2109 09806

DIRAC OPERATORS ON FOLIATIONS
WITH INVARIANT TRANSVERSE MEASURES

September 22, 2021
arXiv:2109.09806v1 [math.DG] 20 Sep 2021
MOULAY TAHAR BENAMEUR AND JAMES L. HEITSCH
Abstract. We extend the groundbreaking results of Gromov and Lawson, [GL83], to Dirac operators
defined along the leaves of foliations of non-compact complete Riemannian manifolds which admit invariant
transverse measures. We prove a relative measured index theorem for pairs of such manifolds, foliations and
operators, which are identified off compact subsets of the manifolds. We assume that the spectral projections
of the leafwise operators for some interval r0, ǫs, ǫ ą 0, have finite dimensional images when paired with
the invariant transverse measures. As a prime example, we show that if the zeroth order operators in
the associated Bochner Identities are uniformly positive off compact subsets of the manifolds, then they
satisfies the hypotheses of our relative measured index theorem. Using these results, we show that for a
large collection of spin foliations, the space of positive scalar curvature metrics on each foliation has infinitely
many path connected components.
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Preliminaries 4
3. Overview of leafwise Dirac operators 6
4. The foliation relative measured index theorem 9
5. Operators with Λ finite spectral projections 21
6. Spin foliations, PSC, and spaces of PSC metrics 27
7. Appendix 30
References 33
1. Introduction
In this paper we extend some of the groundbreaking results of Gromov and Lawson to Dirac operators
defined along the leaves of a foliation F of a non-compact complete Riemannian manifold M . In particular,
we extend their highly important relative index theorem, Theorem 4.18 of [GL83], to this situation, which
has been an open problem since the 1980s. That theorem has played a fundamental role in the development
and understanding of the existence and non-existence of metrics with positive scalar curvature, as well as
the structure of the spaces of such metrics. It is essential for the extension of results for compact manifolds
to non-compact manifolds. Our work is in the spirit of the transition from the Atiyah-Singer index theorem,
[AS68III], to Connes’ measured index theorem for foliations, [C79]. In order to overcome the problems
of dealing with non-compact manifolds, we assume that our objects have bounded geometry. This, and a
good deal of hard analysis, allows us to prove our first main result, the relative measured index theorem for
foliations. Our second main result is that if the zeroth order operator in the associated Bochner Identity
is uniformly positive off a compact subset of M , then pM, F q satisfies the hypothesis of our relative index
theorem. We then use these results to show that for a large collection of spin foliations, the space of positive
scalar curvature metrics on each foliation has infinitely many path connected components.
MSC (2010): 53C12, 53C21, 58J20
Key words: foliation, Dirac operator, relative index, positive scalar curvature.
1
2 MOULAY TAHAR BENAMEUR AND JAMES L. HEITSCH SEPTEMBER 22, 2021
The metric on M induces one on the leaves of F , and we assume that M and all the leaves of F have
bounded geometry. We also assume that pM, F q admits an invariant transverse Borel measure Λ. We denote
by dµ the global measure on M determined by Λ and the leafwise metric. When the manifold is compact,
our results reduce to Connes’ index theorem for measured foliations [C79].
Any Clifford bundle E over the Clifford algebra of the co-tangent bundle to F , along with a Hermitian
connection ∇ compatible with Clifford multiplication, determines a leafwise Dirac operator, denoted
E
DL : Cc8 pEq Ñ Cc8 pEq.
8
There is a canonical zeroth order operator RE E E
F defined on Cc pEq, so that the operators DL , RF , ∇ and its
˚
leafwise formal adjoint ∇ , are related by the general Bochner Identity, [LM89],
pDL q “ ∇˚ ∇ ` RE
E 2
F.
Our first main result is the foliation relative measured index theorem. In particular, we assume that we
have two foliated manifolds pM, F q and pM 1 , F 1 q as above, with invariant transverse measures Λ and Λ1 ,
E1
and Clifford bundles E and E 1 . So there are leafwise Dirac operators DL E
and DL . We further assume
that there are compact subspaces K “ M r V and K1 “ M 1 r V 1 so that the situations on V and V 1 are
E E1
identical. Using parametrices, we can then define a relative measured index for the pair pDL , DL q, denoted
1
E E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q.
The first half of the foliation relative measured index theorem is the following.
1
E E
Theorem 4.6 IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q is finite, and the following formula holds,
ż ż
E1 E1
IndΛ,Λ1 pDLE
, DL q “ ASpDL E
qL dΛ ´ pAS DL qL dΛ1 ,
K K1
E E
where ASpDL qL is the characteristic differential form on the leaves of F associated to DL by the local
1
E
Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem, and similarly for ASpDL qL .
1
E E
In general, it is not possible to express the relative measured index IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q in terms of the
1
leafwise projections P0 and P01 onto the leafwise kernels of pDL
E 2 E 2
q and pDL q , as occurs in the classical cases.
This is because, in general on non-compact manifolds of bounded geometry, the super-traces of the leafwise
E 2
Schwartz kernels of e´tpDL q and P0 satisfy
lim trs pk E 2 px, xqq “ trs pkP0 px, xqq,
tÑ8 e´tpDL q
E1 2
only pointwise, and similarly for e´tpDL q
and P01 . We give conditions here where such an expression is
possible.
E 2
Denote the leafwise spectral projection associated to pDL q for the interval r0, ǫs by Pr0,ǫs , and its leafwise
Schwartz kernel by kPr0,ǫs . The Λ dimension of the image of Pr0,ǫs is the element of r0, 8s, given by
ż
DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq “ trpkPr0,ǫs px, xqq dµ,
M
E1 2 1
and similarly for pDL q and DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq.
The second half of the foliation relative measured index theorem is the following. For this theorem we
need Assumption 4.11, which is essentially that there is an open submanifold MĂ of M r K, with compact
ż
r E Ă
complement, so that the projection P to the kernel of D restricted to M satisfies trpk r px, xqq dµ is
L P
Ă
M
finite.
1
Theorem 4.12 Suppose that there is ǫ0 ą 0 so that DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫ0 s qq and DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫ 0s
qq are finite, and
that Assumption 4.11 holds. Then, for 0 ă ǫ ď ǫ0 ,
ż ż
E1
E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ trs pkPr0,ǫs px, xqq dµ ´ trs pkPr0,ǫs
1 px, xqq dµ1 .
M M1
DIRAC OPERATORS ON FOLIATIONS WITH INVARIANT TRANSVERSE MEASURES September 22, 2021 3
Thus,
ż ż ż ż
1
trs pkP0 px, xqqdµ ´ trs pkP01 px, xqq dµ1 “ E
ASpDL qL dΛ ´ E
ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
M M1 K K1
For other results which show that restrictions on the spectral measures near zero of elliptic operators on
foliations are necessary and sufficient to give index theorems, see [HL99, BH08, BHW14].
Our second main result, an extension of Theorem 3.2 of [GL83], gives a condition which guarantees that
the hypotheses of the foliation relative measured index theorem are satisfied.
Theorem 5.2 Suppose the curvature operator RE F is uniformly positive near infinity, that is, there is a
compact subset K Ă M and κ0 ą 0 so that RE F ě κ 0 I on M r K. Then for 0 ď ǫ ă κ0 , DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq is
finite. More precisely,
ż
pκ0 ´ κ1 q
0 ď DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq ď trpkr0,ǫs px, xqq dµ ă 8,
pκ0 ´ ǫq K
where κ1 “ supM tκ P R | RE
F ´ κ I ě 0u. In addition, Assumption 4.11 holds.
Prime examples are spin foliations admitting leafwise metrics with positive scalar curvature (PSC) near
infinity. ż
E 2 E
When trs pkP0 px, xqqdµ is finite, the Λ index of pDL q , denoted IndΛ pDL q, is well defined, and is given
M
by ż
E
IndΛ pDL q “ trs pkP0 px, xqqdµ.
M
Corollaries of Theorems 4.6, 4.12, and 5.2 are the following.
1
1 1
Theorem 5.3 Suppose that RE E
F is uniformly positive on M rK, so also RF 1 is uniformly positive on M rK .
Then ż ż
E1 E1 E1
E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ IndΛ pDLE
q ´ IndΛ1 pDL q “ ASpDL E
qL dΛ ´ ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
K K1
Theorem 5.4 Suppose that E and E 1 are two Clifford bundles over M which are isomorphic off K. Suppose
E1
RE
F is uniformly positive on M r K, so also is RF 1 . Then
ż
E1 E1
E E
IndΛ,Λ pDL , DL q “ IndΛ pDL q ´ IndΛ pDL q “ pASpDL qpchpEq ´ chpE 1 qqL dµ.
M
For the next corollary, we say that the foliation F , and so also F 1 , is reflective if BV is transverse to F ,
so also BV 1 is transverse to F 1 . Then we can “cut and paste” as in [GL83] to get the compact manifold
x “ K Y K1 with foliation Fp , transverse measure Λ
M p and leafwise operator D. p
Theorem 5.12 Suppose that F is reflective and RF is strictly positive off K, so also F 1 is reflective and
E
E1 1
RF 1 is strictly positive off K . Then
ż ż
E1 p E1
E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ IndΛp pDq “ E
ASpDL qL dΛ ´ ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
K K1
The previous construction extends to the following more general situation, see again [GL83]. Assume
M r K “ V` Y VΦ and M 1 r K1 “ V`1 Y VΦ1 , where the unions are disjoint, that there is compatibility on the
E1
subsets VΦ and VΦ1 , that F is reflective on VΦ , so F 1 is reflective on VΦ1 , and that RE F and RF 1 are strictly
positive off K and K1 . Then we may cut and paste to get the manifold M x “ pM r VΦ q Y pM 1 r V 1 q, with
Φ
the foliation Fp , the invariant transverse measure Λ,
p and the leafwise operator D p Ep . Because of the positivity
L
off K, K1 and K p “ K Y K1 , all three operators DE , DE 1 and D p Ep have finite invariant transverse measure
L L L
indices, and we have our final corollary, the Φ relative index theorem, which will be useful in Section 6.
Theorem 5.13 Under the conditions above,

