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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The advancement of technology has led to numerous innovations. Innovations which aims

to lessen the burden and bring convenience to our daily lives. Such technologies which has also

contributed to help individuals with different types of disabilities. One of which is the sound

operated switch, an example of the innovation of modern technology for it entails the benefit for

humans specially to those with disabilities in making a certain appliance function.

The main function and basic principle of a sound operated switch is that it would pick up

any sound through a condenser microphone, received sound waves will be converted into electrical

waves which will then be fed to a simple amplifier consists of transistors to amplify the signal.

The amplified signal will then be the input to the flip-flop circuit which will stabilize the signal to

neither an on or off.

The circuit is constructed using basic electronic components such as the transistors,

capacitors, resistors, and relay switch. The receiver of the sound waves the condenser microphone

will act as the trigger of the device. It is a very sensitive component and can be operated on

relatively low volume of sound, also it can be any sound as long as it can be detected by the

condenser microphone.

There are two major types of microphones based on the technical methods of converting

sound into electricity namely the organic and condenser microphone. Condenser microphones

generally have flatter frequency responses than dynamic, and therefore it means that a condenser

microphone is more desirable if accurate sound is a prime consideration as required in this study.
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The proponents of this research adapted the sound operated switch to aid persons with

disabilities on their daily lives. The PWDs can easily utilize the device by simply producing any

sound to trigger any electrical appliances in their homes. The sound operated switch also aims

energy efficiency for it will lessen the use of man power. In addition, some of its advantages are

safety since there would be no physical contact between the PWDs and their electrical appliances

and the convenience it will bring forth to the PWDs since it will consume less effort.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to develop a device that can be operated by a sound switch mechanism.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

a. How do the proponents of this research create the Sound Operated Switch?

b. Up to what distance will the device be effective in its detection of sound waves?

c. Up to what level of sound intensity or loudness at a given constant distance will the sound

operated switch be effective?

d. What is the relation of the device sound detection to the distance and loudness of sound?

e. How will the sound operated switch benefit the person with disability?

f. How can the data gathered in testing the Sound Operated Switch be interpreted using the

measures of central tendency?

1.3 Hypothesis

Based on related studies and principles that are already existing and proven, the proponents

have arrived to this hypothesis.

The nearer and stronger the sound to the device, the higher the chance for it to be

recognized by the Sound Operated Switch.

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1.4 Significance of the Study

The research seeks to provide additional information that can be beneficial to the following

group of persons:

1. People with disabilities (PWD): In order to give persons with disabilities support and

convenience to their daily tasks.

2. To the teachers: The study may help to contribute additional knowledge of the basic

principles of electronics to the teachers.

3. To the future researchers: The study may serve as a reference whenever they want to

gather such data, information, and literature in which the research is open to. In addition,

this will also help them for their research if it is related to the topic.

4. To the students: The research may help the students gain knowledge on the fundamentals

of electronics which involve the use of resistors, capacitors, and transistors. This could also

provide the students awareness on such innovative technologies.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The coverage of this research is to determine the benefits of having an alternative switch,

which is a sound operated switch towards a person with disability in his daily life. In addition, the

research is capable of producing a prototype which will then be used for gathering data and

demonstration purposes.

The scope of this study has also taken into consideration the factors that can possibly affect

the effectiveness of the sound operated switch which are mainly:

1. distance of the sound from the sound operated switch;

2. intensity of the sound receives by the sound operated switch;

3. source of the sound received by the sound operated switch; and

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4. relationship between the distance and the intensity of the sound from the sound operated

switch.

The proponents limited this research to target persons with disability as primary

beneficiaries of the project. Testing and experimentation where all performed under a controlled

room environment. The study does not cover the actual expense used in creating the prototype.

The proponents along with the advised of Engineer Terrones has limited the specification of the

sound operated device to only handle low power appliance to minimize the complexity and cost in

creating the prototype.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Capacitor- a device used to store an electric change, consisting of one or more pairs of

conductors separated by an insulator.

Flip-flop circuit- or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to stone state

information.

PWD- people with disabilities

Resistor- a device having a designed resistance to the passage of an electric current.

Sound- vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they

reach a person's or animal's ear.

Switch- a device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit.

Transistor- a semi-conductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in

addition to rectification.

Anode (+)- the positively charged electrode by which the electrons leave a device.

ESR- Equivalent Series Resistance, a low ESR capacitor basically means the capacitor has low

equivalent series resistance.

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Dissipate- disappear or cause to disappear, to cause (something) to spread out and disappear

and to separate into parts.

Electrons- The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, with a negative elementary

electric charge.

Photons- a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation.

Monochromatic- containing or using only one color.

Discrete Components- An elementary electronic device constructed as a single unit. Before

the advent of integrated circuits (chips), all transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes were

discrete.

Integrated Circuits- an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material,

performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components.

P-N junction- a boundary between p-type and n-type material in a semiconductor device,

functioning as a rectifier.

Winding- a twisting movement or course.

Emitter Circuit (common emitter)- In electronics, a common-emitter amplifier is one of

three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used

as the voltage amplifier.

Small-gauge- (common emitter) - In electronics, a common-emitter amplifier is one of three

basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as the

voltage amplifier. ... The analogous FET circuit is the common-source amplifier, and the

analogous tube circuit is the common-cathode amplifier.

Series circuit- is a closed circuit in which the current follows one path, as opposed to a parallel

circuit where the circuit is divided into two or more paths.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Discrete Component

A discrete component (or discrete device) is an electronic component with just one circuit

element, either passive (resistor, capacitor, inductor, diode) or active (transistor or vacuum tube),

other than an integrated circuit. The term is used to distinguish the component from integrated

circuits and hybrid circuits, which are built from several circuit elements in one package. It

typically refers to semiconductor devices.

2.1.1 Resistors

A resistor is a little package of resistance: wire it into a circuit and you reduce the current

by a precise amount. From the outside, all resistors look more or less the same. a resistor is a short,

worm-like component with colored stripes on the side

2.1.2 Capacitor

They are commonly used in conjunction with transistors in dynamic random-access

memory (DRAM). The capacitors help to maintain the contents of memory. Because of their tiny

physical size, these components have low capacitance.

2.1.3 Condenser Microphone

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser microphone,

one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates

when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing

the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a

charge current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge

current occurs.
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2.1.4 NPN BJT Transistor Circuit

NPN transistor circuit with supply voltages and resistive loads. Here the collector terminal

always connected to the positive voltage, the emitter terminal connected to the negative supply

and the base terminal control the on/off state of transistor depending on the voltage applied to it.

The BJT transistor is reflect the fact that holes and electrons participate in the injection process

into the oppositely polarized material.

2.1.5 Simple Amplifier

This circuit is divided into two parts: part one is Preamplifier circuit, which consist a

transistor, a Condenser Microphone and some resistors & capacitors.

2.2 Local Literature

2.2.1 Performance Analysis of Various Techniques Used in Wireless Home Automation

Mr. Prateek Masta, Et. of Al Department Electrical & Electronics Engineering as they have

study about using such techniques in a sound operated switch. The home automation system is

mainly implemented by sensors, controlling devices and actuators. The sensors detect light,

motion, temperature and other sensing elements, and then send that data to the main controlling

device. These sensors can be thermocouples or thermostats, photo detectors, level sensors, pressure

sensors, current transformers, IR sensors, etc., which need an additional signal conditioning

equipment to communicate with the main controller. Controllers may be personal

computers/laptops, touch pads, smart phones, etc., attached to the controlling devices like

programmable-logic controllers or microcontrollers that receive the information from the sensors,

and based on the program, control the actuators like relays. The system can be modified based on

the load operations. The programmable controller allows to connect various sensors and actuators
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through various input and output modules whether they are analog or digital. Actuators are the

final controlling devices like limit switches, relays, motors and other controlling mechanisms

which finally control the home equipment. Communication plays an important role in this home

automation system for the remote access of these operations. There are various communication

protocols available for home automation systems like RF, IR, DTMF, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM,

Zigbee, Ethernet, IOT and PC Serial Communication.

As technology is advancing so houses are also getting smarter. Modern houses are

gradually shifting from conventional switches to centralized control system, involving RF

controlled switches. Presently, conventional wall switches located in different parts of the house

makes it difficult for the user to go near them to operate. Even more it becomes more difficult for

the elderly or physically handicapped people to do so. Remote controlled home automation system

provides a simpler solution with wireless technologies. The project requires a RF remote that is

interfaced to microcontroller (of 8051 family) on transmitter side which sends ON/OFF signals to

the receiver. Receivers are connected with loads that can be turned ON/OFF by operating remote

switches on transmitter wirelessly. Here the loads are interfaced to microcontroller by utilizing

opto-isolators and relays. Thus, the system serves a convenient way of lighting up the house

without any physical movements. ASK RF Transmitter and Receiver pair is a low cost ideal

solution for remote control applications. It is able to transmit data over 100 meters’ range. It is

available in two frequencies, 315MHz and 434MHz. Transmitter is able to operate in a wide

voltage range, 3 – 12V making it ideal for battery powered applications.

This reference helped our thesis by providing definite information on how to create a

switch that can be wireless, easy to use and house friendly. It explained that Mr. Prateek Masta
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used multiple techniques to improve a sound operated switch, relating techniques to ours but more

advanced.

