the
sun
-outermost layer
-also the surface of earth
-comprises the continents and ocean basins. It
has been classified into continental crust and oceanic
crust.
Continental crust- 25 miles (40 km) thick
- Can be thinner or thicker in some areas
Oceanic crust- 5 miles (8km) thick

ORBIT ROTATION
Some statistics about earth, according to NASA:

Average distance: 92, 956, 050 miles (149, 598, 262

km)
Perihelion: closest approach to the sun: 91, 402, 640
miles (47, 098, 291 Km)
Aphelion: farthest distance from the sun: (94, 509, 460
miles) 152, 098, 233 km)
Length of solar day ( single rotation to its axis) 23. 934
hours
Length of the year (single revolution around the sun)
365.26 days

MOTIONS OF THE EARTH

Rotation – rotation of the planet earth around its own
axis
- Earths rotate from its axis from west to east
or counter clockwise
MANTLE
- 1800 miles (2,900 thick)
- Earths crust float in the mantle.
- Slow motion of rock in the mantle shuffles
continents around and causes earthquakes,
volcanoes, and the formation of mountain
ranges
Mohorovicic discontinuity (moho) -division
between the crust and the mantle.
CORE
- 4,400 miles (7,100 km wide
OUTER CORE- hot and liquid comprising mainly of
nickel and Iron (liquid)
GUTENBURG DISCONTINUITY- transition space
between outer core and mantle
INNER CORE- mostly made of solid iron and has a
little amounts of nickel.
- Have the extreme temperature and pressure
conditions
LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY- transition region
between outer core and inner core
LESSON 3: ROCKS AND MINERALS
MINERALS
- inorganic solid with a definite chemical and
an ordered atomic arrangement.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Naturally occurring- not made by humans
2. Inorganic- never been alive and not made up by
plants or animals
3. Solid- not liquid (like water) or gasses (like the air)
4. Definite chemical composition- each one is made of
particular mix of chemical elements
5. Ordered Internal Structure- chemical element that
make up each mineral are arranged in particular way.
EXAMPLES OF MINERALS
 Hematite- hinge, handles matters springs make up
color
 Chromites- chrome planting, dyes
 Copper- Electric wiring
 Quartz- clocks, mirrors
 Gold- jewelries, plating, coating
 Borax- abrasive, cleaner, antiseptic
 Feldspar- porcelain, ceramics
 Fluorine- toothpaste
 Sphalerite – dyes
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MINERALS
- Silicates
-Non- silicates
-Metallic
-Non Metallic
-Gem
SILICATES MINERALS
-contain silicon and oxygen
Further classified into: Mafic Silicates and Felsic
silicates
MAFIC SILICATES- contain iron (Fe) or
magnesium (Mg) and are dark in color
Example: olivine, pyroxene, Amphibole, biotite mica
 FELSIC SILICATES- contain potassium (K) or
sodium (Na) and aluminum (Al) and are light color
Example: feldspar, quartz, clay mineral, muscovite and
White mica
NON SILICATES
-those that do not contain silicon.
Most common groups of non silicates minerals are:
carbonates, halides, and sulfates
METALLIC MINERALS
-made up of heavy metallic elemenents
Examples: Copper, Iron, Gold, Silver, chromium, Nickle
NON METALLIC
- Lack of properties of minerals such as
bright metallic luster, hardness, density,
and good condition of heat and electricity.
Examples: Calcite, quartz talc gypsum
GEMS Possesses unique bright colors and commonly
used for jewelry
Examples: Jade, Ruby, opal, garnet, Sapphire
INDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS
Can be identified using physical and chemical properties
these physical properties includes:
1. Habit – over all shape
2. Luster- quality of light reflected from the exterior
surface of mineral
EXAMPLE: Gold and Silver- metallic
Pearl – non metallic
3. Cleavage- tendency of minerals to breaks a long very
smooth and shiny surface
EXAMPLE: halite
4. Hardness - measure of the minerals resistance to
scratchy
Color Varies- in many minerals make it unreliable to set
a standard identification.
5. Streak- color of mark or powder left by rubbing the
minerals against a streak plate.
ROCKS
- Natural solid materials that make up most of
the earth lithosphere
 IGNEOUS ROCK
- Formed from the solidification of lava when
a volcano erupts
- rock flakes like onion layers.
2 BASIC TYPES
1`. Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous rocks- formed from
magma forced into order rocks at depths within the earth
crust which slowly solidifies below earth surface
EXAMPLE: Granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite
2. Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous rocks- when hot
magma reaches the surface as a volcanic erupts it cools
quickly to form small crystal.
EXAMPLE: Basalt, andesite, obsidian, rhyolite, scoria,
tuff
TEXTURE
can be describe the physical appearance of the rock
based on the size and arrangemnent of crystal
components
Ingneous rocks can be classified as follow:
a. Fine- grained igneous rocks (very small)
b. Coarse- grained igneous rocks (large crystal)
c. Porphyritic igneous rocks (very large)
d. Glassy igneous rocks (molten rocks)
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
- Formed by the accumulation of the
sediments
3 Basic types of sedimentary rocks
1. Clastic Sedimentary rocks
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks- Iron one, Chert, flints
3. Organic sedimentary rocks – such as coal, some
dominates and some lime stones from the accumulation
of plants or animals debris
LESSON 4: FACTORS CAUSE THE DIFFERENT
SHAPES AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
EXOGENIC PROCESS
-process that are caused by exogenic factors are:
Weathering, erosion, mass wasting and
sedimentation
WEATHERING- process that breaks down rocks into
smaller pieces
TWO TYPES OF WEATHERING:
1. Physical weathering- happens when rock is physical
broken into smaller pieces.
Factors that affects physical weathering:
a. Frost heaving and wedging- occurs when water
seeps into rocks or occupies spaces in between rocks and
freezes, acting like a wedge
b. Plant roots- huge trees that produce large roots
anchor themselves on rocks and force their way into
them
from pdf:
ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack
rocks into smaller pieces.
2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes,
3. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks
and push rocks apart.
4. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock.
5. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind,
water, ice wears away surface rock when
rocks collide. Most common in windy areas
2. Chemical weathering- the process of breaking
down rock through chemical changes
factors that affect:
from pdf:
1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.
2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with
oxygen and rusts.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater
and weathers marble and limestone.
4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and
roots chemically weather rock.
5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and
falls on rock as acid rain.