Atomic Structure

ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH- 9844532971
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SESSION -1
AIM
1) To introduce Fundamental particles
2) To introduce Thomson’s and Rutherford Atomic model
3) To introduce terms like atomic number, mass number and isotopes,
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isobars, isotones
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John Dalton coined the term atom. Atom is the fundamental particle of
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matter and considered to be indivisible and indestructible. In fact, the
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atom as the whole is electrically neutral as number of protons in it is
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equal to number of electrons.

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The electron, proton and neutron are the main fundamental particles of
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an atom.
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Discovery of electron – study of Cathode rays:

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J.J. Thomson observed that, when a high voltage is applied between the
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electrodes fitted in discharge tube,at a very low pressure,some invisible radiations

are emitted from the cathode. At this stage wall of the discharge tube near
cathode starts glowing.
Gas at low Discharge tube
Pressure
Faint green glow

Cathode rays
To vacuum pump
Discharge tube experiment – production of cathode rays

Glowing is due to the bombardment of glass wall by the cathode rays. It

may be noted that when the gas pressure in the tube is 1 atm, no
electric current flows through the tube. This is because the gases are poor
conductor of electricity.
Origin of Cathode rays:

Cathode rays are first produced in cathode due to bombardment of the
gas molecules by the high-speed electrons emitted first from the cathode.
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Properties of Cathode rays
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EM
i. Cathode rays travel in straight lines with high speed.
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ii. Cathode rays are made up of material particles.
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iii.Cathode rays carry negative charge,the negatively charged material

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particles constituting the cathode rays are called electrons.

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iv. Cathode rays produce heating effect.

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v. They cause ionization of the gas through which they pass.

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vi. They produce X-rays when they strike against the surface of hard
metals like tungsten, molybdenum etc.
vii.They produce green fluorescence on the glass walls of the discharge
tube exp : zinc sulphide.
viii. They affect the photographic plates.
ix. They possess penetrating effect (i.e., they can easily pass through
thin foils of metals).
x. The nature of the cathode rays does not depend upon the nature of
the gas, taken in the discharge tube and the nature of cathode
material.
xi. For each cathode rays, the ratio of charge (e) to mass (m) is
constant
Discovery of proton – study of Anode rays:
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Goldstein discovered the presence of positive rays.
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He performed discharge tube experiment in which he took perforated
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cathode and a gas at low pressure was kept inside a discharge tube.
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On applying high voltage between electrodes ,new rays were coming from
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the side of anode and passing through the hole in the cathode gives
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fluorescence on the opposite glass wall coated with zinc sulphide.

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These rays were called anode rays or canal rays or positive rays.
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Perforated cathode
H2 gas at low pressure
Anode rays
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 ZnS coating
To vacuum pump
H. V
.
Production of anode rays
Origin of anode or positive rays:

In the discharge tube the atoms of gas lose negatively charged electrons.
These atoms, thus, acquire a positive charge. The positively charged
particle produced from hydrogen gas was called the proton.
H H+(proton)+ e-
Properties of Anode rays:

i) They travel in straight lines. However, their speed is much less than
that of the cathode rays.
ii) They are made up of material particles.
iii) They are positively charged,hence they called as canal rays or
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anode rays.’
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iv) The nature of anode rays depends on the gas taken in the
discharge tube.
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v) For different gases taken in discharge tube the charge to mass
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ratio (e/m) of the positive particles constituting the positive rays is

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different.
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Fundamental particles:
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1) Electron: Electron is a universal constituent discovered by the J.J.

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Thomson.
* Charge: It was determined by Mullikan by oil drop experiment as
-1.602x10-19coulombs or 4.803x10-10 e.s.u.
* Mass:9.11x10-28g (nearly equal to 1/1837th of mass of hydrogen atom).
* Specific charge:e/m ratio is called specific charge & is equal to
1.76x108 coulombs/gm.
* Mass of one mole of electrons: It is 0.55 mg.

* Charge on one mole of electron is 96500 coulombs or 1 faraday.

* Density: 2.17x1017 g/cc.
2. Proton: (+1p0 or 1H1)

* It was discovered by Goldstein.
* Charge:It carries positive charge i.e.1.602 x 10-19coulombs or 4.803x10-10
esu.
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* Mass:1.672x10-24g or 1.672x10-27kg.It is 1837 times heavier than an
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electron.
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* Specific charge (e/m):9.58x104coulomb/gm.
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3. Neutron (0n1)
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* It was discovered by Chadwick by bombarding Be atom with high speed

-particles.
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4Be9 +2 He4 → 6 C12 +0 n1

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* Charge: Charge less or neutral particle.

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* Mass:1.675x10-24 g or 1.675x10-27 kg.

* Density:1.5x1014 g/cm3 and is heavier than proton by 0.18%.
* Specific charge: It is zero.

* Among all the elementary particles neutron is the heaviest and least
stable.
Properties of Electron, Proton and Neutron

Properties Electron Proton Neutron
Discovery J.J.Thomson Goldstein Chadwick
Charge -1.6022x10-19C 1.6022x10-19 C Zero

Mass 9.109x10-31 kg 1.672x10-27 kg 1.675x10-27 kg
Spin ½ ½ ½
Charge -1 +1 0
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Location Outsidethe Inthe nucleus Inthe nucleus
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nucleus
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Classical Models of Atom:
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1)Thomson’s Atomic Model
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According to Thomson, an atom is a sphere of positive charge having a

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number of embedded electrons in it and sufficient enough to neutralize

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the positive charge.This model is compared with a water melon in which

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seeds are embedded or pudding in which raisins are embedded.

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Therefore, this model, sometime called watermelon model or raisin or plum

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pudding model.
Thomson’s model of an atom
Limitation:
This model failed explain the results of scattering experiment of
Rutherford and the stability of atom.
2)Rutherford’s Atomic Model:
Rutherford, performed -ray scattering experiment in which he

bombarded thin foils of metals like gold, silver, platinum or copper with a
beam of fast moving radioactive particles originated from a lead block.
The presence of 𝛼 particles at any point around the thin foil of gold
after striking it was detected with the help of a circular zinc sulphide
screen. The point at which a𝛼 particle strikes this screen, a flash of
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light is given out.
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Observations and Conclusions

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 particles ZnS screen

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Beam of 
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particles + Nucleus
Gold foil (100 nm thickness)
i. Most of the -particles passed through the gold foil without any
deflection from their original path.
Bcz atom has largely empty space as most of the -particles
passed through the foil undeflected.
ii. A few of the alpha particles are deflected fairly at large angles
while some are deflected through small angles.
Bcz there is heavy positive charge at the centre of the atom which
causes repulsions.
The entire mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
iii. A very few -particals are deflected back along their path.
According to Rutherford,
1. Atom is spherical and mostly hollow with a lot of empty space in it.
2. It has a small positively charged part at its centre known as nucleus.
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3. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. The electrons revolve round
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the nucleus with very high speeds in circular paths called orbits.
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4. The number of extra nuclear electrons is equal to the number of units
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of positive charge in the nucleus.Therefore the atom is electrically
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neutral. Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic

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forces of attraction.
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5. Rutherford’s model has resemblances with solar system. Hense also

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known as planetary model of the atom.

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6. There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear

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part. In this part electrons are present. As the nucleus of the atom
is responsible for the mass of the atom, the extra nuclear part is
responsible for its volume.
Drawbacks:
1. According to the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell, when a charged
particle moves under the influence of attractive force it loses energy
continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore an
electron in an orbit will emit radiation.
As a result of this, the electron should lose energy at every turn and
move closer and closer to the nucleus following a spiral path.
The ultimate result is that it will fall into the nucleus thereby making
the atom unstable.
i.eRutherford’s model cannot explain the stability of the atom.
2. If the electrons lose energy continuously, the spectrum is expected to

be continuous but the actual observed spectrum consists of well-defined
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lines of definite frequencies. Here the loss of energy by the electrons
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is not continuous in an atom.
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Atomic number (Z): Atomic number denotes the number of protons or
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the number of electrons in the neutral atom.
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Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom or ion

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= Number of electrons in a neutral atom.

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Mass number (A): The mass number is the total number of protons and
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neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element and indicated

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as A.
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Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom are collectively

known as nucleons. Therefore, the mass number is also known as nucleon
number.
Mass number (A) = Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (n)

The number of neutrons (n) in an atom is equal to the difference
between the mass number and the atomic number.
n=A–Z
Mass Number A
X OR X A
Atomic Number Z Z
Symbol of Element
where X is the symbol for the element with superscript A and subscript Z,
both on the left hand side.
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Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones:
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Isotopes: The atoms of the same element which have the same atomic
number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. EM
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Exp- C12 , 6 C13 , 6 C14 H1, 1H2 , 1H3
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6 1
A
8 O16 , 8 O17 , 8 O18 17 Cl35 , 17 Cl37

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Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons present in the

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nucleus. But they have the same number of protons and electrons.
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Bcz of same number of electrons they show same chemical

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properties.They have different number of neutrons, so they will have

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different masses and hence different physical properties.
Isobars:The atoms of different elements which have the same mass

number but different atomic numbers are called isobars.
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Exp: 18 Ar 40 , 19 K 40 , 20 Ca40 20 𝐶𝑎
They have same number of nucleons. But they are differ chemically
because the chemical characteristics depend upon the number of electrons
which is determined by the atomic number.
Isotones:Isotones are the atoms of different elements which have the same
number of neutrons.
Eg: i. C , N , O (n = 8)
6
14
7
15
8
16
ii. Si , P , S 14
30
15
31
16
32
(n = 16)
Isotones show different physical and chemical properties.
CLASS EXERCISE
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1. The number of neutrons present in K is:
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19
39 19 20
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a) b) c) d) None of these
2. The nucleus of the atom (Z > 1)

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consists of:
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a) Proton and neutron b) Proton and electron
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c) Neutron and electron d) Proton, neutron, electrons

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3. The no, of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to it’s:

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a) Atomic weight b) Atomic number

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c) Equivalent weight d) Electron affinity

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4. The specific charge of the canal rays:

a) Is not constant but changes with gas filled in discharge tube
b) Remains constant irrespective of the nature of gas in discharge tube
c) Is maximum when gas present in discharge tube is hydrogen
d) Is 9.58 x 104 coulombs/g

5. Proton is:
a) Nucleus of deuterium b) Ionized hydrogen molecule
c) Ionized hydrogen atom d) An α-particle
6. According to the Rutherford which statement is correct?

a) Electron revolves in fixed circular path around the nucleus
b) Electron revolves around the nucleus
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c) Electron does not decrease its energy at the time of revolution
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d)Electron obeys law of conservation of momentum at the time of revolution.
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7. Rutherford's scattering experiments led to the discovery of
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a) Nucleus
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b) Presence of neutrons in the nucleus

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c) Both a and b
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d) Revolving nature of electrons around the nucleus

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8. Deflection back of a few particles on hitting thin foil of gold shows

that:
a) Nucleus is heavy b) Nucleus is small c) Both a and b
d) Electrons create hindrances in the movement of α –particles
9. α-particles are represented by

a) Lithium atoms b) Helium nuclei
c) Hydrogen nucleus d) None of the above
HOMEEXERCISE:
1. The species in which one of the fundamental particles is missing is
a) Helium b) Protium c) Deuterium d) Tritium
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2.The discovery of neutron is late because neutron has
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a) +ve charge
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b) –ve charge
c) neutral charge d) lightest particle

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3. Which of the following statements are correct?

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a) Isotopes have same number of protons

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b) Isobars have same nucleon number.

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c) Isobars have same number of protons

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d) Both a and b
4. The charge on electron is calculated by
a) Mullikan b) J J Thomson c) Ruther ford d) Newton
5. J J Thomson Model could able to explain the following?
a) Stability of Atom b) electrical neutrality of atom
c) Stability of nucleus d) all of these

6. The thickness of the gold foil used in Ruther Ford α ray scattering
experiment
a) 0.0004 cm b) 0.0004 m c) 0.0004 mm d) 0.004 cm
7. What is the size of atom predicted by Ruther Ford?
a) 10-13cm b) 10-14cm c) 10-12cm d) 10-8cm
8. If Thomson Model is correct what should be the observation in α-ray
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scattering experiment
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a) All the α-rays should pass through the gold foil EM
b) Only few α-rays should pass through the gold foil
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of α-rays should get reflected back

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c) 98%
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d) Both b & c
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9. Which part of atom is responsible for volume of atom?

