HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

AMERICAN
COLONIAL
Architects

MANGULABNAN, EARLIN ROICE S.

ARCH31S3
 EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE
Edgar Ketchum Bourne, commonly known
as Insular Architect, was born in 1811 and
died in 1882. He is a well-known
American architect who was originally
stationed in the Philippines by the United
States. Edgar Bourne created the first
American Colonial Buildings in the
Philippines in a style readily imported
from the Americas: Mission Style, taking
note of the Spanish-inspired Architecture
already deeply ingrained in the
Philippines. The Mission style is a design
characteristic of the American states
that were formerly a part of Spain's
Americas.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Bureau of Science and Insular Laboratory Building

Edgar Bourne was the architect of the Bureau
of Science and Insular Laboratory Building. It
was built on the Manila campus of the
University of the Philippines. Unfortunately, it
was completely destroyed during World War II.
The twin mirador towers in the center of the
building's exterior are a noteworthy feature.
Aside from it, the structure has Spanish roof
tiles, arched entrances, and plain walls, all of
which are characteristics of the California
mission style.

Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage

Another work of Edgar K. Bourne, is the design of
the Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage. It was
constructed in 1902 near Puente Colgante's
southern end, which is now known as the Quezon
Bridge. The construction of the plant was approved
by the United States Congress in order to "provide
supplies comfort" to US troops. The facility was one
of the first long-term structures built by the
Americans in the Philippines during their rule. To
add to its historical significance, the building was
designed as a Mission Revivalist brick structure with
an iconic ten-story smoke stack on the roof.
WILLIAM EDWARD PARSONS
William Edward Parsons was born on the 6th
of June 1872 in Akron, Ohio. He received his
formal education at Yale University and the
École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. After
graduating, William Edward Parson was
working as an architect in New York City,
when Burnham recommended him for the
position. As soon as Burnham and Anderson's
preliminary plans for Manila and Baguio
were completed in November 1905, Parsons
was sent to the Philippines to "interpret" and
"modify" them. In addition, he'd be in charge
of overseeing construction projects for the
Bureau of Public Works. Several of Parsons'
public buildings and parks incorporate
colonial and tropical elements from the
Philippines.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Gabaldon School Building

The Gabaldon School Buildings, also referred to
as the Gabaldons, were constructed by the
American colonial government, with American
architect William E. Parsons. These are heritage
school buildings in the Philippines that date back
to the American colonial era. They're well-known
for their house architecture, which draws
inspiration from the bahay kubo and bahay na
bato. Large windows and high ceilings are also
featured in the structures for ventilation and
lighting of the structure.

Manila Hotel
A century-old landmark, the Manila Hotel is
located in Ermita near Rizal Park in the heart
of Manila's business district. Architect William
Parsons was tasked with creating the first
iteration of the hotel complex. Architect
Leandro Locsin and Landscape Architect IP
Santos were in charge of the latest
renovation and expansion in 1975. This
project has now completed its first phase of
improvements, which primarily concern the
pool area and the Ilang-Ilang Restaurant.
RALPH HARRINGTON DOANE
Ralph Harrington Doane was born on
October 7, 1886, in Middle Musquodoboit,
Nova Scotia, and died on November 6,
1941, in Milton. In 1912, Ralph Doane
received his bachelor's degree from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT). He was appointed consulting
architect to the Philippine government in
1916, and stayed there until 1918,
designing a number of popular buildings,
including the Manila Public Library (now
the Museum of the Filipino People). In
1919, he moved back to Boston and
started his own architecture firm. Until his
death, he remained as a solo practitioner.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Executive Building (Kalayaan Hall), Malacañang

Executive Building or Kalayaan Hall was
characterized as a classic example of
Renaissance–Revivalist architecture. The building
was constructed by the Bureau of Public Works
with the assistance of American consulting
architect Ralph Harrington Doane and under the
guidance of Filipino architect Tomas Mapua. The
pre-cast decorations and carved hardwood
interiors of the structure were created by
sculptors Isabelo Tampinco and Graciano
Nepomuceno.

National Museum of Anthropology

This museum, originally known as the Museum of
the Filipino People, is a part of the Philippine
National Museum and is home to Ethnological
and Archaelogical exhibits. It is next to the
National Museum of Fine Arts in Rizal Park,
Manila, in the Agrifina Circle. A neoclassical
design by Canadian-American architect Ralph
Harrington Doane was utilized to build the
structure, which once housed the Philippine
government's Department of Finance. The San
Diego Wreck, ancient artifacts, and zoology
divisions are all housed here as well.
 DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
Daniel Hudson Burnham was born on
September 4, 1846, in Henderson, New
York, U.S. He is a well-known American
architect and urban planner, a proponent
of the Beaux-Arts movement. He was well-
known for his successful leadership of the
1893 World's Columbian Exposition as
well as his urban planning concepts and
theories. Morever, Burnham played a key
role in the creation of numerous city
master plans, such as the Chicago Plan, as
well as plans for Manila and Baguio in the
Philippines, and Washington, D.C. too. He
also became involved in the design of
numerous well-known structures.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Burnham Park, Baguio

Burnham Park can truly be described as the beating
heart of Baguio City, Philippines. This has a total
area of 32.84 hectares. Daniel Hudson Burnham is
the architect who made up the original plan for
Baguio City, besides, he designed and named this
park. Burnham Park has remained one of the
country's most well-known and beloved green parks
to this day. With a few additions in Filipino style, the
park retains much of Daniel Burnham's original
design and layout from a century ago while also
becoming an exciting tourist attraction for everyone
to enjoy.

Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol

As a result of an invitation from William Cameron
Forbes, who had been appointed governor general of
the Philippines in 1904 and had brought city planner
Daniel Burnham with him, the capitol was constructed
between 1924 and 1935. William Parsons was
recommended by Burnham to the Philippine
government as a consulting architect. When Parson
arrived in 1905, he set up the Bureau of Public Works'
architectural office, which employed both American
and Filipino architects such as Tomas Bautista Mapua,
Juan Nakpil, and Juan de Guzman Arellano. Several
provincial capitols followed the Bureau's lead and
used the Neoclassical style.
 TOMAS BAUTISTA MAPÚA
The first registered Filipino architect was
Tomas Bautista Mapúa. Born in Manila on
December 21, 1888. During the American
regime, he was one of the first Filipino
scholars sent to the United States by the
government. In 1911, he earned a
bachelor's degree in architecture from
Cornell University. In the years 1918-1927,
he served as the architect in charge of one
of the many significant insular projects.
Mapúa retired from public service in 1928
and has been in private practice ever
since. He also headed his own construction
company (MYT Construction Works, Inc.)
and served as president of the prestigious
Mapúa Institute of Technology.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Pier 7, Manila
In 1918, construction began on Pier 7 in
Manila's Port Area. Architect Tomas
Bautista Mapua was tasked with designing
the structure. Pier 7 was one of the
Philippines' largest architectural
constructions at the time, measuring around
1,000 feet long. The Million Dollar Pier was
another name for it because it was once
the world's longest passenger pier.

Philippine General Hospital, Nurses Home

The Philippine General Hospital, Nurses Home in
Manila was built in 1938. Tomas Mapua, one of the
world's greatest architects, designed this magnificent
edifice. The building's architectural imagery was
inspired by Renaissance style. The symmetrical
façade is divided into three horizontal zones: a
Florentine arcaded entry on the first level;
quadrangular windows with simple cornices above in
the middle; and a balustraded balcony with arches
separated by Ionic pillars on top. The entrance was
enhanced by slightly protruding Corinthian columns
adorned with Renaissance anthropomorphic figures
and led to an open patio.
ANTONIO MAÑALAC TOLEDO
Antonio Mañalac Toledo was born on 14
June 1890 in Laguna, Philippines. At 16, he
became the youngest Pensionadow when
he was sent to the United States to study
architecture. In 1911, he earned an
Architecture degree from Ohio State. At 16,
he became the youngest Pensionadow
when he was sent to the United States to
study architecture. In 1911, he earned an
Architecture degree from Ohio State. As a
result of his upbringing on the East Coast,
he gravitated towards Art Deco and
Beaux-Art influences in his work. Similar to
other pensionados, he began his career as
a public works architect before moving on
to consulting.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Department of Tourism Building

In 1940, the Agriculture and Commerce Building was
built. A Filipino architect, Antonio Toledo, designed it
in the late 1930s, and it has the same dimensions
and floor plan as its twin building, the Finance
Building, which can be found across from it to the
north across the circle. During the Second World
War, the Battle of Manila obliterated both
structures. After the war, both structures were
meticulously restored to their pre-war state. Up until
2015, the Department of Tourism (DOT) occupied the
building, so it was referred to as the Department of
Tourism Building.

Manila City Hall

The Manila City Hall serves as a visual
representation of Metro Manila and its
surrounding areas. The current Manila City
Hall, built in the 1930s with its Neoclassical
style, was designed by Antonio Toledo. The
city hall was originally going to be designed
in the Art Deco style by Juan Arellano, but
Arellano bailed on the project and was
replaced by Toledo. The current building is a
reconstruction of the original World War II
structure.
 JUAN MARCOS ARELLANO
Juan Marcos Arellano y de Guzman, an
outstanding Filipino architect and painter
best known as the architect of Manila's
Metropolitan Theater, was born on April 25,
1888, in Tondo, Manila. He was known during
the American period. He attended the
Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated
in 1908. His first passion was painting and he
trained under Lorenzo Guerrero, Toribio
Antillon, and Fabian de la Rosa.[1] However,
he pursued architecture and was sent to the
United States as one of the first pensionados
in architecture, after Carlos Barreto, who
was sent to the Drexel Institute in 1908;
Antonio Toledo, who went to Ohio State; and
Tomás Mapúa, who went to Cornell.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Manila Central Post Office

The Manila Central Post Office is the head
office of the Philippine Postal Corporation. The
building was constructed in 1926 but was heavily
damaged during World War II. It was designed
in the Neoclassical style by architect Juan M.
Arellano. Classical Western architecture, such as
this Greco-Roman structure, flourished between
the two world wars. Fortunately, after the war,
the building was restored to its former glory and
has served as an inspiration to local and
international students of architecture ever since.