p
p E q “ IndΛ pDE q ´ IndΛ1 pDE q. 1
IndΛp pD L L L
We now give a brief outline of the paper. In Section 2, we give the specific setup we consider. The
techniques used in [GL83] of the proof of the classical relative index theorem are not available to us in
general. We use instead the results and arguments of [HL90], extended in Section 3 from foliations of
compact manifolds to the case of bounded geometry manifolds and foliations.
Section 4 is the heart of the paper. It contains the definition of the relative measured index as well as the
proof of the foliation relative measured index theorem. The proof uses mainly the theory of parametrices,
analysis of Schwartz kernels of operators, as well as the Spectral Mapping Theorem.
Section 5 contains the proof of Theorem 5.2 and its corollaries. The proof of Theorem 5.2 involves applying
the leafwise Bochner identity to kPr0,ǫs .
In Section 6 we define an invariant for pairs of PSC metrics on spin foliations as in [GL83], and show that
if it is non-zero, then the metrics are not in the same path connected component of the space of PSC metrics
on F . We calculate this invariant for a large collection of spin foliations, and show that the space of PSC
metrics on each of these foliations has infinitely many path connected components.
In this paper, we work leafwise on M rather than on, say, the holonomy groupoid of F , since that would
require us to assume the graph of F is Hausdorff. This introduces some extra technicalities that we have to
deal with. When the monodromy groupoid of F is Hausdorff while the holonomy groupoid is not, one can lift
all the data to the monodromy covers and state the similar expected results there. However the equivalence
between our results here and the ones on the monodromy covers is not insured in general. Indeed, even with
a single leaf whose fundamental group is not torsion free, some defect invariants can show up, see [Be20].
Finally, note that the results of this paper can be extended to the category of “bounded geometry foliated
spaces” by adapting the constructions of [MS06].
Acknowledgements. It is a pleasure to thank Stephan Stolz for showing how to construct the manifolds we
use in the examples in Section 6.
MTB wishes to thank the french National Research Agency for support via the project ANR-14-CE25-
0012-01 (SINGSTAR).
JLH wishes to thank the Simons Foundation for a Mathematics and Physical Sciences-Collaboration Grant
for Mathematicians.
2. Preliminaries
Denote by M a non-compact complete Riemannian manifold of dimension n, and by F an oriented
foliation (with the induced metric) of M of dimension p, (until further notice, we assume that p is even),
and codimension q “ n ´ p. The metric on the leaves of F induces a leafwise volume form denoted dxF .
The tangent and cotangnent bundles of M and F are denoted T M, T ˚M, T F and T ˚ F . A leaf of F is
denoted by L. If E is a bundle over M , the smooth sections are denoted by C 8 pEq and those with compact
support Cc8 pEq. The smooth functions on M are denoted by C 8 pM q and those with compact support by
Cc8 pM q. If E carries a metric, the inner product map is denoted
x¨, ÿ : C 8 pE b Eq Ñ C 8 pM q.
In particular, if ϕ1 , ϕ2 P C 8 pEq, then
xϕ1 , ϕ2 ypxq “ xϕ1 pxq, ϕ2 pxqy.
We assume that both M and F are of bounded geometry, that is, the injectivity radius on M and on all
the leaves of F is bounded below, and the curvatures and all of their covariant derivatives on M and on all the
leaves of F are uniformly bounded (the bound may depend on the order of the derivative). Simple examples
of one dimensional foliations on R2 show that bounded geometry on M does not imply bounded geometry
on the leaves of F . We further assume that any connection or any metric on E is uniformly bounded. See
[Sh92] for material about bounded geometry bundles and their properties.
Let U be a good cover of M by foliation charts as defined in [HL90]. In particular, denote by Dp prq “ tx P
Rp , ||x|| ă ru, and similarly for Dq prq. An open locally finite cover tpUi , ψi qu of M by foliation coordinate
charts ψi : Ui Ñ Dp p1q ˆ Dq p1q Ă Rn is a good cover for F provided that
(1) For each y P Dq p1q, Py “ ψi´1 pDp p1q ˆ tyuq is contained in a leaf of F . Py is called a plaque of F .
(2) If U i X U j ‰ H, then Ui X Uj ‰ H, and Ui X Uj is connected.
(3) Each ψi extends to a diffeomorphism ψi : Vi Ñ Dp p2q ˆ Dq p2q, so that the cover tpVi , ψi qu satisfies
p1q and p2q, with Dp p1q and Dq p1q replaced by Dp p2q and Dq p2q.
(4) Each plaque of Vi intersects at most one plaque of Vj and a plaque of Ui intersects a plaque of Uj if
and only if the corresponding plaques of Vi and Vj intersect.
(5) There are global positive upper and lower bounds on the norms of each of the derivatives of the ψi .
Bounded geometry foliated manifolds always admit good covers.
When we mention measurable in this paper, that means borelian, i.e. measurable with respect to the
Borel σ-algebra generated by the open subspaces for the underlying topology.
Ť
For each Ui P U, let Ti Ă Ui be a transversal (e.g. Ti “ ψi´1 pt0u ˆ Dq p1qq) and set T “ Ti . We may
assume that the closures of the Ti are disjoint. Let pUi , Ti q and pUj , Tj q be elements of U, and γijℓ : r0, 1s Ñ
M be a path whose image is contained in a leaf with γijℓ p0q P Ti and γijℓ p1q P Tj . Then γijℓ induces a
local homeomorphism hγijℓ : Ti Ñ Tj , with domain Dγijℓ and range Rγijℓ . The space A0c pT q consists of
all uniformly bounded measurable functions on T which have compact support in each Ti . The measurable
Haefliger functions for F , denoted A0c pM {F q, consists of elements in the quotient of A0c pT q by the vector
subspace W generated by elements of the form αijℓ ´ h˚γijℓ αijℓ where αijℓ P A0c pT q has support contained
in Rγijℓ . We need to take care as to what this means. Members of W consist of possibly infinite sums of
elements of the form αijℓ ´ h˚γijℓ αijℓ , with the following restrictions: each member of W has a bound on the
leafwise length of all the γijℓ for that member, and each γijℓ occurs at most once. Note that these conditions
plus bounded geometry imply that for each member of W , there is n P N so that the number of elements of
that member having Dγijℓ contained in any Ti is less than n, and that each Ui and each Uj appears at most
a uniformly bounded number of times. The projection map is denoted
r¨s : A0c pT q Ñ A0c pM {F q.
Denote by Apb pM q the space of leafwise p-forms on M which are leafwise smooth, transversely measurable
and uniformly bounded. As the bundle T F is oriented, there is a continuous open surjective linear map,
called integration over F , ż
: Apb pM q Ñ A0c pT q.
F
This map is given by choosing a partition of unity tφi u subordinate to the cover U, and setting
ż ÿż
ω “ φi ω.
F i Ui
”ż ı
It is a standard result, [Ha80], that the image of this differential form, ω P A0c pM {F q is independent
F
of the partition
ż of unity. ż
Note that is integration over the fibers of the projection Ui Ñ Ti , and that each integration ω Ñ φi ω
Ui ż Ui
is essentially integration over a compact fibration, so satisfies the Dominated Convergence Theorem on
F
each Ui P U.
A graph chart Ui ˆγijℓ Uj Ă M ˆ M , is a subset of the form
ď
Ui ˆγijℓ Uj “ Pz ˆ Pγijℓ pzq .
zPDγijℓ
It has a natural structure as a 2p+q dimensional manifold.

For a real or complex bundle E Ñ M , the bundle E b E ˚ Ñ M ˆ M restricts to a smooth bundle over
Ui ˆγijℓ Uj . We denote the leafwise smooth, transversely measurable, bounded sections kpx, yq with compact
support of this bundle by Γc pUi ˆγijℓ Uj , Eq. We extend them to all of M ˆ M by by setting kpx, yq “ 0 if
px, yq R Ui ˆγijℓ Uj .
˚
ř space Γs pF, Eq consists of sections k of E bE , called kernels, such that k is a (possibly
Definition 2.1. The
infinite) sum k “ ijℓ kijℓ , with each kijℓ P Γc pUi ˆγijℓ Uj , Eq. For each k, we require that there is a bound
on the leafwise length on its γijℓ , and that each index ijℓ occurs at most once. Thus each Ui and each
Uj appears at most a bounded number of times, so the sum converges locally uniformly and in particular
pointwise. We further require that for each k, each of its leafwise derivatives in the local coordinates given
by the good cover is uniformly bounded, with the bound possibly depending on the particular derivative.
Denote by EL the restriction of E to the leaf L.
Remark 2.2. Recall the algebra U Ψ´8 pL, E|L q defined in [Sh92], Section A1.3, Definition 3.1. Note that
elements of Γs pF, Eq are measurable families of elements of U Ψ´8 pL, E|L q with the bounds being uniform
over M .
If k P Γs pF, Eq, it defines a leafwise operator
ż
k : L2 pEL q Ñ L2 pEL q by kpsqpxq “ pk |LˆL qpx, yqspyq dyF .
L
Because of the bounded geometry and the restriction on the lengths of the γijℓ , the operator corresponding to
k P Γs pF, Eq has finite propagation, is leafwise smoothing, uniformly bounded, and transversely measurable.
See Theorems 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 of [HL90].
Recall the notion of a super, that is Z2 graded, operator A. Then the space H which A acts on splits as
H “ H` ‘ H´ . A is an even operator if A : H˘ Ñ H˘ , and an odd operator if A : H˘ Ñ H¯ . If A is an
even (super) operator, its super trace is denoted
trs pAq “ trpA |H` q ´ trpA |H´ q.
If k P Γs pF, Eq and x, y P L, then kpx, yq is a linear operator from Ey Ñ Ex , the fibers over y and x. If it is
an even operator, we set ´ ¯ ´ ¯
trs pkpx, xqq “ tr kpx, xq|Ex` ´ tr kpx, xq|Ex´ .
Definition 2.3. The trace and Haefliger trace of k P Γs pF, Eq are given by
ż ”ż ı
trpkq “ trpkpx, xqq dxF P A0c pT q and trpkq “ trpkpx, xqq dxF P A0c pM {F q.
F F
If k is even, its super-trace and Haefliger super-trace are given by
ż ”ż ı
trs pkq “ trs pkpx, xqq dxF P A0c pT q and trs pkq “ trs pkpx, xqq dxF P A0c pM {F q.
F F
3. Overview of leafwise Dirac operators

In this section we give extensions of some results from [HL90], see also [H02], to our more general setting.
The proofs for the case considered here are essentially the same as in [HL90]. The main things to notice are
these.
(1) The space denoted C08 pF, Eq is replaced by the space Γs pF, Eq.
(2) The bounds coming from the compactness of M still hold due to our assumption of bounded geometry.
(3) The żgeometric endomorphism
ż is just the identity map, the invariant transverse measure is ignored,
and is replaced by .
M F
(4) All the operators considered here are transversely measurable.
E
A leafwise Dirac operator DL consists of a Dirac bundle E, that is a Clifford bundle over the Clifford
algebra of T ˚ F , and a Hermitian connection ∇ on E, compatible with Clifford multiplication, so that the
operator
DLE
: Cc8 pEq Ñ Cc8 pEq
is given by the composition
∇ ρ m
Cc8 pEq Ñ Cc8 pT ˚ M b Eq Ñ Cc8 pT ˚ F b Eq Ñ Cc8 pEq,
where ρ is the restriction and m is Clifford multiplication. For more details, see [LM89]. In particular, if we
identify T ˚ F and T F using the metric, then locally
p
ÿ
E
DL psq “ ej ¨ ∇ej s,
j“1
where e1 , ..., ep is a local orthonormal basis of T F , and ej ¨ is Clifford multiplication by ej . All the classical
complexes (de Rham, Signature, Dolbeault, and Spin) give rise to leafwise Dirac operators provided F
supports the necessary geometric structures for these complexes to be defined.
Theorem 3.1. [HL90],Theorem 2.3.6. Suppose k1 , k2 P Γs pF, Eq are super operators. If both are even,
trs pk1 ˝ k2 q “ trs pk2 ˝ k1 q,
and if both are odd,
trs pk1 ˝ k2 q “ ´ trs pk2 ˝ k1 q,
in A0c pM {F q.
Note that while the functions trs pk1 ˝ k2 q and trs pk2 ˝ k1 q also exist in A0c pT q, in general they are not
equal.
Proof. We do only the even case. Because of the limit on the leafwise length of the γijℓ , for each i, j, there
are only finitely many k1,ijℓ in the sum making up k1 . Similarly, for each r, s, there are only finitely many
k2,rst in the sum making up k2 . As
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ
trs p k1,ijℓ ˝ k2,rst q “ trs pk1,ijℓ ˝ k2,rst q,
ijℓ rst ijℓ rst
we may assume k1 “ k1,ijℓ P Γc pUi ˆγijℓ Uj , Eq and k2 “ k2,rst P Γc pUr ˆγrst Us , Eq with Uj X Ur ‰ H and
Us X Ui ‰ H, since otherwise trs pk1,ijℓ ˝ k2,rst q “ 0.
Since trs does not depend on the partition of unity, we may assume pφi ˆφj qk1 “ k1 , and pφr ˆφs qk2 “ k2 ,
so the partition of unity will play no role here.
Suppose z P Ti , with x P Pz and y P Pγijℓ pzq , and x P Ui X Us and y P Uj X Ur . Note that, in order to get
something non-trivial, we must have γrst γijℓ pzq “ z. Then
ż ż
trs pk1 ˝ k2 qpzq “ trs pk1 pz, x, yqk2 pγijℓ pzq, y, xqq dyF dxF “
Pz Lz
ż ż
trs pk1 pz, x, yqk2 pγijℓ pzq, y, xqq dyF dxF ,
Pz Pγijℓ pzq
since k1 px, yq “ 0 unless x P Pz and y P Pγijℓ pzq .

