IPA99-G-012

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Twenty Seventh Annual Convention & Exhibition, October 1999

THE WUNUT FIELD:

PLEISTOCENE VOLCANICLASTIC GAS SANDS IN EAST JAVA

Arse Kusumastuti*
Agung B. Darmoyo*
Wahyudin Suwarlan*
S.P.C. Sosromihardjo*

ABSTRACT filled with depth. At the deepest pay levels the

Lapindo Brantas, Inc. (formerly Huffco Brantas, Inc.)
discovered the Wunut Field in 1994 as a gas
accumulation in volcaniclastic reservoirs of
Pleistocene age. The field is located onshore Java
approximately on the axis of the East Java Basin. The
lowermost producing interval was deposited in an
outer neritic, turbiditic environment whilst the upper
part was deposited in a deltaic setting. Overall,
shallowing-and coarsening-upward sequences can be
clearly recognized.
The Wunut structure is a simple, four-way-dip
closure, aligned east-west, which formed as a
response to magmatic uplift which occurred 10-15 km
to the south. The uplift resulted in northward-directed
detachment along an intra-Pliocene surface, creating
the Wunut structure during the Late Pleistocene. It
was charged immediately with hydrocarbons (mainly
gas) from the deeper section. The source of the gas is
believed to be from hydrocarbons originally trapped
in the Porong Reef, of Miocene age, located 10 km to
the east and which appears to have leaked due to the
collapse of the overlying sediments. This collapse
took place at approximately same time as the Wunut
structure was formed.
Geochemical data show that the gas is thermogenic;
its gravity and wetness both increase with depth
which are thought to be caused by a process of
fractionation. At a shallow depth the structure is
partially filled and it becomes progressively more
___________________________________________
* Lapindo Brantas, Inc.
structure is filled to the spill-point. This suggests that
the sealing capacity of the caprocks becomes better
with increasing depth.
The discovery of the Wunut Field reveals significant
exploration potential in the East Java Basin
particularly, and Indonesia in general. This success
represents the first commercial, volcaniclastic-
reservoired gas discovery in the Pleistocene, which is
generally considered as containing poor quality
reservoirs. Although relatively small in size, the
Wunut Field is located within an area of well-
developed infrastructure in industrial East Java thus
making its development economically feasible.
INTRODUCTION
The Wunut Field is located in the Brantas Production
Sharing Contract area of East Java and approximately
30 km south of Surabaya (Figure 1). The Brantas PSC
was awarded to Huffco Brantas, Inc. in April 1990
and originally covered an area of 15,000 km2 both
onshore and offshore. More than 5,700 km of land
and marine 2-D seismic were acquired and 5 wildcats
were drilled. In 1996, Huffco withdrew from the
block and the operatorship was transferred to Lapindo
Brantas Inc.
The Wunut Field was discovered in 1994. Although
the field is of relatively small size, it is located
onshore and ideally situated in the fast-growing
industrial areas of East Java. Therefore, the field was
economically feasible to develop and commerciality
status was obtained in March 1996. The field was put
on-stream in January 1999 and the produced gas is
supplied to PGN, the government-owned gas
distribution company.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Regionally, the Brantas PSC is located along the
southern flank of the East Java Basin (Figure 2).
Throughout its Tertiary history, most of the block was
situated along the east-west aligned axis of the
depocenter of the East Java Basin. There are three
major distinct structural provinces recognized in the
East Java Basin: the Northern Platform, the Central
High and the Southern Basin. The Brantas PSC is
situated within the Southern Basin, along the northern
flank of the present-day Java volcanic arc.
The East Java Basin is a Tertiary-aged back-arc basin
which is bounded to the west and northwest by the
Karimunjawa Arch and the stable Sunda Shelf. To the
north the basin is limited by the Meratus High of SE
Kalimantan and to the east by the Masalembo-Doang
High. The Southern Java Volcanic Belt or magmatic
arc forms the southern boundary of the East Java
Basin.