Using a sensor that has many functions other than a simple clap, a controller to use multiple

appliance other than one and actuators to make the device move. The reference elaborately

explains how the wireless controller functions, communication is the key for this device, it can

function through Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other automation systems. It is a huge help for the

improvement of the proponent’s device.

2.2.2 Conducted Emi Filter Design for a Switched-mode Power Supply

John stated on his study that a conducted emission is a noise generated and conducted out

of the electronic device through the devices AC power cable he stated that there are 2 main

components of a conducted emissions, the differential mode noise (BM) and common mode (CM),

the common mode noise or CM is the noise caused by currents flowing in phase on both the line

and neutral conductors with respect to ground.

The differential mode interference or B, is the noise caused by currents flowing between

the line and neutral conductors. What it relates is that there two components control the currents

flowing on a device which refers to a back and both flow that makes a device clear of any

difficulties.

The study explained that differential mode noise and common mode can defect natural

sound that can trigger a device. Natural sound pertaining to noises caused by our body and

differential mode noise which is the noise caused by the device itself to help trigger a device

through neutral conductors and the current of the device. It helped the proponents to understand
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the usage of different factors on a scheme which can dictate what proper components to

implement on the device used.

2.2.3 Energy Saver Controller Module for classroom Lighting for TTMIST

Rafael M. Yabao, Et. Al. Energy Saver Controller Module for classroom Lighting for

TTMIST. (Nowhere: UP Diliman). Applying energy saves controller module for classrooms

lightings is one way of saving electrical consumptions of the school broadly conceptualized, this

module to provides automation of switching the device on and off of the system by using infrared

motion sensors to detect if the space becomes vacant.

That explains that this is one alternative solutions to me increasing electrical energy waste

of the school it is an instinct to human forgetting to turn off the lights before having the classrooms

it relates to the study that if a person leaves a room all the people the lights will turn off by this, it

can help conserve energy.

The reference reflects on the proponents’ research by improving the device which fully

exclude physical contact to switches. We’re human so it is bound to come where an individual

truly forgets to turn off the lights in a room. By the help of this device, it is productive and time

saver for the people involved.

2.2.4 The Library Noise Detector with Alarm

Balatero, Charles. The Library Noise Detector with Alarm. (Nowhere: UP Diliman, 2011).

The study explains that the main purpose of this was to design and assemble the library noise

detector with alarm. They sought to determine the performance and acceptability level of the

library noise detector with alarm.

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In this study they concluded that the library noise detector with alarm has a high level of

performance compared to the room noise detector because it is more acceptable and efficient, it

relates to the proponents study because if a noise was heard inside the room an alarm will go off

just like the proponent’s device but the difference is that they use light rather than alarm.

2.2.5 Voice Activation System for Switching Home Appliances Utilizing Audio

Fingerprinting Algorithm

Joseph Emil F. Aco, Voice Activation System for Switching Home Appliances Utilizing

Audio Fingerprinting Algorithm (Nowhere: De La Salle University ,2012). They aim to create

voice activated home automation system that will control appliances. They concluded that relay

switches will be integrated in the system in controlling certain appliances.

The system they used concluded that the device was implemented in an unconstrained

environment resulting showed that system can recognized words even if their microphone and its

speaker are distant from each of it. It was attained by utilizing an array microphone to detect the

voice input from the user.

The result of the study proved to be speaker independent, however it is more efficient

when voice recognition is speaker dependent. This reference helped the researchers to gather

more knowledge in using switches to control different appliances that are reliable. It also

provides and helps the proponents’ study in improving the device regarding on noise detection

and distance.
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2.3 Foreign Literature

2.3.1 Clap Switch

This reference indicates that the operation is simple, where you easily just clap your hands

in order for the device to turn ON and clap again for it to turn OFF. The writer used Condenser

Microphone that easily identifies the sounds of the clap, cough, and book knocked off the table

and falling on the floor. It processes a small electrical signal which is then amplified by the

succeeding transistor.

Explaining that two transistors cross connected as a bistable multivibrator change state of

each signal. At one transistor, it drives a heavier transistor to operate a lamp. Explaining how the

writer made a prototype out of a cardboard cover of an old notebook, punched a hole using

dividers, and placed the components for the Clap Switch.

The reference gives information of the devices needed for the research. Same with the

research, the researchers are conducting test and experiments to provide stable information and

knowledge about electronics.

Described to be the basic of electronics that is made up of basic components; this reference

states that this Clap Switch has the ability to turn ON and OFF any electronic appliance by a

clapping noise. It is stated that the reference is known as Clap Switch because a Condenser

Microphone is going to be initiated in this project. This component is going to have the ability to

take a sound that will have the same pitch as the clap sound as its input. It is misinterpreted that

the only sound being identified is a clap sound but to clarify that, the intensity of any sound is

supposedly similar to a clap, the soundness of a certain noise. They also stated that it converts the
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sound energy to electrical energy because it gives an input to the circuit a certain sound whereas

the circuit gives us the output as an LED glow.

This abstract helped the thesis for the reasons, that the project is going to have a Condenser

Microphone as the medium of sound reception and as it also gives more information on the basic

component being used. With this the proponents can probably improve the sound receiver for the

identification of multiple voice.

2.3.2 Clap Switching

Bagshi Somagshu. Clap Switching. (International Journal of Scientific & Engineering

Research, Volume 4, Issue 11. 2013). He explained the uses of the device he is going to build by

using amplifier that can detect the sound of the clap, a flip-flop can be used for data storage, for

counting pulses, and for synchronizing variables-timed, input signals to some reference timing

signals. He also stated the objectives of the project which is to design a device that can perform

different phono-controlled application that can provide inexpensive key and as the same time face

from false triggering. He also conducted a design on how to make the clap switch function, also

consists of special network components to prevent false triggering and ensure desired performance

objectives.

This article helped the proponents in giving information on how to construct and improve

the device to be stable for the usage of PWD, giving ideas about the device compartments on how

to make it easier to be used.

2.3.3 Clap Switch using Toggle Switch

Stated by the usage of a Toggle Switch on a Clap Switch would be offered two stable

stature of the circuit. Stating that on the first clap it switches ON and on another clap, it switches

OFF. In revelation stating that the resistor and conductor is going to be set in a way that the short
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pulse should be a second only for the Monostable mode circuit. Continues to the Monostable circuit

is given on the page to be suitable for the next Clap Switch.

This reference helps the project to state the obvious usage of a Clap Switch to give ideas

of what could be the outcome. By that Toggle Switch helps create the project be a legitimate device

for the usage of people especially for the PWD.

2.3.4 Clap Clap On or Clap Off Switch

Smith, Jason Poel. Sound Switch Outlet. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2014). He explained

that the clapper which was popular in the 80’s and 90’s is an effective device to help a person turn

an appliance on and off by clapping but can be troublesome because if loud noises can be detected

the device can turn itself off and another is because a person can’t control multiple outlets

independent of each other. He also decided to make a device similar to the clapper by using

Arduino microcontroller, explaining that the Arduino is used to let a person code for each outlet.

With the help of that controller it can eliminate false triggering and can help other outlets

independently. The outlets used can have different patterns that can help with the triggering.

This article is relevant to the thesis because of the benefits it provides by giving ideas on

how to make another variation of the sound operated switch compatible to be use by the PWD.

Instead of using independent outlets for appliances, a person can use an Arduino Microcontroller

to make multiple outlets work by modifying the codes which results in different patterns for the

appliances.

2.3.5 Voice - Controlled Power Device

Wu, Jui-Hsiung. Voice - Controlled Power Device. (Nowhere: None Such Publication,

2012). Explained in this section is how the Voice – Controlled Power Device is constructed that
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has a power module for getting an AC Input Storage, a switch module for the Electromagnetic

Relay, a Driving Circuit, a Control Module that has a microcontroller, a Power Unit regulating an

output voltage of the Power Module and providing a work voltage for the microcontroller, with a

Voice – detecting Unit receiving Voice Signals and transforming those Voice Signals into

Electrical Signals, and a Voice – Amplifier Unit for the amplifying of Electrical Signals drive the

Driving Circuit to control the switches of that Electromagnetic Relay and further control whether

there is power output to an external appliance or not. The switched stores whether the

Electromagnetic Relay rest the output voltage of the power module is provided thereon or not

under the control of the dividing circuit.

This statement helps the thesis understand the use of the certain devices stated above and

their worth on the device, with the instruction on how to operate and create the device for more

improvements.

2.3.6 Voice Controlled Light Switch

According to international company Amazon (2017), light switches nowadays are being

improved all in one smart home hubs that it conducted to automation security and fitness. Tracking

features described that many companies are adding support to wireless networks and

interoperability standard in order for products to be able to work with the ranges of the intelligent

devices. The company also plans to extend the functionality of light switches for the smart homes

in which it can be a voice controlled light switch with the patent for Amazon. In the patent of the

company, the voice-controlled light switch may come in different configuration that includes the

knob and slider switches. The company images that of a mainstream toggle switch that has a round

microphone embedded to itself on the commands in different directions. The instruction

understood by the smart light switch can differ is on and off.