Similarly,
ż ż
trs pk2 ˝ k1 qpγijℓ pzqq “ trs pk2 pγijℓ pzq, y, xqk1 pγrst γijℓ pzq, x, yqqdxF dyF ,
Pγijℓ pzq γrst γijℓ pzq
which has exactly the same value as trs pk1 ˝ k2 qpzq, but at γijℓ pzq P Tj , since γrst γijℓ pzq “ z. Thus
trs pk1 ˝ k2 q |Ti “ h˚γijℓ ptrs pk1 ˝ k2 q |Tj q, so their images in A0c pM {F q are the same.
E
Since the leaves L are complete, DL is essentially self adjoint, [Ch73]. Thus any bounded Borel function
E E
g on R applied to DL yields a well defined bounded leafwise operator gpDL q : L2 pEL q Ñ L2 pEL q. The
E 2
´tpDL q
operator we are interested in is e . Unfortunately, its Schwartz kernel k ´tpDLE q2 is generally not in
e
Γs pF, Eq. However, we do have,
Theorem 3.2. [HL90],Theorem 2.3.7. Suppose that g is a Schwartz function whose Fourier transform is
in Cc8 pRq, and that B is a differential operator on E along F with smooth bounded coefficients. Then the
E E E
Schwartz kernels of gpDL q, BgpDL q, and gpDL qB are in Γs pF, Eq.
Schwartz functions can be approximated by elements in Cc8 pRq, and using the Fourier inversion formula
to define operators works well in our setting. For more on this see Section 4. If g is a Schwartz function,
then estimates by Schwartz functions whose Fourier transforms are in Cc8 pRq, as given in [HL90], along with
bounded geometry, show that kgpDLE q px, yq is uniformly bounded on M ˆM . The same holds for the Schwartz
E E
kernels of BgpDL q, and gpDL qB. In particular, trpkgpDLE q px, xqq, trpkBgpDLE q px, xq, and trpkgpDLE qB px, xq are
uniformly bounded on M . Thus we get,
E E
Theorem 3.3. [HL90],Theorem 2.3.8. Suppose that g is a Schwartz function. Then trpgpDL qq and trpgpDL qq
E
exist. If B is a differential operator on E along F with smooth bounded coefficients, then trpBgpDL qq,
E E E
trpBgpDL qq, trpgpDL qBq, and trpgpDL qBq exist. The same holds for the super traces provided the operators
are super operators.
2 E 2 E 2
Since for t ą 0, e´tx is a Schwartz function, trs pe´tpDL q q and trs pe´tpDL q q exist. Classical local results
E E
give the following. See [Ge86]. Denote by ASpDL q the characteristic differential formŹassociated to DL by
8 ˚ E
the local Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem, [ABP73, Gi73]. Denote its restriction to C p T F q by ASpDL qL .
E
Theorem 3.4. limtÑ0 trs pk E 2 px, xqq “ ASpDL qL pxq uniformly on M . Thus,
e´tpDL q
ż
E 2
lim trs pe´tpDL q q “ ASpDL E
qL in A0c pT q, and
tÑ0 F
E 2
”ż ı
lim trs pe´tpDL q q “ E
ASpDL qL in A0c pM {F q.
tÑ0 F
E 2
Denote the Schwartz kernel of the graded projection onto the leafwise kernel of pDL q by kP0 . The rest
of Section 2.3 of [HL90] is taken up with the technicalities of proving the following.
Theorem 3.5. [HL90], Theorem 2.3.11. lim trs pk E 2 px, xqq “ trs pkP0 px, xqq pointwise on M .
tÑ8 e´tpDL q
In general, this convergence is not uniform. However, since trs pk ´tpDLE q2 px, xqq is uniformly bounded on
ż e
M , and is essentially integration over a compact fibration, it follows that for any finite collection of
Ui
pUi , Ti q,
ÿż ÿż ÿ
lim φi pxq trs pk E 2 px, xqq “ φi pxq trs pkP0 px, xqq in A0c pTi q Ă A0c pT q.
tÑ8 e´tpDL q
i Ui i Ui i
Next, we have,
E 2
Theorem 3.6. [HL90], Theorem 5.1. The element trs pe´tpDL q q P A0c pM {F q is independent of t.
The proof involves taking limits of approximations by elements of Γs pF, Eq.
Finally, we have two useful results from the Spectral Mapping Theorem.
Proposition 3.7. Suppose that the sequence of bounded Borel functions fn pzq converges pointwise to f pzq,
and for ℓ sufficiently large, ||p1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 qfn ||8 is a bounded sequence. Then the Schwartz kernel kfn pDLE q
converges to kf pDLE q pointwise.
Proof. For x P M and v P Ex , the fiber over x, with ||v|| “ 1, denote by δxv the distributional section of EL
given by xδxv , σy “ xσpxq, vy. Because of bounded geometry, there is ℓ sufficiently large, which depends only
on the dimension of F , so that the Sobolev ´ℓ norm
E 2 ´ℓ{2 v
||δxv ||´ℓ “ ||p1 ` pDL q q δx ||0
of δxv is uniformly bounded over all x and v. The norm || ¨ ||0 is the L2 norm.
The Spectral Mapping Theorem says that if a sequence of bounded Borel functions gn converges pointwise
E E
to g and the sequence ||gn ||8 is bounded, then gn pDL q converges to gpDL q strongly, that is for any element
E E
v, limnÑ8 ||gn pDL qpvq ´ gpDL qpvq||0 “ 0.
Now, ||pkfn pDLE q ´ kf pDLE q qpx, yq|| is bounded by a finite sum of of elements of the form
|xpkfn pDLE q ´ kf pDLE q qpx, yqqpwq, vy|,
where w P Ey , and v P Ex and both have norm 1. But, we have
E E
|xpkfn pDLE q ´ kf pDLE q qpx, yqqpwq, vy| “ |xpfn pDL q ´ f pDL qqpδyw q, δxv y| ď
E E
||pfn pDL q ´ f pDL qqpδyw q||ℓ ||δxv ||´ℓ “ ||pp1 ` pDL
E 2 ℓ{2 E
q q pfn pDL E
q ´ f pDL qqqpδyw q||0 ||δxv ||´ℓ “
||pp1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 pfn ´ f qqpDL
E
qpδyw q||0 ||δxv ||´ℓ .
As fn converges pointwise to f , p1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 fn converges pointwise to p1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 f . Since ||p1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 fn ||8 is
bounded, pp1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 fn qpDL
E
q converges strongly to pp1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 f qpDL
E
q, so
lim ||pp1 ` z 2 qℓ{2 pfn ´ f qqpDL
E
qpδyw q||0 “ 0.
nÑ8
Proposition 3.8. Suppose that ft Ñ f as t Ñ 0 in the Schwartz topology on the Schwartz functions. Then,
lim kft pDLE q “ kf pDLE q uniformly.
tÑ0
E
Proof. By the Spectral Mapping Theorem ||gpDL q|| ď supzPR |gpzq|. Now ft Ñ f as t Ñ 0 in the Schwartz
n
topology gives that for all n ě 0, supzPR |z pft pzq ´ f pzqq| Ñ 0 as t Ñ 0. As above, we have,
E E
|xpkft pDLE q ´ kf pDLE q qpx, yqqpwq, vy| ď ||pft pDL q ´ f pDL qqpδyw q||ℓ ||δxv ||´ℓ ď
E E
||ft pDL q ´ f pDL q||´ℓ,ℓ ||δyw ||´ℓ ||δxv ||´ℓ ,
E E
where ||ft pDL q ´ f pDL q||´ℓ,ℓ is the norm of operator from the ´ℓ Sobolev space to the ℓ Sobolev space.
Now
E E
||ft pDL q ´ f pDL q||´ℓ,ℓ ď sup |p1 ` z 2 qℓ pft pzq ´ f pzqq|,
zPR
which goes to zero as t Ñ 0, independently of δyw and δxv .
4. The foliation relative measured index theorem

In this section, we assume that we have two foliated manifolds pM, F q and pM 1 , F 1 q as above, and two Z2
E1
graded odd leafwise Dirac operators DL E
and DL acting on Clifford bundles E Ñ M and E 1 Ñ M 1 , with
Clifford compatible Hermitian connections ∇ and ∇1 . We further assume that there are compact subspaces
K “ M r V and K1 “ M 1 r V 1 of M and M 1 with a bundle morphism Φ “ pφ, ϕq from E Ñ V to E 1 Ñ V 1 .
We assume that ϕ : V Ñ V 1 is an isometry with ϕ´1 pF 1 q “ F , that φ : E|V Ñ E 1 |V 1 is an isomorphism, and
that φ˚ p∇1 |V 1 q “ ∇ |V . Thus, the well defined (since they are differential operators) restrictions of DL
E
and
E1 1
DL to the sections over V and V agree through Φ, i.e.
1
pΦ´1 q˚ ˝ DL
E
˝ Φ˚ |V 1 “ DL
E
|V 1 .
Without loss of generality, we may assume that K and K1 are the closures of open subsets.
We may assume that the good open covers U and U 1 on M and M 1 are ϕ compatible on V and V 1 . That
is,
tUi P U | Ui X K “ Hu “ tϕ´1 pUi1 q |Ui1 P U 1 , Ui1 X K1 “ Hu.
Set
UV “ tUi P U | Ui X K “ Hu and UV1 1 “ tUi1 P U 1 |Ui1 X K1 “ Hu,
and
TV “ tTi P U | Ui X K “ Hu and TV1 1 “ tTi1 P U 1 |Ui1 X K1 “ Hu.
Thus ϕ˚ : A0c pTV1 1 q Ñ A0c pTV q is an isomorphism from the functions supported on the transversals in UV1 1
to the functions supported on the transversals in UV . Denote by TK “ T r TV , the transversals which are
not in UV , and similarly for TK1 1 , both of which are relatively compact.
Finally, we assume that we have invariant transverse measures Λ and Λ1 on pM, F q and pM 1 , F 1 q, which
are ϕ compatible on UV and UV1 1 , that is, for any α1 P A0c pT 1 q and pUi1 , Ti1 q P UV1 1 ,
ż ż
ϕ˚ pα1 |Ti1 q dΛ “ α1 |Ti1 dΛ1 .
ϕ´1 pTi1 q Ti1
Recall that Λ is a measure on each Ti so that if fij : Ti Ñ Tj is a local diffeomorphism induced by the
holonomy of F , then it preserves the measure. By the obvious extension, ż Λ induces a Borel measure on any
p
transversal to F which is σ-finite, i.e. for any compact transversal T , 1 dΛ is finite. The leafwise measure
Tp
dxF and Λ combine to give a global measure denoted dµ. In particular,
ż ż „ż 
‚ dµ “ ‚ dxF dΛ.
M T F
Similarly for Λ1 .
Next, we introduce the ϕ-relative space of Haefliger functions, along with their relative integration against
Λ and Λ1 . Denote by g : M Ñ r0, 8q and g 1 : M 1 Ñ r0, 8q two smooth exhaustions such that for any s ě s0
for some s0 ą 0, the open subspaces, with compact complements, M psq “ tg ą su and M 1 psq “ tg 1 ą su
agree through ϕ, that is ϕpM ps0 qq “ M 1 ps0 q and g|Mps0 q “ g 1 ˝ ϕ|Mps0 q . For s ě s0 , set
Ts “ tTi P T | Ti X M psq ‰ Hu,
and similarly for Ts1 .
Recall the subspaces W Ă A0c pT q and W 1 Ă A0c pT 1 q from the definition of the bounded measurable
0
ř functions Ac pM {F q ř
Haefiger and A0c pM 1 {F 1 q given in Section 2. Suppose that pω, ω 1 q P W ˆ W 1 , with
ω “ pα,γq α ´ h˚γ α and ω 1 “ pα1 ,γ 1 q α1 ´ h˚γ 1 α1 . For simplicity, we have dropped the subscripts. The vector
subspace W ˆϕ W 1 Ă W ˆ W 1 consists of elements pω, ω 1 q which are ϕ compatible. This means that all but
a finite number of the pα, γq and pα1 , γ 1 q are paired, that is
α “ ϕ˚ pα1 q and γ 1 “ ϕ ˝ γ, so α ´ h˚γ α “ ϕ˚ pα1 ´ h˚γ 1 α1 q.
Definition 4.1. Given functions β P A0c pT q and β 1 P A0c pT 1 q, the pair pβ, β 1 q is ϕ-compatible if there exists
s ě s0 so that β “ ϕ˚ pβ 1 q on Ts .
Set
A0c pM {F, M 1 {F 1 ; ϕq “ tpβ, β 1 q P A0c pT q ˆ A0c pT 1 q | pβ, β 1 q is ϕ compatibleu {pW ˆϕ W 1 q.
Definition 4.2. For rpβ, β 1 qs P A0c pM {F, M 1 {F 1 ; ϕq, set
˜ż ż ¸
1 1 1 1
xrpβ, β qs, pΛ, Λ qy “ lim β dΛ ´ β dΛ .
sÑ8 T rTs T 1 rTs1
This is well defined because any representative pβ, β 1 q is ϕ compatible, so the right hand side is eventually
constant. In addition, every pω, ω 1 q P W ˆϕ W 1 is ϕ compatible, so satisfies
˜ż ż ¸
lim ω dΛ ´ ω 1 dΛ1 “ 0.
sÑ8 T rTs T 1 rTs1
To see this, recall that there is a global bound on the leafwise length of the γ and γ 1 in ω and ω 1 . This,
and the fact that there are only finitely many unpaired pα, γq and pα1 , γ 1 q, insures that for large s, every
ż
unpaired pα, γq will have both Dγ and Rγ Ă T r Ts , so α ´ h˚γ α dΛ will be zero, and similarly for every
T rTs
unpaired pα1 , γ 1 q. Those pα, γq and pα1 , γ 1 q which are paired and appear in the integration, will have Dγ
and/or Rγ Ă T r Ts with corresponding Dγ 1 and/or Rγ 1 Ă T 1 r Ts1 . In both cases, their integrals will cancel.
Throughout the paper, we denote the leafwise Schwartz kernel of a leafwise operator A by kA px, yq, which
is a section of the bundle E b E ˚ » E b E. When we think of a section of the form ϕ1 b ϕ2 of E b E acting
on a section ϕ of E, it does so as
pϕ1 b ϕ2 qpϕq “ xϕ2 , ϕyϕ1 .
It is then clear that for such sections,
trpϕ1 b ϕ2 q “ xϕ1 , ϕ2 y, that is trpϕ1 b ϕ2 qpxq “ xϕ1 pxq, ϕ2 pxqy.
This extends to all sections, so we have the notation kA xx, xy “ trpkA px, xqq.
E E1
As DL and DL are odd super operators, we have
ˆ E ´
˙ ˆ E1 ´
˙
E 0 pDL q E1 0 pDL q
DL “ E ` and D L “ 1
E ` .
pDL q 0 pDL q 0
1
Let Q and Q1 be leafwise parametrices for DLE
and DLE
, respectively. That is, they are finite propagation
odd operators, (which are zero in the ` to ´ direction), with ϕ compatible remainders
1 1
E ` E `
S “ I ´QpDL q , R “ I ´pDL q Q, S 1 “ I ´Q1 pDL
E `
q , and R1 “ I ´pDL
E ` 1
q Q.
The remainders have Schwartz kernels which belong to Γs pF, Eq and Γs pF 1 , E 1 q respectively, and they are ϕ
compatible. Thus each remainder has finite propagation, and for s ě s0 sufficiently large, they are identified
by Φ “ pφ, ϕq. For example,
pΦ´1 q˚ ˝ S ˝ Φ˚ |M 1 psq “ S 1 |M 1 psq ,
for s so large that S sends sections supported on M psq to sections supported on M ps0 q, and similarly for
M 1 psq. The same is true for their squares with a possibly larger s0 . It is easy to check that such parametrices
always exist, and that, because of bounded geometry, they satisfy the properties we need. See [Sh92], and
the proof of Theorem 4.12 below. Set
E
IndpDL q “ trpkS 2 q ´ trpkR2 q P A0c pM {F q,
1
E
and similarly for IndpDL q.
1
E E
˜ż index of the pair pDL
Definition 4.3. The relative measured , DL qżof leafwise Dirac operators ¸ is
1
E E 1
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ lim kS 2 xx, xy ´ kR2 xx, xy dµ ´ kS 12 xx, xy ´ kR1 2 xx, xy dµ .
sÑ8 MrMpsq M 1 rM 1 psq
2 2
Remark 4.4. We could as well use S, R, S 1 and R1 in place of S 2 , R2 , S 1 and R1 above. Both are
convenient for different applications. The RHS still makes sense without the squares and is unchanged. One
E ` E ` 2 2
just writes S 2 “ S ´ QrpDL q Ss and R2 “ R ´ rpDL q SsQ and similarly for S 1 and R1 , and shows that
all the extra terms cancel out in the s limit. For a proof see the Appendix. We use the squares here and the
non-squares in the proof of Theorem 4.12 below.
1
E
Proposition 4.5. IndΛ,Λ1 pDL E
, DL q does not depend on the choice of pQ, Q1 q with ϕ compatible remainders.
Proof. By an abuse of notation, we will replace the Schwartz kernels of operators by the operators themselves.
Suppose that pQ0 , Q10 q and pQ1 , Q11 q are two pairs of parametrices with ϕ compatible remainders. Denote
E `
the remainders for pDL q by S0 , R0 and S1 , R1 respectively. The expression
E ` 2 E `
trppI ´Qi pDL q q q ´ trppI ´pDL q Qi q2 q “ trpSi2 q ´ trpRi2 q,
can be interpreted as trpei ´f q for idempotents ei , f in Γs pF, Eq‘pC IE ` ‘C IE ´ q such that ei ´f P Γs pF, Eq.
More precisely, set ˆ ˙ ˆ ˙
Si2 Qi pRi ` Ri2 q 0 0
ei “ E ` and f “
Ri pDL q IE ´ ´Ri2 0 IE ´
Notice that the Haefliger trace tr extends to a trace trr on