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a) Nucleus b) extra nuclear part

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c) protons d) unknown particles

SESSION – 2 AND 3
AIM-To understand nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
Nature of Light (Electromagnetic Radiation): Electromagnetic radiation do
not need any medium for propagation e.g visible, ultra violet, infrared, x-rays, -
rays, radio waves, radiant energy etc.
Two theories were proposed to explain the nature and the propagation of
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light
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i. Corpuscular theory: This theory was proposed by Newton. According to this
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theory light is propagated in the form of invisible small particles. i.e.light
has particle nature. EM
The particle nature of light explained some of the experimental facts such
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as reflection and refraction of light but it failed to explain the
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phenomenon of interference and diffraction.Therefore, was discarded and

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ignored.
ii. Wave theory of light (electromagnetic wave theory): was explained
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by James Clark Maxwell in 1864 to explain and understand the nature of

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electromagnetic radiation.
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Features of this theory are:

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a. The light is a form of electromagnetic radiations.

b. The light
radiations
consist of
electric and
magnetic fields
oscillating
perpendicular Components of radiation
to each other.
iii) The vertical component of wave, ‘E’ indicates the change in the
strength of the electric field and the horizontal component of the
wave ‘H’ indicates the change in the strength of the magnetic field.
iv) These radiation do not require any medium for propagation.
v) The radiations posses wave character and travel with the velocity of
light i.e. 3x108 m/sec because of the above characteristics, the
radiation are called electromagnetic radiations or waves.
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Electromagnetic radiation is explained by following characteristics:
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1. Wave length: EM
The distance between two successive crests, troughs or between any two
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consecutive identical points in the same phase of a wave is called wave
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length.It is denoted by the letter (lambda).

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The wave length is measured in terms of meters (m), centimeters (cm),

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angstrom units (A0) nanometers (nm), picometers (pm) and also in

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millimicrons (m).
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The S.I. unit of wavelength is meter, m

1A0 = 10–10 m or 10–8 cm
1nm = 10–9 m or 10–7 cm = 10A0
1pm = 10–12m or 10–10 cm =10−2 A0
2.Frequency:
The number of waves that pass through a given point in one second is
known as frequency of radiation. It is denoted by the ‘v’(nue).
Crest  Crest
a
a 
Trough Trough
Wave motion of the radiation
SI unit of frequency is per second(s–1) or Hertz (Hz). A cycle is said to

be completed when a wave consisting of a crest and a trough passes
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through a point.
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3.Velocity:
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The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called velocity or
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speed of the wave (C).
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SI unit is meters per second (ms–1).

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C of electromagnetic radiation in vaccum is a constant commonly called

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the speed of light and is denoted by ‘c’.It is equal to 3 × 108ms–1.

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4.Wave number:
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The number of waves that can be present at any time in unit length is called
wave number.
It is denoted by  (nue bar).
It is the reciprocal of wave length.
Wave number = =
1

It is expressed in per centimeter (cm–1) or per meter (m–1).

The SI unit of wave number is m–1.
Wave length, wave number𝝂̅ , frequency 𝝂 and velocity c are related as

𝐜 = 𝛖𝛌
5.Amplitude:
The height of the crest or the depth of the trough of the wave is called
amplitude of the wave. It is denoted by A.
The amplitude determines the strength or intensity or brightness of
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radiation.
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6.Time period:
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It is the time taken by the wave for one complete cycle or vibrations. It EM
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is denoted by T. It is expressed in second per cycle.
C
1
where  = frequency)
A
1
T= (
𝑉 
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Electromagnetic spectrum:
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The arrangement of different types of electromagnetic radiations in the

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order of increasing wavelengths or decreasing frequencies is known as

electromagnetic spectrum.
 increases
 10-16 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-4 10-2 101 106
 decreases
Rays Cosmic - x- Ultra Visible Near Far Micro Radio Long E decreases
rays rays rays violet IR IR wave waves RW
V I B G Y O R
Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

3800 Å 4300 4800 5300 5800 6300 6900 7600 (in Å)
Limitations of Electromagnetic Wave Theory :

Electromagnetic wave theory was successful in explaining the properties of
light such as interference, diffraction etc.
But it could not explain the following:
(i) The phenomenon of black body radiation.
(ii) The photoelectric effect.
(iii) The change heat capacity of solids as a function of T.
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(iv) The line spectra of atoms with special reference to hydrogen.
These phenomena could be explained only if electromagnetic waves are
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supposed to have particle nature. EM
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Black body radiation:
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A
When a radiant energy falls on the surface of a body, a part of it is

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absorbed, a part of it is reflected and the remaining energy is

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transmitted.
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An ideal body is expected to absorb completely the radiant energy

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falling on it is known as a black body. A black body is not only a

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perfect absorber but also a perfect emitter of radiant energy.

A hollow sphere coated inside with a platinum black, which has a small hole
in its wall can act as a near black body.
The radiation emitted by a black body kept at high temperature is
called black body radiation.A black body radiation is the visible glow
that the solid object gives off when heated.
A graph is obtained by plotting the intensity of radiation against wave

length gives the following details.
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1. The nature of radiation depends upon the T of the black body.
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2. If the energy emitted is continuous the curve should be as shown by
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the dotted lines.

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3. At a given temperature the intensity of radiation increases with the

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wave length, reaches maximum and then decreases.

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4. The intensity of radiation is greatest at the medium wave lengths

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and least at highest and lowest wave lengths.
5. As the temperature increases the peak of maximum intensity shifts

towards the shorter wave lengths.
Planck’s quantum theory:

In order to explain black body radiation, Max Planck proposed quantum
theory of radiation.
Postulates
1. The emission of radiation from a body is due to the vibrations of the

charged particles in the body.
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2. The energy is emitted or absorbed by a body discontinuously in the
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form of small packets of energy called quanta. EM
3. The energy of each quantum of light is directly proportional to the frequency
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of the radiation.
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E  or, E = h
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Where ‘h’ is known as Planck’s constant.

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The value of ‘h’, 6.6256 × 10–34 Jsec- or 6.6256 × 10–27ergs sec-

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4. In case of light, the quantum of energy is called a photon.
The total amount of energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be some whole
number multiple of quantum,
E = nh  , where n is an integer such as 1,2,3 . . . . .
This means that a body can emit or absorb energy equal to hv, 2hv, 3hv . .
. . . Or any other integral multiple of h. This is called quantization of
energy.
5. The emitted radiant energy is propagated in the form of waves.
PhotoElectric Effect:
When radiations with certain minimum frequency (ν0) strike the surface of
a metal, the electrons are ejected from the surface of the metal. It is
called photoelectric effect,electrons emitted are called photoelectron.
Incident light
Detector
Metal Surface
Evacuated glass tube
Electrons
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− +
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− +
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Photoelectric effect
For each metal a certain minimum frequency is needed to eject the EM

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electrons called as threshold frequency ( o ) which differs from metal to
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metal.
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K.E. of photoelectron
K.E. of photoelectron
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K. E. constant
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o
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Frequency of absorbed Intensity of Incident

photon radiation
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K.E. as a function of frequency K.E. as a function of intensity
It was explained by Einstein. When light of suitable frequency falls on a

metal surface, the light photon gives its energy to the electron of metal
atom and the electron is ejected from metal surface by absorbing this
energy. The minimum energy of a photon required to eject an electron
from a metal is called work function () of the metal. The remaining
part of the energy (h  - ) of photon is used to increase the kinetic
energy of the ejected electron. If  is the threshold frequency and  , o
the frequency of incident light then

Work function,  = h  . o
 According to Einstein, E = h 
 Kinetic energy of photo electron Ek = E -  = h − ho
CLASS EXERCISE
1. The frequency of a radiation whose wave length is 600 nm is
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a) 3 x 1014 sec-1 b) 4 x 1014 sec-1
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c) 5 x 1014 sec-1 d) 3 x EM
1015 sec-1
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2. The wavelength of light having wave number 4000 cm-1 is
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a) 2.5 μm b) 250 μm c) 25 μm d) 25nm μm

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3. What is the energy of photons that corresponds to a wave number of

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2.5 × 10-5 cm-1?

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a) 2.5 × 10-20 erg b) 5.1 × 10-23 erg

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c) 5.0 × 10-22 erg d) 8.5 × 10-22 erg
4. The frequency of radiation having wave number 10m-1 is:
a) 10s-1 b) 3×107s-1
c) 3×1010s-1 d) 3×109s-1
5. The wavelengths of two photons are 2000Å and 4000Å respectively.

What is the ratio of their energies?
a) 1/4 b) 4 c) 1/2 d) 2
6. In photo electric effect the number of photo electrons emitted is

proportional to
a) Intensity of incident beam b) Frequency of incident beam
c) Velocity of incident beam d) Work function of photo cathode
7. The kinetic energy of the photo electrons does not depend upon
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a) Intensity of incident radiation b) frequency of incident radiation
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c) Wavelength of incident radiation EM
d)wave number of incident radiation
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8. The work function of a metal is 3.1x10-19 J. Which frequency of
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photons will not cause the ejection of electrons?

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a) 5 x 1014 s-1 b) 5 x 1015 kHz

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c) 6 x 1014 s-1 d) 5 x 1012 Hz

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9. The work function of a metal is 4.2 eV. If radiation of 2000 falls on

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the metal, then the kinetic energy of the fastest photo electrons is
a) 1.6 × 10-19 J b) 16 × 1010 J
c) 3.2 × 10-19 J d) 6.4 × 10-10 J
10. A photo electric emitter has a threshold frequency v0. When light of
frequency 2v0 is incident, the speed of photo electrons is V. When light
of frequency 5v0 is incident, the speed of photo electrons will be
a) 4V b) 2V c) 2.5V d)√2.5V
HOME EXERCISE
1. Wave theory failed to explain the following properties
a) diffraction b) interference
c) black body radiation d) all the above
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2. Plank’s quantum theory is explained which of the following properties
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a) quantization b) black body radiation EM
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c) diffraction d) both a & b
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3. The electromagnetic radiation with high energy

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a) radio waves b) X-rays c) Infra-red radiation d) visible light

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4. The atomic transition gives rise to radiation of frequency 104 Hz. The change
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in energy per mole of atoms taking place would be:
a) 3.99 × 10–6J b) 3.99J c) 6.62×10––24J d) 6.62× 10–30J
5. Two electromagnetic radiations having energy ratio 3:2 is falling on metal

surface and producing metallic luster what is the ratio of wave numbers of those
radiation?
a) 1:2 b) 2:3 c) 3:2 d) 9:4
6. The energy of the photons which corresponds to light of frequency
3×1015 sec-1 is
a) 1.9876×10-15 ergs b) 2.9876×10-8 ergs
c) 1.9876×10-10 ergs d) 1.9876×10-11 ergs
7. Find the frequency of light that correspond to photons energy
5.0 x 10-5 erg
a) 2.2x1011 sec-1 b) 7.5x1021 sec-1
c) 4.0 x 10-5 sec-1 d) 4.0 x 104 sec-1
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8. Photoelectric effect shows:
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a) Particle-like behavior of light
b) Wave like behavior of light

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c) Both wave like and particle-like behavior of light behavior of light
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d) none
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9. When the frequency of light incident on a metallic plate is doubled, the KE of the
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emitted photoelectrons will be:

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a) Doubled b) Halved
IV
SR
c) Increased but more than doubles of previous KE d) Unchanged

SESSION - 4
AIM - To introduce Atomic Spectra
ATOMIC SPECTRA
Spectrum is the impression produced on a screen when radiations of a
particular wavelengths areanalyzed through a prism or diffraction
grating. Spectra are broadly classified into two.
Y
(i) Emission Spectrum.
TR
(ii) Absorption Spectrum.
IS
1. EM
Emission Spectrum:When the radiation emitted from some source, e.g.,
H
from the sun or by passing electric discharge through a gas at low
C
pressure or by heating some substance to high temperature etc. is

A
AV
passed directly through the prism and then received on the

photographic plate, the spectrum obtained is called ‘Emission
AT
AS
spectrum’.
The spectrum of a radiation emitted by a substance in its excited state
IV
SR
is an emission spectrum.
Emission Spectrum is of two types:
a) Continuous Spectrum and b) Discontinuous Spectrum

a. Continuous Spectrum:When white light from any source such as sun, a
bulb or any hot glowing body is analyzed by passing through a prism,
it is observed that it splits up into seven differentcolours from violet
to red,(like rainbow), as shown in fig .
7-colours
White light
Beam
•
VIBGYOR
Slit Prism
Photographic
plate
These colors are so continuous that each of them merges into the next.
Hence, the spectrum is called continuous spectrum.
Y
It may be noted that on passing through the prism, red colour with the
TR
longest wavelength is dedicated least while violet colour with shortest
IS
wavelength is deviated the most. EM
H
b. Discontinuous Spectrum:When gases or vapours of a chemical substance
C
are heated in an electricArc or in a Bunsen flame, light is emitted.

A
AV
If the ray of this light is passed through a prism, a line spectrum is

AT
produced.
AS
• A discontinuous spectrum consisting of distinct and well defined lines

IV
with dark areas in between is called line spectrum. It is also called

SR
atomic spectrum.
• The emission spectrum consisting of a series of very closely spaced lines
is called bandspectrum.
Band spectrum is the characteristic of molecules. Hence it is also known
as molecular spectrum. The band spectrum is due to vibrations and
rotations of atoms present in a molecule.
Differences between line and band spectrum

Line spectrum Band spectrum
1. The line spectrum has 1. The band spectrum has
sharp, distinct well many closed lines.
defined lines.
2. The line spectrum is 2. The band spectrum is
the characteristic of characteristic of molecules
atoms and is also called and is also called
Y
atomic spectrum. molecularspectrum.
TR
3. The line spectrum is 3. The band spectrum is due
IS
due to transition of to vibrations androtations of
electrons in an atom. EM
atoms in a molecule
H
C
A
AV
rotations of atoms in a
4. The line spectrum is 4. The band spectrum is given
AT
given by inert gases, by hot metals and

AS
metal vapours and molecular nonmetals.