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The company described that the voice –controlled light switch somehow mimics the

Amazon Alexa voice assistant on the contrary that function is said to be redundant since the Alexa

enabled home devices manage lighting and other things at home. Though the benefit of this is that

home owners can now own multiple Alexa like controllers without the purchase of many smart

and assistants it is also likely that the light switch could cost less than a new smart home hub. It is

described by the company that the design of the voice-controlled light switch might be better with

the traditional toggle switch in case it pushes through with the product in the future. The innovative

light switches emerging and increasing in supply adopts touch buttons and others have touch

screens in resemblance of a smart phone. The Amazon Company definitely of the voice controlled

light switches with the ideas emerging supports that voice recognized as a driver of high demand

for various phone products.

The study above has contributed relevant information to the proponents as it mainly

discusses application of voice-controlled switch which has been existing in the market. It shows

how far technology could grow using sound-controlled switch.

2.3.7 Light Activated Switch

Kushero, Sebastian. Light Activated Switch. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2012). He

concluded that in the production of a light activated switch circuit, it can be used for turning of

multiple light switches in response of the varying ambient light levels.

He described that if a unit is built, the response of the light switch can turn off if dusk has

sets in and can turn on when dawn sets in. He also described that the power supply uses a standard

transformer and bridge capacitor which can supply a clean DC (Direct Circuit) to the circuit for

the execution of proposed actions.

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The article provided another variation of automation technology; in this case it uses light

instead of sound as a triggering mechanism.

2.3.8 Modified approach for EMI estimation of integrated Class D Amplifiers

Onikienko Et Al. Modified approach for EMI estimation of integrated Class D

Amplifier.(Nowhere: No Publication, 2017) Now they have studied that by a simple approach for

electromagnetic interference estimation, which are caused by the class D amplifiers for audio

application is proposed main idea is that the amplifier-on-chip is represented as EMI current source

which parameters are measured under pre-determined conditions, the case of integrated circuit

housing it is not necessary to know internal structure of the amplifier. Furthermore, chip case

ensures good repeatability of parameters used in the mathematic modeling for EMI estimation.

Switch mode class D power amplifiers have small sizes and high efficiency, but generate

electromagnetic noises which are spreading by the wires. Standards in electromagnetic

compatibility (EMC) require that the levels of switch mode power converters electromagnetic

noises do not exceed the permissible values. Thereby requirements of the EMC standards must be

taken into account as early as possible at the design stage.

The study illustrated the use of a microcontroller in controlling remotely and wirelessly a

motor, this has helped the proponents to gain further knowledge on the applications of

automation technology that are currently available in the market

2.3.9 Microcontroller Based Speed Control of Induction Motor using Wireless Technology

Reddy,Nagasekhara. Microcontroller Based Speed Control of Induction Motor using

Wireless Technology. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2013). Studied that industrial applications

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require adjustable speed and constant speed for improvement of quality product. The rapid

advances in automation and process control, the field of adjustable speed drives continuously

growing. Modern Technology offers various alternate techniques in the selection of speed of the

drive system. The DC Motors was the choice for variable speed drive application until 1980’s.

Induction motors are used in many applications such as HVAC, Industrial drives control,

automotive control, etc. In recent years there has been a great demand in industry for adjustable

speed drives, fan, pump, compressors, domestic applications and paper machines etc. Till the

initiation of power semiconductor elements and components, the DC Motor had been very popular

in the area of adjustable speed motor drives, even though it suffers from many dis-advantages. Due

to progress of semi-conductor Technology and advent of Microcontroller has transformed the

research and development towards control of AC drives. The microcontroller provides the pulse

width variation signal which is given to the SCR driver circuit, which in turn provides the required

frequency for the desired speed. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a common technique for speed

control which can overcome the problem of the poor starting performance of a motor.

It combines the technique of PWM generation and the control of speed of motor by variable

frequency method using microcontroller. The basic principle involved in this paper is variable

frequency where, the speed can be controlled by using PWM waves generated by PIC 16F873

Microcontroller. The input of the motor is 230V, 2.5A (180W). This has lot of domestic and

industrial applications in our daily life.

The wireless technology also helps the disabled, handicapped, paralyzed people and the

elder people to use this technology for further betterments. The main objective of this paper is to

control the speed of the single-phase induction motor by variable frequency method using wireless

technology by PIC 16F873microcontroller.

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2.3.10 Characterization of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Generated by

Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

M. Miloudi Et. Al Characterization of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Generated by Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS). (Nowhere: No Publication, 2012). Their study

indicates the field of power electronics, there is a trend for pushing up switching frequencies of

Switched Mode Power Supplies to reduce volume and weight. This trend inevitably contributes to

an increasing level of Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) emissions. It leads to a general

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) degradation for electronic devices. Electromagnetic

Interference (EMI) problems in Switching Power Supplies have been traditionally treated with cut

and try approaches. In recent years, advancement has been made to better understand the problems

and minimize the cut-and-try portion of the design process. The Flyback converter belongs to the

primary switched converter family, which means there is isolation between in and output. Flyback

converter has a remarkably low number of components compared to other SMPSs, they also have

the advantage that several isolated output voltages can be regulated by one control circuit.

Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are usually a part of a complex electronic system.

The system operates with electric signals with much lower amplitude and energy compared to

those on a SMPS. It means that usually the SMPS is the strongest electrical noise generator in the

whole system. Especially the power switches with their high dv/dt and di/dt switching slopes are

the sources of EMI. The source of Differential Mode (DM) Interferences is the current switched

by a MOSFET or a diode. High rates of dv/dt and parasitic capacitors to the ground are the reasons

for Common Mode Interferences.

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The article offers concepts of a high-end power supply which is widely used now a day.

It contributed information that have aided the proponents in gaining concepts and ideas for

power supply since the sound operated switch will be using this as well.

2.3.11 Design of a Clap Activated Switch

Seyi Olokede. Design of a Clap Activated Switch. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2008). The

design of a clap activated switch device that will serve well in different phono-controlled

applications, providing inexpensive key and at the same time flee from false triggering. This

involves the design of various sages consisting of the pickup transducer, low frequency, audio low

power and low noise amplifier, timer, bistable and switches. It also consists of special network

components to prevent false triggering and ensure desired performance objectives. A decade

counter IC serves the bistable function instead of flip-flop, special transistor and edge triggering

network for low audio frequency. The primary purpose of switch is to provide means for

connecting two or more terminals in order to permit the flow of current across them, so as to allow

for interaction between electrical components and to easily isolated so as to terminate this.

The clap activated switching device can basically be described as a low frequency sound

pulse activated switch that is free from false triggering. The input component is a transducer that

receives clap sound as input and converts it to electrical pulse. This pulse is amplified and used to

drive IC components which changes output state to energize and also de-energize a relay causing

the device to be able to switch larger devices and circuits. The output state of the switching device

circuit can only change, when the circuit receives two claps within a time period that will be

determined by the RC component value in the circuit. The transducer (microphone) is connected

to an amplifier sub-circuit which is connected to timer ICs [3]. These timer ICs are wired as mono
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stable multi vibrators and their output is used to drive a decade counter IC that is wired as bi-stable

to drive the relay.

This study mainly shows the construction of a clap switch from its electronic

components, circuits involved and high-level function of the device. It supported the proponents

in conceptualizing and creating their prototype and this has served as one of their projects

guidelines.

2.3.12 Analyzing Efficiency and Effectiveness of Clap Switch Mechanism Based on the NE

555 Clap Switch and Arduino Clap Switch

T. Jeyaperatha. Et. Al. Analyzing Efficiency and Effectiveness of Clap Switch Mechanism

Based on the NE 555 Clap Switch and Arduino Clap Switch. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2017).

Were proposed clap activated switch device that will serve well in different phono-controlled

applications, providing inexpensive key and at the same time from false triggering Jeneeth

Subashini et al. designed sound activated system by used Triac(BT136). In this system the

condenser microphone is acted to monitor and generates AC signal. The AC signal which passes

through DC blocking capacitor to base transistor (BC549). When TRIAC, it activates the Bulb

glows Somangshu Bagchi et al. presented a method for clap switch with 555 timer chips, working

of clocks and the relay. This type of device provides us with the working of NE555 timer chips

and the relay. The relay is a type of switch which provides a conducting path only when current

flows it. In the 2nd timer triggers the relay a conducting path is established between terminals of

the load and hence the device is turned on. The time interval between the claps is judged with the

time constant established with the RC configuration which is T=1.1R7*C3

 22

The fundamental concept of a ‘Clap Switch’ it’s in the title itself. The clap sounds were

overseer if the switch were turns on stage until received the second input clap sound. When the

second clap sound arrived to the circuit automatically goes to turn off stage. The fundamental

design of the NE 555 based clap switch is a Microphone received the sound more than 25 dB and

convert the sound signal as the electrical energy then amplifier was enlarging the signal with the

help of integrate circuit NE 555 timer to recognized the clap sound eventually activate the circuit

this is the general design of the clap switch. The Arduino based clap switch also carry out the same

mechanism NE 555 is replaced with the Arduino ATmega2560 but the implementation part is

easier than the NE 555 based clap switch. The clap switch mechanism is helpful of the human

daily activity like switch on/off the light in the home from any location. Switch on and off any

peripherals inside the vehicles, activate the security cameras for the general purpose and the

military purpose. Totally the advantages of clap switch circuit are Energy efficient system, normal

cost and reliable circuit, High Accuracy and Complete elimination of manpower.

The article illustrated innovation in creating a clap switch by applying Arduino

microcontroller which is a programmable device. Using the microcontroller, it helped in

removing noise in receiving the sound. The proponents found this study to be interesting yet the

complexity of using microcontrollers was not advisable.