ˆ ˙
λ` IE ` 0
tk ` | k P Γs pF, Eq and λ˘ P Cu,
0 λ´ IE ´
which is defined to be zero on C IE ` ‘ C IE ´ . We thus have
trpSi2 q ´ trpRi2 q “ trrpei q.
For t P r0, 1s, set
Qt “ p1 ´ tqQ0 ` tQ1 ,
which is a one parameter family of leafwise parametrices from Q0 to Q1 , with remainders St “ p1 ´ tqS0 ` tS1
and Rt “ p1 ´ tqR0 ` tR1 . Then
ˆ ˙
St2 QpRt ` Rt2 q
et “ E `
Rt pDL q IE ´ ´Rt2
is a family of idempotents such that
trpSt2 q ´ trpRt2 q “ trpet ´ f q “ trrpet q.
Taking the derivative with respect to t, we get
d ` ˘
trpSt2 q ´ trpRt2 q “ trrpe9 t q “ trpe9 t q “ trpet e9 t ` e9 t et q “ 2 trpet e9 t et q.
dt
E
Since et is an idempotent, et e9 t et “ 0 for any t, and so trpSt2 q ´ trpRt2 q is independent of t, that is, IndpDL q
does not depend on the choice of Q.
E1
The same argument shows that IndpDL q does not depend on the choice of Q1 . An important point to
E
note is that all of the elements in the argument for IndpDL q are ϕ compatible with those in the argument
1
E
for IndpDL q. This implies that the element
2 2 2 2
ptrpSt2 q ´ trpRt2 q, trpS 1 t q ´ trpR1 t qq “ rptrpSt2 q ´ trpRt2 q, trpS 1 t q ´ trpR1 t qqs P A0c pM {F, M 1 {F 1 ; ϕq
is independent of t, that is does not depend on the choice of pQ, Q1 q.
1
E E
The function of s whose limit defines IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q, is constant for all s ě s1 ě s0 , for large enough
s1 , so the limit exists. Indeed,
kS 2 px, xq “ kS 1 2 pϕpxq, ϕpxqq and kR2 px, xq “ kR1 2 pϕpxq, ϕpxqq,
outside M ps1 q, for large enough s1 , so
ż ż
E1
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL E
, DL q “ kS 2 xx, xy ´ kR2 xx, xy dµ ´ kS 12 xx, xy ´ kR1 2 xx, xy dµ1 ,
MrMpsq M 1 rM 1 psq
for any s ě s1 .
Finally,
˜ż ż ¸
E E1 1
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ lim kS 2 xx, xy ´ kR2 xx, xy dµ ´ kS 12 xx, xy ´ kR1 2 xx, xy dµ “
ż ż ż ż
kS 2 xx, xy ´ kR2 xx, xy dxF dΛ ´ kS 1 2 xx, xy ´ kR12 xx, xy dxF 1 dΛ1 “
T rTs1 F T 1 rTs1 1 F1
ż ż
trpk q ´ trpk
S2 R2 q dΛ ´ trpkS 12 q ´ trpkR1 2 q dΛ1 “
T rTs1 T 1 rTs1
1
12 2
xrptrpS q ´ trpR q, trpS q ´ trpR1 qqs, pΛ, Λ1 qy,
2 2
which is independent of the choice of pQ, Q1 q.

E E
Recall, Section 3, that ASpDL q is the Atiyah-Singer characteristic differential form for DL , and similarly
E1 ´tpDLE 2
q
for ASpDL q. By Theorem 3.4, the Schwartz kernel k ´tpDLE q2 of the leafwise heat operator e and the
e
E
leafwise characteristic form ASpDL qL satisfy
´ ¯
E
lim trs k ´tpDLE q2 px, xq “ ASpDL qL pxq,
tÑ0 e
uniformly on M . Since
1
E
ASpDL qL |MrK “ ϕ˚ pASpDL
E
qL |M 1 rK1 q,
1
E E
the pair pASpDL qL , ASpDL qL satisfies
„ˆż ż ˙
E1
ASpDL E
qL , ASpDL qL P A0c pM {F, M 1 {F 1 ; ϕq.
F F1
The theorem below is the first half of the foliation relative measured index theorem. It and Theorem 4.12
comprise a generalization of Theorem 4.18 of [GL83], see also [LM89], IV, Theorem 6.5.
Theorem 4.6. The following index formula holds:
ż ż
E1 1
E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ E
ASpDL qL dΛ ´ E
ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
K K1
ż ż
1
E
Note that the right hand side equals xrp ASpDL qL , E
ASpDL qL qs, pΛ, Λ1 qy.
F F1
Proof. We begin by constructing parametrices Qt and Q1t with ϕ compatible remainders, which satisfy
1 1
E
I ´Qt DL E
“ I ´DL Qt and I ´Q1t DL
E E
“ I ´DL Q1t .
It follows immediately that
kSt2 xx, xy ´ kR2t xx, xy “ trs pkpI ´Qt DLE q2 px, xqq,
E
and we will show that as t Ñ 0, trs pkpI ´Qt DLE q2 px, xq converges uniformly to ASpDL qL pxq. Of course, the
1
same holds for pI ´Q1t DL E 2
q .
For real functions g and h, set gλ pzq “ λz, for λ P R, denote its Fourier Transform by gp and F T pgq, its
inverse transform by r g and F T ´1 pgq, and the convolution of g and h by g ‹ h. We have the following facts:
1 ?
F T pgλ q “ F T pgq λ1 ; F T pg ‹ hq “ 2πF T pgqF T phq; and F T ppgq “ F T ´1 pp
g q “ g, if g is even.
λ
Fix a smooth even non-negative function ψ supported in r´1, `1s, which equals 1 on r´1{4, 1{4s, which
is non-increasing on R` , and whose integral over R is 1. Note that F T pψq p “ ψ since ψ is even. The family
1
? ψ p 1 is an approximate identity when acting on a Schwartz function f by convolution, since, up to the
t ?t
?
constant 2π which we systematically ignore,
1 1 r
? ψp ?1 ‹ f “ F T ´1 pF T p ? ψp ?1 ‹ f qq “ F T ´1 pψ?t fpq Ñ fp “ f,
t t t t
in the Schwartz topology as t Ñ 0. In fact more is true.
˜„  ¸
1 p
Lemma 4.7. lim ? ψ ?1 ‹ f ? ´ f?t “ 0, in the Schwartz topology.
tÑ0 t t t
Proof. We need only prove that the difference of the Fourier transforms goes to zero in the Schwartz topology.
But, ˜„  ¸
1 p “ ‰ 1
FT ? ψ ?1 ‹ f ? ´ F T f?t “ ? F T pf q ?1 pψ ´ 1q.
t t t t t
Write ρ for F T pf q P SpRq. Then, since ψ ´ 1 and all its derivatives are identically 0 on p´1{4, 1{4q and are
bounded over R with the bound which can depend on the degree of the derivatives (this is not a problem),
there are constants Ck , depending on non-negative n, m P Z, so that
„  ˇ „ ˇ
Bm 1 ˇ n Bm 1 ˇ
||z n
? ρ ?1 pψ ´ 1q ||8 “ sup ˇzˇ ? ρ ?1 pψ ´ 1q ˇˇ
Bz m t t |z|ě1{4 Bz m
t t
ˇ „  ˇˇ
ˇ ÿ m
Bk 1
ˇ n ˇ
ď sup ˇz Ck k ? ρ ?1 pzqˇ
|z|ě1{4 ˇ Bz t t ˇ
ˇ k“0 ˆ ˙ ˆ ˙ˇˇ
ˇ ÿ m
1
k`1
z
ˇ n ˇ
“ sup ˇz Ck ? ρpkq ? ˇ
|z|ě1{4 ˇ t t ˇ
k“0
ˇ ˆ ˙k`1 ˇ
? n ˇˇ n ÿm
1 pkq
ˇ
ˇ
“ sup t ˇz Ck ? ρ pzqˇ
1
|z|ě ? ˇ t ˇ
4 t k“0
For any non-negative k P Z, the function z ÞÑ z n ρpkq pzq is Schwartz. But for any Schwartz function f , any
N ě 0 and any η ą 0, „ 
m
1 n B 1
lim sup |f pzq| “ 0, thus, lim ||z ? ρ ?1 pψ ´ 1q ||8 “ 0.
tÑ0` tN |z|ě ?η tÑ0 Bz m t t
t
2
Set epzq “ e´z {2
, and for t ą 0, set
„ 
1
χt pzq “ ? ψp ?1 ‹ e ?
pzq.
t t t
Then, by Lemma 4.7,