IV
atomised nonmetals.
SR
2. Absorption spectra: When white light from any source is first passed
through the solution or vapours of a chemical substance and then analysed
by the spectroscope, it is observed that some dark lines are
obtained.Further, it is observed that the dark lines are at the same place
where coloured lines are obtained in the emission spectra for the same
substance.
Difference between emission spectra and absorption spectra
EMISSION SPECTRA ABSORPTION SPECTRA
1. Emission spectrum is 1. Absorption spectrum is obtained

obtained when the when the white light is first passed
radiation from the source through the substance and the
are directly analyses in transmitted light is analyzed in
the spectroscope. the spectroscope.
2. It consists of bright 2. It consists of dark lines in the
coloured lines separated otherwise continuous spectrum.
by dark spaces.
3. Emission spectrum can be 3. Absorption spectrum is always
continuous spectrum (if discontinuous spectrum of dark lines.
Y
source emits white light)
TR
or discontinuous, i.e., line
IS
spectrum if source emits
some coloured radiation. EM
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen:
H
C
When hydrogen gas at low pressure is taken in the discharge tube and
A
the light emitted on passing electric discharge is examined with a

AV
spectroscope,the spectrum obtained is called the emission spectrum of

AT
hydrogen which contain large number of lines which are grouped into
AS
different 5 different series,

IV
• Lyman series,
SR
• Balmer series
• Paschen series
• Brackett series
• Pfund series.
• Humpry series
The wave numbers of all the lines in all the series can be calculated by
the Rydberg equation.
1 1 1
ν̅ = = RZ2 ( 2 − 2 )
λ n1 n2
Where n1 and n2 are whole numbers, n2> n1.
For one electron species like He+, Li2+ and Be3+, the value of R is
109677 cm–1× Z2, where Z is the atomic number of the species.
Y
TR
IS
EM
H
C
Different series of spectral lines in hydrogen emission spectrum

A
AV
Name of the n1 n2 Spectral region

AT
series
Lyman series 1 2,3,4,5,6,7….. Ultraviolet
AS
Balmer series 2 3,4,5,6,7… Visible

IV
Paschen series 3 4,5,6,7…… Near infrared

SR
Brackett series 4 5,6,7…. Infrared

Pfund series 5 6,7…. Far infrared
The wave number for any single electron species like He+, Li2+ and
Be3+ can be calculated from the equation ν̅ = Z2 R H (n12 − n12)
1 2
CLASS EXERCISE
1. Number of spectral lines possible when an electron falls from fifth orbit to
ground state in hydrogen atom is
a) 4 b) 15 c) 10 d) 21
2. Which of the following electronic transitions require the largest amount of

energy?
a) n = 1 to n = 2 b) n = 2 to n = 3
c) n = 3 to n = 4 d) n = 4 to n = 5
Y
3. Which of the following spectral line is associated with a minimum wavelength?
TR
a) n = 5 to n = 1 b) n = 4 to n = 1
IS
c) n = 3 to n =1 d) n = 2 to n =1 EM
4. Of the following transitions in hydrogen atom the one which gives an absorption
H
C
line is lowest frequency is

A
a) n =1 to n=
AV
2 b) n =3 to n =5
AT
c) n =2 to n =1 d) n =5 to n =3
AS
5. The first emission line of Balmer series in H spectrum has wave number equal to
IV
9RH
a) cm−1 b)7RH
cm−1 c)3R4H cm−1 d)5R36H cm−1
SR
400 144
6. If the series limit of wave length of the Lyman series for hydrogen atoms is
0
912A. then the series limit of wave length for the Balmer series of hydrogen
atom is
a) 912Ao b) 2 × 912A° c) 4×912A° d) 912
2
A°
HOMEEXERCISE
1. There are three energy levels in an atom. How many spectral lines are possible
in its emission spectra?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
2. The wave length of second line in the Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum is
equal to (R=Rydberg constant)
a) 36/5R b) 5R/36 c) 3R/16 d) 16/3R
3. When an electron falls from higher orbit to third orbit in hydrogen atom, the spectral
time observed
a) Balmer series b) Lyman series
Y
TR
c) Brackett series d) Paschen series
4. Which of the following electronic transitions require the largest amount of energy?
IS
a) n = 1→n =2 b) n = 2→n = 3 c) n
EM
= 3→n = 4 d) n = 4 →n = 5
H
5. The wave number of the series limiting line for the Lyman series for hydrogen
C
atom is (R = 109678 cm-1).

A
AV
a) 82259 cm-1 b) 109678 cm-1

AT
c) 1.2157 x 10-5 cm d) 9.1176 x 10-6 cm

AS
IV
SR
SESSION – 5 AND 6
AIM-To introduce Bohr’s and Sommerfeld’s Atomic models

To overcome the objections of Rutherford model and to explain the
hydrogen spectrum,Bohr proposed a quantum mechanical model.
POSTULATES OF BOHR’S THEORY
• The electrons revolve round the nucleus with definite velocity in certain
Y
fixed closed circular paths called orbits (or) shells (or) stationary
TR
state. These shells are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4 or termed as K, L, M, N
IS
from the nucleus.
EM
H
C
A
AV
• Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. As long as

AT
an electron is revolving in an orbit it neither loses nor gains energy.

AS
Hence these orbits are called stationary states or stable orbits+

IV
• The centrifugal force of the revolving electron in a stationary orbit

SR
is balanced by the electrostatic attraction between the electron and

the nucleus.
• Electron can revolve only in orbits whose angular momentum are an
integral multiple of the factor h/2 π.
nh
mvr =
2π
Where m = mass of electron,

v = velocity of electron,
r = radius of the orbit and
‘n’ is the integral number like, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . , is called principal

quantum number and h = Planck’s constant
• The energy of an electron changes only when it moves from one orbit
to another. Outer orbits have higher energies while inner orbits have
lower energies.
The energy is absorbed when an electron moves from inner orbit to outer
orbit. The energy is emitted when the electron jumps from outer orbit
to inner orbit.
Y
• The energy emitted or absorbed in a transition is equal to the
TR
difference between the energies of the two orbits (E2 – E1).
IS
EM
Energy emitted or absorbed is in the form of quanta.
E=E2 – E1 = hv
H
C
Here E1 and E2 are the lower and higher allowed energ states.
A
AV
• Expressions for radius of orbit:

AT
Consider an electron of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e–’ revolving round the
AS
nucleus of charge ‘Ze’ in a circular orbit of radius ‘r’.

IV
Let ‘v’ be the tangential velocity of the electron. As per coulomb’s law,
SR
the electrostatic force of attraction between the moving electron

andthenucleus is –Ze2/r.
For the atom to be stable an equal centrifugal force must act away
from the nucleus. This centrifugal force is equal to –mv2/r, where ‘m’ is
the mass of electron and ‘r’ is the radius of the orbit.
In a stationary orbit
–Ze2 −mv2 Ze2
r2
= r
or r
= mv2
𝑛ℎ
As per Bohr’s quantum condition, mvr = 2𝜋
nh 𝑛2 ℎ 2
∴v= 2πmror v2= 4𝜋2 𝑚2 𝑟 2
Substituting the value of v2, we get
Y
Ze2 mn2 h2 n2 h2
TR
or r
=
4π2 m2 r2
or r = 4π2mZe2
IS
n2 h2
Radius for ‘nth’ orbit, rn = 4π2 mZe2 EM
Substituting the standard values, of h, , m and e, we get radius of nth
H
C
0.529×n2
orbit rn = A°
A
Z
AV
For hydrogen, Z=l and n=1 for first orbit,

AT
The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen is 0.529 A0 or 0.0529 nm or

AS
52.9 pm. This value is known as Bohr’s radius. As the value of n

IV
increases, the radius of the orbit will increase.

SR
2 2
In S.I units, rn = 4π2nmKZe
h
2
1
Where,K = 4π∈ (ϵ0 = permitivity of air = 8.854 × 10−12 Farad Metre)
0
• Expression for Energy of electron:

The total energy of electron is the sum of kinetic and potential
1
energies.Kinetic energy due to motion of electron is mv2, where m is the
2
mass of electron and v is its velocity.
1 Ze2 Ze2
K.E =
2
mv2 =
2r
∵ mv 2 =
2r
−Ze2
P.E of electron = 𝑟
Total energy of electron, En = K.E + P.E

Ze2 Ze2 1 Ze2
En= 2r −
r
=−
2 r
Substituting the value of r, we get energy of electron in nth orbit,
Y
−Ze2 4π2 mZe2 −2π2 mZ2 e4
TR
En = 2n2 h2
or En= n2 h2
IS
Substituting the values of m, e, h and𝜋 in the equation, we get
EM
−13.6 ×𝑍 2
En = eV per atom
H
𝑛2
C
−313.6×𝑍 2
or En = k cal mol–1
A
𝑛2
AV
−1312×Z2 –1
or En = kJ mol
AT
n2
−2.18×10−11 𝑍 2
AS
or En = erg per atom

𝑛2
IV
−2.18×10−18 𝑍 2
SR
orEn = j/atom
𝑛2
2π2 mK2 Z2 e4
In S.I units: En = − n2 h2
1
WhereK = 4𝜋𝜖 and 𝜀𝑜 beingpermittivity of air and is equal to 8.854
0
–1
× 10–12 Farad metre
• Derivation of Rydberg equation:

When a gas is subjected to electric discharge or heated by a flame, the
electrons in the ground state of the atom absorb energy and they are
promoted to higher quantum states. As theyare not stable in these

states, they emit energy and return to ground state or any other lower
energy states.If E2 is the energy of the higher energy state, E1 is the
energy of the lower energy state and 𝜈 is the frequency of emitted
radiation E2 – E1 = h𝜈
If the numbers of the higher and lower energy states are n2 and n1
−2π2 mZe4 1
respectively, En2 = h2 . n2
Y
2
TR
−2π2 mZe4 1
En1 = .
n21
IS
h2
En2 − En1 =
−2π2 mZe4
h2
[
1
2 −
n1
EM
1
n22
]
H
En2 − En1
C
But En2 − En1 = hcν̅ and ν̅ =

ch
A
1 −2π2 mZe4 1 1
AV
ν̅ = = [ 2 − ]
λ ch2 n1 n22
AT
This equation is similar to Rydberg equation.

AS
1 1 1
[ν̅ = = R × ( 2 − 2 )]
IV
λ n1 n2
SR
2π2 mZ e4
Rydberg constant R should be equal to R =
ch3
Substituting the values, we get RH= 1,09,681cm-1.This value is almost

equal to Rydberg’s constant 1,09,677 cm–1.
The frequencies of the spectral lines in the hydrogen spectrum calculated
by using Bohr’s equation are in excellent agreement with the
experimental values. This is a concrete proof of the validity of Bohr’s
theory of hydrogen atom.
• Expression for velocity of electron:

As per Bohr’s quantum conditions,
nh nh
mvr = or v =
2π 2πmr
n2 h2
∵r=
4π2 m Ze2
nh 4π2 m Ze2
∴v = ×
2πm n2 h2
Y
TR
2πZe2
v= cms−1
n
IS
Substituting the values of 𝜋, e and h in the above expression
EM
2.18×108 ×𝑍
H
–1
vn= cm s
C
𝑛
A
Thus the velocity of electron in the first orbit of hydrogen atom is

AV
2.18 ×108 cm s–1. As the number of the orbit increases, the velocity of the
AT
electron decreases.
AS
Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum by Bohr’s Theory:

IV
SR
Bohr’s theory successfully explains the origin of lines in hydrogen emission

spectrum. Hydrogen atom has only one electron. It is present in K shell
of the atom (n = 1). When hydrogen gas is subjected to electric
discharge, energy is supplied. The molecules absorb energy and split into
atoms. The electrons in different atoms absorb different amounts of
energies. By the absorption of energy the electrons are excited to
different higher energy levels.
Atoms in the excited state are unstable. Therefore the electrons jump
back into different lower energy states in one or several steps. In each
step the energy is emitted in the form of radiation and is indicated by
a line.
Each line has a definite frequency and thus the emission spectrum of
hydrogen has many spectral lines.
• Lyman series are obtained in UV region, when electron returns to the
Y
ground state from higher energy levels 2, 3, 4, 5 ......... and so on.
TR
• Balmer series are obtained in visible region when electron returns to
IS
second energy level from higher energy levels 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on.
EM
• Paschen series are obtained in near infrared region, when electron
H
returns to third energy level from higher energy levels 4, 5, 6.... And
C
so on.
A
• Brackett series are obtained in mid infrared region when electron

AV
returns to fourth energy level from higher energy levels 5, 6, 7 . . .

AT
and so on.
AS
• Pfund series are obtained in far infrared region when electron returns
IV
to the fifth energy level from higher energy levels 6, 7…….

