00 FEM Part 1

CE 6504
Finite Elements Method in Structures

(Part 1)
AAiT
April 2021
Bedilu Habte
Course Outline
1. Introduction
2. Preliminaries
3. 1D (2-Node) Line Elements
Bar, Truss, Beam-elements, Shape functions
4. 2D Elements
Plane Stress and Plane Strain Problems
5. 3D Elements
Tetrahedral, Hexahedral Elements
6. Plate Bending & Shells
7. Further Issues
Modeling, Errors, Non-linearity
AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 2
References
Finite Element Analysis (Text)

By: S.S. BHAVIKATTI
Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis
By: Robert D. Cook, David S. Malkus and Michael E. Plesha
Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis
By: K.-J. Bathe
The Finite Element Method
O.C. Zienkiewicz
An Introduction to the Finite Element Method
By: J. N. Reddy

Internet References:
FEM Primer Part 1 - 4
Mike Barton & S. D. Rajan
Arizona State University
http://enpub.fulton.asu.edu/structures/FEMPrimer-Part1.ppt
Introduction to Finite Element Methods
Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences
University of Colorado at Boulder
http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/CAS/courses.d/IFEM.d/Home.html
Advanced Finite Element Methods
Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences
University of Colorado at Boulder
http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/CAS/courses.d/AFEM.d/Home.html

Topics in Part I
Introduction & Steps in FEM
• Elasticity & Variational Method
Bar Elements (2, 3 Node)
Derivation of k
• Governing Equation: Strong/Weak forms
• Minimization of Total Potential Energy
• Ritz- & Galerkin’s Methods
Shape Function &Natural Coordinates
• Isoparametric Formulation
Beam Elements
FE – Analysis of Frames
I Introduction
What is FEM?
Finite element method is a numerical method
that generates approximate solutions to
engineering problems which are usually expressed
in terms of differential equations.
Used for stress analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow,

electromagnetic etc.

What is FEM?
• Use of several materials within the same structure,
• complicated or discontinuous geometry,
• complicated loading, etc,
makes the closed form (analytical) solution of

structural problems very difficult.
One resorts to a numerical solution, the best of

which is the FEM.

What is FEM?
Structure is partitioned into FINITE
ELEMENTS – that are joined to each other at
limited number of NODES
Behavior of an individual element can be

described with a simple set of equations
Assembling the element equations, to a large

set, is supposed to describe the behavior of the
whole structure.

Discretization Example
Find the circumference of a circle with a unit
diameter – find the value of π.
Approximation with that of regular polygons:

Solution:
Let n be the number of sides of the
inscribed or circumscribing polygon.
i) Inscribed polygon
Perimeter p = n sin (180/n)
ii) Circumscribing polygon

Perimeter p = n tan (180/n)

Estimated vs. exact value of π = 3.1415926536
No. of sides Inscribed polygon Error
3 2.5980762114 0.5435164422
4 2.8284271247 0.3131655288
8 3.0614674589 0.0801251947
16 3.1214451523 0.0201475013
32 3.1365484905 0.0050441630
64 3.1403311570 0.0012614966
128 3.1412772509 0.0003154027
1000 3.1415874859 0.0000051677
10000 3.1415926019 0.0000000517
100000 3.1415926531 0.0000000005
1000000 3.1415926536 0.0000000000

Brief History
A formal mathematical theory for the FEM
started some 60 years ago
The steps in FEA are very similar to the
method of the direct stiffness method in matrix
structural analysis
 The term finite element was first used by Clough in
1960.
 The first book on the FEM by Zienkiewicz and Cheung
was published in 1967.
 In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FEM was applied
to a wide variety of engineering problems.
Brief History
 The Pioneers – 1950 to 1962; Clough,
Turner, Argyris, etc.; thought structural
elements as a device to transmit forces
(“force transducer”).
 The Golden Age – 1962–1972;
Zienkiewicz, Cheung, Martin, Carey etc.;
thought discrete elements approximate
continuum models (displacement
formulation).