´ 2
¯
lim pχt pzqq2 ´ e´tz “ 0, in the Schwartz topology.
tÑ0
Note that χt pDL

E
q has propagation ď 1. Since ep “ e, we have that, up to constant,
1
F T p ? ψp ?1 ‹ eq “ ψ?t e,
t t
and by Theorem 3.2, χt pDL
E
q P Γs pF, Eq. In fact, up to a constant,
? E ż ? ? E
χt pDLE
q “ F T ´1 pψ?t eqp tDL q “ ψp tξqepξq cospξ tDL q dξ,
R
?
since ψ?t e is even. Setting η “ tξ, the fact that Supp ψ Ă r´1, 1s gives,
ż ?
t E 1 E
χ pDL q “ ? ψpηqepξ{ tq cospηDL qdη.
t |η|ď1
E
The operator cospηDL q has propagation ď |η|, see [T81, R87]. Thus χt pDL
E
q has propagation ď 1.
Set ˆ ˙ ˆ ˙
1 ´ pχt p0qq´1 χt pzq 1 ´ pχt p0qq´1 χt pzq 1
Qt “ E
pDL q and Q1ǫ,t “ E
pDL q.
z z
1
E E
These are parametrices with ϕ compatible remainders for the operators DL and DL . Indeed,
ˆ ˆ ˙˙
E 1 ´ pχt p0qq´1 χt pzq E
I ´DL Qt “ 1 ´ z pDL q “
z
ˆ ˆ ˙ ˙
1 ´ pχt p0qq´1 χt pzq
1´ E
z pDL q “ I ´Qt DL E
“ pχt p0qq´1 χt pDL
E
q P Γs pF, Eq.
z
?
Note that, χt pzq “ F T pψ?t eqp tzq, as er “ ep “ e and ψ?t e is even. Thus
? ż ? ż
1 2 1 2
0 ă χt p0q “ F T pψ?t eqp t ¨ 0q “ ? ψp tξqe´ξ {2 dξ ď ? e´ξ {2 dξ “ 1.
2π R 2π R
In addition,
1 ´ pχt p0qq´1 χt pzq dχt
´ lim “ pχt p0qq´1 lim pxq “ 0,
zÑ0 z zÑ0 dz
dχt
since is odd. For simplicity of notation, we will ignore pχt p0qq´1 in what follows. Thus
dz
kSt2 xx, xy ´ kR2t xx, xy “ trs pkpI ´Qt DLE q2 px, xqq “ trs pkχt pDLE q2 px, xqq,
as claimed, and similarly for Q1t .
E1
Since χt pDL
E
q and χt pDL q have propagation ď 1, kχt pDLE q2 px, xq and kχt pDE1 q2 px, xq are completely de-
L
1 1
E 2 E 2 E 2 E 2
termined by what pDL q and pDL q are within a distance 1 of x. Since pDL q and pDL q are ϕ related off
E1 2
K and K , the pair trs pχ pDL q q, trs pχ pDL q q is ϕ related off the 1 penumbras of K and K1 . Thus,
1 t E 2 t
”´ ¯ı
E1 2
trs pχt pDL
E 2
q q, trs pχt pDL q q P A0c pM {F, M 1 {F 1 ; ϕq,
and, we may express the measured relative index as
A”´ ¯ı E
E1 E1 2
E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ trs pχt pDL
E 2
q q, trs pχt pDL q q , pΛ, Λ1 q .
The right hand side is independent of t, because of its independence of the choice of the pair pQt , Q1t q by
Proposition 4.5.
Now, A”´ ¯ı E
E1 2
trs pχt pDL q q, trs pχt pDL
E 2
q q , pΛ, Λ1 q “
4.8. ˜ż ż ¸
E1 2
lim trs pχ t E 2
pDL q q dΛ ´ trs pχ t
pDL q q dΛ1 “
sÑ8 T rT psq T 1 rT 1 psq
ż ż
1
trs pχ t E 2
pDL q q dΛ ´ trs pχt pDL q q dΛ1 ,
E 2
T rT ps1 q T 1 rT 1 ps1 q
for s1 sufficiently large. The same s1 works for all t ą 0. Note that T r T ps1 q and T 1 r T 1 ps1 q are relatively
compact, so have finite volumes.
Let δ ą 0 be given. There is t0 ą 0, so that for all 0 ă t ă t0 , and all x,
| trs pkχt pDLE q2 px, xqq ´ trs pk E 2 px, xqq| ď δ{2.
e´tpDL q
This follows from Proposition 3.8 and Lemma 4.7 and their proofs. These give
|xkχt pDLE q2 px, xqpvq, vy ´ xk E 2 px, xqpvq, vy| ď
e´tpDL q
E 2
||χt pDL q ´ e´tpDL q q||ℓ,´ℓ ||δxv ||´ℓ ||δxv ||´ℓ ď
E 2
2
supp|p1 ` z 2 qℓ pχt pzq2 ´ e´tz |q||δxv ||2´ℓ Ñ 0 as t Ñ 0,
zPR
independently of δxv . Finally, trs pkχt pDLE q2 px, xqq is a finite sum of elements of the form kχt pDLE q2 pδxv , δxv q, as
is trs pk ´tpDLE q2 px, xqq.
e
From Theorem 3.4 we have,
E 2
lim trs pk E 2 px, xqq “ ASppDL q qL pxq uniformly.
tÑ0 e´tpDL q
Choose t P p0, t0 q so that

E 2
| trs pk E 2 px, xqq ´ ASppDL q qL pxq| ď δ{2.
e´tpDL q
Then for all x,
E 2
| trs pkχt pDLE q2 px, xqq ´ ASppDL q qL pxq| ď δ.
We may assume that the same holds for

1
E 2
| trs pkχt pDE1 q2 px, xqq ´ ASppDL q qL pxq.
L
Thus ż ż ´ ¯
` ˘ E1 2
E 2
trs χt ptDL q dΛ ´ trs χt ptDL q dΛ1
differs from ż ż
1
ASppDL E 2
q qL dΛ ´ ASppDL q qL dΛ1
E 2
by at most δpvolpT r T ps1 qq ` volpT 1 r T 1 ps1 qqq, where δ is as small as we please, so they must be equal.
Denote by χra,bs the characteristic function of the interval ra, bs. For ǫ ě 0, denote by Pr0,ǫs the leafwise
E 2 E 2
spectral projection χr0,ǫs ppDL q q of pDL q , with leafwise Schwartz kernel kPr0,ǫs .
Definition 4.9. The Λ dimension of Pr0,ǫs is
ż ż „ż 
DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq “ kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dxF dΛ.
M T F
In particular,
ż ż „ż 
E 2
DimΛ pKerppDL q qq “ DimΛ pImpP0 qq “ kP0 xx, xy dµ “ kP0 xx, xy dxF dΛ.
M T F
Since Pr0,ǫs is a projection, it is automatically a positive operator. It is a standard result that the function
kPr0,ǫs xx, xy is non-negative and leafwise smooth.
Lemma 4.10. Pr0,ǫs is transversely measureable.
E 2 E
Proof. First note that χr0,ǫs ppDL q q “ χr´?ǫ,?ǫs pDL q. Denote by ψa an approximate identity, that is, for
a P p0, 1s, ψa is a family of even non-negative Schwartz functions whose Fourier transforms are in Cc8 pRq,
and so that for any Schwartz function ρ, ψa ‹ ρ Ñ ρ as a Ñ 0` in the Schwartz topology.
Let ρn be a sequence of smooth compactly ? supported non-negative even functions
? taking values in r0, 1s.
We require that ρn be supported in |y| ď ǫ ` 1{n, be equal to 1 on |y| ď ǫ, and converges pointwise to
χr´?ǫ,`?ǫs as n Ñ 8.
?
For ℓ ě 0, 0 ď p1 ` y 2 qℓ ρn pyq ď p1 ` p ǫ ` 1q2 qℓ and
ż ż
p1 ` y 2 qℓ |ψa pyq| dy “ p1 ` y 2 qℓ ψa pyq dy ă `8
is uniformly bounded independently of a. Peetre’s inequality says that for all y, z, and ℓ,
p1 ` z 2 qℓ ď 2|ℓ| p1 ` pz ´ yq2 q|ℓ| p1 ` y 2 qℓ .
Thus, for ℓ ě 0, the family
ż
p1 ` z 2 qℓ |pψa ˚ ρn qpzq| “ | p1 ` z 2 qℓ ψa pz ´ yqρn pyq dy| ď
R
ż
| 2ℓ p1 ` pz ´ yq2 qℓ p1 ` y 2 qℓ ψa pz ´ yqρn pyq dy| ď
ż R
?
| 2ℓ p1 ` pz ´ yq2 qℓ ψa pz ´ yqp1 ` p ǫ ` 1q2 qℓ dy| “
R
ż
?
2ℓ p1 ` p ǫ ` 1q2 qℓ p1 ` y 2 qℓ ψa pyq dy,
R
is also uniformly bounded independently of a.
E
By Proposition 3.8, the Schwartz kernel of pψa ˚ ρn qpDL q converges uniformly to the Schwartz kernel of
ρn pDL q when a Ñ 0. As the Fourier transform of ψa ˚ ρn is in Cc8 pRq, the Schwartz kernel of pψa ˚ ρn qpDL
E E
q
E
belongs to Γs pF, Eq. It follows from results in [HL90], Section 2, that the Schwartz kernel of pψa ˚ ρn qpDL q,
E
so also the Schwartz kernel of ρn pDL q, is measurable for all n. ?
Now, ρn converges pointwise to χr´?ǫ,?ǫs and using again that for ℓ ě 0, p1`y 2 qℓ |ρn pyq| ď p1`p ǫ`1q2 qℓ ,
E
Proposition 3.7 gives that the Schwartz kernel of ρn pDL q converges pointwise to the Schwartz kernel of Pr0,ǫs ,
so the Schwartz kernel of Pr0,ǫs is also measurable.
Thus, DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq is well defined as an element of r0, 8s, and can potentially be 8.
Recall the sequence M psq of open subspaces, with compact complements, of M defined at the beginning
of this section. Let s0 be such that K Ă M r M ps0 q. Denote by D p E the operator DE restricted to the
L L
submanifold M ps0 q, and by P0 ps0 q, the orthogonal projection onto KerpD p E ). Similarly, we have P01 ps0 q,
L
which we can identify with P0 ps0 q, since we can identify D p E1 .
p E and D
L L
ż
Assumption 4.11. For s ą s0 , kP0 ps0 q xx, xy dµ ă 8.
Mpsq
This assumption is satisfied for instance when the foliation admits PSC near infinity as we shall see shortly.
The following is the second half of the foliation relative measured index theorem.
1
Theorem 4.12. Suppose that there is ǫ0 ą 0 so that DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫ0 s qq and DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫ 0s
qq are finite,
and that Assumption 4.11 holds. Then, for 0 ă ǫ ď ǫ0 ,
ż ż
E1
E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ trs pkPr0,ǫs px, xqq dµ ´ trs pkPr0,ǫs
1 px, xqq dµ1 .
M M1
Thus,
ż ż ż ż
1
1
trs pkP0 px, xqqdµ ´ trs pkP01 px, xqq dµ “ E
ASpDL qL dΛ ´ E
ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
M M1 K K1
ż
E
Remark 4.13. Note that ASpDL E
qL satisfies ASpDL qL P A0c pT q, while in general the integral of the global
ż F
form E
ASpDL q P A˚c pT q, and may include higher order terms. One might hope that Theorem 4.12 extends
F
to these higher order terms (and the higher order terms of the Chern characters of P0 and P01 ), without
additional restrictions on the spectral measures. The examples in [BHW14] show that this is not the case,
since they satisfy the hypothesis of Theorem 4.12, but not its conclusion for one of these higher order terms.
We show in [BH21] that the restrictions given in [HL99] and [BH08] do allow for the extension to the higher
order terms.
Proof. For ǫ ą 0, denote by ζǫ : R Ñ R the bounded Borel function given by
1
ζǫ pxq “ χpǫ,8q px2 q and set Gǫ “ pGǫL q “ pζǫ pDL E
qq,
x
which is a bounded leafwise operator with norm ď ?1ǫ . Extend its leafwise Schwartz kernel kGǫ px, yq over
M ˆ M , by defining it to be zero if x and y are not on the same leaf.
Lemma 4.14. kGǫ is measurable and leafwise smooth off the diagonal.
Proof. Since pM, F q has bounded geometry, the operator Pr0,ǫs is a leafwise smoothing operator, that is, it
is bounded between any two leafwise Sobolev spaces, with a uniform global bound. If Q is a uniform finite
E E
propagation leafwise pseudodifferential parametrix of DL , then I ´DL Q “ R is a finite propagation leafwise
smoothing bounded operator, so its kernel is in Γs pF, Eq. Then
Gǫ “ Q ´ Pr0,ǫs Q ` Gǫ R
where ´Pr0,ǫs Q ` Gǫ R has a smooth uniformly bounded kernel. Since Q has a measurable leafwise smooth
Schwartz kernel off the diagonal, kGǫ is also measurable and leafwise smooth off the diagonal.
Recall the good cover U “ tUi , ψi u of M Ť , and its associated good cover tVi , ψi u. Let ψp : M ˆ M Ñ r0, 1s
be a smooth bump function supported on i Vi ˆ Vi , Ť a bounded open neighborhood of the diagonal ∆M ,
which is equal to 1 on the smaller open neighborhood i Ui ˆ Ui of ∆M . We require that all its derivatives
p yq in these local coordinates be uniformly bounded over M ˆ M . Denote by ψ : M ˆ M Ñ r0, 1s
Bxα Byβ ψpx,
Ť
the transversely measurable leafwise smooth function with ψ “ ψp on i Vi ˆγi Vi , where γi is the constant
path at some point in Ui , and ψ is zero otherwise. Then ψ belongs to Γs pF, M ˆ Rq and is equal to 1 on
Ť
i Ui ˆγi Ui . In particular, its leafwise derivatives are uniformly bounded over M ˆ M . In addition, for any
leaf L, ψ restricted to L ˆ L is supported in an open bounded neighborhood of ∆L, and is 1 on a smaller
open neighborhood of ∆L. Denote by Qǫψ the leafwise operator with leafwise Schwartz kernel
kQǫψ px, yq “ ψpx, yqkGǫ px, yq,
Ť
which is supported on i Vi ˆγi Vi .
Lemma 4.15.
‚ The operators Qǫψ , DL
E ǫ
Qψ and Qǫψ DL
E
are uniformly bounded operators on the spaces L2 pL, Eq.
‚ The operators Rψ “ I ´DL Qψ and Sψ “ I ´Qǫψ DL
ǫ E ǫ ǫ E
have leafwise Schwartz kernels in Γs pF, Eq.
E
Proof. We may choose a leafwise pseudodifferential parametrix Q for DL which is supported in the leafwise
neighborhood of the diagonal where the function ψ is identically 1, and we may assume that it is in the
E E
uniform bounded calculus of each leaf, see [K91]. Then R “ I ´DL Q and S “ I ´QDL belong to Γs pF, Eq,
and
kQǫψ px, yq “ kQ px, yq ´ ψpx, yqkPr0,ǫs Q px, yq ` ψpx, yqkGǫ R px, yq.
By [K91] we know that Q is a uniformly bounded operator on the spaces L2 pL, Eq. As noted in the proof
of Lemma 4.14, Pr0,ǫs is a leafwise smoothing operator, so also is Pr0,ǫs Q, see for instance [K91]. Therefore,
the restriction of the Schwartz kernel ψpx, yqkPr0,ǫs Q px, yq to any L ˆ L belongs to the class of uniform finite
propagation smoothing operators, that is it satisfies [Definition 3.1] of [Sh92]. In particular, it is supported
in a uniformly finite distance neighborhood of the diagonal, and is uniformly bounded with all its derivatives
in local normal coordinates. But such a kernel defines a leafwise smoothing operator, see again [K91, Sh92],
so it is uniformly bounded.
Finally, by the Spectral Mapping Theorem, the operator Gǫ is uniformly bounded between any Sobolev
space and itself, so the operator Gǫ R is a uniformly smoothing operator. The bounded geometry assumption
then implies that kGǫ R is measurable and leafwise smooth with uniform L8 -bounds on all its derivatives in
local normal coordinates. Using the properties of ψ, this implies that ψpx, yqkGǫ R px, yq is also measurable
and leafwise smooth with uniform L8 -bounds on all its derivatives in local normal coordinates. In addition,
this latter kernel has uniform finite propagation and therefore belongs to Γs pF, Eq. This proves in particular
that Qǫψ is uniformly bounded and that Qǫψ ´ Q belongs to Γs pF, Eq.
As
E ǫ E
DL Qψ “ I ´ R ` DL pQǫψ ´ Qq and Qǫψ DL E
, “ I ´ S ` pQǫψ ´ QqDL E
,
E ǫ
we also have that DL Qψ and Qǫψ DL
E ǫ
are uniformly bounded operators on the spaces L2 pL, Eq, and both Rψ
ǫ
and Sψ have leafwise Schwartz kernels in Γs pF, Eq.
Denote by m0 multiplication by the characteristic function of M ps0 q, which we identify with M 1 ps0 q.
Set G pǫ “ m0 Gǫ m0 . We also have the operators G p 1ǫ “ m0 G1 ǫ m0 , m0 I1 m0 “ m0 I m0 , Ppr0,ǫs “ m0 Pr0,ǫs m0 ,
Ppr0,ǫs
1 1
“ m0 Pr0,ǫs m0 , Pppǫ,8q “ m0 pPpǫ,8q qm0 , and Pppǫ,8q
1 1
“ m0 pPpǫ,8q qm0 . Note carefully that these operators
2
are acting on the Hilbert spaces Hps0 q “ pHL ps0 qq “ pL pL X M ps0 q, E|LXMps0 q , dx|LXMpsq q q.
ż
Proposition 4.16. For s ą s0 , |kGp ǫ xx, xy ´ kGp 1ǫ xx, xy| dµ ă 8.
Mpsq
Proof. We begin with the following.