2.3.13 Controlled light switch

Julie Jacobson. Controlled light switch. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2017). Describes that

the device or switch has multiple microphones on the surface and the switch itself, and along with

this technology it allows the voice recognition engine to respond based on the position of the

switch.
 23

Related to the study it explains the same pattern of how the microphone can be triggered

by the sound, somewhat same process and same result, the technology involves charges from the

signal to noise ratio to either increase or decrease the “listening” sensitivity based on the status of

the switch. Further explanation it described that it can be more advanced if there can be direction

of the microphones to obtain the sound if there are multiple light switches in the house for

commands on where the user is and can switch the lights on.

2.3.14 Sound Operated Switch Circuit

Anjali Sethiya. Sound Operated Switch Circuit (Nowhere: No Publication, 2012).

Describes on her topic that a sound operated switch circuit will switch on by detecting the sound

of a person’s clap, an advantage of this it prevents any physical contact with the electrical device.

She describes that the circuit is based on two IC; operational amplifier LM741 and circuit

is based CD 4024 Anjali described that on op-amp produces on output voltage that is hundreds of

thousands of times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals. CD4027 is the

master slave UR flip flop IC which working toggle mode. Here, this IC can be used to change the

state by signal applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. CD4027

has four namely. J,K, set rest and it contain two output namely Q and Q bar (Q not).

The reference states that this topic uses a sound operated switch circuits that can detect

sound to turn on a device through a person’s clap, it relates to the study it uses the same

procedures but composed different components.

 24

2.3.15 Sound Activated Switch Relay

Raskumar, Sharma. Sound Activated Switch Relay. (Nowhere: No Publication, 2015). This

topic describes that this device is designed around on OP-Amp, flip-flop and popular 555 IC. By

this devices switch avoids false triggering. The sound made is receive by a microphone, further

explaining that the microphone charges the sound wave to electrical wave which is further

amplified by OP-Amp.

In other statement, Raskumar Sharma explains that a 555 timer IC acts as mono-stable

multi-vibrator then flip-flop charges the state of output relay on every two-clap sound. In this form

of state, it can be used to turn off or on the lights and fans.

The device can be activated upon a two-clap sound and it will stay activated until another

sound emits to trigger the device.

This article helped the proponents to be knowledgeable about the different components of

electronics. This gives the idea to improve the device using components that can avoid false

triggering.

2.3.16 Clap Switch Circuit Electronic Project Using 555 timer Clap Switch

Electrical Technology Clap Switch Circuit Electronic Project Using 555 timer Clap Switch.

(Nowhere: No Publication,2014). It starts with the clap switch explaining that this device has the

ability to turn on/off any electrical component or circuit by the clap sound. Through this procedure

an individual will use a condenser microphone that achieve the ability so take the sound having

the same pitch as the clap sound as the input. But in their work, they explained that it doesn’t have

to be a clap sound, but instead a sound that has same intensity as a clap, high pitched if per say.
 25

The device has the ability to convert a sound energy to an Electrical Energy Source. So in short,

this device can be initiated through sound as the input and the output circuit as a LED glow or

Electrical Energy.

The people who came up with the invention described their device accurately stating that

they made the device by using a sound activated sensor, that sense the sound of a clap as the input

and it processes I into the circuit in order to operate with the output, continuing when the sound is

given as the input to the Electrical Condenser Microphone this charges into Electrical Energy that

turns the device on, they also put a timer on it so it can turn off automatically. They also stated that

you are not restricted to inputting clap only but can be any various sounds, they called this as a

Sound Operated Switch. This circuit described is mainly consisting on transistors, better be

modified by using relay as electronic switch to turn on.

This abstract helped the proponent’s improvement in the device to impart the ability to

obtain multiple sound inputs on the device and make it easier to operate for the PWD’s

2.3.17 Response Field of Condenser Microphone

PCB Electronics. Microphone Handbook (2014). You must choose the microphone that is

best for the type of field in which you will operate it. The three types of measurement microphone

are free field, pressure field, and random incidence. These microphones operate similarly at lower

frequencies but differently at higher frequencies.

A free-field microphone measures the sound pressure from a single source directly at the

microphone diaphragm. It measures sound pressure as it existed before the microphone was

introduced into the sound field. These microphones work best in open areas free of hard or

reflective surfaces. Anechoic chambers or larger open areas are ideal for free-field microphones.
 26

A pressure-field microphone is designed to measure the sound pressure in front of the

diaphragm. It has the same magnitude and phase at any position in the field. It is usually found in

an enclosure, or cavity, which is small when compared with wavelength. Pressure-field

microphone application examples include testing the pressure exerted on walls, on airplane wings,

or inside structures such as tubes, housings, or cavities.

In many situations, the sound is not traveling from a single source. Random-incidence or

diffuse-field microphones respond uniformly to sounds arriving simultaneously from all angles.

You use this type of microphone when taking sound measurements in a church or an area with

hard, reflective walls. However, for most microphones, the pressure and random-incidence

responses are similar, so pressure-field microphones are often used for random-incidence

measurements.

The study showed how specific microphones behave at a given sound. This have helped

the proponents specifically with the type of microphone that they’ll l be using in their prototype.

2.3.18 Doppler Effect

David Halliday Et. Al. Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 10th Edition. (Nowhere: No

Publication, 2013). The characteristic sound of a motorcycle buzzing by is an example of

the Doppler effect. The high-pitch scream shifts dramatically to a lower-pitch roar as the

motorcycle passes by a stationary observer. The closer the motorcycle brushes by, the more abrupt

the shift. The faster the motorcycle moves, the greater the shift. We also hear this characteristic

shift in frequency for passing race cars, airplanes, and trains. It is so familiar that it is used to imply

motion and children often mimic it in play.

The Doppler effect is an alteration in the observed frequency of a sound due to motion of

either the source or the observer. Although less familiar, this effect is easily noticed for a stationary
 27

source and moving observer. For example, if you ride a train past a stationary warning bell, you

will hear the bell’s frequency shift from high to low as you pass by. The actual change in frequency

due to relative motion of source and observer is called a Doppler shift. The Doppler effect and

Doppler shift are named for the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler

(1803–1853), who did experiments with both moving sources and moving observers. Doppler, for

example, had musicians play on a moving open train car and also play standing next to the train

tracks as a train passed by. Their music was observed both on and off the train, and changes in

frequency were measured.

The study explained the effects and behavior of sound waves as it approaches and leaves

a specific point. It helped the proponents in understanding the effects of sound wave in relation

to its distance.

2.3.19 What You Should Know About Switches

George C, Lacefield W.Handbook of Adaptive Switches and Augmentative

Communication Devices.(3rd ed. Lexington, KY: Academic Software; 2011). For an individual

or child with a significant physical disability, a flick of a switch can literally open the door to the

world. A switch is a device for making or breaking the connections in an electrical circuit. When

the circuit is closed, the connection is established. It can enable an individual who lacks the fine

motor control to operate devices or appliances such as toys, blenders, or wheelchairs, or to

activate a selection on computers, environmental controls, or augmentative communication

devices.

Children, youth, and young adults with a variety of conditions and disabilities can benefit

from the use of switches. Some of these conditions might include, cerebral palsy, paralysis/spinal

cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, autism, speech impairments and visual impairments
 28

switches come in a vast array of sizes, shapes, colors, and types. Switches are generally divided

into two different classifications: simple and specialty. Simple switches consist of those switches

which are activated through touch. Specialty switches are those switches which establish a

connection by an alternative means such as breath, motion, infrared, sound, and/or fiber optic.

Simple (touch) switches are available in different sizes, shapes, and colors, and can be activated

with a light touch of less than an ounce to a heavier touch greater than 20 ounces. Simple switches

are available as one individual switch plate to multiple switch plates consisting of two to five

activation sites.

Specialty switches are most commonly used for those individuals who are unable to

successfully push a simple switch. Specialty switches are generally more expensive and require

specialized mounting. A breath or pneumatic switch is a mechanical switch which is activated

through breath control. Motion or movement switches detect any type of motion including an eye

blink or muscle twitch. Proximity switches respond to movement in the activation area. Infrared

and optic fiber switches use light rays and can be used with any body movement. Sound activated

switches respond to a whisper or a loud clap.

Switches can enable users to perform daily activities including using a motorized

wheelchair, opening doors to a home, using kitchen appliances, turning on and off lights,

televisions, etc., using computers and communicating.

The article provided vital information to the proponents on how automation technology

sound switch to be more specific could be advantageous on people with disability.

 29

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Data Gathering and Research related to Sound Operated Switch

Devising the layout for the Sound Operated Switch Circuit

Electronic Components and Instruments Consolidation

Pre-assembly and Testing of the Electronic components using a Breadboard

Mounting the components on the Universal PCB

Soldering Phase

Testing the Device Functionality and Respective components

Assessment on the Device’s Effectiveness based on Sound Reception

Interpretation of Gathered Data and Formulation of Conclusion on the device’s

Functionality

FIGURE 3.1: General Outline

 30

3.1 Research Design

The proponents have studied and found that Experimental Research design was the most

suitable method for the study since it was a quantitative research. In addition, since experimental

method deals with the future, we tried to predict what will happen by studying the relationship

between the variables related to the study. It created a cause and effect relationship among the

variables. The proponents tested and manipulated the variables and observed the changes. From

that observation, the proponents made a cause and effect relationship between the variables using

the data gathered to further prove the hypothesis.

