A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

On

‘’DRONES’’
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
By

ADEPU SAIRAM
18Q95A0501

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.SRINATH
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, MRCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE- Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad) Accredited by NBA &
NAAC, Recognized under section 2(f) &12(B) of UGC New Delhi: ISO 9001:2015 certified
Institution
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post via Kompally), Secunderabad- 500100

2020-21

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MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(MALLA REDDY GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS)
(Approved by AICTE- Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad) Accredited by NBA &
NAAC, Recognized under section 2(f) &12(B) of UGC New Delhi: ISO 9001:2015 certified
Institution
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post via Kompally), Secunderabad- 500100

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar title on “DRONES” is successfully done by MR.ADEPU SAIRAM
18Q95A0501 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Technology in Computer
Science and Engineering submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University Hyderabad during the academic year
2020-2021

INTERNAL GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

Mr. Srinath Ms. Ch. Vijaya Kumari Dr. M. Sreedhar Reddy
Asst.Professor Assoc. Professor Professor

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 DECLARATION

I, Mr. ADEPU SAIRAM, bearing Reg. No. 18Q95A0501, here by declaring that the Technical Seminar report entitled

“DRONES” has done by me is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree in BACHELOR

OF TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING is my original work. The Results embodied in this project

report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Signature of the Candidate

ADEPU SAIRAM

18Q95A0501

Date:

Place:Hyderabad

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost we would like to express our immense gratitude towards our institution Malla
Reddy College of Engineering, which helped us to attain profound technical skills in the field of
Computer Science & Engineering, there by fulfilling our most cherished goal.
We are pleased to thank Sri Ch. Malla Reddy, our Founder, Chairman MRGI, Sri Ch. Mahender
Reddy, Secretary, MRGI for providing this opportunity and support throughout the course.
It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge the perennial inspiration of Dr.M. Sreedhar Reddy
our beloved principal for his kind co-operation and encouragement in bringing out this task.
We would like to thank Dr. T. V. Reddy our vice principal, Mrs. Ch. Vijaya Kumari, HOD,
CSE Department for their inspiration adroit guidance and constructive criticism for successful
completion of ourdegree.
We convey our gratitude to Mr. Gladson Mario Britto R & D Coordinator and Mr. Sayyad
Rasheed Uddin, & Mr. Ch. Vengaiah, Assistant Professor, our project coordinators for their valuable
guidance.
We would like to thank Mr. SRINATH Assistant Professor our internal guide, for hisvaluable
suggestions and guidance during the exhibition and completion of this project.

Finally, we avail this opportunity to express our deep gratitude to all staff who have contribute
their valuable assistance and support making our seminar success.

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 CHAPTER - 1
1.INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction to UAV: ............................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 History.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 UAV TYPES ................................................................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER - 2
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF UAV ........................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER - 3
COMPONENTS OF A UAV ............................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 COMPONENTS OF A UAV ............................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.1 Frame:.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.2 Rotors or Motors................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1.3 Battery – Power Source .................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.4 ESC- Electronic Speed Controller ................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.5 Propellers: ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.6 Radio Transmitter and Receiver : ................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.8 MicroController and Inertial Measuring Unit ............................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER-4
4.1 ADVANTAGES OF A UAV: ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Disadvantages of UAV ............................................................................................................................................ 15
4.3 CONCLUSION: ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
4.4 REFERENCES: .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

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 CHAPTER-1
1.INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 Introduction to UAV:

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), also known as a unmanned aircraft system (UAS), remotely
piloted aircraft (RPA) or unmanned aircraft, is a machine which functions either by the remote
control of a navigator or pilot (called a Combat Systems Officer on UCAVs) or autonomously, that
is, as a self-directing entity. One can differentiate the UAVS from missiles as the UAVS are not
remotely guided by an operator, while the missiles are remotely operated by a user at the military
base. UAVS can fly autonomously and donot carry a human operator. Although UAVS come in
two varieties one are remotely operated and the second type of them fly without any help.

The birth of US UAVS took when the United States Air Force is considered about losing of pilots
over the hostile territory, began considering about the UAVS.