SR
The maximum number of lines produced when electrons jumps from nth
𝑛(𝑛−1)
level to ground level is equal to, Or ∑(𝑛2 − 𝑛1 )
2
Where, n2 = higher energy level.
n1 = lower energy level.
n = difference in the two energy levels.
Merits and demerits of Bohr’s Atomic model:

1. Bohr’s model explains the stability of the atom. The electron revolving
in a stationary orbit does not lose energy and hence it remains in the
orbit forever.
2. Bohr’s theory successfully explains the atomic spectrum of hydrogen.
3. This theory not only explains hydrogen spectrum but also explains the
spectra of one electron species such as He+, Li2+ and Be3+ etc.
Y
TR
4. The experimentally determined frequencies of spectral lines are in
IS
close agreement with those calculated by Bohr’s theory.
EM
5. The value of Rydberg constant for hydrogen calculated from Bohr’s
H
C
equation tallies with the value determined experimentally.

A
AV
Limitations of Bohr’s model:

AT
1. Bohr’s theory fails to explain the spectra of multielectron atoms.

AS
2. It could not explain the fine structure of atomic spectrum.

IV
SR
3. It does not explain the splitting of spectral lines into a group of finer
lines under the influence of magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) and
electric field (Stark effect).
4. Bohr’s theory predicts definite orbits for revolving electron. It is

against the wave nature of electron.
5. Bohr’s theory is not in agreement with Heisenberg’s uncertainty

principle.
Sommerfeld’s Atomic Model:

It is an extension of Bohr’s model. In this model, the electrons in an atom
revolve around the nuclei in elliptical orbit. The circular path is a special
case of ellipse. Association of elliptical orbits with circular orbits explains
the fine line spectrum of atoms.
Radial Velocity
Tar velocity
•
Y
Avg Velocity
TR
• major axis
focus
Minor axis
IS
n=4,k=4
n=4,k=3
n=4,k=2
•
EM
n=4, k=1, k  0
H
C
A
Sommerfeld’s orbits in hydrogen atom

AV
The main postulates are:

AT
AS
i) The motion of electron in closed circular orbits is influenced by its own

IV
nucleus and is set up into closed elliptical paths of definite energy

SR
levels.
ii) The nucleus is one of the foci for all these orbits.
iii) The angular momentum of electron in closed elliptical paths is also

quantized i.e. k (h/2), where k is another integer except zero.
n length of major axis
iv) The ratio k
=
length of min or axis
suggests for the possible number of
subshells in a shell. Possible values of k for n =4 are 1, 2, 3, 4
respectively. For any given value of n, k cannot be zero as in that case,

the ellipse would degenerate into a straight line passing through the
nucleus. When n = k, path becomes circular.
CLASS EXERCISE
1. The ratio of radius of 2nd and 3rd Bohr orbit is
a) 3:2 b) 9:4 c) 2:3 d) 4:9
2. According to Bohr’s model, the angular momentum of an electron in 4th orbit is
Y
TR
a) h/3 b)h/2 c) 2h/ d) 3h/2
IS
3. The radius of Bohr’s first orbit in hydrogen atom is 0.053nm. The radius of
EM
second orbit of He+ would be
H
C
a) 0.0265 nm b) 0.053 nm c) 0.116 nm d) 0.212 nm

A
AV
4. The minimum energy required to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground state
AT
a) 13.6 eV b) -13.eV c) 3.4 eV d) 10.2 eV

AS
5. The ratio of kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in a Bohr

IV
orbit of a hydrogen atom is

SR
a) 1:2 b) -1:2 c) 1:1 d) -1:1
6. The ratio of potential energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit
of a hydrogen atom is
a) 2:1 b)-1:2 c) 1:1 d) -1:2
7. The ratio of kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit
of a hydrogen atom is
a) 1 : -1 b) -2:1 c) 1:1 d) -1:2

8. In a certain Bohr orbit the total energy is -4.9 eV for this orbit, the kinetic
energy and potential energy are respectively.
a) 9.8 eV, - 4.9 eV b) 4.9 eV, - 98 eV
c) 4.9 eV, - 4.9 eV d) 9.8 eV, - 9.8 eV
9. If speed of electron in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen be ‘x’, then speed of the
electron in second orbit of He+ is:
Y
TR
a) x/2 b) 2x c) x d)4x
IS
10. The ratio of the difference in energy between the first and second Bohr
orbits to that between the second and third Bohr orbit is EM
H
a) 1/2 b) 1/3 c) 4/9 d) 27/5
C
A
AV
AT
HOME EXERCISE
AS
1. Calculate the ratio of the radius of in 3rd energy level of Li+2ion of 2nd
IV
SR
energy level of He+ ion
a)3:2 b)1:2 c)2:3 d)1:1
2. Of the following, which of the statement(s) regarding Bohr’s theory is wrong?
a) Kinetic energy of an electron is half of the magnitude of its potential

energy
b) Kinetic energy of an electron is negative of total energy of electron

c) Energy of electron decreases with increase in the value of the principal

quantum number
d) The ionization energy of H-atom in the first excited state is negative of

one fourth of the energy of an electron in the ground state.
3. If first ionization energy of hydrogen is E, then the ionization energy of He+

would be:
Y
a) E b) 2E c) 0.5E d) 4E
TR
4. The ratio of radii of first orbits of H, He+ and Li2 is:
IS
a) 1:2:3 b) 6:3:2 c) 1:4:9 EM d) 9:4:1
H
5. The angular momentum of an electron in the M shell of H- atom is
C
A
a) 3h /2  b) h/ 2  c) h / d) 2h / 
AV
6. If ionization potential of H-atom is 13.6 eV, the ionization potential of He+ is

AT
AS
a) 54.4 eV b) 6.8eV c)13.6eV d) 27.2eV

IV
7. The ionization energy of H-atom is its ground state is 2.17x10-18J. The

SR
ionization energy of Li+2 in the ground state will be
a) 1.953 x 10-15 J b) 1.953 x 10-16 J
c) 1.953 x 10-17J d) 1.953 x 10-18 J
8. If the value of E = - 78.5 K.cal /mole. The order of the orbit in hydrogen
atom is
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
9. The ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energy required to
remove an electron in the n = 2 state of the hydrogen atom is
a) 3.4 eV b) 6.8 eV c) 13.6 eV d) 27.2 eV
10. The minimum energy (numerical value) required to be supplied to H-atom to

push its electron from 2nd orbit to the 3rd orbit
a) 1.9 eV b) 2.2 eV c) 2.7 eV d) 7.0 eV
Y
TR
IS
EM
H
C
A
AV
AT
AS
IV
SR
SESSION- 7
AIM
1) To introduce de Broglie’s theory
2) To introduce Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle.
DUALNATURE OF MATTER(DE BROGLIE’S WAVE THEORY)
Light exhibits different properties such as diffraction, interference,

photoelectric effect, compton effect, reflection and refraction. The
phenomenon of diffraction and interference can be explained by the
wave nature of the light. But the phenomenon of photoelectric effect
and Compton Effect can be explained by the particle nature of the
light.Thus light has dual nature.DeBroglie proposed that matter like
radiation, should also exhibit dual behaviour.
Y
hc
TR
Einstein’s generalization of Planck’s theory is given as, E = hν =
λ
IS
Einstein’s mass energy relationship is E = mc2 EM
H
Equating above two equations, we get
C
hc h h
= mc2 = mc
A
or or λ = mc
λ λ
AV
Where ‘c’ is the velocity of light. If the velocity of micro particle is ‘v’
AT
h
then, λ=
AS
mV
IV
This is de Broglie’s equation,

SR
Where ‘λ’ is the de Broglie’s wave length, ‘m’ is the mass of the moving
particle and ‘h’ is Planck’s constant.
h
P = mv or λ = .
P
Here 𝜆 signifies wave nature and P signifies particle nature.

This is applicable to microparticles like electron, proton, etc., and not
applicable for macrobodies like cricket ball, bullet etc.
The electron moving with high speed possesses both the particle nature
and the wave nature. The waves associated with material particles are
known as matter waves or particle waves.
The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:
Y
TR
“It is impossible to determine simultaneously and accurately the exact
IS
EM
position and momentum or velocity of a sub-atomic particle like electron in
an atom”.
H
C
One can determine the position of a particle very accurately, and then
A
AV
the determination of its velocity becomes less accurate. Similarly, one can
determine the velocity of a particle very accurately, and then the
AT
determination of its position becomes less accurate. The certainty in one

AS
factor introduces the uncertainty in another factor.

IV
SR
If the uncertainty in the determination of the position of a small particle

is given by Δx and uncertainty in its momentum is Δp, then
ℎ
(Δx) (Δp) ≥
𝑛𝜋
Where n = 1,2,3,4.........
For an electron revolving around the nucleus in an atom the value of n is

nearly 4.
Thus Heisenberg’s principle can also be stated as the product of

uncertainty in position and momentum of an electron like micro particle
moving with high speed cannot be less than h/4.
Heisenberg’s equation can also be written as,
ℎ
(Δx) (Δv) ≥
4𝜋𝑚
Where m is the mass of the particle and Δv is uncertainty in velocity.
Y
If the position of the particle is known exactly (Δx = 0), Δv becomes
TR
infinity (∞) and vice versa. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is not
IS
applicable to those objects which cannot change their position by
EM
themselves when a light falls on them. It is applicable for micro particles
H
like electrons.
C
A
Significance of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:

AV
Like de Broglie equation, although Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

AT
holds good for all objects but it is significance only for microscopic
AS
particles. The reason for this is quite obvious. The energy of the photon is
IV
insufficient to change the position and velocity of bigger bodies when it

SR
collides with them. For example, the light from a torch falling on a
running rat in a dark room, neither change the speed of the rat nor its
direction, i.e., position.
This may be further illustrated with the following examples:
For a particle of mass 1 mg, we have
ℎ 6.625×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠−1
Δx.Δ𝜐 = = = 10−28 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
4𝜋𝑚 4×3.1416×(10−6 𝑘𝑔)
Thus, the product of Δx and Δ𝜐 is extremely small. For particles of mass

greater than 1 mg, the product will still smaller. Hence, these values are
negligible.
For a microscopic particle like an electron, we have
ℎ 6.625×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −1
Δx.Δ𝜐 = = ≈ 10−4 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
4𝜋𝑚 4×3.1416×(9×10−31 𝑘𝑔)
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CLASS EXERCISE
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–
1. A ball of 100g mass is thrown with a velocity of 100ms 1. The wavelength of
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the de Broglie wave associated with the ball is about EM
a) 6.63 × 10–35 m b) 6.63 × 10–30 m
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c) 6.63 × 10–35 cm d) 6.63 × 10–33 m

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2. If kinetic energy of a proton is increased nine times the wavelength of the de-
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Broglie wave associated with it would become

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a) 3 times b) 9 times c) 1/3 times d) 1/9 times

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3. Number of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in the 3rd
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orbit
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
4. The uncertainty in position and velocity of a particle are 10-10m and

5.27x10-24ms-1
respectively. Calculate the mass of mass of the
particle.(h=6.625 10-34 J-s)
5. Calculate the uncertainty in velocity a cricket ball of mass 150g. if the
0
uncertainty in its positionis the order of 1A (h=6.6x10-34kg m2 s-1)
6. In an atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600 m sec-1 with an accuracy

of 0.005% certainty with the position of the electron can be located is:(h=6.6x10-
34kg m2 s-1, mass of electron=9.1 x 10-31kg)
a) 1.52x10-4 m b)5.1x10-3 m c)1.92 x10-3 m d) 3.84 x 10-3
HOME EXERCISE
1. The de Broglie wavelength of 1mg grain of sand blown by a 20ms-1 wind is:
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a) 3.3x10-29 b)3.3x10-21 m c) 3.3  10-49 M d) 3.3  10-42 m
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2. If the kinetic energy of an electron is increased 4 times, the wavelength of
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the Broglie wave EM
associated with it would become:
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1 1
a) 4times b) 2times c) times d) times
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2 4
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3. The momentum of the particle having the wave length of 1Å is

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a) 6.6x 10-19 gram cm/sec b) 6.6 x 1019 gram cm/sec

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c) 6.6 x 1034 gram cm/sec d) 6.6 x 10-34 gram cm/sec

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4. If the uncertainty in the position of an electron is 10-8cm, the uncertainty in

its velocity is
a) 3×108 cm/sec b) 5.8×107 cm/sec
c) 6.625×109 cm/sec d) 7.35 × 10-8 cm/sec
5. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1x10-5 kg-m/s. The
uncertainty in its position will be (h = 6.6x10-34 Joule-sec)
a) 1.05 x 10-28m b) 1.05 x 10-26 m
c) 5.27 x 10-30 m d) 5.25 x 10-28 m

6. The uncertainty in the momentum of an electron is 10-5kg.m/sec. The
uncertainty in its position will be
a) 1.05 x 10-28 m b) 1.05 x 10-26m
c) 5.27 x 10-30m d) 5.25 x 10-25m
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EM
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A
AV
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SESSION –8 AND 9
AIM
1) To introduce wave mechanical model of atom.
2) To introduce Quantum numbers.
3) To understand shapes of orbitals and Probability distribution.