3.2 Research Instruments

These were the instruments used by the proponents related to this research. It involved

the construction of the sound operated switch prototype and the actual material used.

3.2.1 Materials

AC Power Cord

FIGURE 3.2: AC Power Cord

AC power cord, a device that is used to connect an electronic appliance in a 220/110

voltage source. Commonly used in televisions and radio that are removable and are replaceable.
 31

Electrolytic Capacitors

FIGURE 3.3: Electrolytic Capacitors

All electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode (+) is made of a

metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the

dielectric of the electrolytic capacitor. A non-solid or solid electrolyte covers the surface of this

oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor

Polyester Capacitors

FIGURE 3.4: Polyester Capacitor

Polyester capacitors are used mainly in their leaded form. They are not produced as high

tolerance capacitors, but they have a low ESR and are able to tolerate large spikes with a high-rise

time.
 32

Transistor

FIGURE 3.5: Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and

electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for

connection to an external circuit. Transistors are composed of three parts, a base, a collector, and

an emitter. The base is the gate controller device for the larger electrical supply, the collector is

the larger electrical supply, and the emitter is the outlet for that supply.

Resistor

FIGURE 3.6: Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,

adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
 33

other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be

used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.

Light-emitting diode (LED)

FIGURE 3.7: Light-emitting diode(LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction

diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons

are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of

photons. Function of Light Emitting Diode or LED is often abbreviated with electronic

components that can emit monochromatic light when given a voltage. LED is a family of diodes

made of semiconductor construction. The colors of light emitted by the LED depends on the type

of semiconductor material used. LEDs can emit infrared light that is not visible to the eye that can

be used as an infrared sensor as found on the Remote Control Remote Control TV or other

electronic devices.
 34

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

FIGURE 3.8: Printed Circuit Board(PCB)

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic

components using conductive tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets laminated

onto a non-conductive substrate.

Function of PCBs are made of different parts and resins with circuitry on the surface to

connect parts to one another. A PCB will usually have components for memory chips, processors,

input/output devices, and then electrical components like resistors and capacitors.

With the progression of technology, circuit boards have become smaller while

accommodating more components.

 35

Rectifier Diode

FIGURE 3.9: Rectifier Diode

A rectifier diode lets electrical current flow in only one direction and is mainly used for

power supply operation. Rectifier diodes can handle higher current flow than regular diodes and

are generally used in order to change alternating current into direct current. They are designed as

discrete components or as integrated circuits and are usually fabricated from silicon and

characterized by a fairly large P-N-junction surface.

Signal Diode

FIGURE 3.10: Signal Diode

The semiconductor Signal Diode is a small non-linear semiconductor device generally used

in electronic circuits, where small currents or high frequencies are involved such as in radio,

television and digital logic circuits. Small signal and switching diodes have much lower power and

current ratings, around 150mA, 500mW maximum compared to rectifier diodes, but they can
 36

function better in high frequency applications or in clipping and switching applications that deal

with short-duration pulse waveforms.

Connecting Wire

FIGURE 3.11: Connecting Wire

In a basic circuit, the wire comes from one terminal of a power source, then connects to a

switch that determines whether the circuit is open or closed. The connected wires of a device are

used to draw power and electricity, and perform specified tasks. Before a current can travel through

the wire, the circuit has to be closed; in other words, there cannot be any break in the path.

Electricity cannot easily travel through air, and if it does there is a risk of stray current leaking into

the surroundings and causing damage or failing to power the appliance.

Relay Switch Circuit

FIGURE 3.12: Relay Switch Circuit

 37

The electro-mechanical relay is an output device (actuator) which come in a whole host of

shapes, sizes and designs, and have many uses and applications in electronic circuits.

But while electrical relays can be used to allow low power electronic or computer type

circuits to switch relatively high currents or voltages both “ON” or “OFF”, some form of relay

switch circuit is required to control it.

Step Down Transformer

FIGURE 3.13: Step Down Transformer

Step down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.

It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This

kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it. As a step-down unit, the transformer

converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-

gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The

primary winding, which doesn’t have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller-

gauge wire.
 38

3.2.2 Sound Operated Switch in Depth Functionality

FIGURE 3.14: Sound Operated Switch Schematic Diagram

Other devices Used Using the figure 3.13(Sound operated switch Schematic diagram) as

guide on the functions and operation of the sound operated switch are as follows. The sound is

received by a condenser microphone that is shown connected to resistor R1 in the circuit. The

microphone changes sound waves into electrical wave, which is further amplified by transistor Q1.

Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter circuit to amplify weak signals received by the

microphone. Amplified output from the collector of transistor Q1 is fed to the bistable

multivibrator circuit also known as flip-flop circuit.

Flip flop circuit is made by using two Transistor, in our circuit Q2&Q3. In a flip-flop

circuit, at a time, only one transistor conducts and other cuts off and when it gets a trigger pulse

from outside source, the first transistor is cutoff and 2nd transistor conducts, thus output of

transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in one state 0 or 1 until it gets trigger pulse

from outer source.

 39

The pulse of the sound, which is a trigger for flip-flop makes changes to the output state

that is complementary (reverse). Output of flip-flop, which is in the low current form is unable to

drive relay so we have used a current amplifier circuit by using Q4 that is a common emitter circuit.

Output of Q4 is connected to a Relay (Electromagnetic switch) which works like a mechanical

switch and it becomes easy for connecting another electrical appliance.

The relay contact is connected to the power line and hence turns on/off any electrical

appliance connected all the way through relay.

3.2.3 Other Devices Used

Voltage Ohm Meter

A voltage ohm meter is a resistance-measuring device with which low electrical resistance

is measured in a DC (direct current) circuit. The unit of resistance is the ohm, represented by the

symbol Ω. The resistance of an electrically conductive component in DC is primarily from its

geometric shape and its material properties, known as its electrical resistivity, and leads to the

ohmic or DC resistance.

Soldering Iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it

can flow into the joint between two work pieces.

Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an

electrical cord or battery cables) through a resistive heating element. Cordless irons can be

heated by combustion of gas stored in a small tank, often using a catalytic heater rather than a

flame.
 40

Bread Board

A thin plastic board used to hold electronic components (transistors, resistors, chips, etc.)

that are wired together. Used to develop prototypes of electronic circuits, the boards can be

reused for future jobs.

The components and jump wires (assorted wire lengths with pins at both ends) are

plugged into the clips to create the circuit patterns.

The boards also typically include metal strips along the side that are used for common

power rails and signal buses.

Sound Meter

A sound level meter is used for acoustic (sound that travels through air) measurements. It

is commonly a hand-held instrument with a microphone. The diaphragm of the microphone

responds to changes in air pressure caused by sound waves.

3.3 Data Collection and Procedure

The proponents used observation as means of gathering data on how effective will the

sound operated switch be through series of tests and experimentation. Observation as it is defined

as perceiving of data through the senses; sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. The proponents

have also included the step by step procedure in creating the Sound Operated Switch.

3.3.1 Procedures in Creating the Sound Operated Switch

The sound operated switch was mainly composed of 3 major circuits 1) Power Supply

Circuit; 2) Amplifier and flip flop Circuit; and 3) Relay Switch Circuit altogether creating the
 41

sound operated switch. The following were the procedures in constructing the sound operated

switch.

In creating the Step down Power Supply:

1. Prepare the components to be used in creating the power supply.

2. Solder connecting wires to the "+" and "-" and the voltage out terminals of the Step down

transformer prior to the connection of the remaining parts.

3. Based on the schematic diagram, carefully solder the capacitor and rectifier diode on the positive

wire in the step down transformer.

4. Place the step down transformer on the chassis along with the circuitry.

5. Connect the step down transformer's 0-220 volts to the AC power cord and 0-12v output to the

"+" and "-" terminals of the circuit.

6. After connecting all the terminals of the rest of the components, test the output voltage of the

power supply and make sure it is producing the right amount of voltage.

7. Lastly supply the amplifier and flip-flop unit circuitry.

In creating the Amplifier and Flip flop Circuit:

1. Create a pre- designed layout of the circuit for the components using the universal PCB.

2. Mount all the components according to their placement based on the pre- designed layout.
 42

3. Solder connecting wire to the "+" and "-" and the voltage out terminals of the PCB prior to the

connection of the remaining parts.

4. Based on the schematic diagram, carefully solder the transistors, resistors, capacitors and signal

diodes on their respective place.

5. Lastly, connect the amplifier and flip-flop unit circuitry to the relay switch unit circuitry.

In creating the relay switch circuit:

1. Create a pre- designed layout of the circuit for the components using the universal PCB.

2. Mount all the components according to their placement based on the pre- designed layout.

3. Solder connecting wire to the "+" and "-" and the voltage out terminals of the PCB prior to the

connection of the remaining parts.

4. Based on the schematic diagram, carefully solder the relay switch, transistors, resistors, and

signal diodes on their respective place.