1.2 History:
The earliest attempt at a powered unmanned aerial vehicle was A. M. Low's "Aerial Target" of
1916. Nikola Tesla described a fleet of unmanned aerial combat vehicles in 1915. A number of
remote-controlled airplane advances followed, including the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane,
during and after World War I, including the first scale RPV (Remote Piloted Vehicle), developed
by the film star and model airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935. More were made in the
technology rush during World War II; these were used both to train antiaircraft gunners and to fly
attack missions. Jet engines were applied after World War II, in such types as the Teledyne Ryan
Firebee I of 1951, while companies like Beechcraft also got in the game with their Model 1001 for
the United States Navy in 1955. Nevertheless, they were little more than remote-controlled
airplanes until the Vietnam Era.

In the United States, the United States Navy and shortly after the Federal Aviation Administration has
adopted the name unmanned aircraft (UA) to describe aircraft systems without the flight crew on board.
More common names include: UAV, drone, remotely piloted vehicle (RPV), remotely piloted aircraft
(RPA), remotely operated aircraft (ROA), and for those "limited-size" (as defined by the FAI) unmanned
aircraft flown in the USA's National Airspace System, flown solely for recreation and sport purposes
such as models and radio control (R/Cs), which are generally flown under the voluntary safety standards
of the Academy of Model Aeronautics, the United States' national aeromodeling organization

2
The term unmanned aircraft system (UAS) emphasizes the importance of other elements beyond
an aircraft itself. A typical UAS consists of the:

unmanned aircraft (UA)

control system, such as Ground Control Station (GCS) control link, a specialized datalink

3
1.3 UAV TYPES:
UAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories (although multi-role airframe
platforms are becoming more prevalent):
Target and decoy – providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an
enemy aircraft or missile

Reconnaissance – providing battlefield intelligence

Combat – providing attack capability for high-risk missions (see Unmanned combat
air vehicle)

Logistics – UAVs specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation

Research and development – used to further develop UAV technologies to be

integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft

Civil and Commercial UAVs – UAVs specifically designed for civil and
commercial applications
They can also be categorised in terms of range/altitude and the following has been advanced
as relevant at such industry events as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum:
Handheld 2,000 ft (600 m) altitude, about 2 km

range Close 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude, up to 10 km

range

NATO type 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, up to 50 km range

Tactical 18,000 ft (5,500 m) altitude, about 160 km range

MALE (medium altitude, long endurance) up to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) and range over 200

km HALE (high altitude, long endurance) over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and indefinite range

HYPERSONIC high-speed, supersonic (Mach 1–5) or hypersonic (Mach 5+) 50,000

ft (15,200 m) or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km

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 CHAPTER – 2
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

5
2.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF UAV:

While the overall goals, strategies and objectives have been stated, the specifications of the
components will be determined as they are identified for their applicability in the project. The
technical specifications are divided in the following in engineering module on the basis of
application and engineering involved. The modules are represented in Table 3.1.

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 CHAPTER – 3

COMPONENTS OF A UAV

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3.1 COMPONENTS OF A UAV:
The main components used for construction of a UAV are the frame, propellers (either fixed-
pitch or variable-pitch), and the electric motors. For best performance and simplest control
algorithms, the motors and propellers should be placed equidistant. Recently, carbon fiber
composites have become popular due to their light weight and structural stiffness. The
electrical components needed to construct a working UAV are similar to those needed for a
modern RC helicopter, which include the electronic speed control module, on-board
computer or controller board, and battery.

The components are elaborately described as follows:

3.1.1 Frame:
It is the structure that holds or houses all the components together. They are designed to be strong
and lightweight. To decide the appropriate frame for the copter 3 factors, i.e. weight, size and
materials used are considered. The frame should be rigid and able to minimize the vibrations
from the motors. It consists of 2-3 parts which are not necessarily of the same material:

• The center plate where the electronics are mounted

• Four arms mounted to the center plate

• Four motor brackets connecting the motors to the end of the arms

The main components used for construction of a UAV are the frame, propellers (either fixed-pitch
or variable-pitch), and the electric motors. [2] For best performance and simplest control
algorithms, the motors and propellers should be placed equidistant. Recently, carbon fiber
composites have become popular due to their light weight and structural stiffness. [2] The
electrical components needed to construct a working UAV are similar to those needed for a
modern RC helicopter, which include the electronic speed control module, on-board computer or
controller board, and battery.