THEORY
Classical mechanics, based on Newton’s laws of motion, was successful in
explaining the motion of macroscopic bodies like falling stones or motion of
planets around the sun etc. But it failed when applied to microscopic
particles like electrons, atoms, molecules etc.Hence new branch introduced
called as ‘Quantum mechanics’.
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Schrodinger Wave Equation:
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Quantum mechanics, as developed by Erwin Schrodinger is based on the
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wave motionassociated with the particles. The Schrodinger differential
H
wave equation is given by
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A
∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ 8π2 m
+ + + (E − V)ψ
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∂x2 ∂z2 ∂y2 h2

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Here x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates of the electron

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m = mass of electron
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h = Planck’s constant
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E = total energy of the electron (KE + PE)

V = potential energy of the electron (PE)
ψ= wave function of the electron.
Significance of ψ:ψ is the wave function. It gives the amplitude of the

electron wave.
The intensity of light is proportional to the square of amplitude

(ψ2).Just as 𝛙2 indicates the densityof photons in space, 𝛙2 in case of
electron wave denotes the probability of finding an electron in the space
or probability of finding the electron is also maximum.
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Quantum numbers:
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The behaviour of an electron in an atom is described mathematically by
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a wave function or orbital.They are principal quantum number, azimuthal
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quantum number,magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number.
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‘Set of numbers used to describe energy,size,shape of orbitals in an

A
atom’ called as quantum numbers.

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1.Principal quantum number(n):

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• ‘n’ can be any whole number value such as 1,2,3,4, etc.The energy
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shells corresponding to these numbers are K, L, M, N, etc.

• Principal Quantum no. indicates the main energy level to which the
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electron belongs. It also indicates the average distance of an electron

from nucleus and also the speed of the atomic electron.
• As the ‘n’ value increases the distance of electron from the nucleus
increases and its energy also increases.
• The maximum no. of electrons that can be present in an orbit is given
by 2𝑛2. The maximum no. of electron in K, L, M, and N shells are
2,8,18 and 32 respectively.
2
• The radius of the orbit is given by the expression: rn =0.529×𝑛
𝑍
Ao.
• The energy of the electron/orbit is given by the expression.
−13.6×𝑍 2
En= cm/sec
𝑛
2.18×108 ×𝑍
• The velocity of the electron is given by the expression. V n=
𝑛
cm
/sec.
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number:
• Azimuthal Quantum number was introduced by Sommerfeld’s to explain
the fine spectrum.
• It is also called as secondary quantum no. or orbital angular momentum
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quantum number or subsidiary quantum number.
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• It is denoted by l.
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• ‘l’ can have the values from 0 to (n-1), a total of ‘n’ values. ‘l’
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values 0,1,2,3 indicates s,p,d,f. s,p,d and f are spectroscope terms which
indicates sharp. Principle, diffuse and fundamental respectively.
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• Azimuthal Quantum number indicates the sub-shell to which the electron

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belongs. It also determines the shapes of the orbital in which the

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electron is present.
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• Each main energy shell can have ‘n’ number of sub-shells.

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n l
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1 0 (1s)
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2 0 (2s), 1 (2p)
3 0 (3s), 1 (3p), 2(3d)
• The orbital angular

4
(L) of an electron is given by the
0 (4s), 1(4p), 2(4d), 3(4f)
momentum
ℎ
expression: L = √𝑙(𝑙 + 1)
2𝜋
3. Magnetic Quantum number:

• Magnetic quantum number was introduced by Lande to explain
Zeeman Effect.
• It is denoted by m or ml.
• This quantum number refers to different orientations of electron could

in a particular subshell. These orientations are called the orbitals.
• An electron due to its orbital motion around the nucleus generates an electric
.This electric field in turn produces a magnetic field which can interact with
the external magnetic field. Thus, under the influence of the external
magnetic field, the electrons of a subshell can orient themselves in certain
preferred regions of space around the nucleus called orbitals. The magnetic
quantum number determines the number of preferred orientations of the
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electron present in a subshell.
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Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, therefore, the magnetic
EM
quantum number determines the number of orbitals present in any subshell.
• ‘m’ can have values from – 𝑙 to +𝑙 including zero, a total (2 𝑙+1) values.
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Subshell 𝒍 m values No. of orientations

(Orbitals)
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s 0 0 1
p 1 -1, 0, +1 3
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d 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5

F 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, 7
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+3
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• When l = 0, m has only one value, m = 0. The sub-level‘s’ has one

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orbital called s orbital.

• When l =1, m can have 3 values m = –1, 0, +1. The sub-level ‘p’ has
three space orientations or three orbitals. The three orbitals are
designated as px, py and pz.
• When l = 2, m can have 5 values m = –2,–1, 0, +1, +2. The sub-level
‘d’ has five space orientations or five orbitals. The five orbitals are
designated as dxy, dyz, dzx, dx2−y2 and dz2 .
• When l = 3, m can have 7 values m = –3,–2,–1,0,+1,+2,+3. The sub-

level ‘f’ has seven space orientations or seven orbitals.
The magnetic quantum number gives orientation of orbitals in space.
All the orbitals present in a sublevel have same energy and shape.
They are called ‘degenerate orbitals’, which differ in their spatial
orientation.
• Each value of ‘m’ constitutes an orbital in the sublevel.
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• Maximum no. of electrons in subshell : 2(2𝑙+1) or (4 𝑙+2).
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4. Spin Quantum Number:
EM
• Spin Quantum number was proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.
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• It is denoted by ‘s’ or ‘ms’.
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• It indicates the direction of spinning of electron present in any

A
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orbital.
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• Since the electron in an orbital can spin either in the clockwise

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direction or in anti-clockwise direction, hence for a given value of m,

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s can have only two values, i.e., +1/2 and -1/2 or these are very often
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represented by two arrows pointing in the opposite direction, i.e.,↑and

↓.
If an orbital contains two electrons, the two magnetic moments oppose
and cancel each other.
Thus, in an atom, if all the orbitals are fully filled, net magnetic
moment is zero and the substance is diamagnetic (i.e., repelled by
the external magnetic field). However, if some half-filled orbitals are
present, the substance has a net magnetic moment and is
paramagnetic (i.e., attracted by the external magnetic field).
• The spin angular momentum (𝜇s) of an electron is given by

h
μs = √s(s + 1)
2π
Atomic Orbital:
The three dimensional space around the nucleus where the probability of
finding the electron is maximum is called an atomic orbital.
Differences between orbit and orbital:
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Orbit Orbital
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1. n orbit is a well-defined circular 1. An orbital is the region of space
path aroundthe around the nucleus where
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theprobability of finding the
1. EM
electron is maximum (95%)
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An orbital is the region of space
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around the
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around the nucleus in which the

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electronrevolves.
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2. An orbit represents the movement of 2. An orbital represents the movement

electron in one plane. of electron in three dimensional
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spaces.
3. An orbit means the position as well 3. In an orbital it is not possible to
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as thevelocity of the electron can find theposition as well as velocity

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be known with Certainty. of the electroncan be known with

certainty.
4. Orbits are circular or elliptical 4. They have different shapes like
shaped. spherical,dumbbell etc
Orbitals have different shapes. s-

orbital isSpherical and p orbital is
dumb bell shaped.
5. Orbits do not have directional 5. Except ‘s’ orbitals, all other
characteristics. orbitals have directional
characteristics
6. An orbit can have a maximum 6. An orbital can accommodate a

number of2n2 electrons. maximumof only two electrons.
Node- The three dimensional space around the nucleus where the
probability of finding the electron is minimum or zero.
y
z
Nucleus
node
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x
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(2s)
(1s)
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Types of Nodes:
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Nodes are of two types: a) Radial Node b) Angular Node

A
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A radial node is the spherical region around then nucleus, where the
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probability if finding the electron is zero (Ψ2 = 0).

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Similarly,nodal plane(angular plane) have zero probability of finding

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electron.
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Calculation of no. of nodes:

No. of Radial nodes = n−𝑙 − 1
No. of angular nodes = 𝑙
Total no. of nodes = n-1

Ex: In a 3p -orbital
No. of Radial nodes = 3-1-1 = 1
No. of angular nodes =1
Total no. of nodes = 2.
Shapes of Orbitals:
• s –Orbitals: s- Orbital can accommodate electrons with l = 0 and
these orbitals are present in every orbit starting from 1st orbit.
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Orbital in which e-s with n=1 , l =0 are present is called 1s - orbital.
EM
All s-orbitals are spherical in shape and the size of sphere increases with
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‘n’ value. s - Orbitals are spherically symmetrical because the probability

A
of finding the electron around the nucleus is same in all directions.

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• p – Orbitals:
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p- Sublevel begins from 2nd orbit. For p - sublevel l = 1, indicates that

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each p - sub level contains three orbitals with ‘m’ values –1, 0, +1.
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These are designated as px, py and pz, depending on the axis in which
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electron density is present.
In px-orbital, electron density is concentrated along the x-axis.

p-Orbitals have dumb-bell shape. Each p -orbital has two lobes separated
by one nodal plane. The probability density function is zero on the plane
where the two lobes touch each other. The nodal planes for px, py and
pz - orbitals are YZ, ZX and XY - planes respectively.
The three orbitals present in a given p - sublevel will have same shape,
size and energy but different orientations (differ in m value). These
three orbitals are perpendicular to each other and the angle between
any two p - orbitals is 90o.
• d - Orbitals:begins from 3rd orbit (n = 3). For d- sub level l= 2,
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indicates that each d - sublevel contains five orbitals with ‘m’ values
–2, –1, 0, +1, +2. These are designated as dxy,dyz,dzx, 𝑑𝑥 2−𝑦2 and d𝑧 2 .
IS
EM
All the d-orbitals (except d𝑧 ) have double dumb-bell shape. Each d-
2
H
orbital has four lobes separated by two nodal planes.
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In case of dxy, dyz and dzxorbitals, lobes are present in between the
A
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corresponding axes. i.e.,between x and yaxis in case of dxy orbital.

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Whereasin d𝑥 2−𝑦2 and d𝑧 2

orbitals lobes are present along the axes. dxy
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Orbital contains yz and zx as nodal planes. dyz and dzx contain

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(xy,zx) and (xy,yz) planes respectively. d𝑥2−𝑦2 orbitalcontains two nodal

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planes perpendicular to each other and which make an angle of 45o with
respect to x and y axes. 𝑑𝑧 2 orbital does not contain nodal planes.
5 dorbitals present in a given d- sublevel will have same energy in the
ground state.
CLASS EXERCISE
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1. If the above radial probability curve indicates ‘2s’ orbital, the distance
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between the peak points X.Y is:
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EM
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a) 2.07Å b) 1.59Å c) 0.53Å d) 1.1Å

A
2. The wave function curve which crosses ‘x’ axis maximum number of times in the
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graph drawn between distance from nucleus r(on x axis) and radial wave function
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R(ψr).
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a)4d b)4p c)4s d)4f

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3. The number of nodal planes is greatest for the orbital:

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a) 4s b) 2p c) 3d d) 2s
4. The radial distribution curve of the orbital with double dumbbell shape in the
4th principle shell consists of ‘n’ nodes, n is
a) 2 b) 0 c)1 d) 3
5. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers represents as impossible

arrangements?
n l m s
a) 3 2 –2 ½
b) 4 0 0 ½
c) 3 2 –3 ½
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d) 5 3 0 –1/2.
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6. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of
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rubidium (Z = 37) is
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5, 0, 0, +1 1
a) b) 5, 1, 0, + c) 5, 1, 1, + 1 d) 6, 0, 0, + 1
H
2 2 2 2
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7. The maximum number of electrons in an orbital having same spin quantum

A
AV
number will be:

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a) l + 2 b) 2l + 1 c) l(l + 1) d) √l(l + 1)
8. The four quantum number of last electron of an atom are 4, 0, 0, +

1
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then
2
atomic number of that element could be
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a) 19 b) 55 c) 36 d) 37
9. The number of atomic orbitals with quantum numbers n = 3, l = 1, m = 0
a) 1 b) 6 c) 3 d) 5
10. The number of electrons that can have n =4 and l =3 is

a) 10 b) 14 c) 6 d) 5
HOME EXERCISE
1. Which of the following can be negative?
a) 4πr2ψ2 b) 4πr2ψ2dr c) ψ d) ψ2
2. The quantum number not obtained from the Schrodinger’s wave equation is
a) n b) l c) m d) s
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3. Maxima’s in Radial probability distribution curve of 2s is
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a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
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EM
4. In which of following case would the probability of finding an electron in
H
dxyorbital be zero?
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a) Xy and yz plane b) xy and planes

A
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c) xz and yz planes d) z-direction, yz and xz planes

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5. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the

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a) Size of the orbital b) spin angular momentum

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c) Orbital angular momentum d) orientation of the orbital in space

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6. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:

1 h h h
a) . b) zero c) d) 2.
2 2 2 2
7. What will be all 4-Sets of Quantum Number for last electron of sodium?
a) n =3 l =0 m =0 s = +1/2
b) n = 3 l =1 m=1 s = +1/2
c) n = 2 l =0 m=0 s = +1/2
d) n =2 l =1 m=1 s = +1/2
8. p - orbitals of an atom in presence of magnetic field are:

a) Threefold degenerate b) Two fold degenerate
c) Non-degenerate d) none of these
9. The quantum number that is no way related to an orbital
a) principal b) azimuthal c) magnetic d) spin
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10. Which one of the following set of quantum number is not possible for a
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4pelectron?
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a) n = 4 l = 1, m= +1 s =+
1
2
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b) n= 4 l = 1 m= 0 s= + 1
2
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c) n= 4, l= 0, m= 2, s= + 1
d) n= 4, l = 1, m = 1, s =- 1
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2 2
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SESSION – 10
AIM-To introduce Electronic Configuration
ENERGY OF ORBITALS
The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is determined only by the
principal quantum number. Within a shell, all hydrogen orbitals havethe
same energy, independent of the other quantum numbers.
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f
Although the shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals are different, an electron has

the same energy when it is in 2s orbital or 2p orbital. The energy of an
electron in a multielectron atom depends, not only on its principal
quantum number, but also on its azimuthal quantum number. The s, p, d
and f orbitals within a given shell have slightly different energies in a
multi electron atom.
Electronic configuration of multi electron atoms:
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TR
The distribution and arrangement of electrons in the main shells, subshells
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and orbitals of an atom is called electronic configuration of the element.
EM
• Aufbau Principle:
H
“In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of
C
their increasing energies”.