5. Connect the input of the relay switch circuitry to the output of the Amplifier and Flip-flop circuit.

6. Lastly connect the out of the relay switch circuit to the 0-220v AC power. This will serve as an

open switch or a close switch once the device has been triggered.
 43

3.3.2 Test and Experimentation

a. Electronic Component/s test - Through the use of the Voltage-Ohm-Meter and with

the guidance of an Electronics Engineer, the proponents carefully tested the electronic components

within the SOS to test their status if they were in good or bad condition.

b. Varying Sound in Triggering Sound Operated Switch Test - This test aimed to

observe the most effective sound that could trigger the device.

c. Fix Distance vs. Sound Source Test - This test aimed to observe the most effective

intensity of sound at a given fix distance that could trigger the device.

d. Varying distance vs. Sound source test - This test aimed to observe the most effective

distance at a given fix intensity of sound that could trigger the device.

3.4 Statistical treatment of data

The proponents used descriptive statistics along with central tendency (mean, median,

mode) and standard deviation formulas for the data interpretation since descriptive statistics was

used to describe the basic feature of the data in a study. It also provided simple summaries and

graphics analysis that formed the basis of a quantitative analysis of data. The following formulas

below were used for the treatment of data gathered.

 44

Mean

The average of all sets of numbers.

Formula:

Here,

∑ represents the summation

X represents data gathered

N represents number of data gathered.

Median

Middle value in the list of numbers.

Formula:

If the total numbers(n) is an odd number, then the formula is the given below:
 45

If the total numbers(n) is an even number, then the formula is the given below:

Mode

Most frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers.

Standard Deviation

Measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.

Formula:

Here,

∑ represents the summation (or total)

X represents each value of the population

μ is the mean value of the population

N represents number of values in the population

 46

3.5 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Tangible factors and Creating the prototype of Sound Operated Switch

variables as inputs which
the device by mounting for People with
includes discrete electronic
components below: and assembling the
disabilities
• Resistors electronic components on
• Capacitors the printer circuit board. Benefits of the Sound
• Diodes
• Transistors Testing through
Operated Switch for
Non - tangible factors and
experiment using the People with disabilities
variables as inputs
• Loudness/Intensity created prototype, to
of the sound know the limits and
• Distance of the efficiency of the device.
sound

The Conceptual framework as shown in figure 3.15 serves as a guide throughout this study.

The first block composed of the tangible and non-tangible inputs that will be used and observed

respectively in creating and testing the prototype. Tangible inputs which are mainly compose of

the major discrete electronic components that will be use in devising the prototype. Non-tangible

inputs the two pre-determined factors which are distance from the device and intensity or loudness

of the sound, which the proponents aim to prove through testing and experimentation with the use

of the created prototype as part of the study. Followed by the second block that shows the process

and testing involved in creating the project. The final block which is the output of the study the

"Sound Operated Switch for People with Disabilities" that denotes the title of the thesis making it

as the final result of the conceptual framework. It tells as well what type of project the proponents

will be creating and its aid towards their target beneficiary.

 47

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Test Results and Discussions

The following tests were done to test the efficiency of the project.

4.1.1 Electronic Component Test

Through the use of the Voltage-Ohm-Meter and with the guidance of an Electronics

Engineer, the proponents carefully tested the electronic components within the Sound Operated

Switch to test their status if they were in good or bad condition. Base on the results of the test, the

proponents have been made aware that all of the major and discrete components to be used in

creating the Sound Operated Switch were all in good condition. This were the vital step in

preparation before creating the project since the functionality of the device would be greatly

affected if the components to be used were not in good condition.

Electronic Component Status

Resistors Good Condition

Capacitors Good Condition

Transistors Good Condition

Diodes Good Condition

TABLE 4.1: Electronic Component Test Table

 48

4.1.2 Varying Sound in triggering Sound Operated Switch test

This test aims to observe the most effective sound that could trigger the device. The

proponents have chosen specific sound source to be part of the test which were shout, feet stomp,

finger snap, clap, object drop, whistle, and audio sound. The test was conducted under an ideal

room environment to minimize noise as possible.

Figure 4.1: Varying Sound in triggering

Shout
Sound Operated Switch Test Line Graph
85 Feet Stomp
Sound Intensity (dB)

80
Finger Snap
75
Clap
70
65 Object
Dropped
60 Whistle
55
Audio Sound
50
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6 Trial 7 Trial 8 Trial 9 Trial 10

Trial Number

The results of the test as summarize by the line graph above shows that the top three (3)

most effective sounds that could trigger the sound operated switch were clapping, shouting, and

object dropping. The consistencies of the line for clap, shout and feet stomp shows that all of trials

made to trigger the device were successful compared to the others which shows inconsistency on

their corresponding line.

4.1.3 Fix distance vs. Sound Test

This test aims to observe the most effective intensity of sound at a given fix distance that

could trigger the device. The test was conducted under an ideal room environment to minimize
 49

noise as possible. The results of the test as summarize by the table below by using the top three

(3) results on the previous test, the proponents used clap, object drop and shout as sound source

for this test. It has been observed that the sound intensity level of the sound source effectively

triggered the sound operated switch with the following ranges; clap 56dB-83dB; object dropped

69dB-78dB, and shout 62dB to 85dB.

Fix Distance 80cm

Sound source Sound Intensity (dB)
Trial 1 83
Trial 2 77
Clap Trial 3 74
Trial 4 61
Trial 5 56
TABLE 4.2: Fix distance vs. Sound Source (Sound source: Clap)

Sound source Sound Intensity (dB)

Trial 1 78
Trial 2 77
Object Dropped Trial 3 75
Trial 4 71
Trial 5 69
TABLE 4.3: Fix distance vs. Sound Source (Sound source: Object Dropped)

Sound source Sound Intensity (dB)

Trial 1 85
Trial 2 82
Shout Trial 3 80
Trial 4 74
Trial 5 62
TABLE 4.4: Fix distance vs. Sound Source (Sound source: Shout)
 50

4.1.4 Varying distance vs. Sound Source

This test aims to observe the most effective distance at a given fix intensity of sound that

could trigger the device. It was conducted under an ideal room environment to minimize noise as

possible.

Figure 4.2: Varying distance vs. Sound Source

Line Graph (Sound source: Clap)
85
Sound Intensity (dB)

80
Trial 1
75
Trial 2
70
Trial 3
65 Trial 4
60

55

50

Distance from the device (square meters)

. The results of the test as summarize by the line graph above by using one of the top three

(3) results on the previous test. The proponents used clap as sound source for this experiment while

varying its distance from the sound operated switch. It has been observed that the distance of the

sound source effectively triggered the sound operated switch with an area of 0.2 square meters -

3.8 square meters.

 51

Figure 4.3: Varying distance vs. Sound Source

(Sound source: Object Dropped)
85
Sound Intensity (dB)

80 Trial 1
75 Trial 2

70 Trial 3

65 Trial 4

60
55
50
0.2 sq. m0.4 sq. m0.6 sq. m0.8 sq. m 1 meter 1.2 sq. m1.4 sq. m1.6 sq. m1.8 sq. m 2 sq. m

Distance from the device (square meters)

The results of the test as summarize by the line graph above by using one of the top three

(3) results on the previous test (clap, object dropped and shout). The proponents used object

dropped as sound source for this experiment while varying its distance from the sound operated

switch. It has been observed that the distance of the sound source effectively triggered the sound

operated switch with an area of 0.2 square meters -1.4 square meters.

Figure 4.4: Varying distance vs. Sound Source

Line Graph (Sound source: Shout)
85
Sound Intensity (dB)

Trial 1
80
Trial 2
75
Trial 3
70
Trial 4
65
60
55
50
0.2 sq. m 0.4 sq. m 0.6 sq. m 0.8 sq. m 1 meter 1.2 sq. m 1.4 sq. m 1.6 sq. m 1.8 sq. m 2 sq. m

Distance from the device (square meters)

 52

The results of the test as summarize by the line graph above by using one of the top three

(3) results on the previous test. The proponents used shout as sound source for this experiment

while varying its distance from the sound operated switch It has been observed that the distance

of the sound source effectively triggered the sound operated switch with an area of 0.2 meters -

1.2 meters.

4.2 Statistical Results

The proponents incorporated the data gathered from the previous test performed and used

them as raw data in order to calculate and form the statistical results shown on the table below.

The raw data represented all the passed results on all of the previous test that the proponents

have performed for both sound intensity level (in dB) and distance (in meters).

Statistical table Summary

Variable Mean Median Mode Min. Max. Standard Deviation
Clap 72.71 72 68 56 83 5.00
Sound
Object dropped 76.40 78 78 69 81 2.99
Intensity (dB)
Shout 76.28 76 77 62 85 3.45
Clap 1.91 1.9 ---- 0.2 3.8 1.09
Distance (meters) Object dropped 0.80 0.8 ---- 0.2 1.4 0.43
Shout 0.70 0.6 ---- 0.2 1.2 0.37
TABLE 4.5: Statistical Results Table
 53

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

The main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the Sound Operated

Switch for the usage of people with disability. It aimed to know if there is convenience for the

PWD to use the device in their homes. It also aimed for PWD’s to consume less effort in providing

manpower by the use of the Sound Operated Switch. The proponents described the main function

of the Sound Operated Switch with accurate description of each components used in the study. In

addition, the provided information in this study can be of beneficial to the PWD’s, teachers, future

researchers, and students.

Based on the results of the study, through the use of the Voltage-Ohm-Meter and with the

guidance of an Electronics Engineer, the proponents carefully tested the electronic components

within the Sound Operated Switch to test their status if they were in good or bad condition. The

proponents made three set-ups for the experimentation to be used by the sound operated switch.