The sedimentary section of the East Java Basin, of
Tertiary to Recent age comprises more than 15,000
feet of section ranging in age from Eocene through
Recent and overlying on Pre-Tertiary basement.
Miocene and Oligocene rocks crop out in the
Southern Mountains which are located in the south of
the volcanic arc. To the north of the arc, two major
distinct features are observed: the Kendeng Zone and
the Tuban Ridge (North Rembang Zone) in which
outcrops of Miocene to Pleistocene rocks occur.
Holocene-aged and alluvial sediments cover the
remaining area. The Brantas PSC is situated within
the Southern Basin between the Kendeng Zone
(Central High) and the Southern Java Volcanic Belt.
Volcanism
The origin of the Tertiary-aged, East Java back-arc
basin is related to northward-directed subduction of
oceanic crust, which was attached to the leading edge
of the Indian-Australian Plate, beneath the continental
Sunda Plate and resulting in a roughly E-W trending,
volcanic arc. This subduction activity resulted in
several volcanic episodes throughout the Tertiary and
provided the sediment influx for most of the southern
half of East Java Basin (Figure 3)
Early Tertiary volcanism occurred during the latest
Eocene-earliest Oligocene. The site of the volcanic
belt was possibly situated offshore to the north of the
present-day volcanic belt (ESRI, 1994).
Two further volcanic episodes occurred, during
Oligocene to Middle Miocene times. The first
episode happened during the late Oligocene through
early Miocene when the ancestral Java arc developed
to the south of its present-day southern Java position
(Old Andesite Formation). The second episode took
place during the early Miocene through to the end of
the Middle Miocene. This phase is probably related
to the initiation of the modern Sunda-Java arc and
resulted in the formation of a volcanic belt
approximately fifty kilometers to the north of the
Oligocene-aged volcanic arc. This arc has remained
in this position until the present day.
The tectonic setting present in the Late Miocene
continued through the Pliocene and the Pleistocene.
Widespread reactivation of folds occurred in the late
Pliocene and further reactivation also occurred in the
Late Pleistocene. The latest phase of volcanism of
the Sunda-Java arc started in the Late Pliocene and
has continued until the present day.
Stratigraphy
The stratigraphy of the Brantas PSC can be divided
into three major sequences, including Eocene-Early
Oligocene, Late Oligocene-Miocene and Plio-
Pleistocene sequences (Figure 4).
The Eocene-Early Oligocene sequence is associated
with the early rifting of the East Java Basin and
consists of clastics and carbonates of the Ngimbang
Formation. The Eocene clastics were deposited in a
predominantly alluvial-fluvial environment with local
lacustrine conditions and believed to contain the main
source rocks for generation of the hydrocarbons in the
East Java Basin.
The late Oligocene-Miocene section is separated from
the underlying sequence by a regional unconformity
which overlies the ENE-WSW oriented carbonate
trends (BD-Porong Trend). Platform carbonates of
the Prupuh Formation were deposited during the Late
Oligocene and were followed by the development of
reefal limestones during the Early Miocene.
During the Late-Middle Miocene to Late Miocene a
massive influx of clastics from both the northern and
the southern areas of the basin caused cessation of
carbonate deposition. Volcaniclastic deposition
covered the southern half of the basin southward from
approximately just north of the present-day Java-
Madura coast. In the Brantas PSC, the clastics are
dominated by volcaniclastics which are thought to
represent reworking of the "Old Andesite Formation”.
In the Tuban-Cepu area along the northern coast, the
clastics originated from erosion of granitic rocks and
resulted in the deposition of sandstones of the
Ngrayong Formation.
The Plio-Pleistocene sequence unconformably
overlies the Late Oligocene-Miocene sequence.
Locally, the unconformity removed the entire Middle
and Late Miocene sequences. In the Brantas PSC,
deposition of the sequence commenced in the eastern
part with limestones of the Paciran Formation and
marls of Kalibeng Formation in the western part. The
Paciran Formation consists of pelagic limestones rich
in globigerinids and grades westwards into the more
marly sequence of the Kalibeng Formation.