A
AV
In other words electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to
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them and enter into higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy
AS
orbitals are filled.

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The relative energy of an orbital is given by

SR
(n +l )rule. As(n+l) value increases, the energy of orbital increases.

• The orbital with the lowest (n + l) value is filled first.
• When two or more orbitals have the same (n +l) value, the one with
the lowest ‘n’ value (or) highest ‘l ’ value is preferred in filling.
Exp-Consider two orbitals 3d and 4s.
n+l value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5 and of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4. Since 4s has
lowest(n +l) value, it is filled first before filling taking place in 3d.
Consider the orbitals 3d, 4p and 5s

The (n + l) value of 3d =3+2=5
The (n +l) value of 4p =4+1=5
The (n +l) value of 5s =5+0=5
These three values are same. Since the ‘n’ value is lower to 3d orbitals,
the electrons prefer to enter in 3d, then 4p and 5s.
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TR
The order of increasing energy of atomic orbitals is:
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1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s and so on.
EM
The sequence in which the electrons occupy various orbitals can be easily
H
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remembered with the help of Moeller’s diagram as shown in Fig

A
AV
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AS
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SR
• Pauli’s Exclusion principle:stated as “No two electrons in an atom

can have the same set of values for all the four quantum numbers”.This
means that two electrons in an orbital may have the same n, same l
and same m but differ in spin quantum number. In an orbital if one
electron has clockwise spin, the other has anticlockwise spin. It follows
that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite

spins.
Exp- helium atom has two electrons in its 1s orbital. Quantum numbers for
first electron are n =1, l = 0, m =0 and s = +1/2. Quantum numbers
for second electron are:
n =1, l = 0, m =0, s = –1/2.
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The two electrons have the same value for n, same value for l and same
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value for m but differ in s.
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• Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity:
EM
H
According to this rule, when electrons are filled in degenerate orbitals of
C
A
a subshell, pairing of an electron takes place only when each orbital of

AV
the subshell is filled with one electron each.It can be also stated that, in
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ground state of an atom, the configuration which has more number of

AS
unpaired electrons is most stable.

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Thus in s, p, d and f subshells, pairing starts from 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th
SR
electrons respectively.
Ex: Electronic configuration of N (7) is 1s2 2s2 2p3.
The electrons in 2p subshell are occupied sing ally. i.e., 1s2 2s2 2𝑝𝑥1 2𝑝𝑦1 2𝑝𝑧1
Electronic configuration of elements from 1 to 30

1 H 1s1 1s1
2 He 1s2 1s2
3 Li 1s2 2s1 [He] 2s1
4 Be 1s2 2s2 [He] 2s2

5 B 1s2 2s2 2p1 [He] 2s2 2p1
6 C 1s2 2s2 2p2 [He] 2s2 2p2
7 N 1s2 2s2 2p3 [He] 2s2 2p3
8 O 1s2 2s2 2p4 [He] 2s2 2p4
9 F 1s2 2s2 2p5 [He] 2s2 2p5
10 Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6 [He] 2s2 2p6
11 Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 [Ne] 3s1
12 Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 [Ne] 3s2
13 Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p1
14 Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p2
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15 P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p3
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16 S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 [Ne]3s2 3p4
17 Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p5
IS
18 Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
19
20
K
Ca
EM
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
[Ar] 4s1
[Ar] 4s2
21 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 [Ar] 3d1 4s2
H
Sc
22 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2
C
Ti
23 V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2
A
24 Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 [Ar] 3d5 4s1
AV
25 Mn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s2
26 Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2
AT
27 Co 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2
AS
28 Ni 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2
29 Cu 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 [Ar] 3d10 4s1
IV
30 Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2
SR
Stability of atoms
Extra stability is associated with atoms in which degenerate orbitals are
either half-filled or completely filled due to
(1) Symmetrical distribution of electrons
(2)Exchange energy. Greater the exchange energy greater is the
stability.
The presence of half-filled and completely filled degenerate orbitals

gives greater stability to atoms.
It is for this reason the electronic configurations of Cr and Cu are
represented as [Ar] 4s1 3d5 and [Ar] 4s1 3d10 respectively.
CLASS EXERCISE
Y
1. When 3d-orbital is complete, the newly entering electron goes into:
TR
a) 4f b) 4s c) 4p d) 4d
IS
2. An electron will have the highest energy in the set: EM
H
a)3, 2, 1, ½ b)4, 2, –1, 1/2 c)4, 1, 0, –1/2 d) 5, 0, 0, ½
C
3. Which has minimum number of unpaired d-electrons?

A
AV
a) Fe 3+ b) Co 3+ c) Co 2+ d) Mn 3+
AT
4. Which of the following is violation of Pauli’s exclusion principle?

AS
2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p
IV
a) b) c) d)
SR
5. The number of electrons in M shell of an element with atomic number 24 is

a) 24 b) 12 c) 13 d) 8
HOME EXERCISE
1. The maximum number of unpaired electrons present in 4 f-energy level
is:
a) 5 b) 7 c) 10 d) 6
2. The number of unpaired electrons in fluorine atom is:

a) 7 b) 5 c) 1 d) 2
3. Which set has the same number of unpaired electrons in their ground
state?
b) Na, P, Cl c)Na + , Mg 2+ , Al
–
a) N, P, V d)Cl ,Fe 3+ ,Cr 3+
4. In which of the following electron distributions in ground state, only the Hund’s
Y
rule is violated
TR
2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p
a) b) c) d)
IS
EM
5. Electronic configuration of Ni is [Ar] 3 d 8 , 4 s 2 . The electronic
H
configuration of next element is:
C
a) [Ar] 3 d 10 , 4 s 1 b) [Ar] 3 d 9 , 4 s 2
A
AV
c) Ar] 3 d 8 , 4 s 2 , 4 p 1 d) none of these

AT
AS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
IV
SR
1. A body of mass x kg is moving with a velocity of 100ms −1 . Its de-Broglie wavelength is 6.62 × 10−35m.
Hence, x is (h = 6.62 × 10−34 Js)
a) 0.1 kg b) 0.25 kg
c) 0.15 kg d) 0.2 kg
Sol.: h
λ=
mv
6.62 × 10−34
=
6.62 × 10−35 × 100
= 0.1 kg
2. The relationship between the energy E1 of the radiation with a wavelength 8000Å and the energy E2 of the
radiation with a wavelength 16000Å is
a) E1 = 6E2 b) E1 = 2E2
c) E1 = 4E2 d) E1 = 1/2E2
Sol.: E = , h and c for both causes are same so,
hc
λ
E1 λ2 16000
= =
E2 λ1 8000
E1 = 2E2
3. Which of the following reaction led to the discovery of neutrons?
a) 6 C16 + 1 p1 → 7 N14 + 0 n1 b) 4 Be9 + 2 He4 → 6 C12 + 0 n1
c) 5 B11 + 1 D2 → 6 C11 + 0 n1 d) 4 Be8 + 2 He4 → 6 C11 + 0 n1
4. If the following particles travel with equal speed, then for which particle the wavelength will be longest?
a) Proton b) Neutron
c) α-particle d) β-particle
Sol.: λ = h
.
mu
5. The wave nature of electron is verified by
a) De-Broglie b) Davisson and Germer
c) Rutherford d) All of these
6. The correct designation of an electron with n = 4, l = 3, m = 2, and s = 1/2 is:
a) 3d b) 4f
c) 5p d) 6s
Y
Sol.: n = 4, l = 3, means 4f, since l = 3 for f-subshell.
TR
7. Total number of orientations of sublevel in nth orbit is:
a) 2n b) 2l + 1
IS
c) n 2 d) 2n2
Sol.: No. of subshells in a shell = n . 2
8. EM
The electronic configuration of an atom is 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p3 . The number of unpaired electrons in this atom is:
a) 1 b) Zero
H
c) 3 d) 5
Sol.: All the three electrons in p are unpaired.
C
9. If r is the radius of first orbit, the radius of nth orbit of the H atom will be
A
a) rn2 b) rn
AV
r
c) d) r 2 n2
n
10. The magnitude of the spin angular momentum of an electron is given by
AT
h h
a) S = √s(s + 1) b) S = s
2π 2π
AS
3 h d) None of these
c) S = ×
2 2π
11. The quantum number that is in no way related to other quantum number is:
IV
a) L b) s
SR
c) n d) m
Sol.: s can have only two values +1/2 and −1/2.
12. The incorrect statement about Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom is
2
h2 b) KE of electron = PE of electron
a) r = n e 2
4π2 m (4πε )
0
2 e2
2 d) None of the above is incorrect
c) 1 2π m (4πε0 )
E=− 2
n h2
Sol.: In Bohr orbit,
1 Zke2
KE of e− = 2 rn
Zke 2
PE of e− = r
n
1
Thus, KE= − 2 PE
13. When the speed of electron increase, the specific charge:
a) Decreases b) Increases
c) Remains same d) None of these
Sol.: me (in rest)
me = ;
√1 − (v/c)2
The mass of moving electron increase with increase in velocity and thus e/m decreases
14. The energies E1 and E2 of two radiations are 25 eV and 50 eV respectively. The relation between their
wavelengths i. e. λ1 and λ2 will be:
1
a) λ1 = λ2 b) λ1 = λ2
2
c) λ1 = 2λ2 d) λ1 = 4λ2
Sol.: hc hc
E1 = and E2 =
λ1 λ2
E1 λ2
∴ =
E2 λ1
25 λ2
=
50 λ1
∴ λ1 = 2λ2
Y
15. Which set has the same number of unpaired electrons in their ground state?
TR
a) N, P, V b) Na, P, Cl
c) Na , Mg , Al
+ 2+ d) Cl− , Fe3+ , Cr 3+
IS
Ans. A
Sol.: N and P have 3 unpaired electrons in 2p and 3p respectively; V has 3 unpaired electrons in 3d .
16. Possible values of ′m′ for a given value of n are: EM
a) n2 b) 2l + 1
H
c) N d) 2l
C
Sol.: The total values of m for n = 2 are four.

17. Non-directional orbital is
A
a) 4p b) 4d
AV
c) 4f d) 3s
Sol.: s-subshell has only one orbital and that is spherical, hence, s-orbitals are non-directional.
AT
18. Positive charge in an atom is:

a) Scattered all over the atom b) Concentrated in the nucleus
AS
c) Revolving around the nucleus d) None is true

Sol.: All the protons carrying +ve charge are present in nucleus.
19. The species having more electrons than neutrons is:
IV
a) F b) Na+
SR
c) O 2− d) Mg 2+
Sol.: O2− has 10 electrons but 8 neutrons ( 8 O16 ).
20. Compared to the mass of lightest nuclei, the mass of an electron is only (app.)
a) 1/80 b) 1/800
c) 1/1800 d) 1/2800
Sol.: The mass of electron = 1
(mass of lightest nuclei)
1837
1
or approximately 1800
21. An atom emits energy equal to 4 × 10−12 erg. To which part of electromagnetic spectrum it belongs?
a) UV region b) Visible region
c) IR region d) Microwave region
Sol.: Find λ from E = hc ; It comes out to be 4965 Å, which represents visible region (i. e., in between 3800 −
λ
7600 Å).
22. The number of photons emitted per second by a 60 W source of monochromatic light of wavelength 663
nm is (h = 6.63 × 10−34 Js)
a) 4 × 10−20 b) 1.54 × 1020
c) 3 × 10−20 d) 2 × 1020
Sol.: nhc
Energy, E =
λ
n × 6.63 × 10−34 Js × 3 × 108 m energy
⟹ 60 × 1Js = −9 [∵ Power = ]
663 × 10 m time
60 × 1 × 663 × 10−9
∴ n=
6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= 2 × 1020
23. The energy of an electron in first Bohr orbit of H-atom is −13. 6 eV. The possible energy value of electron
in the excited state of Li2+ is
a) −122.4 eV b) 30.6 eV
c) −30.6 eV d) 13.6 eV
Sol.: E1
En = 2 × Z 2
n
−13.6
= × 9 = −30.6 eV
Y
4
TR
(for the excited state, n = 2 and for Li2+ ion, Z = 3)
24. The Bohr′s energy equation for H atom reveals that the energy level of a shell is given by E = −13.58/n2 eV.
IS
The smallest amount that an H-atom will absorb, if in ground state is:
a) 1.0 eV b) 3.39 eV
Sol.:
c) 6.79 eV EM
d) 10.19 eV
The smallest value that an electron in H atom in ground state can absorb.
= E2 − E1
H
−13.58 −13.58
C
= −( ) d = 10.19
4 12
25. An atom having even number of electrons may be:
A
a) Diamagnetic b) Paramagnetic
AV
c) Diamagnetic or paramagnetic d) None of the above

Sol.: 6 C 12
has six electrons, two of them are unpaired and thus, paramagnetic 12 Mg 24 has twelve electrons, all
AT
are paired and thus, diamagnetic.