Brief History
 Consolidation – 1972 to mid 1980s;
Hughes, Bathe Argyris, etc.; variational
method, mixed formulation, error
estimation.
 Back to Basics – early 1980s to the
present; Elements are kept simple but
should provide answers of engineering
accuracy with relatively coarse meshes.

Brief History
 The 1970s  advances in
mathematical treatments, including the
development of new elements, and
convergence studies.
 Most commercial FEM software
packages originated in the 1970s and
1980s.
 The FEM is one of the most important
developments in computational
methods to occur in the 20th century.
Brief History

Proprietary Software
 ANSYS
 MSC/NASTRAN
 ABAQUS
 ADINA
 ALGOR
 NISA
 COSMOS/M
 STARDYNE
 IMAGES-3D

Typical Steps in FEA Process
1. Discretize and Select Element Type
2. Select a Displacement Function
3. Define Strain/Displacement and
Stress/Strain Relationships
4. Derive Element Stiffness Matrix & Eqs.
5. Assemble Equations and Introduce B.C.’s
6. Solve for the Unknown Degrees of
Freedom
7. Solve for Element Stresses and Strains
8. Interpret the Results

Common FEA Procedure for Structures
0. Idealization
The given structure needs to be idealized based on
engineering judgment. Identify the governing
equation.
1. Discretization
The continuum system is disassembled into a
number of small and manageable parts (finite
elements).

2 – 4. Derivation of Element Equations
Derive the relationship between the unknown and
given parameters at the nodes of the element.
f  k  u
e e e
5a. Assembly
Assembling the global stiffness matrix from the
element stiffness matrices based on compatibility
of displacements and equilibrium of forces.
For example:
Ui u u
1
2
2
1
Vi v v
1
2
2
1
 Displacement of a node is always

the same for the adjoining elements
and for the whole structure.

F x
i
 fx  fx
1
2
2
1
F y
i
 fy 1
2  fy 2
1
 The sum of the forces on each element

of a particular node must balance the
external force at that node.
For the whole structure, this process results in the master
stiffness equation:
 K  U '
   F 
' '

5b. Introduce Boundary Conditions
After applying prescribed nodal displacements
(and known external forces) to the master stiffness
equation, the resulting equation becomes the
modified master stiffness equation:
 K U   F 
6. Solve for the primary unknowns
U    K  F 
1
7/8. Compute other values of interest

Secondary unknowns are determined using the
known nodal displacements. Result
interpretation.

Types of FEA in Structures
1. Linear analysis: small deflection and elastic
material properties.
2. Non-linear analysis:
• Material non-linearity: small deflection and
non-linear material properties.
• Geometric non-linearity: large deflection and
elastic material properties.
• Both material and geometric non-linearity.

Advantages of Finite Element Analysis
• Models Bodies of Complex Shape
• Can Handle General Loading/Boundary Conditions
• Models Bodies Composed of Composite Materials
• Model is Easily Refined for Improved Accuracy by
Varying Element Size and Type (Approximation
Scheme)
• Time Dependent and Dynamic Effects Can Be Included
• Can Handle a Variety Nonlinear Effects
Common Sources of Error in FEA
• Domain Approximation
• Element Interpolation/Approximation
• Numerical Integration Errors
(Including Spatial and Time Integration)
• Computer Errors (Round-Off, Etc., )

Measures of Accuracy in FEA
Accuracy
Error = |(Exact Solution)-(FEM Solution)|
Convergence
Limit of Error as:
Number of Elements (h-convergence)
or
Approximation Order (p-convergence)
Increases
Ideally, Error  0 as Number of Elements or
Approximation Order is Higher

Numerical Methods
 Several approaches can be used to transform
the physical formulation of the problem to its
finite element discrete analogue.
 Ritz/ Galerkin methods – the physical
formulation of the problem is known as a
differential equation.
 Variational formulation – the physical problem
can be formulated as minimization of a
functional.