Following the sedimentation of the Paciran/Kalibeng
formations, a rapidly northeastward-prograding
wedge of sediments was deposited as the Pucangan
and Lidah Formations. The Pucangan Formation
sediments consist predominantly of volcaniclastics
derived from the volcanic arc located to the south of
the Brantas PSC. In general, the volcaniclastics were
deposited from the southwest in shallowing upward.
The Lidah Formation is the more marine equivalent
of the Pucangan Formation and comprises
predominantly marine shales with occasional
limestones, which probably represent reworked
carbonate materials from older limestones.
During the latest Pleistocene to Recent, most of the
Brantas PSC was in a non-marine setting during
deposition of the Kabuh and Notopuro formations.
GEOLOGY OF THE WUNUT FIELD
Sequence Stratigraphy
The entire reservoir section of the Wunut Field
comprises volcaniclastic materials deposited during
the Pleistocene to Recent. The interval of interest
occurs within the Pucangan Formation which was
deposited as a northeastward prograding,
volcaniclastic sedimentary wedge. The unit resulted
from erosion of the latest phase of volcanism in East
Java, which has continued until the present-day. The
depositional environments ranged from inner to
middle neritic in the deeper section, gradually
shallowing upwards to continental to terrestrial at the
present-day surface.
Sequence stratigraphic analysis for the volcaniclastic
deposits of Pleistocene to Recent age was performed
for well sections of the Wunut -1, -2, -8, -10 and
Porong-1 wells. Using the combined litho- and
biostratigraphic data, five sequences can be
recognized within the studied interval. The base of
each sequence is identified based on biostratigraphy,
cuttings and log data. Sequences I, II, III and IV are
Pleistocene in age whilst Sequence V is of Holocene-
Recent age (Figure 5, Darmoyo et.al., 1999).
These five sequences may have been deposited as a
result of eustatic sea-level changes. Since no
significant regional tectonic event has been
recognised at the end of the Pleistocene, tectonism
may not have had any effect on deposition of these
sedimentary sequences. A comparison is made
between the five cycles and the published eustatic
sea-level changes (Figure 6).
The base of Sequence I is a sequence boundary at the
top of the Pliocene "Blue Clay” Formation. This
massive clay is overpressured and was deposited in a
middle to outer shelf environment. The faunas at this
level are dated at 1.74 Ma, which suggests that if
eustacy is suspected to cause this sequence boundary,
the erosional surface at the top of the Pliocene "Blue
Clay" may be equivalent to the 1.9 Ma sequence
boundary (Figure-6, Mitchum et al., 1993).
A well-developed sand unit occurs at the base of
Sequence I in the Wunut-10 well and thins rapidly
towards the east and northeast through the Wunut-8, -
1, -2 and Porong-1 wells. Sedimentary analysis of
cores from the interval in the Wunut-8 well suggests
that the unit was the product of high volcaniclastic
input deposited rapidly into the basin and is
interpreted as a turbiditic deposit. The sand is massive
and blocky and contains bioturbation structures.
In general, the basal parts of the Sequences II through
IV consist of thin, possibly condensed, shale-rich
intervals which appear to be the transgressive to
maximum flooding part of a sedimentary cycle.
Much thicker, coarsening- and shallowing-upward,
highstand systems follow each event. From the faunal
evidence the shaly section at the base of Sequence II
may be equivalent to the 1.37 Ma maximum flooding
or downlap surface of the Global Sea-Level Chart.
Similar to Sequence II, if caused by eustacy, the basal
part of Sequence III is equivalent to the 0.76 Ma
maximum flooding or downlap unit. The
corresponding sequence boundary for this maximum
flooding surface is 0.8 Ma.
The uppermost marine section of the Pleistocene-aged
volcaniclastics interval in the Wunut Field is
Sequence IV. The thin, transgressive to maximum
flooding unit at the base of the sequence is equivalent
to the 0.36 Ma maximum flooding or downlap
surface. This flooding surface may correspond to the
0.4 Ma sequence boundary (Figure 6, Mitchum et. al.,
1993).
Sequence V is dominated by non-marine deposits.