The three test set-ups were mainly conducted to assess the capabilities and functionalities of the

device. The variations on the test set-ups were specifically made in order to determine the extent

of the device with respect to its variables such as sound intensity level and distance. The

functionality of the device if it would switch on or off would be recorded at each set up with its

corresponding distance (meters) and sound intensity level (decibel). The proponents have depicted

the possible sounds produced by the PWD’s as shout, finger snap, foot stomp, clap, object drop,

whistle and audio sound; in a voided sound room and only the shout, clap, and object drop were

the proponents’ satisfactory end results. The final results of this study as observed by the
 54

proponents showed that only the sounds of shout, clap, and object dropped proved effective for

the sound that can be produced for the Sound Operated Switch. The stronger the sound intensity

and the nearer the sound to the device is, the higher the chance the device would be triggered.

Proven to be effective, PWD’s can now live a life of less effort in using appliances, a step

for modern technology, and for future researchers. They can benefit for providing new information

to be of assistance to those in need.

5.2 Recommendations

As based on the test and experiments’ result, the proponents had recommended the

following:

• Enhancement of the circuitry of the device to make sound amplification/detection more

capable of handling lower sound intensity.

• Improving the device layout to minimize its weight and physical appearance.

• Add more safety features to the device such as fuse or switch with to its increase in load.

• Innovating the device by using new technologies that could improve its overall

functionality.

• The conservation of the consumption of energy by the device.

 55

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Boylestad,Robert L. and Nashelsky, Louis. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Energy saver controller module for classroom lighting for ttmist Raphael Yambao Et.al

College of engineering. UP Diliman

Energy saver controller module for classroom lighting for ttmist Raphael Yambao Et.al

College of engineering. UP Diliman

Voice Activation System for switching home appliances utilizing audio fingerprinting

algorithm. Joseph Emil F. Aco. De La Salle University

Performance Analysis of Various Techniques Used in Wireless Home Automation. Mr.

Prateek Masta. Department Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

The Library Noise Detector With Alarm. Balatero Charles. UP Diliman

Conducted Emi Filter design for a switched mode power supply. John David Garcia. UP

Diliman

B. Websites

https://www.google.com/patents/US6188986

https://www.google.com/patents/US6594630?dq=patent+Voice+Activated+for+Electrical+Devic

e&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm76CNoPXWAhVGoZQKHQ80C40Q6AEIJTAA

http://www.google.sr/patents/US4322718.
 56

http://www.electroschematics.com/6878/light-activated-switch/

https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/10/clap-switch-circuit-electronic-project.html

https://www.google.tl/patents/US20120109658

https://www.google.sr/patents/WO2002023373A1?cl=en&dq=Sound+Activated+Circuit+Kung+

tai+wai+david&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2l7quo_XWAhVLG5QKHewoBt4Q6AEIIzAA

https://www.google.sr/patents/US20100118199?dq=Video/Audio+Processor+and+Video/Audio

+Processing&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZlcKWpfXWAhVEjpQKHR_aBUcQ6AEIIzAA

http://www.mediacollege.com/audio/microphones/condenser.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitor

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/polyester.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board

http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/diodes/standard-rectifiers.aspx

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_4.html

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/cables/awg-swg-connecting-

wires.php
 57

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/relay-switch-circuit.html

http://www.electroschematics.com/4355/step-down-transformer/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_level_meter

https://www.amazon.com/HQRP-Power-Emerson-LC401EM2F-Coaster/dp/B00IIOY0I8

https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w11stop.com%2Fimage%2

Fcache%2FTransformer%2Fstep-down-Transformer-220V-12V-

800x800.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w11stop.com%2Fstep-down-transformer-

220v-6v-

2a&docid=WvGghApF7ascmM&tbnid=I22GH4zh4lvKyM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwid1Pr2q8PW

AhVEW7wKHX6bBfcQMwikASggMCA..i&w=800&h=800&client=ms-android-

asus&bih=560&biw=360&q=step%20down%20transformer&ved=0ahUKEwid1Pr2q8PWAhVE

W7wKHX6bBfcQMwikASggMCA&iact=mrc&uact=8

https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.solarbotics.com%2Fproducts

%2Fphotos%2F84fb11d90254081f2b0f658cbffd2849%2Fd4-

1n4007diode.jpg%3Fw%3D800&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarbotics.com%2Fproduct%2F

d4%2F&docid=zT2AIAQxzsCG7M&tbnid=TICaXgmZuxdlUM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiigfmmq

8PWAhWIerwKHQ8fBmIQMwikAigvMC8..i&w=800&h=600&client=ms-android-

asus&bih=616&biw=360&q=rectifier%20diode&ved=0ahUKEwiigfmmq8PWAhWIerwKHQ8f

BmIQMwikAigvMC8&iact=mrc&uact=8
 58

https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcRejceSxAMGnJGt8A6j78aebcZD

6WEbj_muCPwjTMjrtzdTY5ZecG7Ke7Wo

https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-circuits/sound-operated-switch

https://www.cepro.com/article/patents_amazon_voice_controlled_smart_light_switch_alexa

http://www.electronics-lab.com/project/sound-activated-switch-relay/

https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/11359/thesis.pdf?sequence=1

https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3794&context=etd

https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/10/clap-switch-circuit-

electronic-project.html/amp/

http://1000projects.org/project-report-on-sound-operated-switch-using-a-simple-transistor-

circuit.html
 59

APPENDICES
 60

APPENDIX A

Sample Product

The picture below shows the prototype of the sound operated switch. The proponents

mounted the electronic components in the breadboard to create the prototype which was

compose of the main circuitry of the sound operated switch (amplifier circuit and flip-flop

circuit). The proponents used the prototype in performing some initial tests and

experimentations. These have helped them to foresee possible issues and defects that would arise

in creating the actual project.

The picture below shows the actual view of the sound operated switch. The project was

enclosed in a black fiber casing to protect the electronic components that was place inside it. A

green LED was place on its side to serve as indicator if the sound operated switch is in on or off

state. And on the other side was the condenser microphone which receives the sound.
 61

APPENDIX B

Raw Data of the Study and Statistical Computations

The results of the test as summarize by the table below shows that the top three (3) most

effective sound that could trigger the sound operated switch were clapping, shouting, and object

dropping.

Feet Finger Object Audio

Shout Stomp Snap Clap Dropped Whistle Sound
75 dB 71 dB 65 dB 79 dB 79 dB 76 dB 70 dB
Trial 1 Passed Passed Failed Passed Passed Failed Failed
78 dB 69 dB 73 dB 82 dB 80 dB 74 dB 69 dB
Trial 2 Passed Passed Failed Passed Passed Failed Failed
77 dB 70 dB 72 dB 82 dB 80 dB 81 dB 70 dB
Trial 3 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Failed Failed
76 dB 67 dB 70 dB 80 dB 78 dB 69 dB 70 dB
Trial 4 Passed Failed Failed Passed Passed Failed Failed
75 dB 75 dB 74 dB 80 dB 78 dB 57 dB 69 dB
Trial 5 Passed Passed Failed Passed Passed Failed Failed
76 dB 70 dB 75 dB 80 dB 78 dB 72 dB 66 dB
Trial 6 Passed Passed Failed Passed Passed Failed Failed
74 dB 70 dB 69 dB 81 dB 74 dB 61 dB 69 dB
Trial 7 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Failed Failed
76 dB 69 dB 71 dB 81 dB 78 dB 69 dB 69 dB
Trial 8 Passed Passed Failed Passed Passed Failed Failed
77 dB 71 dB 71 dB 81 dB 72 dB 65 dB 68 dB
Trial 9 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Failed Failed
74 dB 70 dB 75 dB 81 dB 76 dB 70 dB 68 dB
Trial 10 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Failed Failed
TABLE B.1: Varying Sound in triggering Sound Operated Switch Test Table

The results of the test as summarize by the table below by using the top three (3) results on

the previous test, the proponents used clap, object drop, and shout as sound source for this

experiment while varying its distance from the sound operated switch. It has been observed that

the distance of the sound source effectively triggered the sound operated switch with the following

ranges; clap 0.2 meters -3.8 meters, object dropped 0.2 meters -1.4 meters and shout 0.2 meters -

1.2 meters.
 62

Sound source: Clap

Distance Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4
0.2 meters 68dB/Passed 65dB/Passed 73dB/Passed 70dB/Passed
0.4 meters 76dB/Passed 69dB/Passed 72dB/Passed 70dB/Passed
0.6 meters 71dB/Passed 75dB/Passed 68dB/Passed 72dB/Passed
0.8 meters 68dB/Passed 70dB/Passed 74dB/Passed 75dB/Passed
1 meter 72dB/Passed 70dB/Passed 68dB/Passed 71dB/Passed
1.2 meters 72dB/Passed 71dB/Passed 68dB/Passed 72dB/Passed
1.4 meters 69dB/Passed 71dB/Passed 73dB/Passed 66dB/Passed
1.6 meters 75dB/Passed 70dB/Passed 67dB/Passed 59dB/Passed
1.8 meters 69dB/Passed 74dB/Passed 68dB/Passed 73dB/Passed
2 meters 75dB/Passed 72dB/Passed 73dB/Passed 74dB/Passed
2.2 meters 69dB/Passed 70dB/Passed 71dB/Passed 67dB/Passed
2.4 meters 75dB/Passed 76dB/Passed 71dB/Passed 71dB/Passed
2.6 meters 79dB/Passed 74dB/Passed 75dB/Passed 73dB/Passed
2.8 meters 69dB/Passed 72dB/Passed 68dB/Passed 68dB/Passed
3 meters 70dB/Failed 71dB/Failed 73dB/Passed 78dB/Passed
3.2 meters 75dB/Failed 66dB/Failed 72dB/Passed 71dB/Failed
3.4 meters 73dB/Failed 72dB/Failed 76dB/Passed 71dB/Failed
3.6 meters 75dB/Failed 68dB/Failed 74dB/Failed 72dB/Failed
3.8 meters 72dB/Failed 70dB/Failed 79dB/Passed 74dB/Failed
4 meters 71dB/Failed 70dB/Failed 73dB/Failed 78dB/Failed
TABLE B.2: Varying distance vs. Sound Source (Sound source: Clap)