Variational Method cont.
• A mathematical model is a set of

mathematical statements which attempts to
describe a given physical system.
Variational Method cont.
 Strong Form (SF): A system of ordinary or
partial differential equations in space and/or
time, complemented by appropriate
boundary conditions.
 Weak Form (WF): A weighted integral
equation that “relaxes” the strong form into
a domain-averaging statement.
 Variational Form (VF): A functional whose
stationary conditions generate the weak
and strong forms.

Elasticity
 3D Stress block
y
xy
yz
xy
zy x
zx xz
z

Elasticity cont.
 Stress Equilibrium Equations

Elasticity cont.

Elasticity cont.
 Strain – Displacement

Elasticity cont.
 3D Stress – Strain Relationships

Bar Elements
(1) The longitudinal dimension or axial
dimension is much larger that the
transverse dimension(s). The
intersection of a plane normal to the
longitudinal dimension and the bar
defines the cross sections.
(2) The bar resists an internal axial force
along its longitudinal dimension.

Bar Elements cont.

Bar Elements cont.

Bar Elements cont.
• It must be in equilibrium.
• It must satisfy the elastic stress–strain
law (Hooke’s law)
• The displacement field must be
compatible.
• It must satisfy the strain–displacement
equation.

Governing Equation
The governing differential equation of
the bar element is given by
d  du 
 AE q  0
dx  dx 
boundaryconditions
u x 0
0
 du 
 AE  P
 dx  x  L
Approximate Solution
Admissible displacement function is
continuous over the length and satisfies
any boundary condition:
Principles of Minimum Potential Energy – Of all

kinematically admissible displacement equations,
those corresponding to equilibrium extermize the
TPE. If the extremum is a minimum, the equilibrium
state is stable.

Kinematically admissible
Displacement Functions
those that satisfy the single-valued nature of
displacements (compatibility) and the
boundary conditions
Usually Polynomials
Continuous within element.
Inter-element compatibility. Prevent overlap
or gaps.
Allow for rigid body displacement and
constant strain.
Total Potential Energy (TPE)
 p  U W
dU   x x y z d x
Strain dU   d dV
x x
Energy


εx


(Internal U 

V 
   x d x dV

work) 0 
1
U   x x dV
2 V
AAiT – Civil Engineering
Jima – Bedilu Habte 44
Total Potential Energy
External work of loads
 p  U W
M
W   Xˆ b uˆ dV   Tˆx u dS   fî dî
V S i 1
TPE
 p    x  AE  x dx  W
1
2L
Total Potential Energy
1
2
1
Strain energy
   Adx
T
2L
External energy Pu 2
1
Total potential energy Π    T  Adx  Pu2
2L
Ritz-Method

Ritz-Method
Using the Ritz-method, approximate
displacement function is obtained by:
Assume arbitrary displacement
  a1 f1  a2 f 2  ...  an f n
Introduce this into the TPE functional
Performing differentiation and integration to
obtain a function
Minimizing the resulting function
d
 0 for i  1,2,..., n
dai
Ritz-Method
Consider the linear elastic one-dimensional
rod with the force shown below
• The potential energy of this system is:

2
2  du 
Π 1
2 
0
EA  dx  2u1
 dx 
Ritz-Method
Consider the polynomial function:
To be kinematically admissible u must satisfy

the boundary conditions u = 0 at both (x =
0) and (x = 2)
&
Thus:

Ritz-Method
• TPE of this system becomes:
• Minimizing the TPE:
• Thus, an approximate u is given by:
• Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial

functions over entire structure
Galerkin-Method
For the one-dimensional rod considered in the
pervious example, the governing equation is:
The Galerkin method aims at setting the

residual relative to a weighting function Wi,
to zero. The weighting functions, Wi, are
chosen from the basis functions used for
constructing û (approximate displacement
function).
Galerkin-Method
Using the Galerkin-method, approximate
displacement function is obtained by:
The governing DE is written in residual form
d  du 
RES   AE 
dx  dx 
Multiply this RES by weight function f and
integrate and equate to zero
Perform differentiation and integration to
obtain the approximate u
L
f R dx  0