There is no faunal dating for the section and it is
interpreted as a Holocene deposit. According to the
Global Sea-Level Chart the basal part of the sequence
may include the 0.1 Ma sequence boundary and 0.06
Ma maximum flooding surface (Figure 6, Mitchum et.
al., 1993). However, the flooding surface is not
clearly evident which may be due to the presence of
non-marine sediment or erosion.
Sedimentology - Depositional Facies
The majority of the Pleistocene interval in the Wunut
Field is composed of volcanic, epiclastic sediments
which have been extensively reworked by marine and
fluviatile processes. Based on the volcaniclastic
facies classification (Vessel and Davies 1988; after
Mathisen and McPherson, 1991; Figure 7), the Wunut
section can be differentiated as distal, non-marine
and distal deltaic-marine facies. Sequences I through
IV are the distal deltaic and marine parts whilst
Sequence V represents the only distal non-marine
facies. The sorting and reservoir quality of the
volcaniclastics generally increases as the particles are
transported farther away from the source (Willumsen
& Schiller, 1994), therefore, generally the distal
volcaniclastic facies have far greater reservoir
potential than the more poorly sorted, proximal facies.
The Wunut section of Pleistocene age was deposited
above the "Blue Clay Formation" the top of which is
believed to be an unconformity surface in the
uppermost part of the Late Pliocene. The
overpressured nature of the clay suggests that it was
deposited rapidly. The blue clay in outcrops in the
Kendeng Zone is equivalent to the upper part of the
Kalibeng Formation and was deposited in a deeper
marine setting of outer to middle neritic conditions.
During the Pleistocene to Recent the region was
transformed from initially a deep marine environment
to the present-day terrestrial environment of East
Java. In the Wunut area, however, the lowermost part
of the Pleistocene was deposited in middle to outer
neritic conditions. The high sedimentation rates of up
to 1,000 m/million years appear to be associated with
the massive, mostly andesitic volcanism along the
active volcanic arc which is located less than 100 km
to the south of the Wunut Field (Willumsen &
Schiller, 1994).
The basal unit, Sequence I was deposited in a middle
to outer neritic environment. Although the basal
sequence is frequently turbiditic, upwards and
eastwards the sequence was deposited in a lower
energy, marine environment.
Sequences II to IV are three, coarsening upward
sequences representing three different periods of
sediment influx, possibly as a result of sea level
changes or different phases of volcanism. These
sequences were deposited generally in upward
shallowing conditions from an open marine, inner
shelf environment (II), a proximal shoreface or inner
shelf environment (III), and fluvio-marine, delta front
environment (IV).
Sequence V, Holocene to Recent age consists of
volcanics and volcaniclastic claystones and
conglomeratic sandstones with occasional tuffs.
Occasionally, there is abundant mollusc debris
indicating a high-energy environment. In general the
interval was deposited in a fluvial-terrestrial regime
with high clastic input. The depositional environment
is interpreted to be non-marine with strong fluvial
influences and high clastic input. The Wunut Field
surface location is situated just onshore of the modern
Brantas delta which contains brackish water
ostracods.
Petroleum System
a. Reservoir
The reservoirs of the Wunut Field are
volcaniclastic sands which can be classified as
lithic arkoses or feldspathic litharenites. The rock
matrix consists predominantly of plagioclase
feldspar and volcanic rock fragments with
secondary amounts of altered grains and
heavy/opaque minerals. The clay content is
variable and is dominated by smectite.
The Wunut Field reservoirs are generally poorly
cemented. The porosity ranges from 20 to 45
percent. The average porosities of the individual
sands range from 25 to 35 percent whilst the
average permeabilities range from 25 to 195
millidarcies. The pore systems are mainly
intergranular and have been enhanced by
secondary pores resulting from mineral
dissolution. The majority of the secondary
porosity has been developed in most of the
volcaniclastics by dissolution of unstable
framework grains such as plagioclase feldspar,
volcanic rock fragments and occasional heavy
minerals (Willumsen & Schiller, 1994).