26. Which statement is not correct in case of isotopes of chlorine 17 Cl35 and 17 Cl37?
AS
a) Both have same atomic number b) Both have the same number of electrons
c) Both have same number of neutrons d) Both have same number of protons
IV
Sol.: Isotopes of an element have different number of neutrons.

27. The difference between ions and atoms is of:
SR
a) Relative size b) Configuration

c) Presence of charge d) All of these
Sol.: Ions have charge, different size and configuration than atom.
28. Ca2 is isoelectronic with
a) Na b) Ar
c) Mg 2 d) Kr
Sol.: 2+
Ca (2, 8, 8) and Ar (2, 8, 8) contains equal number (18) of electrons, hence they are isoelectronic.
29. The orbital angular momentum for an electron revolving in an orbit is h √l(l + 1). Thus momentum for a s-
2π
electron is:
h h
a) b) √2 ∙
2π 2π
1 h d) Zero
c) ∙
2 2π
Sol.: For s-orbital l = 0.
30. The electrons occupying the same orbital have always spin:
a) Paired b) Unpaired
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
Sol.: The spins of electron in an orbital may be ±1/2 only.
31. For which of the following, the radius will be same as for hydrogen atom having n = 1?
a) He+ , n = 2 b) Li2+ , n = 2
c) Be , n = 2
3+ d) Li2+ , n = 3
Sol.: 3+
r1 H
r2 Be = × 22
4
rn H
(∵ r2 H = r1 H × 22 and rn Be3+ = )
n
32. The uncertainty in the momentum of an electron is 1.0 × 10−5 kg ms−1. The uncertainty in its position will
be
a) 1.50 × 10−28 m b) 1.05 × 10−26 m
c) 5.27 × 10−30 m d) 5.25 × 10−28 m
Sol.: h
∆x × ∆p ≥
4π
Y
where, ∆x =uncertainty in position.
TR
∆p=uncertainty in momentum.
= 1.0 × 10−5 kg ms−1
IS
6.62 × 10−34
∴ ∆x × 1.0 × 10−5 ≥
4 × 3.14
∆x ≥
6.62 × 10−34
4 × 3.14 × 1.0 × 10−5
EM
≥ 5.27 × 10−30 m
H
33. Size of the nucleus is:
C
a) 10−15 cm b) 10−13 cm
A
c) 10−10 cm d) 10−8 cm
34. In the discharge tube emission of cathode rays requires:
AV
a) Low potential and low pressure b) Low potential and high pressure
c) High potential and high pressure d) High potential and low pressure
AT
Sol.: These are required conditions to obtain cathode rays.

35. The energy of the electron at infinite distance from the nucleus in Bohr′s model is taken a:
AS
a) Zero b) Positive
c) Negative d) Any value
IV
Sol.: The energy level increase with increase in distance from the nucleus and the negative values of electrons
energy near to nucleus decrease to zero at infinite distance.
SR
36. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is found to be 6.63 × 10−19 J. When the metal is
irradiated with a radiation of frequency 2 × 1015 Hz, the threshold frequency of the metal is about
a) 2 × 1015 s −1 b) 1× 1015 s −1
c) 2.5× 1015 s−1 d) 4× 1015 s −1
Sol.: Kinetic energy = h(v − v0 )
KE = hv − hv0
KE 6.63 × 10−19
v0 = v − = 2 × 1015 −
h 6.63 × 10−34
15 −1
= 1 × 10 s
37. Electronic configuration of tritium is :
a) 1s1 b) 1s 2 , 2s 2
c) 1s , 2s
1 1 d) None of these
Sol.: Tritium has only one electron.
38. Which of the following elements has least number of electrons in its M-shell?
a) K b) Mn
c) Ni d) Sc
Sol.: 19 K = 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p6 , 3s 2 3p6 , 4s1
2 2 6 2 6 2 5
25 Mn = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 8
28 Ni = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 1
21 Sc = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Therefore, K has least number of electrons in its M-shell (n = 3) = 8.
39. Cathode rays are produced when the pressure in the discharge tube is of the order of :
a) 76 cm of Hg b) 10−6 cm of Hg
c) 1 cm of Hg d) 10−2 to 10−3 mm of Hg
40. Two electrons in the same orbital may be identified with:
a) n b) l
c) m d) s
Sol.: Spins of an electron are ±1/2 in an orbital
41. In hydrogen spectrum least energetic transition of electrons are found in:
a) Lyman series b) Balmer series
Y
c) Bracket series d) Pfund series
Sol.:
TR
Pfund series spectral lines have longer wavelength and thus lesser energy
42. Which electronic level will allow the hydrogen atom to absorb photon but not to emit?
a) 1s b) 2s
IS
c) 2p d) 2d
Sol.:
43.
EM
1s1 being lowest level of energy and thus, it can absorb photon but cannot release photon.
The speed of the cathode rays is:
a) Equal to light b) Less than light
H
c) Greater than light d) May be less than, greater than or equal to light
C
Sol.: The velocity of light is maximum.

44. When an electron jumps from L-level to M-level, there occurs:
A
a) Emission of energy b) Absorption of energy

AV
c) Emission of γ-radiations d) Emission of X-rays

Sol.: Jump of electron from lower energy level L, (i. e. ,2nd shell) to higher energy level M, (i. e. , 3rd shell)
AT
absorbs energy.
45. The one electron species having ionisation energy of 54.4 eV is
AS
a) H b) He+
c) B 4+ d) Li2+
IV
Sol.: Out of other alternates, He+ has ionisation energy of 54.4 eV because in He+ effective nuclear charge is
fairly high and ionic size is small.
SR
46. Which of the subshell has double dumb-bell shape?

a) s b) p
c) d d) f
Sol.: s-orbitals are spherical; p-orbitals are dumb-bell; d-orbitals are double dumb-bell; f-orbitals are
complicated.
47. A photon is :
a) A quanta of light (or electromagnetic) energy b) A quanta of matter
c) A positively charged particle d) An instrument for measuring light intensity
Sol.: Follow Plank’s quantum theory.
48. The minimum real charge on of any particle, which can exist is:
a) 1.6 × 10−19 coulomb b) 1.6 × 10−10 coulomb
c) 4.8 × 10−10 coulomb d) Zero
Sol.: e/m for proton = 1 ; e/m for α = 2
1 4
49. Energy levels A, B, C of a certain atom corresponds to increasing values of energy, i. e. , EA < EB < EC . If λ1 , λ2
and λ3 are the wavelengths of radiations corresponding to the transitions C to B, B to A and C to A
respectively, which of the following statements is correct?
λ1 λ2
a) λ3 = λ1 + λ2 b) λ3 =
λ1 + λ2
c) λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 0 d) λ23 = λ12 + λ22
Sol.: E3 = E1 + E2 or hc = hc + hc
λ3 λ1 λ2
50. If λ1 and λ2 are the wavelength of characteristic X-rays and gamma rays respectively, then the relation
between them is:
a) λ1 = 1/λ2 b) λ1 = λ2
c) λ1 > λ2 d) λ1 < λ2
Sol.: X-rays have larger wavelength than γ-rays.
Y
51. The absolute value of the charge on electron was determined by
TR
a) J.J. Thomson b) R.A. Millikan
c) Rutherford d) Chadwick
IS
52. Which one of the following has unit positive charge and 1 u mass?
a) Electron b) Neutron
c) Proton
Sol.: The proton has unit positive charge
EM
d) None of these
H
(+1.602 × 10−19 C) and its mass is 1.007 u (1.677 × 10−27 kg).
53. Correct electronic configuration of Cu2+ is:
C
a) [Ar]3d8 , 4s1 b) [Ar]3d 10 , 4s 2 4p1

A
c) [Ar]3d10 , 4s1 d) [Ar]3d9

AV
Sol.: Cu has configuration [Ar]3d10 , 4s1 ; the two electrons are lost, one from 4s1 and one from 3d10 .
54. The electronic transitions from n=2 to n=1 will produce shortest wavelength in (where n=principle
AT
quantum state)
a) Li2+ b) He+
c) H d) H +
AS
Sol.: 1 1 1
= Z2 . R H [ 2 − 2 ]
λ n1 n2
IV
1 1 1 3
⟹ = (Z)2 . R H { − } = R H Z2
SR
λ 1 4 4
1
∴λ∝ 2
Z
Hence for shortest λ, Z must be maximum, which is for Li2+ .
55. Neutron was discovered by:
a) Thomson b) Chadwick
c) Bohr d) Rutherford
Sol.: Follow Chadwick experiment for discovery of neutrons.
56. The H-spectrum show
a) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle b) Diffraction
c) Polarisation d) Presence of quantised energy level
Sol.: Hydrogen spectrum is an emission spectrum. It shows the presence of quantized energy levels in hydrogen
atom.
57. Threshold wavelength depends upon :
a) Frequency of incident radiation b) Velocity of electrons
c) Work function d) None of the above
Sol.: Threshold frequency (v0 ) means for zero kinetic energy of electrons; Thus,
hv = work function +(1/2)mu2
or hv0 = work function
58. If the ionisation potential for hydrogen atom is 13.6eV, then the wavelength of light required for the
ionisation of hydrogen atom would be:
a) 1911 nm b) 912 nm
c) 68 nm d) 91.2 nm
Sol.: E = 12375
; where E in eV and λ in Å.
λ
59. An electron beam is accelerated through a potential difference of 10,000 volt. The de-Broglie wavelength
of the electron beam is
a) 0.123 A° b) 0.356 A°
c) 0.186 A° d) 0.258 A°
Sol.: h
λ=
√2eVme
e = 1.6 × 10−19 C, V = 10,000 V, me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
Y
6.63 × 10−34
TR
λ= = 0.123 Å
√2 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 10,000 × 9.1 × 10−31
60. The total number of electrons present in 1 mL Mg:
IS
(Given density of 12 Mg 24 = 1.2 g/mL)
a) 0.6 N b) 6 N
c) 2 N
EM
d) 3 N
Sol.: 1 mL ≡ 1.2 g Mg; Also 24 g Mg has 12N electrons.
H
61. Deflection back of a few particles on hitting thin foil of gold shows that
C
a) Nucleus is heavy b) Nucleus is small

c) Both (a) and (b) Electrons create hinderance in the movement of α-
A
d)
particles.
AV
Sol.: Deflection back shows that the nucleus is heavy but of only a few particles shows that nucleus is small.
62. Dual nature of particles was proposed by
AT
a) Heisenberg b) Lowry
c) de-Broglie d) Schrodinger
AS
Sol.: Dual nature of particles was proposed by de-Broglie.

63. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 × 10−5 kg m/s. the uncertainty in its position will be
(h = 6.62 × 10−34 kg m2 /s)
IV
a) 2.36× 10−28m b) 5.25× 10−28m

SR
c) 2.27× 10−30m d) 5.27× 10−30m

Sol.: h
∆x ∙ ∆P =
4π
6.63 × 10−34
∆x =
4 × 3.14 × 10−5
5.27 × 10−35
=
1 × 10−5
= 5.27 × 10−30 m
64. When light is directed at the metal surface, the emitted electrons:
a) Are called photons b) Have random energies
c) Have energies that depend upon intensity of d) Have energies that depend upon the frequency of
light light
Sol.: A part of energy of photon (hv-work function) is used for kinetic energy of electrons.
65. The angular momentum of an electron in 2 p-orbital is :
h h
a) b)
2π √2π
2h d) None of these
c)
π
Sol.: Angular momentum in an orbital = h √l(l + 1).
2π
66. The ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 106 Jmol−1 . The energy required to excite the electron
in the atom from n1 = 1 to n2 = 2 is
a) 8.51 × 105 J mol−1 b) 6.56 × 105 J mol−1
c) 7.56 × 105 J mol−1 d) 9.84 × 105 J mol−1
Sol.: Ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 106 J mol−1.
It suggests that the energy of electron in the ground state (first orbit) is −1.312 × 106 J mol−1 .
∆E = E2 − E1
−1.312 × 106 −1.312 × 106
=( ) — ( )
22 1
= 9.84 × 105 J mol−1
67. Which particle may be removed from a stable neutral atom with least energy change?
Y
a) An α-particle b) A neutron
TR
c) A proton d) An electron
Sol.: Rest all involves nuclear forces of higher degree.
IS
68. The KE of electron in He+ will be maximum in:
a) 3rd orbit b) 2nd orbit
Sol.:
c) 1st orbit
Ze 2
EM
d) In orbit with n = ∞
Kinetic energy =
H
rn
69. The uncertainity in position for a dust particle (m = 10−11 g ; diameter = 10−4 cm and velocity = 10−4
C
cm/s) will be (The error in measurement of velocity is 1%)

A
a) 5.27 × 10−4 cm b) 5.27 × 10−5 cm

AV
c) 5.27 × 10−6 cm d) 5.27 × 10−7 cm

Sol.: Use, ∆v × ∆x = h or ∆x = h
4πm 4πm∙∆v
AT
70. In an atom no two electrons can have the same value for all the quantum numbers. This was proposed by:
a) Hund b) Pauli
AS
c) Dalton d) Avogadro
71. Which has minimum number of unpaired d-electrons?
IV
a) Fe3+ b) Co3+
c) Co 2+ d) Mn2+
SR
Sol.: Co2+ has 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p6 , 3s 2 3p6 3d7 configuration having 3 unpaired electron only,
72. The electrons identified by quantum numbers
I. n = 4, l = 1
II. n = 4, l = 0
III. n = 3, l = 2
IV. n = 2, l = 1
Can be placed in order of increasing energy from the lowest to highest as
a) IV<II<III<I b) II<IV<I<III
c) I<III<II<IV d) III<I<IV<II
Sol.: 1. For n = 4, l = 1; 4p
2. For n = 4, l = 0; 4s
3. For n = 3, l = 2; 3d
4. For n = 2, l = 1; 2p
The order of increasing energy is as
2p < 4s < 3d < 4p
i. e. , (IV) < (II) < (III) < (I)
73. Which is not electromagnetic radiation?
a) Infrared rays b) X-rays
c) Cathode rays d) γ-rays
Sol.: Cathode rays are fastly moving electrons.
74. In the ground state of Cu+, the number of shell occupied, sub-shells occupied, fillied orbitals and unpaired
electrons respectively are
a) 4,8,15,0 b) 3,6,15,1
c) 3,6,14,0 d) 4,7,14,2
Sol.: 29 Cu = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
Cu+ = 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p6 , 3s 2 , 3p6 , 3d10 , 4s 0

Total number of shells occupied = 3
Number of sub-shell occupied = 6
Number of orbitals filled = 14
Number of unpaired electrons = 0
75. The energy of the electron in second Bohr′s orbit in the hydrogen atom is −3.41eV. The energy of the
Y
electron in second Bohr′s orbit of He+ ion would be:
TR
a) −85 eV b) −13.62 eV
c) −1.70eV d) −6.82 eV
IS
Sol.: E1H × Z2
E2He+ =
E1H = −13.62 eV
22
EM
76. [Ar]3d10 , 4s1 electronic configuration belongs to
H
a) Ti b) Tl
C
c) Cu d) V
Sol.: [Ar]3d10 , 4s1 (atomic no. 29) electronic configuration belongs to copper.
A
77. The quantum levels upto n = 3 has:

AV
a) s and p-levels b) s, p, d, f-levels

c) s, p, d-levels d) s-level
AT
Sol.: For n = 3, l may have values 0(s) , 1(p) and 2(d) .

78. Moseley’s law is : (a and b are constants, Z = atomic number, v = frequency)
AS
a) √v = aZ b) v = c/λ
c) 2d sin θ = nλ d) √v = a(Z − b)
IV
Sol.: Acc. to Mosley ∶ √v = a(Z − b).

79. Which wavelength falls in a X-rays region?
SR
a) 10,000 Å b) 1000 Å
c) 1Å d) 10−2 Å
Sol.: An experimental fact.
80. Which of the following has more number of unpaired electron?
a) Zn+ b) Fe2+
c) Ni2+ d) Cu+
Sol.: The configuration are :
Zn+ : [Ar]3d10 , 4s1 ; Fe2+ : [Ar]3d6
Ni+ : [Ar]3d7 ; Cu+ [Ar]3d10
81. The possibility of finding an electron in an orbital was conceived by:
a) Rutherford b) Bohr
c) Heisenberg d) Schrödinger
Sol.: Schrödinger proposed the concept of orbitals –a three-dimensional region in which probability for finding
electron is maximum.
82. Which is correct in case of p-orbitals?
a) They are spherical b) They have a strong directional character
c) They are five fold degenerate d) They have no directional character
Sol.: p-orbitals are dumb-bell in shape and thus, have directional nature.
83. The number of electrons and neutrons of an element is 18 and 20 respectively. Its mass number is
a) 2 b) 17
c) 37 d) 38
Sol.: The mass number =atomic number + number of neutron
Atomic number=no. of proton
=no. of electron (for an atom)
So, mass number =18+20=38
84. Which diagram best represents the appearance of the line spectrum of atomic hydrogen in the visible
region?
Increasing wave length
a) b)
Y
c) d)
TR
Sol.: Line spectrum of atomic hydrogen in the visible region.
IS
85. In a hydrogen atom, if energy of an electron in ground state is −13.6 eV, then that in the 2nd excited state
is:
a) −1.51 eV
EM
b) −3.4 eV
H
c) −6.0 eV d) −13.6 eV
Sol.: 2nd excited state means 3rd energy level.
C
E1 −13.6
E3 = 2 = = −1.51 eV
A
n 9
86. Which is not permissible subshell?
AV
a) 2d b) 4f
c) 6p d) 3s
AT
Sol.: For n = 2; l can have value only 0 and 1, i. e. , s and p-subshells.

87. The electrons would go to lower energy levels first and then to higher energy levels according to which of
AS
the following?
a) Aufbau principle b) Pauli′ s exclusion principle
IV
c) Hund′s rule of maximum multiplicity d) Heisenberg′s uncertainty principle

Sol.: Filling up of electron is made according to aufbau principle.
SR
88. The volume of a proton is approximately;

a) 1.5 × 10−30 cm3 b) 1.5 × 10−38 cm3
c) 1.5 × 10−34 cm3 d) None of these
Sol.: An experimental fact.
89. The energy of electromagnetic radiation depends on:
a) Amplitude and wavelength b) Wavelength
c) Amplitude d) Temperature of medium through which it passes
Sol.: E = hc.
λ
90. If the series limit of wavelength of the Lyman series for the hydrogen atom is 912 Å, then the series limit of
wavelength for the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom is:
a) 912 Å b) 912 × 2 Å
c) 912 × 4 Å d) 912/2 Å
Sol.: 1 1 1
= RH [ 2 − 2] ;
λLyman 1 ∞
1 1 1
= RH [ 2
− 2]
λBalmer 2 ∞
91. In an atom two electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits of radii R and 4R. The ratio of the time
taken by them to complete one revolution is:
a) 1 ∶ 4 b) 4 ∶ 1
c) 1 ∶ 8 d) 8 ∶ 7
Sol.: 2πrn 2πr1 × n 2
T= =
un u1 /n
or T ∝ n3 ; n = 2 here
92. An f-shell containing 6 unpaired electrons can exchange
a) 6 electrons b) 9 electrons
c) 12 electrons d) 15 electrons
Sol.:
Y
TR
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
93. The ratio between kinetic energy and the total energy of the electrons of hydrogen atom according to Bohr′s
IS
model is:
a) 1 ∶ −1 b) 1 ∶ 1
c) 1 ∶ 2
EM
d) 2 ∶ 1
Sol.: e 2
e 2
H
KE = − ; TE = −
2rn 2rn
C
KE 1
∴ = = −1
TE −1
A
94. The wave number of radiation of wavelength 500 nm is:

AV
a) 5 × 10−7 m−1 b) 2 × 10−7 m−1

c) 2 × 106 m−1 d) 500 × 10−9 m−1
AT
Sol.: 1 1
v= = = 2 × 106 m−1
λ 500 × 10−9
95. The atomic numbers of elements X, Y and Z are 19, 21 and 25 respectively. The number of electrons
AS
present in the M-shell of these elements follow the order

a) Z > X > Y b) X > Y > Z
IV
c) Z > Y > X d) Y > Z > X

Sol.: Symbols
SR
K L M N
19 X = 2 8 8 1
21 Y = 2 8 9 2
25 Z = 2 8 13 2
Hence, the order of number of electrons in M shell is
Z>Y>X
96. Which set of quantum numbers is possible for the last electron of Mg + ion?
a) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = +1/2 b) n = 2, l = 3, m = 0, s = +1/2
c) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2 d) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2
Sol.: Last electron of Mg + is 3s1.
97. The radii of two of the first four Bohr′s orbits of the hydrogen atom are in the ratio 1 ∶ 4. The energy
difference between them may be:
a) either 12.09 eV or 3.4 eV b) either 2.55 eV or 10.2 eV
c) either 13.6 eV or 3.4 eV d) either 3.4 eV or 0.85 eV
Sol.: The two orbits are either I and II or II and IV
rn 4
∵ 2 = and rn ∝ n2
rn1 1
−13.6
Thus, E2 − E1 = + 13.6 = 10.2 eV
4
−13.6 13.6
and E4 − E2 = + = 2.55 eV
16 4
98. Energy of H-atom in the ground state is -13.6 eV, hence energy in the second excited state is
a) −6.8 eV b) −3.4 eV
c) −1.51eV d) −4.53 eV
Sol.: 13.6
En = − 2 eV
n
For second excited state n = 3,
13.6
E3 = − = −1.51eV
9
99. The “spin-only” magnetic moment [in unit of Bohr magneton, (μB )] of Ni2+ in aqueous solution would be:
(At. no. Ni = 28)
a) 2.84 b) 4.90
Y
c) 0 d) 1.73
Sol.:
TR
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 8
Ni : 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d (with two unpaired electrons)
Thus, magnetic moment = √n(n + 2) = √8 = 2.83 BM .
100. The atomic number of an element is 17. The number of orbitals containing electron pairs in the valency shell
IS
is:
a) 8
c) 3
b) 2
d) 6
EM
Sol.: Element with atomic no. 17 has 3s 3p valence shell.
2 5
H
C
A
AV
AT
AS
IV
SR

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ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH- 9844532971

equal to number of electrons.

Discovery of electron – study of Cathode rays:

electrodes fitted in discharge tube,at a very low pressure,some invisible radiations

Discharge tube experiment – production of cathode rays

Glowing is due to the bombardment of glass wall by the cathode rays. It

Origin of Cathode rays:

iii.Cathode rays carry negative charge,the negatively charged material

particles constituting the cathode rays are called electrons.

iv. Cathode rays produce heating effect.

v. They cause ionization of the gas through which they pass.

Discovery of proton – study of Anode rays:

fluorescence on the opposite glass wall coated with zinc sulphide.

Origin of anode or positive rays:

Properties of Anode rays:

ratio (e/m) of the positive particles constituting the positive rays is

1) Electron: Electron is a universal constituent discovered by the J.J.

* Mass of one mole of electrons: It is 0.55 mg.

* Charge on one mole of electron is 96500 coulombs or 1 faraday.

2. Proton: (+1p0 or 1H1)

* It was discovered by Chadwick by bombarding Be atom with high speed

4Be9 +2 He4 → 6 C12 +0 n1

* Charge: Charge less or neutral particle.

* Mass:1.675x10-24 g or 1.675x10-27 kg.

* Specific charge: It is zero.

Properties of Electron, Proton and Neutron

Charge -1.6022x10-19C 1.6022x10-19 C Zero

According to Thomson, an atom is a sphere of positive charge having a

number of embedded electrons in it and sufficient enough to neutralize

the positive charge.This model is compared with a water melon in which

seeds are embedded or pudding in which raisins are embedded.

Therefore, this model, sometime called watermelon model or raisin or plum

Thomson’s model of an atom

2)Rutherford’s Atomic Model:

Rutherford, performed -ray scattering experiment in which he

Observations and Conclusions

 particles ZnS screen

Gold foil (100 nm thickness)

neutral. Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic

5. Rutherford’s model has resemblances with solar system. Hense also

known as planetary model of the atom.

6. There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear

2. If the electrons lose energy continuously, the spectrum is expected to

Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom or ion

= Number of electrons in a neutral atom.

neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element and indicated

Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom are collectively

Mass number (A) = Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (n)

8 O16 , 8 O17 , 8 O18 17 Cl35 , 17 Cl37

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons present in the

Bcz of same number of electrons they show same chemical

properties.They have different number of neutrons, so they will have

different masses and hence different physical properties.

Isobars:The atoms of different elements which have the same mass

Isotones show different physical and chemical properties.

2. The nucleus of the atom (Z > 1)

c) Neutron and electron d) Proton, neutron, electrons

3. The no, of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to it’s:

a) Atomic weight b) Atomic number