Galerkin-Method
Consider the rod shown below
• Multiplying by Φ (weighting function) and

integrating gives (by parts):

Galerkin-Method
The function Φ is zero at (x = 0) and (x = 2)
and EA(du/dx) is the force in the rod, which
equals 2 at (x = 1). Thus:
• Using the same polynomial function for u and

Φ and if u1 and Φ1 are the values at (x = 1):
• Setting these and

E=A=1 in the integral:
Galerkin-Method
Equating the value in the bracket to zero and
performing the integral:
u1  3
4
u  0.75 2 x  x 2

• In elasticity problems Galerkin’s method turns
out to be the principle of virtual work.

Bar Element
Y   E
ŷ
x̂, û d uˆ

2
d xˆ
dˆ2 x , fˆ2 x
A  xˆ  T  A 
L
1

dˆ1x , fˆ1x
d  d uˆ 
X
 AE 0
d xˆ  d xˆ 

Assumptions
The bar cannot resist shear forces.

That is: f̂1ŷ  f̂ 2ŷ  0
Effects of transverse displacements
are ignored.
Hooke’s law applies.
That is:
 x  E x

Select a Displacement Function
Assume a linear function. û

uˆ  a1  a2 xˆ
No. of coefficients = No. of DOF
Written in matrix form:  a1 
uˆ  1 xˆ  
a 2 
Expressed as function of d̂1x and d̂ 2x
uˆ (0)  dˆ1x  a1  a2 (0)  dˆ1x  a1
uˆ ( L)  dˆ2 x  a1  a2 ( L)  dˆ2 x  dˆ1x  a2 L

 dˆ 2 x  dˆ 1 x

uˆ    xˆ  dˆ 1 x
 L 
 xˆ xˆ   d̂ 1 x 
û   1    
 L L   dˆ 2 x 
 d̂ 1 x 
û   N 1 N 2   
 d̂ 2 x 
W here :
xˆ xˆ
Shape functions: N1  1  and N 2 
L L

Shape Functions
N1 and N2 are called Shape Functions or Interpolation
Functions. They express the shape of the assumed
displacements.
N1 =1 N2 =0 at node 1
N1 =0 N2 =1 at node 2
N1 + N2 =1 at any point
1 1
N1
N2
1 2
L
Define Strain/Displacement and Stress/Strain
Relationships
 dˆ2 x  dˆ1x 
uˆ    xˆ  dˆ1x
L 
 
duˆ dˆ2 x  dˆ1x f  A
 
dxˆ L  ˆ  dˆ 
d
ˆf  AE  1x 2x 
dˆ2 x  dˆ1x 1x  
  E  E  L 
L
 dˆ  dˆ 
ˆf  AE  2 x 1x 
2x  L 
 
Derive the Element Stiffness
Matrix and Equations
 fˆ1x  AE  1  1  dˆ1x 
ˆ    ˆ 
 f 2 x  L  1 1  d 2 x 
 ˆ
k 
AE 

1  1
  
N
 
L   1 1  K   ˆ
k (e)
e 1
F     
N
Assemble Global Stiffness Matrix, apply BC and solve ˆf ( e )
the Master stiffness equation for the unknown
displacements: e 1
 K d   F 
Potential Energy Approach
 p  U W
dU   x d x dV
1
U   x x dV
2 V
M
W    Xˆ b uˆ dV   Tˆx u dS   fîx dîx
V S i 1

L
1
 p   A x  x dxˆ  fˆ1x dˆ1x  fˆ2 x dˆ2 x   uˆ Tˆx dS   uˆ Xˆ b dv
20 S V
uˆ  [ N ] {dˆ}
 xˆ xˆ 
 1
 x   
 L
1 ˆ