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Frames are usually made of:
• Carbon Fiber- Carbon fiber is the most rigid and vibration absorbent but it is the most
expensive too.
• Aluminium- Hollow aluminium square rails are the most popular for the arms due to its
light weight, rigidness and affordability. [2] However aluminium can suffer from motor
vibrations, as the damping effect is not as good as carbon fiber. In cases of severe
vibration problem, it could mess up sensor readings.
• Wood/ Plywood /MDF (Medium-density fibreboard)- Wood boards like MDF plates
could be used for the arms as they are better at absorbing the vibrations than aluminium.
[2] Unfortunately the wood is not a very rigid material and can break easily if the UAV
crashes.

For the center plate, plywood is most commonly used because of its light weight, easy
to work factor and good vibration absorbing features. [2] As for arm length, “motor-to-
motor distance” is sometimes used, meaning the distance between the
center of one motor to that of another motor of the same arm. [3] The motor to motor distance usually
depends on the diameter of the propellers in order to have enough space between the propellers

3.1.2 Rotors or Motors :

The purpose of motors is to spin the propellers. Brushless DC motors provide the necessary
thrust to propel the craft. Each rotor needs to be controlled separately by a speed controller.
They are a bit similar to normal DC motors in the way that coils and magnets are used to drive
the shaft. [2] Though the brushless motors do not have a brush on the shaft which takes care of
switching the power direction in the coils, and that‟s why they are called brushless. Instead the
brushless motor have three coils on the inner (center) of the motor, which is fixed to the
mounting. On the outer side, it contains a number of magnets mounted to a cylinder that is
attached to the rotating shaft. So the coils are fixed which means wires can go directly to them
and therefore there is no need for a brush. Brushless motors spin in much higher speed and use
less power at the same speed than DC motors. Also they don‟t lose power in the brush-transition
like the DC motors do, so it‟s more energy efficient. The Kv(kilovolts)-rating in a motor
indicates how many RPMs (Revolutions per minute) the

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 motor will do if provided with x-number of volts.

The higher the kV rating is, faster the motor spins at a constant voltage.

Usually outrunners are used – brushless motors used for model

planes and copters.

3.1.3 Battery – Power Source:

LiPo (Lithium Polymer) batteries are used because it is light. NiMH(Nickel Metal
Hydride) is also possible. [2] They are cheaper, butt heavier than LiPo. LiPo batteries
also have a C rating and a power rating in mAh (which stands for milliamps per
hour). The C rating describes the rate at which power can be drawn from the battery,
and the power rating describes how much power the battery can supply. [3] Larger
batteries weigh more so there is always a tradeoff between flight duration and total
weight.

3.1.4 ESC- Electronic Speed Controller:

The electronic speed controller controls the speed of the motor or tells the motors how
fast to spin at a given time. [3] For a UAV, 4 ESCs are needed, one connected to each
motor. The ESCs are then connected directly to the battery through either a wiring
harness or
power distribution board. Many ESCs
come with a built in battery eliminator
circuit (BEC), which allows to power
things like the flight control board and
radio receiver without connecting them
directly to the battery. [2] Because the motors on a UAV must all spin at

10
 precise speeds to achieve accurate flight, the ESC is very important. This firmware
in a ESC changes the refresh rate of the ESC so the motors get many more
instructions per second from the ESC, thus have greater control over the UAV‟s
behavior. The frequency of the signals also vary a lot, but for a UAV it is preferred
if the controller supports high enough frequency signal, so the motor speed can be
adjusted quick enough for optimal stability

3.1.5 Propellers:
A UAV has four propellers, two “normal” propellers that spin counter- clockwise, and
two “pusher” propellers that spin clockwise to avoid body spinning. [3] By making the
propeller pairs spin in each direction, but also having opposite tilting, all of them will
provide lifting

thrust without spinning in the same

direction. This makes it possible for the copter
to stabilize the yaw rotation, which is the
rotation around itself.

The propellers come in different diameters and

pitches (tilting effect). The larger diameter and
pitch is, the more thrust the propeller can
generate. [2] It also requires more power to
drive it, but it will be able to lift more weight. When
using high RPM (Revolutions per minute) motors, the smaller or mid-sized propellers.
[2] When using low RPM motors the larger propellers can be used as there could be
trouble with the small ones not being able to lift the UAV at low speed.