Plots of depth versus porosity and permeability
both indicate generally increasing trends from
depths of 500 to 3,000 feet (Figure 8). Willumsen
& Schiller (1994) stated that secondary porosity
generally increases with depth, as primary porosity
decreases by compaction, and virtually all porosity
below 4,500 feet is of secondary origin. The fact
that both porosity and permeability increase with
depth between 500 to 3,000 feet suggests that
secondary pores occur at early stage of burial. The
immediate gas charging into the pore space
potentially prevents the rocks from later diagenesis
and compaction.
A total of 17 sand layers contain gas at depths of
between 500 to 3,000 feet. The net thickness of the
individual sands range from 10 to 155 feet (Figure
9). Most of the Wunut Field reserves are assigned
to the deepest pay sands which hold more than half
of the total gas accumulation. These sand bodies
are interpreted as turbiditic lowstand deposits. The
rest of the reservoirs are part of the lowstand,
prograding-complexes and highstand, prograding-
wedges of shoreface and deltaic sands.
b. Seal
The intraformational clays/shales within the
Pleistocene volcaniclastic section act as caprocks
for the Wunut Field reservoirs. However, their
sealing capacity is imperfect as evidenced by the
increase of wetness and gas gravity with depth,
indicating a vertical charging from below.
Wireline logs, RFT pressures and samples, as well
as DST data show that the structure is partially
filled with hydrocarbons in the shallower
reservoirs and becomes progressively more-filled
with increasing depth, as shown by the "christmas
tree" shape of the vertical charging configuration
(Figure 9). At the deepest pay levels, the Wunut
Field structure is filled to the spill-point. It is
interpreted that the imperfect seals have slowly
leaked the lighter gas to shallower levels, causing
the partial fill in the upper section.
There are two reasons to explain why the seals are
imperfect. Firstly, the interval is relatively young
and therefore there has been less time for
diagenesis. Secondly, the poor seal integrity is
probably because most of the thick clays/shales
were deposited as highstand, prograding (or
regressive) wedges. As a potential caprock such
shales are generally not as good as transgressive
shales, the latter of which are usually thin in the
Wunut Field.
c. Trap/Structure
The Wunut Field structure is a simple, four-way
dip closure, elongated in an east-west direction and
is approximately 7 km long and 3 km wide with
700 feet vertical closure. From interpretation of
seismic data it is evident that the structure
becomes more gentle with increasing depth
(Figures 10 & 11).
The origin of the folding which created the
structure could be related to magmatic uplift which
occurred 10-15 kilometers to the south and began
in the Pliocene, intruding into the Late Miocene-
Early Pliocene depocenter, just to the north of the
present-day volcanic arc. Eventually, this intrusion
produced a northward-directed detachment along
an intra-Pliocene glide surface and resulted in
folding during very late Pleistocene to Recent
times, as evidenced by onlap sediments above the
late Pleistocene horizon (Figure 12). This
 conclusion is preferred rather than to associate the
folding with the collision of the Sunda and
Australian Plates, which took place earlier, during
the Pliocene.
Four wells have been drilled on the Wunut
structure. The Wunut -1, -8 and -10 wells are
located on the crest of the structure, whilst the
Wunut-2 well is on the southeastern flank of the
structure. As previously discussed, at the deepest
pay levels the Wunut structure is filled to the spill-
point. Moreover, the depth of the lowest known
gas in the Wunut-10 well is below the spill-point
and suggests that the Wunut trap has a
stratigraphic component to the trapping to the
south. Further elaboration is beyond the scope of
this paper.
d. Source Rocks and Migration
The hydrocarbon source rocks for the Wunut Field
are believed to be Eocene sediments as yet
undrilled, due to their being beyond drillable
depth. A source rock study based on the well data
indicates that the Eocene sediments constitute the
only known good-excellent quality source rocks,
which may account for most, if not all, the
hydrocarbons in the area. These source rocks are
largely restricted to organic rich shales and coals
of the Middle-Late Eocene deltaic/estuarine and
lacustrine sequences. These sediments are believed
to be at depth over the whole Southern Basinal
area.