L
d 
N   1 
 L L     B  dˆ
x 
 
 ˆ 
d 1x   1 1
ˆ
d 
 ˆ  B    
d 2 x   L L

 x   D x 
D  E  [D] is the constitutive matrix
(elasticity property matrix)
 x   DB dˆ
L
A
 p    x  x dxˆ  fˆ1x dˆ1x  fˆ2 x dˆ2 x   uˆ Tˆx dS   uˆ Xˆ b dv
20 S V

  P  uˆ  Tˆ dS  uˆ Xˆ dv

L
 p    x T  x  dxˆ  dˆ
A T
T T
x b
20 S V
 
L
 p   d B  D  B  dˆ dxˆ
A ˆT T T
20

 d P  dˆ
ˆ T
  N  Tˆ dS   dˆ  N  Xˆ dv
T T
x
T T
b
S V
p 
AL ˆ
2
d   B D B dˆ  dˆ  fˆ 
T T T T
 
fˆ  {P}   N   Tˆ  dS  N  Xˆ dv
T

x
T
b
S V

U    B D B dˆ
*
 dˆ
T T T
 1

U  dˆ
*
1x
ˆ
d2x  
 L  1
E 
1   dˆ1x 
 ˆ 
L   d 2 x 
  L
1

 L 
E ˆ2

U  2 d1x  2dˆ1x dˆ2 x  dˆ22x
L
*

 dˆ  fˆ  dˆ
T
fˆ  dˆ fˆ
1x 1x 2x 2x

 p AL  E ˆ
dˆ1x
 ˆ  ˆ
2 L

2
2 d 1x 
 2d 2 x   f1x  0

 p AL  E ˆ
ˆ
d 2 x
 
2 L2
2 d 2x  2 ˆ
d1x  
 ˆ


 f 2 x  0
AE  1 1  dˆ1x   fˆ1x 

     
L  1 1  dˆ2 x   fˆ2 x 
 k     B   D  B  dV  D   D
T T

Transformation Matrix (Local  Global)
 dˆ1x   C S 0 0   d1x 
ˆ    d 
Let  d1 y   S C 0 0  1y 
C  cos θ ˆ   
d 2 x   0 0 C S  d 2 x 
S  sin θ 
d 2 y   0
ˆ  
  0 S C  d 2 y 
 dˆ  T d 
C
 S
S
C
0
0
0

0  fˆ   T  f 
 T  
 0 0 C S
 
 0 0 S C
Element stiffness equation in local coordinate:
 fˆ1x  1 0  1 0  d1x 
ˆ    d 
 f1 y  AE  0 0 0 0  1 y 
 ˆ   
 f 2 x  L  1 0 1 0  d 2 x 
 fˆ2 y 
 

0
 

0 0 0 d 2 y   T   f   kˆ  T d 
 f    T   kˆ T d 
1
 T  1  T  T
Element stiffness matrix  f    T   kˆ T d 
T
in the global coordinate:  k    T   kˆ T 

T

Quadratic Bar Element
Obtain displacement function for the one-dimensional
quadratic element with three nodes shown below.
A quadratic displacement function:

uˆ  a1  a2 xˆ  a3 xˆ 2
No. of coefficients = No. of DOF  a1 
Written in matrix form: uˆ  1 xˆ  
2 a 
xˆ  2 
a3 

uˆ L  d1 a2 L a3 L2
xˆ 
2 d1  a1  
2 4
uˆ  d2 
xˆ  0
d 2  a1
uˆ  d3 a2 L a3 L2
xˆ 
L
2
d 3  a1  
2 4
d3  d1 xˆ 2
uˆ  d 2  xˆ  2  d3  2d 2  d1  2
L L
 d1 
 xˆ 2 xˆ 2
4 xˆ 2
xˆ 2 xˆ   
2
   2 1  2  2  d 2 
 L L L L L  
 d3   d1 
 