Lemma 4.17. Let A “ pAL q be a Λ-essentially uniformly bounded family of self-adjoint operators, acting on
the Hilbert spaces Hpsq “ pHL psqq. Suppose P “ pPL q, where each PL is a self-adjoint projection on HL with
smooth leafwise Schwartz kernel. Then the Schwartz kernel of P AP satisfies |kP AP xx, xy| ď ||A||kP xx, xy,
where ||A|| is the Λ-essential supremum over M psq of the operator norms of the operators AL .
Proof. The operator ||A|| IL ÁL is a self-adjoint non-negative operator for any L. Therefore, the operator
PL p||A|| IL ÁL qPL is also a selfadjoint non-negative operator, and its leafwise Schwartz kernel ||A||kPL ´
kPL AL PL , when restricted to the diagonal is a non-negative section whose trace is a non-negative function.
Therefore the local trace function is non-negative. But this is equal to ||A||kP xx, xy ´ kP AP xx, xy. Since
kP AP xx, xy is a real function, we can use the same argument with ´P AP and get ||A||kP xx, xy˘kP AP xx, xy ě
0 and hence the conclusion.
Next, we adapt the proof of Lemma 4.28 in [GL83], and the material on its preceding page.
Consider ImrpGpǫ ´ G p 1ǫ qpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp 1 qs, the closure of the range of pG
pǫ ´ G p1ǫ qpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp1 q. Since we
r0,ǫs r0,ǫs
E1 p E “ DE restricted to
are identifying M ps0 q with M 1 ps0 q, we can identify DL restricted to M 1 ps0 q with D L L
M ps0 q. Denote by P the orthogonal projection onto the closure of the subspace
pL
W “ KerpD E pǫ ´ G
q ` ImrpG p1ǫ qpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp 1 qs.
r0,ǫs
Then
pǫ ´ G
G p1ǫ “ P pG
pǫ ´ G
p 1ǫ q “ P pG
pǫ ´ G
p 1ǫ qP.
Indeed, one has (acting on Hps0 q),
pLE pǫ p 1ǫ q “ m0 pDL
E ǫ E1 1ǫ 1
D pG ´ G G qm0 ´ m0 pDL G qm0 “ m0 pPpǫ,8q qm0 ´ m0 pPpǫ,8q qm0 “
m0 pI ´Ppǫ,8q qm0 ´ m0 pI1 ´Ppǫ,8q

1 1
qm0 “ m0 pPr0,ǫs qm0 ´ m0 pPr0,ǫs qm0 “ Ppr0,ǫs
1
´ Ppr0,ǫs .
pǫ ´ G
Therefore, pG p1ǫ qpKerpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp 1 qq Ă KerpD
p E q, so the range of G
pǫ ´ G
p1ǫ is contained in
r0,ǫs L
pǫ ´ G
ImppG p 1ǫ qpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp1 qq ` pG
pǫ ´ G
p1ǫ qpKerpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp 1 qq Ă W.
r0,ǫs r0,ǫs
Next, denote by ρǫ the orthogonal projection onto the closure of the range of the self-adjoint operator
pǫ ´ G
G p 1ǫ . Then
ρǫ P “ P ρǫ “ ρǫ and ρǫ pG pǫ ´ Gp1ǫ q “ Gpǫ ´ Gp1ǫ ,
and so,
Gpǫ ´ Gp 1ǫ “ ρǫ pG
pǫ ´ G
p1ǫ q “ P ρǫ pG
pǫ ´ Gp1ǫ q “ P pG
pǫ ´ G p1ǫ q.
The equality P pGpǫ ´ G
p1ǫ q “ P pG pǫ ´ G
p1ǫ qP follows from the fact that all the operators are self-adjoint.
Now the norms of G pǫ and G p are bounded, and by Lemma 4.17,
1
ǫ
pǫ ´ G
|kGp ǫ ´Gp 1 xx, xy| ď ||G p 1ǫ ||kP xx, xy.
ǫ
Thus, we only need to show that for any s ą s0 ,