Manila Metropolitan Theater

The Manila Metropolitan Theater had its
official grand opening in October of 1931. The
building's architect was Juan M. Arellano.
After World War I, which taught people about
grief, everyone yearned for a sense of
celebration, desiring freedom, and an
abundance of possibilities. To some extent, the
building of the Metropolitan Theater was a
psychological reaction to the end of the hard
times that had reigned in the city throughout
the war years.
 PABLO SEBERO ANTONIO
Pablo Antonio was born on the 25th of
January 1901 in Binondo, Manila,
Philippines. He was a student at the Mapua
Institute of Technology pursuing
architecture when he dropped out. An
engineer named Ramon Arevalo took
notice of Pablo and sent a dropout to the
University of London, where he earned his
degree in three years, completing a five-
year program in just three. In 1933, Pablo
built Manila's Ideal Theater on Avenida
Rizal for the first time. After then, his career
accelerated. Many of the buildings he
designed during his lifetime are now
considered architectural wonders of the
Art Deco and modern styles.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Manila Polo Club

After seeing Pablo Antonio's house in Pasay, Jack
Manning, the manager of the Manila Polo Club,
commissioned the construction of the Polo Club in
1950. The original Manila Polo Club building was
an Art Deco two-storey wood and adobe
construction built in the 1950s, covered with a
pitched roof. The main area is a popular choice
for weddings and other large parties. It's known
for its opulent interiors and soaring ceilings.
Antonio's property reminded Manning of a
country club, with "lush greenery and a lot of
calm tranquility," as he described it.

Far Eastern University - Manila

On the Sampaloc Campus of Far Eastern
University, Pablo Antonio designed five different
structures: Nicanor I. Reyes Hall, FEU East Asia
College of Engineering and Computer Studies,
building for law and nursing, building for
administration, and building for science. The
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for
Culture Heritage Conservation recognized it for
"returning buildings and landscape to their former
appearance, conserving the architectural
integrity of the Art Deco structures" in 2005 and
gave it an Honorable Mention.
FERNANDO HIZON OCAMPO
Fernando Hizon Ocampo was a Filipino
architect and civil engineer who was born
on August 7, 1897 in San Fernando,
Pampanga, and died at the age of 86,
year 1984. He graduated from the Ateneo
de Manila with a Bachelor of Arts in 1914, a
Civil Engineering degree from University of
Santo Tomas in 1919, and studied
Architecture at the University of
Pennsylvania before working in the United
States for a brief time. He was known as
the "Father of Modern Architecture" in the
Philippines for his use of styles like Art Deco
and Beaux Arts that he brought to the
country.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Admiral Apartments
As the population of the Ermita and Malate
districts grew in the mid-1930s, rising real estate
costs necessitated the construction of more
multi-family residences like duplexes and
apartments. Fernando Ocampo designed and
built "The Admiral" on Dewey Boulevard near
Cortabitarte, which Doa Ana Lopez built. It was
the city's tallest structure at the time, with eight
stories of serene beauty and a Spanish-inspired
façade.

Manila Cathedral
The Manila Cathedral is the most recent
iteration of the Church of Manila, which
dates back centuries. Filipino architect
Fernando H. Ocampo authorizes
construction from 1954 to 1958 after the
previous building was leveled during World
War II. Every intricate wall carving, door,
panel, and portal, as well as the eye-
catching stained glass, has a backstory.
JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS NAKPIL
Juan Nakpil was born in Quiapo, Manila on
May 26, 1899. He was a well-known Filipino
architect, educator, and community activist.
Nakpil was named one of the National
Artists for architecture in 1973. As a result of
his prominence, he was known as the Dean
of Filipino Architects. Initially, he studied
Engineering at the University of California
and later on, he transferred to the University
of Kansas to complete his undergraduate
degree in Engineering. Then, he studied
Architecture at the Fontainebleau School of
Fine Arts in France upon the
recommendation of Jean Jacques Haffner,
one of his professors at the Harvard
Graduate School of Architecture.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L W O R K S

Quezon institute
It is the country's largest medical facility
and was designed in the Art Deco style.
This building has been described as a
"masterpiece" by architect Paulo
Alcazaren, who worked on the project.
According to late heritage conservationist
Augusto F. Villalon, it was one of architect
Juan Nakpil's early masterpieces, and he
called it "magnificent" in his book "Lugar."

Manila Jockey Club

Manila Jockey Club, Inc. The club was
founded in 1867 in Manila and has its
headquarters in Carmona, Cavite, one of
the oldest racing communities in the Asia-
Pacific region. It's a part of the Asian
Racing Federation as well.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

"We are not makers of history.

We are made by history."

- Martin Luther King Jr.

MANGULABNAN, EARLIN ROICE S.

ARCH31S3