  N1 N 2 N 3  d 2 
d 
 3
Quadratic Shape Functions
N1 =1 N2 = N3 =0 at node 1
N2 =1 N1 = N3 =0 at node 2
N3 =1 N1 = N2 =0 at node 3
N1 + N2 + N3 = 1 at any point

PROPERTIES OF THE SHAPE FUNCTIONS
The shape function at any node has a value of 1 at that node and
a value of zero at ALL other nodes.
1 1
x 2 -x
N1 (x)  N 2 (x) 
x-x1
x 2  x1 x 2  x1
x1 x2 x
x2 - x
N1 (x) 
x 2  x1
x 2 - x1
Check  N1 (x  x1 )  1
x 2  x1
x2 - x2
and N1 (x  x 2 )  0
x 2  x1
Compatibility: The displacement approximation is continuous
across element boundaries
x1 x2
El #1 El #2 x3
Hence the displacement approximation is continuous across elements

Writing shape functions (without deriving):
The Kronecker delta property (the shape function at any node

has value of 1 at that node and a value of zero at all other nodes)
1 1
x-x1
N1 (x) 
x 2 -x N 2 (x) 
x 2  x1 x 2  x1
x1 x2 x
El #1
Node at which N1 is 0
N1 (x) 
 x 2 -x 
 x 2 -x1  Notice that the length of the element = x2-x1
N 2 (x) 
 x1 -x  
 x-x1 
 x1 -x 2   x 2 -x1  The denominator is
the numerator evaluated at
the node itself
3-Node bar element: varying quadratically inside the bar
N1 (x) N 2 (x) N 3 (x)
x1 x2 x3 x
N1(x) 
x2 - xx3 - x u(x)  N1 (x)d1x  N2 (x)d 2x  N3 (x)d3x
x2 - x1 x3 - x1 
N2 (x) 
x1 - xx3 - x This is a quadratic finite element in
x1 - x2 x3 - x2  1D and it has three nodes and three
N3 (x)  1
x - xx2 - x associated shape functions per element.
x1 - x3 x2 - x3 
Writing shape functions for higher DOFs:

STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN EACH ELEMENT
From equation (1), the displacement within each element

 (x)= N d
d
The strain in the bar ε
dx
Hence
 dN 
ε  d Bd (2)
 dx 
The matrix B is known as the “strain-displacement matrix”
 dN 
B
 dx 

For a linear finite element
 x 2 -x x-x1 
N   N1 (x) N 2 (x)    
 x 2  x1 x 2  x1 
Hence
 -1 1  1
B     1 1
 x 2  x1 x 2  x1  x 2  x1
 -1 1   d1x 
ε Bd   d 
 x 2  x1 x 2  x1   2x 
d 2x -d1x

x 2  x1
For a linear bar element, strain is a constant within the element.

Displacement is linear
 (x)  a 0  a1x d 2x
d 2x -d1x
d 1x x El #1 ε=
x 2  x1
x1 x2
Strain is constant
du
The stress in the bar   Eε=E
dx
The stiffness matrix
Inside the element,   EB d
the approximate
k     B  E  B  dV
T
stress is
V

Natural Coordinates
L
O P 2
1
x1
x2 = x1 + L
Mapped on the following Natural Coordinate
2
P
-1 1


2 Node Linear Element
L
x1 x x2
-1  1
x 
1
N1 x2-x 1-
N1 = ----------- N1 = -----------
x2-x1 2
1
x-x1 +1
N2 = ---------- N2 = ---------
x2-x1 2
N2

3 Node Quadratic Element
x2 -x x3 -x
1 3 2 N1  
x1 x3 x2 x 2  x1 x 3  x1
0
-1
1-  -  1
 
1
     2
2  1  2
3
1 2 x1 - x x3 -x
N2  
x1  x 2 x 3  x 2
-1 -  -  1
3  
 2 1 2
  2  
1 2
x -x x -x
N3  1  2
x1  x 3 x 2  x 3
3
-1 -  1 - 
1 2