ż
kP xx, xy dµ ă `8.
Mpsq
p E q, so by Assumption 4.11, this inequality follows

Recall that P0 ps0 q is the orthogonal projection onto KerpD L
provided we show that, ż
kP ´P0 ps0 q xx, xy dµ ă `8,
Mpsq
since ImpP0 ps0 qq Ă ImpP q.
To this end, consider the von Neumann algebra W ˚ “ W ˚ pM ps0 q, Λq of F and E restricted to M ps0 q
with respect to the trace τΛ associated with the restriction of Λ to the Borel transversals in M ps0 q. Denote
by rǫ the leafwise orthogonal projection onto ImrpG pǫ ´ G p 1ǫ qpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp 1 qs. By the parallelogram law for
r0,ǫs
projections in W ˚ , the orthogonal projection P ´P0 ps0 q is Murray-von Neumann equivalent to the orthogonal
subprojection rǫ . As τΛ is constant on the Murray-von Neumann classes and non-negative, we have the
estimate ż ż
kP ´P0 ps0 q xx, xy dµ ď krǫ xx, xyd µ.
Mps0 q Mps0 q
pǫ ´ G
Since the image of pG p 1ǫ qpPpr0,ǫs ´ Pp 1 q is contained in
r0,ǫs
´ ¯ ´ ¯
Im pG pǫ ´ G p 1ǫ qPpr0,ǫs ` Im pG
pǫ ´ G
p 1ǫ qPp 1
r0,ǫs ,
by the parallelogram law for projections, we are reduced to proving that the orthogonal projection onto the
closure of each of these subspaces is τΛ -trace class. ´ ¯
As the proofs are the same, we only prove the first. The subspace Im pG pǫ ´ Gp 1ǫ qPpr0,ǫs is contained in
´ ¯
Im pG pǫ ´ Gp1 qPr0,ǫs , where the operator pG pǫ ´ G p1 qPr0,ǫs is now acting leafwise in the whole manifold M ,
ǫ ǫ
p p 1
obtained by extending Gǫ and Gǫ ´by zero off M ps0¯q. Thus, we are reduced to checking that the orthogonal
projection onto the closure of Im pG pǫ ´ G p1 qPr0,ǫs is τΛ -trace class, and has integrable leafwise Schwartz
ǫ
kernel.
1
Recall that, by assumption, Pr0,ǫs (as well as Pr0,ǫs in M 1 ) is leafwise smoothing with finite τΛ -trace. On
the other hand there exists an isometry with dense range between ImpPr0,ǫs q X KerpG pǫ ´ G p 1ǫ qK and the closure
of the image of pG pǫ ´ G
p1ǫ qPr0,ǫs , acting in the L2 -spaces of the leaves of M . A classical argument, [BF06],
using normality of the trace τΛ then implies that the τΛ -trace of the projection onto the closure of the image
pǫ ´ G
of pG p1ǫ qPr0,ǫs coincides with that of the projection onto ImpPr0,ǫs q X KerpG pǫ ´ Gp 1ǫ qK . This latter is a
subprojection of Pr0,ǫs , so it has finite τΛ -trace and is also smoothing. Thus, the µ-integral of its local kernel
trace is finite. The conclusion follows.
The same argument works for pG pǫ ´ Gp 1ǫ qPp1 p p1 1 1
r0,ǫs by considering Gǫ ´ Gǫ in M ps0 q and extending it to M .
This completes the proof of Proposition 4.16.
1
By Lemma 4.15 applied to DL E
and DL E
, the operators Qǫψ and Q1ǫ
ψ are finite propagation parametrices
E1 `
for pDL q and pDL q respectively. For simplicity, we denote these by Q and Q1 , and by S, R and S 1 , R1 the
E `
corresponding remainders.
Following the proof of Theorem (1.17) in [GL83], we let pfn : M Ñ r0, 1sqně1 be an increasing sequence
of measurable compactly supported functions, which are leafwise smooth and such that:
‚ for any compact subspace B in M , the functions fn are identically 1 on B for large enough n;
‚ for all n and any leaf L, ||rDLE
, fn s|| ď n2 .
We may assume that each fn is equal to 1 on a relatively compact open subspace U containing K, such
that the finite propagation operator Q sends sections supported in M r U to sections supported in M r K.
Then the leafwise operator p1 ´ fn ˝ ϕ´1 qQ1 , which is well defined in ϕpM r U q, can be transferred using
the isomorphism Φ “ pφ, ϕq to a leafwise operator on M r U . We denote it by p1 ´ fn qQ1 . We extend it to
an operator on pM, F q by making it 0 where it is not already defined. We then define new parametrices for
E `
pDL q by setting
Qn “ fn Q ` p1 ´ fn qQ1 .
The advantage is that each pair pQn , Q1 q is ϕ-compatible.
Since the relative measured index can be computed using any pair of ϕ-compatible finite propagation
parametrices modulo Γs pF, Eq, we may use the remainders Rn , Sn , R1 and S 1 obtained in this way, i.e.
Rn “ fn R ` p1 ´ fn qR1 and Sn “ fn S ` p1 ´ fn qS 1 ´ rDL
E
, fn spQ ´ Q1 q,
with
1 1
E ` E `
R “ I ´QppDL q q, S “ I ´ppDL q qQ, R1 “ I ´Q1 ppDL
E `
q q, and S 1 “ I ´ppDL
E `
q qQ1 .
1
By Remark 4.4, we can compute IndΛ,Λ1 pDL E E
, DL q by the formula below, namely using Rn , Sn , R1 and S 1
in place of their squares. Note that the formula is independent of n, and that, for example, kSn xx, xy ´
kRn xx, xy “ kSn ´Rn xx, xy, etc., which simplifies the notation.
Now ˜ż ¸
ż
1
E E 1
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ lim kSn ´Rn xx, xy dµ ´ kS 1 ´R1 xx, xy dµ “
˜ż ż ż ¸
1 1
lim fn pxqkS´R xx, xy dµ ´ fn px qkS 1 ´R1 xx, xy dµ ´ krDLE ,fn spQ´Q1 q xx, xy dµ “
sÑ8 MrMpsq M 1 rM 1 psq MrMpsq
ż ż ż
fn pxqkS´R xx, xy dµ ´ fn px1 qkS 1 ´R1 xx, xy dµ1 ´ p∇L fn qpxqkQ´Q1 xx, xy dµ.
M M1 MrK
Here fn is defined on M 1 by the transport using ϕ and by defining it to be 1 where it is not already defined.
E
We also used that for large enough s, the support of fn is contained in M r M psq. Finally rDL , fn s is the
zero-th order differential operator which is Clifford multiplication by the leafwise gradient ∇L fn of fn , and
the compact support of ∇L fn is contained in M r K.
1
Note that by our choice of parametrix defined by cutting off Gǫ and G ǫ , we have that on the diagonal
kS´R xx, xy “ trs kPr0,ǫs px, xq and kS 1 ´R1 xx, xy “ trs kPr0,ǫs
1 px, xq.
Thus, by the Dominated Convergence Theorem,
ż ż
lim fn pxqkS´R xx, xy dµ “ trs pkPr0,ǫs px, xqq dµ,
nÑ8 M M
and ż ż
1 1
lim fn px qkS 1 ´R1 xx, xy dµ “ trs kPr0,ǫs
1 px, xq dµ1 .
nÑ8 M 1 M1
Finally, for large enough n, theż support of ∇L fn is a subset of M psq with s ą s0 , as large as we please.
So, we need only show that, lim p∇L fn qpxqkQ´Q1 xx, xy dµ “ 0. Recall that the restriction of kQ to the
nÑ8 Mpsq
diagonal coincides with that of kGǫ , so for large s, it coincides with that of kGp ǫ and similarly for kQ1 . Thus,
by Proposition 4.16 , we have ż
|kQ´Q1 xx, xy| dµ ă 8.
Mpsq
2
As ||∇L fn || ď the proof is now complete for the r0, ǫs-projections.
n
The second statement with ǫ “ 0 follows immediately using the Dominated Convergence Theorem and
the fact that each integrand decreases as ǫ decreases to zero.
This completes the proof of Theorem 4.12.
5. Operators with Λ finite spectral projections

We now give examples of operators which satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 4.12.
E
For a leafwise Dirac operator DL , the canonical operator RE
F on sections of EL is given by
p
1 ÿ
RE
F pϕq “ ej ¨ ek ¨ ReEj ,ek pϕq,
2 j,k“1
where RE is the curvature operator of the connection ∇ on EL , e1 , ..., ep is a local orthonormal basis of T F ,
and ej ¨ in Clifford multiplication. Note that RE
F is well defined, leafwise smooth, and that it is globally
E
bounded because of our assumption that ∇ is of bounded geometry. The operators DL and REF are related
by the general leafwise Bochner Identity, [LM89], which is
5.1. pDL q “ ∇˚ ∇ ` RE
E 2
F.
This is the main result of this section.

Theorem 5.2. Suppose the curvature operator RE F is uniformly positive near infinity, that is, there is a
E
compact subset K Ă M and κ0 ą 0 so that RF ě κ0 I on M r K. Then for 0 ď ǫ ă κ0 , DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq is
finite. More precisely,
ż
pκ0 ´ κ1 q
0 ď DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq ď trpkr0,ǫs px, xqq dµ ă 8,
pκ0 ´ ǫq K
where κ1 “ supM tκ P R | RE
F ´ κ I ě 0u. In addition, Assumption 4.11 holds.
Prime examples are spin foliations which admit leafwise metrics with PSC off a compact subset of M ,
with E “ S the spinor bundle associated to T F , or more generally, its tensor product E “ S b E0 by any
Hermitian bundle E0 which is leafwise flat near infinity. In fact, all that is needed is that E0 defines a
K-theory class which is leafwise almost flat near infinity.
E
When the Λ-dimension of P0 is finite, we denote by IndΛ pDL q the well defined measured index given by
ż
E
IndΛ pDL q “ trs pkP0 px, xqqdµ,
M
E1
and similarly for IndΛ1 pDL q.
Immediate corollaries of Theorems 4.6, 4.12, and 5.2 are the following.
Theorem 5.3. Suppose that pM, F, Kq and pM 1 , F 1 , K1 q are compatible foliations as defined at the beginning
E1
of Section 4. Suppose further that RE
F is uniformly positive on M r K, so also RF 1 is uniformly positive on
M 1 r K1 . Then
ż ż
E1 E1 E1
E E
IndΛ,Λ1 pDL , DL q “ IndΛ pDL q ´ IndΛ1 pDL q “ E
ASpDL qL dΛ ´ ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
K K1
1
Theorem 5.4. Suppose that E and E are two Clifford bundles over M which are isomorphic off K. Suppose
E1
RE
F is uniformly positive on M r K, so also is RF 1 . Then
ż
E1 E1
E E
IndΛ,Λ pDL , DL q “ IndΛ pDL q ´ IndΛ pDL q “ pASpDL qpchpEq ´ chpE 1 qqL dµ.
M
1
Note that chpEq “ chpE q off K.
Returning to Theorem 5.2., note that κ1 ď κ0 , and since K is compact and RE F is bounded, κ1 is
L
automatically finite. Note also, that P0L “ P0 |L , so also Pr0,ǫs “ Pr0,ǫs |L , is not necessarily of trace class in
the classical sense. If a leaf L passes through K an infinite number of times, the classical trace of P0L may
be infinite. However, if it passes through K only a finite number of times, its classical trace must be finite
by the result of Gromov and Lawson, Theorem 3.2 of [GL83].
In the case where κ1 ą 0, we get an even stronger result.
Proposition 5.5. Suppose that κ1 ą 0. Then for 0 ď ǫ ă κ1 , Pr0,ǫs “ 0.
Proof. Suppose that Pr0,ǫs ‰ 0 for some 0 ď ǫ ă κ1 . Let σ ‰ 0 be in the image of Pr0,ǫs . Then there is a leaf
L Ă M so that σL “ σ|L ‰ 0 on L. We may assume that the L2 norm ||σL || of σL is 1. Then we have
E 2 E 2 E 2
ǫ ě ||pDL q σL || “ ||pDL q σL || ||σL || ě xpDL q σL , σL y “
ż ż
x∇˚ ∇σL , σL y dxF ` xRE
F σL , σL y dxF “
L L
ż ż ż
||∇σL ||2 dxF ` xRE σ
F L , σL y dx F ě xREF σL , σL y dxF ě κ1 ,
L L L
an obvious contradiction.
We begin the proof of Theorem 5.2 with some lemmas.
ż
Lemma 5.6. For 0 ď ǫ ă 8, 0 ď kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ă 8.
K
Proof. The first inequality is because kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ě 0.

Our bounded geometry assumption implies that for each leaf L and k P Z, the Sobolev space Hk pEL q is
the completion of Cc8 pEL q in the norm
E 2 k{2
||σL ||k “ ||p1 ` pDL q q σL ||0
where || ¨ ||0 is the L2 norm on Cc8 pEL q. If A : Hj pEL q Ñ Hk pEL q is a bounded operator, its operator norm
is denoted ||A||j,k . The Spectral Mapping Theorem says that for any bounded Borel function g on R,
E 2 pk´jq{2
E
||gpDL q||j,k “ ||p1 ` pDL q q E
gpDL q||0,0 ď sup p1 ` xqpk´jq{2 |gpxq|.
xPR
L
It is thus immediate that ||Pr0,ǫs ||j,k
is finite for all j, k, so standard arguments in Sobolev theory give that
L
Pr0,ǫs is a smoothing operator on each leaf L. So, kPr0,ǫs xx, xy is leafwise smooth.
Given a vector u of unit length in the fiber of EL at x, define the Dirac delta section δxu of EL by
xδxu , σL y “ xu, σL pxqy.
Bounded geometry also implies that the Sobolev norms ||δxu ||´k are bounded for x P M and k large enough.
Then we have
E 2
|xkPr0,ǫs px, xqpvq, uy| “ |xPr0,ǫs pδxv q, δxu y| ď ||χr0,ǫs ppDL q q||´k,k ||δxv ||´k ||δxu ||´k
is uniformly bounded on M . Since K is compact, we are done.
The proof of Theorem 5.2 involves applying the leafwise Bochner identity to kPr0,ǫs . When we apply an
operator to the first variable, we will indicate that by the subscript p1q, and for the second variable by the
subscript p2q. For example, ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy is shorthand for x¨, ÿp∇x ∇y kPr0,ǫs px, yq |y“x q.
ř
The kernel kPr0,ǫs px, yq|LˆL “ i σiL pxqbσiL pyq, where σ1L , σ2L , ... is an orthonormal basis of ImpPr0,ǫs |LˆL q,
and the expression on the right is independent of the choice of the basis. The Spectral Mapping Theorem
E 2 L
gives that pǫ ´ pDL q qPr0,ǫs is a non-negative operator, so we have immediately,
ż
E 2
Lemma 5.7. For 0 ď ǫ ă 8, 0 ď pǫ ´ pDL q qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ.
M
The proof of the following is standard in the classical case, see [LM89], p. 155. Its proof in the foliated
case is a consequence of the holonomy invariance of Λ, and is given in the Appendix.
ż ż
Lemma 5.8. For 0 ď ǫ ă 8, p∇˚ ∇qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ.
M M
ř
Note that the function ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy is non-negative, since i x∇σiL pxq, ∇σiL pxqy converges locally
uniformly on each leaf to ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy. See [A76], and the proof of Lemma 7.4 below.
Proof of Theorem 5.2. Assuming that 0 ď ǫ ă κ0 , and using Lemmas 5.7 and 5.8, we have
ż ż
E 2
0 ď pǫ ´ pDL q qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ ´∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ.
M M
ż
Suppose that the non-positive integral ´∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ ´8. By Lemma 5.6 and because K is
M
compact, RE E
F is bounded and RF ě κ1 I on K,
ż ż
5.9. ´8 ă pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs
xx, xy dµ ď pǫ ´ κ 1 q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ă 8.
K K
Since RE
F ě κ0 I ą 0 on M r K, the operator ǫ ´ RE
is non positive on M r K, so pǫ ´ RE
F F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy is
also non positive on M r K, and
ż
pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď 0.
MrK
Thus ż
0 ď ´∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “
M
ż ż ż
´∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď
M MrK K
ż ż
´∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` | pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ| “ ´8,
M K
a contradiction. So,
ż
´8 ă ´∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď 0.
M
Similarly, assuming that
ż
pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ ´8,
MrK
ż
leads to a contradiction. Thus ´8 ă pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď 0, and we have
MrK
ż
5.10. 0 ď p´∇p1q ∇p2q ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q qkPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď
M
ż ż
pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ,
MrK K
and all of the integrals are finite.

