Trona

Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium

Trona
sesquicarbonate dihydrate, Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O) is a non-marine
evaporite mineral.[3][4] It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate
in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of
the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.

Contents
Etymology
Natural deposits
General
Crystal structure
Category Carbonate mineral
Uses of trona
Mining operations Formula Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O
See also
(repeating unit)

References Strunz 5.CB.15

classification
Crystal Monoclinic
Etymology system
Crystal class Prismatic (2/m)
The word entered English by way of either Swedish (trona) or Spanish
(same H-M symbol)
(trona), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English.
Both of these derive from the Arabic trōn, which in turn derives from the Identification
Arabic natron, and Hebrew ‫( נטרן‬natruna), which comes from ancient Greek Color Colorless or white, also
νιτρον (nitron), derived ultimately fromancient Egyptian ntry (or nitry). grey to yellowish grey
Crystal habit Columnar, fibrous and
Natural deposits massive.
Cleavage [100] perfect, [111] and
[001] indistinct
Fracture Brittle – subconchoidal
Mohs scale 2.5
hardness
Luster Vitreous
Streak White
Diaphaneity Translucent
Trona sample from Searles Valley,
California near the town of Trona, Specific 2.11–2.17
California gravity
Optical Biaxial (-)
Trona is found at Owens Lake and Searles Lake, California; the Green River properties
Formation of Wyoming and Utah; the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana and in Refractive nα = 1.412 nβ = 1.492
the Nile Valley in Egypt.[5] The trona near Green River, Wyoming, is the index nγ = 1.540
largest known deposit in the world and lies in layered evaporite deposits Birefringence δ = 0.128
below ground, where the trona was deposited in a lake during the Paleogene Solubility Soluble in water
Period.[6] Trona has also been mined at Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift
Other May fluoresce under
Valley for nearly 100 years. The northern part of Lake Natron is covered by a
characteristics short wavelength
1.5 m thick trona bed,[7] and occurs in 'salt' pans in the Etosha National Park
ultraviolet
in Namibia.[8] The Beypazari region in the Ankara Province of Turkey has
References [1][2][3]
some 33 trona beds in two fault-bound lensoid bodies in and above oil shales
of the Lower Hirka Formation (16 in the lower and 17 in the upper body).[9]
The Wucheng basin trona mine, Henan Province China has some 36 trona beds (693–974 m deep), the lower 15 beds are 0.5–1.5 m
thick, thickest 2.38 m; the upper 21 beds are 1–3 m thick, with a maximum of 4.56 m hosted and underlain by dolomitic oil shales of
the Wulidui Formation.[10]

Trona has also been found inmagmatic environments.[11] Research has shown that trona can be formed by auto
metasomatic reactions
of late-magmatic fluids or melts (or supercritical fluid-melt mixtures), with earlier crystallized rocks within the same plutonic
complex, or by large-scale vapor unmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.[11]

Crystal structure
The ambient temperature crystal
structure of trona viewed down the b
axis with the unit cell indicated by the
solid gray line.
temperatures as low as 100K.
The crystal structure of trona was first determined by Brown et al. (1949).[12] The
structure consists of units of 3 edge-sharing sodium polyhedra (a central octahedron
flanked by septahedra), cross-linked by carbonate groups and hydrogen bonds.
Bacon and Curry (1956)[13] refined the structure determination using two-
dimensional single-crystalneutron diffraction, and suggested that the hydrogen atom
in the symmetric (HC2O6)3− anion is disordered. The environment of the disordered
H atom was later investigated by Choi and Mighell (1982)[14] at 300 K with three-
dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction: they concluded that the H atom is
dynamically disordered between two equivalent sites, separated from one another by
0.211(9) Å. The dynamically disordered H atom was reinvestigated at low
temperature by O'Bannon et al. 2014[15] and they concluded that it does not order at

Uses of trona
Trona is a common source ofsoda ash, which is a significant economic commodity because of its applications in
manufacturing glass, chemicals, paper, detergents, and textiles.
It is used to condition water.
It is used to remove sulfur from bothflue gases and lignite coals.[16][17]
It is a product of carbon sequestration of flue gases.[18]
It is also used as a food additive.[19][20]