3.1.6 Radio Transmitter and Receiver :

The radio transmitter and receiver allows to control the UAV. Four channels for a basic
UAV is required .Using a radio with 8 channels, so there is more flexibility is
recommended. UAV can be programmed and controlled in many different ways but the
most common ones are by RC transmitter in either Rate (acrobatic) or Stable mode. [2]
The difference is the way the controller board interprets the orientations feedback
together with the RC transmitter joysticks. In Rate mode only the Gyroscope values are

11
 used to control the UAV. The joysticks on the RC transmitter are then used to control
and set the desired rotation speed of the 3 axes, though if the joysticks are released, it
does not automatically balance again. [3] This is useful when the UAV is required to
do stunts like tilting it a bit to the right. The speed of the 4 motors will be adjusted
automatically and constantly to keep the UAV balanced.

•  Flight Controller:

The flight control board is regarded as the „brain‟ of the UAV. [2] It houses the
sensors such as the gyroscopes and accelerometers that determine how fast each of the
UAV‟s motors spin. Flight control boards range from simple to highly complex. An
affordable, easy to set up, having a strong functionality

3.1.8 Micro Controller and Inertial Measuring Unit:

Sensors connected to a microcontroller to decide on how to control the motors.

Depending on the level of autonomous a UAV should be, one or more such sensors can
be used in combination. The Inertial Measurement Unit or IMU is the electronic sensor
system of the UAV which measures velocity, orientation and gravitational forces of the
UAV. It calculates the orientation of the UAV – the three orientation angles, Roll, Pitch
and Yaw. These angles are then fed into some controlling electronics that uses those
angles to calculate the required changes in the motor speeds. The IMU contains at least
6 sensors, referred to as 6DOF. [3] These sensors should be a 3-axis accelerometer and
a 3-axis gyroscope. Sometimes another sensor, a 3-axis magnetometer, is added for
better Yaw stability

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CHAPTER-4

13
4.1 ADVANTAGES OF A UAV:
The main merit of UAV and similar unmanned aerial vehicles is their small size, due to
which they could traverse in narrow conditions.

The use of drones has tremendously grown in a short span of time owing to the long flying
time in contrast to the manned aircrafts. [6] Without a human pilot, drones can operate for
significantly longer without fatigue than airplanes. Moreover, drone operators can easily
hand off controls of a drone without any operational downtime. They are remote
controlled, so no danger will be there to the crew.

They contain a whole lot of widespread applications, in day to day lives, domestic
purposes and national to international purposes.

Some more of their advantages include:

• Does not require mechanical linkages to change the pitch angle at the blade as it
spins.
• Four small rotors have smaller diameter than one large helicopter rotor.
• Takes less damage to rotors.
• No need for a tail rotor which generates no lift.
• Easier to build four small blades compared to large one.
• Due to ease in construction and control, they are used in amateur model aircrafts
project.
• They can traverse through difficult terrains because of their small size and there
is less risk of damage too.
• They can save lives. [6] They greatly reduce putting military manpower in combat
• They are significantly cheaper and the cost in fuel and maintenance is way lower than
regular airplanes.
• UAV are smaller and are able to fly lower than traditional airplanes and the risk level to
military hardware is comparatively low.
• Drones increase surveillance, reconnaissance, and general military intelligence.

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4.2 Disadvantages of UAV

Though drones possess a lot of advantages there are some concerns which should be thought about.
[6] They include:

1) Drones also contain limitations. For instance, they cannot communicate with civilians for more
detailed intelligence. Drones cannot capture surrendering military personnel, abandoned
hardware, or military bases. They cannot go from door to door (at least till now this facility is
not yet available). [6] Drone warfare causes collateral damages in civilian lives and property,
as well as traditional warfare too.

2) According to civilians drones are viewed as an invasion force. The mere presence of drones has
been known to convert civilians into military combats. Furthermore, when drones cause
collateral damage, such as killing civilians and damaging civilian property, the opinions of
civilians decrease even more so. [6] Additionally, some cultures believe the use of drones as
not brave and cold hearted. As a result, drones are sometimes counterproductive by more
destabilizing some regions.

3) Some drone pilots or operators have difficulty switching between combat mode at work
and civilian mode while not working.
This is especially difficulty when drone pilots have minimal transition periods
between work and personal.
4) The worst scenario is when drones or a fleet of drones have been commandeered or taken
control by the enemy. [6] While security measures help make this possibility more
difficult, it will never be impossible.
5) Exploitation of usage of drones could be done, for instance, spying (to the extent of
harming someone) that infringes privacy and confidentiality.
6) Battery power may be restricted and may require frequent charging.
7) Very limited funds coupled with ambitious design schedule. [6] Greater ambition leads
to more complex calculation and design.