Sound source:
Object Dropped
Distance Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4
0.2 meters 73dB/Passed 73dB/Passed 71dB/Passed 73dB/Passed
0.4 meters 76dB/Passed 73dB/Passed 75dB/Passed 74dB/Passed
0.6 meters 74dB/Passed 75dB/Passed 73dB/Passed 73dB/Passed
0.8 meters 78dB/Passed 78dB/Passed 79dB/Passed 77dB/Passed
1 meter 78dB/Passed 78dB/Passed 80dB/Passed 81dB/Passed
1.2 meters 78dB/Passed 79dB/Passed 80dB/Passed 79dB/Passed
1.4 meters 77dB/Passed 78dB/Passed 79dB/Passed 80dB/Passed
1.6 meters 81dB/Failed 69dB/Failed 81dB/Failed 76dB/Failed
1.8 meters 78dB/Failed 75dB/Failed 80dB/Failed 77dB/Failed
2 meters 76dB/Failed 82dB/Failed 80dB/Failed 77dB/Failed
TABLE B.3: Varying distance vs. Sound Source (Sound source: Object Dropped)
 63

Sound source: Shout

Distance Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4
0.2 meters 76dB/Passed 76dB/Passed 77dB/Passed 77dB/Passed
0.4 meters 75dB/Passed 75dB/Passed 78dB/Passed 77dB/Passed
0.6 meters 77dB/Passed 77dB/Passed 75dB/Passed 75dB/Passed
0.8 meters 75dB/Failed 74dB/Failed 76dB/Passed 76dB/Passed
1 meter 75dB/Failed 77dB/Failed 78dB/Passed 76dB/Failed
1.2 meters 78dB/Passed 77dB/Passed 74dB/Failed 76dB/Failed
1.4 meters 80dB/Failed 74dB/Failed 75dB/Failed 78dB/Failed
1.6 meters 74dB/Failed 76dB/Failed 76dB/Failed 77dB/Failed
1.8 meters 76dB/Failed 78dB/Failed 77dB/Failed 75dB/Failed
2 meters 76dB/Failed 78dB/Failed 78dB/Failed 75dB/Failed
TABLE B.4: Varying distance vs. Sound Source (Sound source: Shout)

The table below shows the data gathered from the test set ups performed by the proponents.

Data gathered served as input in computing and populating the statistical table.

Clap(Decibels)
56 61 65 66 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 70
70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72
73 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 76
77 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 83

Object Dropped (Decibels)

69 71 71 72 73 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 77
77 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 80 80
80 80 80 81

Shout (Decibels)
62 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 77 77 77
77 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 80 82 85

Clap (meters)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.8
 64

Object Dropped (meters)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Shout (meters)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Mean for Clap Sound Intensity

79 + 83 + 72 + 69 + 76 + 67 + 79 + 67 + 82 + 77 + 69 + 75 + 74 + 68 + 70 + 71 +
70 + 73 + 80 + 61 + 69 + 70 + 73 + 71 + 72 + 68 + 80 + 56 + 75 + 71 + 72 + 71 +
75 + 78 + 80 + 68 + 69 + 71 + 68 + 75 + 71 + 81 + 76 + 75 + 70 + 74 + 68 + 72 + +
73 + 66 + 81 + 68 + 69 + 72 + 68 + 72 + 73 + 81 + 72 + 65 + 70 + 73 + 76 + 74
Mean = +82 + 74 + 75 + 70 + 72 + 73 + 81 + 71 + 79 + 74 + 68
75

Mean = 72.71dB

Mean for Object dropped Intensity

79 + 78 + 78 + 75 + 81 + 80 + 77 + 77 + 73 + 79 + 80 + 75 + 73 + 79 + 80 + 78 + 71 +
73 + 80 + 78 + 69 + 75 + 80 + 78 + 73 + 78 + 79 + 74 + 76 + 78 +
Mean = 73 + 78 + 74 + 79 + 74 + 72 + 78 + 78 + 73 + 76 + 78 + 71 + 77
43

Mean = 76.40dB

Mean for Shout Sound Intensity

75 + 85 + 75 + 75 + 78 + 82 + 77 + 76 + 77 + 80 + 77 + 76 + 74 + 77 + 75 + 62 +
Mean = 78 + 76 + 76 + 75 + 74 + 75 + 76 + 76 + 77 + 78 + 77 + 78 + 77 + 74 + 76 + 77
32

Mean = 76.28dB

Median for Clap Sound Intensity

75 + 1
Median =
2
Median=38th term = 72
 65

Median for Object Dropped Sound Intensity

42 42
( 2 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + ( 2 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Median =
2

21𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 22𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Median =
2

78 + 78
Median =
2

Median = 78

Median for Shout Sound Intensity

32 32
( 2 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + ( 2 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Median =
2

16𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 17𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Median =
2

76 + 76
Median =
2

Median = 76

Mode for Clap Sound Intensity

Clap
56 61 65 66 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 70
70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72
73 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 76
77 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 83
Mode = 68dB
 66

Mode for Object Dropped Sound Intensity

Object Dropped
69 71 71 72 73 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 77
77 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 80 80
80 80 80 81
Mode = 78dB

Mode for Shout Sound Intensity

Shout
62 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 77 77 77
77 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 80 82 85
Mode = 77dB

Standard Deviation for Clap Sound Intensity

𝟕𝟓
𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ ∑(𝟓𝟔 − 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟏)𝟐
𝟕𝟓
𝒊=𝟏

S.D = 5

Standard Deviation for Object Dropped Sound Intensity

𝟒𝟐
𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ ∑(𝟔𝟗 − 𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟎)𝟐
𝟒𝟐
𝒊=𝟏

S.D = 2.99

Standard Deviation for Shout Sound Intensity

𝟑𝟐
𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ ∑(𝟔𝟐 − 𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟖)𝟐
S.D = 3.45 𝟑𝟐
𝒊=𝟏
 67

Mean for Clap Distance

0.2 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 1 + 1.2 + 1.4 + 1.6 + 1.8 +

Mean = 2 + 2.2 + 2.4 + 2.6 + 2.8 + 3 + 3.2 + 3.4 + 3.8
18

Mean = 1.91 meters

Mean for Object dropped Distance

0.2 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 1 + 1.2 + 1.4

Mean =
7

Mean = 0.8 meters

Mean for Shout Sound Distance

0.2 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 1 + 1.2

Mean =
6

Mean = 0.7 meters

Median for Clap Distance

18 18
( 2 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + ( 2 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Median =
2

9𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 10𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Median =
2

1.8 + 2
Median =
2

Median = 1.9 meters

 68

Median for Object Dropped Distance

7+1
Median =
2

Median=4th term = 0.8 meters

Median for Shout Sound Distance

6 6
(2) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + (2 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Median =
2

3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Median =
2

0.6 + 0.8
Median =
2

Median = 0.7 meters

Standard Deviation for Clap Sound Distance

𝟏𝟖
𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ ∑(𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏)𝟐
𝟏𝟖
𝒊=𝟏

S.D = 1.09

Standard Deviation for Object Dropped Sound Distance

𝟕
𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ ∑(𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖)𝟐
𝟕
𝒊=𝟏

S.D = 0.43
 69

Standard Deviation for Shout Sound Distance

𝟔
𝟏
𝑺. 𝑫. = √ ∑(𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟕)𝟐
𝟔
𝒊=𝟏

S.D = 0.37
 70

Appendix C

Documentary Pictures

The following photos are provided by the proponents for the production of the prototype and final

product.

The photograph is the beginning of construction for the Sound Operated Switch. A

PCB is used to hold the components together, with the electrical components soldered.

The photograph is the production of the final product for the Sound Operated Switch.
 71

The photograph above is where the proponents were testing the final product for the

intensity of sound with the use of the Voltage-Ohm-Meter and the fixed distance for data

purposes.

The photograph shown is where the proponents were preparing the final product of the

Sound Operated Switch, the first proponent soldering a component and the second proponent

holding together the components so it would not fall.

 72

The picture shows the actual circuitry of the sound operated switch. This includes all of the

circuitry such as power supply circuit, amplifier circuit, flip-flop circuit, and relay switch circuit.

The electronic components were carefully mounted and soldered within the printed circuit board.

With the guidance of an electronics engineer, the proponents successfully completed mounting

and soldering the electronic components.

 73

CURRICULUM
VITAE