Mining operations
Magadi Soda Company
Searles Valley Minerals Inc.
Solvay[21]
Tata Chemicals[21]
Tronox Alkali[21] formerly FMC Corporation
General Chemical
Ciner Wyoming[21] formerly OCI Chemical Corp.
American Natural Soda Ash Company
Eti Soda, Turkey
 Kazan Soda Electric, Turkey

See also
Natron
Nahcolite
Shortite
Sodium sesquicarbonate
Thermonatrite

References
1. Handbook of Mineralogy(http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/trona.pdf)
2. Mindat (http://www.mindat.org/min-4031.html)
3. Webmineral data (http://webmineral.com/data/Trona.shtml)
4. Mineral galleries (http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/carbonat/trona/trona.htm)
, 2008
5. C. Michael Hogan (2008)Makgadikgadi (http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0), The
Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
6. Wyoming Mining Association (2017).Wyoming Mining Association: Trona Mining (https://www.wyomingmining.org/mi
nerals/trona/) Wyoming Mining Association. Retrieved on 2017-10-25.
7. Manega, P.C., Bieda, S., 1987. Modern sediments of Lake Natron, anzania.
T Sciences Geologiques. Bulletin 40, 83–
95.
8. Eckardt, F. D., Drake, N., Goudie, A. S., White, K., & Viles, H. (2001). The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust
formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(11), 1177–
1193.
9. Helvaci, C., 1998. The Beypazari trona deposit, Ankara Province, urkey.
T In: Dyni, J.R., Jones, R. W. (Eds.),
Proceedings of the first international soda-ash conference; o
Vlume II, v. 40: Laramie,WY, Public Information Circular
– Geological Survey of Wyoming, pp. 67–103.
10. Zhang, Youxun, 1985. Geology of the Wucheng trona deposit in Henan, China. In: Schreiber
, B.C.,Warner, H.L.
(Eds.), Sixth international symposium on salt, 1, pp. 67–73.
11. Markl, G., and Baumgartner, L. (2002) pH changes in peralkaline late-magmatic fluids. Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology, 144, 331–346.
12. Brown, C.J., Peiser, H.S., and Turner-Jones, A. (1949) The crystal structure of sodium sequicarbonate. Acta
Crystallographica, 2, 167–174.
13. Bacon, G.E., and Curry, N.A. (1956) A neutron-diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate. Acta Crystallographica,
9, 82–85.
14. Choi C.S., and Mighell A.D., (1982) Neutron dif
fraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate. Acta
Crystallographica, B38, 2874–2876.
15. O'Bannon, E., Beavers, C. M., & WIllIams, Q. (2014). rTona at extreme conditions: A pollutant-sequestering material
at high pressures and low temperatures. American Mineralogist, 99(10), 1973–1984.
16. Kong Y., and Wood M.D. (2010) Dry injectionof trona for SO3 control. Power, 154, 114–118.
17. Sutcu H., and Eker Y. (2013) The removal of sulfur from Dursunbey and Iskilip lignites in urkey,
T using natural trona:
1. The effect of the thermal method. Energy Sources Part A-Recovery Utilization and Environmental Ef fects, 35, 83–
91.
18. Yoo M., Han S.J., and Wee J.H. (2013) Carbon dioxide capture capacity of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution,
Journal of Environmental Management, 114, 512–519.
19. Ekosse, G.I.E. (2010) X-ray diffraction study of kanwa used as active ingredient in achu soup in Cameroon. African
Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 7928–7929.
20. Nielsen, J.M. (1999) East African magadi (trona): Fluoride concentration and mineralogical concentration. Journal of
African Earth Sciences, 29, 423–428.
21. "2015 Wyoming Mines State Inspector Annual Report"(http://www.wyomingworkforce.org/_docs/mines/ar/2015.pdf)
(PDF). 2016-03-25. p. 58. Retrieved 2017-10-25.

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