But nevertheless, the advantages of UAV outweigh the disadvantages, and they
are worked upon so that optimum use of drones could be implied.

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4.3 CONCLUSION:
Drones will soon take on be an imperative existence in the coming future. They will be seen
taking up larger roles for a variety of jobs including business in the immediate future They
could become a part of our daily lives, from smallest details like delivering groceries to
changing the way farmers manage their crops to revolutionizing private security, or maybe
even aerial advertising. Today, UAV are capturing news video, recording vacation travel
logs, filming movies, providing disaster relief, surveying real estate and delivering packages.
They are categorized according to their corresponding uses. Some are for military purposes
provided with missiles and bombs, some for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes.
Agriculture is predicted to be the dominant market for UAV operations. In Japan drones are
flown for the past 20 years. Lot of the farmlands over there are on steep hillsides, and those
vehicles can treat an acre in five minutes which is very difficult or even impossible to do so
with a tractor.

The innumerable advantages of drones lead to their growth in a short span of time. They have
a few demerits but those can be rectified. Today most drones are controlled by either
softwares or other computer programs. The components of a drone also vary based on what
type of work needs to be done and how much payload needs to be carried. Outrunners,
batteries, electronic speed controllers all come in different ranges according to the type of
work needed to be done by the UAV.
UAV are a great provisional craft that could get in between airplanes and helicopters and are
hence easier to fly all the time. Beside realtime 3Dflight, such as inverted flight, UAV give a
more acrobatic feel to its flyers. UAV offers to be a great balance between cost , capability,
and performance. The only problem is when funds are coupled with highly ambitious
projects. A solution for this could be to gradually improvise on inventing UAV with new
enhancements and new designs. Hence UAV have an exemplarily bright future. The onus lies
upon us whether we productively use it or destructively use IT.

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4.4 REFERENCES:

Ackerman S (2011) Last call for army’s ‘flying beer keg’ drone. Wired, 1 Dec 2011. http://www.
wired.com/2011/01/last-call-for-armys-flying-beer-keg-drone.
Accessed 26 Aug 2015 Alex D (2015) Over 13,000 Raven SUAVs have been delivered from AeroVironment to a
variety of global operators, making it the most widely used UAV of its kind. MillitaryFactory.com, 2 Feb 2015.
http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=888. Accessed 26 Aug 2015 Atherton K (2013)
Shanghai company claims it delivered cakes with drones. Popsci, 26 July 2013.
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-07/shanghai-cake-company-claimsdrone-delivery.
Accessed 26 Aug 2015 Beckham J (2014) Drones will transform sports photography: once the FAA gets out of
the way. Wired http://www.wired.com/2014/09/drones-will-transform-sports-photographyonce-faagets-
way/.
Accessed 26 Aug 2015 Brands J, Schwanen T (2013) Experiencing and governing safety in the night-time
economy: nurturing the state of being carefree.
Emot Space Soc 11:67–78 Brands J, Schwanen T, van Aalst I (2013) Fear of crime and affective ambiguities in
the nighttime economy. Urban Stud 51(15):1–17 Bürkle A, Segor F, Kollmann M (2011) Towards autonomous
micro UAV: swarms
. J Intell Robot Syst 61(1):339–353 Carmigniani J, Furht B, Anisetti M, Ceravolo P, Damiani E, Ivkovic M (2011)
Augmented reality technologies, systems and applications. Multimedia Tools Appl 51(1):341–377 Caroll R
(2014) US border patrol drone crashes off California coast. The Guardian, 28 Jan 2014.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/28/us-border-patrol-drone-crashes-californiamexico. Accessed
26 Aug 2015 CBS News (2014) Will the FAA allow Hollywood to use drones? CBS News 3 June 2014. http://
www.cbsnews.com/news/faa-considers-drone-use-for-film-and-tv-industries.
Accessed 26 Aug 2015 Clarke R (2014) Understanding the drone epidemic. Comput Law Secur Rev 30:230–246
Custers BHM (2012) Technology in policing: experiences, obstacles and police needs.
Comput Law Secur Rev 28(1):62–68 Custers BHM, Vergouw SJ (2015) Promising policing technologies:
experiences, obstacles and police needs regarding law enforcement technologies.

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