Hydrocarbons were probably trapped originally in
the Miocene Porong Reef which is located just to
the east of the Wunut structure at a depth of 10,000
feet. Due to the collapse of the seal, as shown by
seismic data (Figure 11), the Porong trap leaked
and hydrocarbons then migrated up through faults.
When the permeable, volcaniclastic sands were
reached the hydrocarbons migrated laterally
through the lowermost sands of the Pleistocene-
aged volcaniclastics section and filled the Wunut
structure (Figure 13).
When charging the structure, vertical migration
took place through the incompetent seals, as
previously discussed. This vertical migration is
also evidenced by geochemical data, which show
that gas gravity and wetness increase with
increasing depth and are accompanied by a
decrease in the carbon isotope ratio (Table I).
These characteristics are considered to be caused
by a process of fractionation.
CONCLUSIONS
• The Wunut Field volcaniclastic reservoirs were
derived from the products of the latest episode of
volcanism of the Sunda-Java volcanic arc,
commencing in the Late Pliocene and continuing
until today. These epiclastic sediments have been
extensively reworked by fluviatile and marine
processes and deposited in distal, non-marine and
deltaic-marine facies (Vessel and Davies 1988;
after Mathisen and McPherson, 1991). In the
deeper section, the interval was deposited in an
inner to middle neritic environment gradually
shallowing upwards to continental-terrestrial at
the surface.
• Although intensive volcanic activity has occurred
in the area through the Quaternary that could have
overprinted the eustatic effects to a certain
degree, five depositional sequences can be
recognized which are related to eustatic sea-level
changes. A comparison is made between the five
cycles and the published eustatic sea-level
changes (Mitchum et.al., 1993) as follows:
- SB-I : 1.9 Ma (mfs - 1.74 Ma).
- SB-II : 1.4 Ma (mfs - 1.37 Ma).
- SB-III : 0.8 Ma (mfs - 0.76 Ma).
- SB-IV : 0.4 Ma (mfs - 0.36 Ma).
- SB-V : 0.1 Ma (mfs - 0.06 Ma).
• A total of 17 sand reservoirs within the Wunut
Field contain gas at depths of between 600 to
3,000 feet. The average porosities of the
individual sands range from 25 to 35 percent
whilst the average permeabilities range from 25
to 195 millidarcies. Plots of depth versus
porosity and permeability both indicate a general
increase with increasing depth. This suggests that
secondary porosity may be developed at an early
stage of buvial and the immediate gas charging
into the pore space potentially keeps the rocks
from later diagenesis and compaction.
• The Wunut structure was formed during the Late
or post-Pleistocene and could be related to the
magmatic uplift which occurred 10-15 kilometers
to the south. This magmatic uplift produced a
 northward-directed detachment along an intra-
Pliocene surface, and resulted in folding during
the Late Pleistocene to Recent (or post
Pleistocene). This conclusion is preferred since
the folding is too young to be associated with
collision of the Sunda and Australian Plates,
which occurred during the Pliocene.
• At the deepest pay levels, the Wunut structure is
filled to the spill-point and, in fact, the depth of
the lowest known gas is below the spill point.
This suggests that the trapping mechanism for the
Wunut Field has a stratigraphic component to the
south.
• Hydrocarbons in the Wunut Field were probably
trapped originally in the Porong Reef of Miocene
age and located just east of the structure at a
depth of 10,000 feet. Seal collapse above the trap
is thought to have facilitated vertical gas
migration through fault-breaching. The
hydrocarbons then migrated laterally through the
lowest volcaniclastic sand beds of the Pleistocene
and fill the Wunut structure. The incompetent
seals allowed vertical migration up within the
structure as evidenced by "christmas tree" shape
of the gas accumulation, the increasing gas
gravity and wetness with depth and a decrease in
the carbon isotope ratio. The source rocks for the
hydrocarbons are believed to occur within the
Eocene sediments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the management of
Lapindo Brantas, Inc. for their permission to publish
the results and conclusions of this work. Technical
comments and support from the Exploration group at
Lapindo Brantas, Inc were very much appreciated.
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