1

1

 1 2 
Beam Theory – Terminology
A general beam is a bar-like member designed to
resist a combination of loading actions such as
biaxial bending, transverse shears, axial stretching
or compression, and possibly torsion.
If the beam is subject primarily to bending and axial
forces, it is called a beam-column.
A beam is straight if its longitudinal axis is straight. It
is prismatic if its cross section is constant.
A spatial beam supports transverse loads that can
act on arbitrary directions along the cross section.
A plane beam resists primarily transverse loading on
a preferred longitudinal plane.

Mathematical Models
One-dimensional mathematical models of structural
beams are constructed on the basis of beam
theories.
The simplest and best known models for straight,
prismatic beams are based on the:
 Bernoulli-Euler theory (also called classical beam theory or
engineering beam theory)
 Timoshenko beam theory

Beam Theory – Kinematics

Beam Theory – Terminology

Bernoulli-Euler Model

Mathematical Model
Total Potential Energy of Beam Members

Bernoulli-Euler Beam Theory

Iso-P Shape Function

Iso-P Shape Function

Element Equations

Element Stiffness

Loading

General 3D Frame Element

Stiffness of a 3D Frame Element
 EAx EAx 
 L 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 
L
 12 EI z 6 EI z 12 EI z 6 EI z 
 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 12 EI y 6 EI y 12 EI y 6 EI y 
 0 0 0  0 0 0  0  0 
L3 L2 L3 L2
 GI x GI x 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 
 L L 
 6 EI y 4 EI y 6 EI y 2 EI y 
 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 
L2 L L2 L
 6 EI z 4 EI z 6 EI 2 EI z 
 0 0 0 0 0  2z 0 0 0 
[Ki j ]   L2 L L L 
 EAx 0 0 0 0 0
EAx
0 0 0 0 0 
 L L 
 12 EI z 6 EI z 12 EI z 6 EI 
 0  0 0 0  0 0 0 0  2z
 L3 L2 L3 L 
 0 0 
12 EI y
0
6 EI y
0 0 0
12 EI y
0
6 EI y
0 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 GI x GI x 
 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 L L 
 0 0 
6 EI y
0
2 EI y
0 0 0
6 EI y
0
4 EI y
0 
 L 2
L L 2
L 
 6 EI z 2 EI z 6 EI z 4 EI z 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 L2 L L2 L 
5/20/2021 99
Example 1 – Analyse the plane truss

Example 1

Example 2 – Analyze the Plane Frame

Example 2 – Element and node numbering

Example 2 – Boundary Condition & Solve


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CE 6504

Finite Elements Method in Structures

Finite Element Analysis (Text)

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 3

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 4

Used for stress analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow,

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 6

makes the closed form (analytical) solution of

One resorts to a numerical solution, the best of

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 7

Behavior of an individual element can be

Assembling the element equations, to a large

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 8

Approximation with that of regular polygons:

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 9

ii) Circumscribing polygon

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 10

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 11

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 13

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 14

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 16

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 17

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 18

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 19

 Displacement of a node is always

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 21

 The sum of the forces on each element

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 22

7/8. Compute other values of interest

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 24

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 25

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 27

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 28

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 29

• A mathematical model is a set of

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 31

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 32

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 33

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 34

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 35

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 36

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 37

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 38

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 39

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 40

Principles of Minimum Potential Energy – Of all

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 42

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 47

• The potential energy of this system is:

To be kinematically admissible u must satisfy

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 50

• Minimizing the TPE:

• Thus, an approximate u is given by:

• Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial

The Galerkin method aims at setting the

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 53

• Multiplying by Φ (weighting function) and

AAiT – Civil Engineering – Bedilu Habte 54

• Using the same polynomial function for u and