Again since RE
F ě κ0 I ą 0 on M r K, we have
ż ż
E
pǫ ´ RF qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď pǫ ´ κ0 q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď 0,
MrK MrK
ż
since kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ě 0.
MrK
Combining this result with Equations 5.9 and 5.10, we get for 0 ď ǫ ă κ0 ,
ż ż
0 ď pǫ ´ RE q k
F p1q Pr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` pǫ ´ RE
F qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď
MrK K
ż ż
pǫ ´ κ0 q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` pǫ ´ κ1 q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “
MrK K
ż ż
pǫ ´ κ0 q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ` pκ0 ´ κ1 q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ.
M K
Thus for all 0 ď ǫ ă κ0 ,
ż ż
pκ0 ´ κ1 q
0 ď DimΛ pImpPr0,ǫs qq “ kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ď kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ă 8.
M pκ0 ´ ǫq K
To finish, we show that Assumption 4.11 holds, namely

ż
Lemma 5.11. For s ą s0 , kP0 ps0 q xx, xy dµ ă 8.
Mpsq
p E q, where D
Recall that P0 ps0 q is the orthogonal projection onto KerpD p E “ DE restricted to M ps0 q, as
L L L
in the proof of Proposition 4.16. For simplicity of notation we denote the leafwise Schwartz kernel kP0 ps0 q
by k, and Dp E by D.
L
Proof. Let s0 ă s1 ă s, so M ps1 qrM psq is relatively compact. Let f : M ps0 q Ñ r0, 1s be a smooth compactly
supported cutoff function, such that
f |Mps0 qrMps1 q “ 0 and f |Mpsq “ 1 .
2
Since pD qp1q pkqxx, xy “ 0, we have
` ˘
0 “ pf 2 qp2q p∇˚ ∇qp1q ` Rp1q pkqxx, xy.
Since R is a zero-th order differential operator,
pf 2 qp2q Rp1q pkqxx, xy “ pRf qp1q fp2q pkqxx, xy ě κ0 pfp1q fp2q qpkqxx, xy.
By Lemma 7.4, there is a smooth leafwise vector field Vk,f , so that
pf 2 qp2q p∇˚ ∇qp1q pkqxx, xy “ p∇˚ ∇qp1q ppf 2 qp2q kqxx, xy “ ∇p1q ∇p2q ppf 2 qp2q pkqqxx, xy ´ divF pVk,f qpxq.
Moreover, the vector field Vk,f is supported in M ps1 q, since fp2q px, yq “ 0 on M ps0 q ˆ pM ps0 q r M ps1 qq.
Now,
∇p2q ppf 2 qp2q pkqqxx, xy “ p∇f 2 qp2q pkqxx, xy ` pf 2 qp2q ∇p2q pkqxx, xy
“ 2pf ∇pf q b ‚qp2q pkqxx, xy ` pf 2 qp2q ∇p2q pkqxx, xy,
where ∇pf q b ‚ is Clifford multiplication by the one form ∇pf q. Applying ∇p1q we get
∇p1q ∇p2q ppf 2 qp2q pkqqxx, xy “ 2pf ∇qp1q p∇pf q b ‚qp2q pkqxx, xy ` pf ∇qp1q pf ∇qp2q pkqxx, xy.
Combining these computation shows that on M ps1 q,
0 ě κ0 pfp1q fp2q qpkqxx, xy ` 2pf ∇qp1q p∇pf q b ‚qp2q pkqxx, xy `

pf ∇qp1q pf ∇qp2q pkqxx, xy ´ divF pVk,f qpxq.
This equation is in fact valid over all of M since the RHS extends smoothly by zero off M ps1 q.
Both kxx, xy and ∇p1q ∇p2q pkqxx, xy are non-negative functions on M ps0 q which coincide with the non-
negative functions pfp1q fp2q qpkqxx, xy and pf ∇qp1q pf ∇qp2q pkqxx, xy on M psq. Thus we have
ż ż ż
κ0 kxx, xy dµ ď κ0 kxx, xy dµ ` ∇p1q ∇p2q pkqxx, xydµ ď
Mpsq Mpsq Mpsq
ż ż
κ0 pfp1q fp2q qkxx, xy dµ ` pf ∇qp1q pf ∇qp2q pkqxx, xydµ ď
M M
ż ˇż ˇ
ˇ ˇ
divF pVk,f qpxq dµ ` 2ˇ pf ∇qp1q p∇pf q b ‚qp2q pkqxx, xyˇ dµ,
M Mps1 qrMpsq
1
since ∇pf q is supported in M ps q r M psq. But,
ż
divF pVk,f qpxq dµ “ 0,
M
see proof of Lemma 7.4. Since |f | ď 1 and ∇pf q is uniformly bounded (say by Cs1 ), being zero off the
relatively compact subspace M ps1 q r M psq, we have
ż ˇż ˇ ż
ˇ ˇ
0 ď κ0 kxx, xy dµ ď 2ˇ pf ∇qp1q p∇pf q b ‚qp2q pkqxx, xyˇ dµ ď Cs1 2|∇p1q pkqxx, xy| dµ.
Mpsq Mps1 qrMpsq Mps1 qrMpsq
ř
Write kxx, xy “ i xσiL pxq, σiL pxqy, where σ1L , σ2L , ... is a leafwise orthonormal basis of ImpP0 ps0 qq. Then
using the inequality 2|x∇pσiL qpxq, σiL pxq|y ď }∇pσiL qpxq}2 ` }pσiL pxq}2 , and summing over i, we get
2|∇p1q pkqxx, xy| ď ∇p1q ∇p2q pkqxx, xy ` kxx, xy.
Thus, ż ż
Cs1
0 ď kxx, xy dµ ď ∇p1q ∇p2q pkqxx, xy ` kxx, xy dµ ă 8,
Mpsq κ0 Mps1 qrMpsq
since µ is a Borel measure (so finite on compacts) and ∇p1q ∇p2q pkqxx, xy ` kxx, xy is non-negative and
bounded on M ps1 q r M psq.
This completes the proof of Theorem 5.2. l

We devote the rest of this section to two corollaries of Theorem 5.2. In particular, we relate our definition
of the relative index to the cut-and-paste definition considered in Section 4 of [GL83]. We consider compatible
foliations pM, F q and pM 1 , F 1 q as defined at the beginning of Section 4.
For the first corollary, we say that the foliation F , and so also F 1 , is reflective if there is a compact
hypersurface which is transverse to F , and which separates off the infinite part of V . For simplicity we
will assume that this submanifold is just BK, and similarly for BK1 . Then we can “cut and paste” as in
[GL83]. In particular, there is δ P R, and a neighborhood of BK which is diffeomorphic to BK ˆ r´δ, δs,
and so that F restricted to BK ˆ r´δ, δs has leaves of the form pL X BKq ˆ r´δ, δs. We may assume that
the foliation preserving diffeomorphism ϕ extends to BK ˆ r´δ, δs, and that ϕpBK ˆ r´δ, δsq is diffeomorphic
to BK1 ˆ r´δ, δs, and that it has the same properties as BK ˆ r´δ, δs. Then we have the compact foliated
manifold
Mx “ K Yϕp K1 ,
where ϕ p : BK ˆ r´δ, δs Ñ BK1 ˆ r´δ, δs is given by ϕpx,
p sq “ ϕpx, ´sq. We change the orientation of F 1
to the opposite of what it was originally. The resulting foliation F Yϕp F 1 is denoted Fp. Denote by π :
BK ˆ r´δ, δs Ñ BK the projection and note that E |BKˆr´δ,δs » π ˚ pE |BK q, and T F |BKˆr´δ,δs » π ˚ pT F |BK q.
E
(Note that dimpT F |BK q “ dimpT F q, not dimpT F q ´ 1 “ dim F |BK .) We may assume that ∇ and DL are
E E1
preserved under the maps px, sq Ñ px, ´sq and Epx,sq Ñ Epx,´sq . This implies that DL and DL are identified
under the glueing map used in defining Mx and the objects on it. In addition, Λ and Λ1 fit together, giving
p Finally, denote the leafwise operator on Fp by D,
Λ. p and the projection onto the kernel of D p 2 by Pp0 . Given
ż
p “
this situation, Alain Connes defined the measured index, Ind p pDq trs pk p px, xqq dp
µ, which satisfies
Λ P0
x
M
p to the pairing of the usual characteristic classes
his celebrated index theorem, see [C79], relating IndΛp pDq
with the Ruelle-Sullivan current. That is
ż
p
IndΛp pDq “ p L q dΛ.
ASpD p
x
M
We have the following immediately.

1
Theorem 5.12. Suppose that F is reflective and RE F is strictly positive off K, so also F is reflective and
E1 1
RF 1 is strictly positive off K . Then
ż ż
E1 p “ E1
IndΛ,Λ1 pDLE
, DL q “ IndΛp pDq ASpDL E
qL dΛ ´ ASpDL qL dΛ1 .
K K1
1
Note that, since pASpDLE
qL q|V “ ϕ˚ ppASpDL
E
qL q|V 1 q, this result is independent of the choice of the
transverse compact hypersurface.
The previous construction extends to the following more general situation to yield the so called measured
Φ relative index theorem, see again [GL83]. In particular, we assume that pM, F q and pM 1 , F 1 q satisfy the
hypotheses of Theorem 4.6, with the following changes. In particular, M r K “ V` Y VΦ and M 1 r K1 “
V`1 Y VΦ1 , where the unions are disjoint. For this case, Φ “ pφ, σq is a bundle morphism from E Ñ VΦ to
E 1 Ñ VΦ1 as in Section 4, our good covers U and U 1 are compatible on VΦ and VΦ1 , and Λ and Λ1 are ϕ
compatible on UVΦ and UV1 1 . Finally, we assume that F is reflective on VΦ , so F 1 is reflective on VΦ1 , and
Φ
1
1
that RE E
F and RF 1 are strictly positive off K and K .
x “ pM r VΦ q Yϕ pM 1 r V 1 q, with the foliation
Next, consider the manifold M Φ
Fp “ pF |MrVΦ q Yϕp pF 1 |M 1 rVΦ1 q,

where the orientation on Fp |MrVΦ is the one on F , and that on Fp |M 1 rVΦ1 is the opposite of the one on F 1 .
We also have the bundle E pÑM x induced by E and E 1 , the leafwise operator D p Ep induced by DE and DE 1 ,
L L L
and the invariant transverse measure Λ p induced by Λ and Λ1 .
Because of the positivity off compact subsets, all three operators have finite invariant transverse measure
indices thanks to Theorem 5.2. We then have the Φ relative index theorem.
Theorem 5.13. Under the conditions above,
pLp
E E E1
IndΛp pD q “ IndΛ pDL q ´ IndΛ1 pDL q.
The proof follows easily from Theorem 5.2 by adapting the proof of Theorem 4.35 of [GL83].
6. Spin foliations, PSC, and spaces of PSC metrics

We now show how to extend the Gromov-Lawson construction in [GL83], Section 3, see also [LM89], IV.7,
to get an invariant for the space of PSC metrics on a foliation whose tangent bundle T F admits a spin
structure. We calculate this invariant for a large collection of spin foliations, and show that the space of
PSC metrics on each of these foliations has infinitely many path connected components.
We still assume that pM, F q admits an invariant transverse Borel measure Λ, and for simplicity, we assume
that M is compact. Denote by R the space of all smooth metrics on F with the C 8 topology, and by R` sc Ă R
the subspace of PSC metrics. In this section, contrary to previous sections, we assume that the dimension
of F is odd.
Scalar curvature and the so called Atiyah-Singer operator are intimately related. Denote by S the canonical
spin bundle associated to the spin structure on T F , with connection ∇. The leafwise Atiyah-Singer operator,
S
namely the leafwise spin Dirac operator DL ,
p
ÿ
DL : L2 pSL q Ñ L2 pSL q is given by DL pσq “ ej ¨ ∇ej σ,
j“1
where e1 , ..., ep is an orthonormal local framing of T F . Denote by κ the leafwise scalar curvature of F , that
is
ÿp
κ“´ xRei ,ej pei q, ej y,
i,j“1
where R is the curvature operator associated to the metric on the leaves of F . In this case the Bochner
Identity is quite simple, see [LM89], namely
6.1. 2
DL “ ∇˚ ∇ ` 1
4 κ.
Consider the even dimensional foliation FR on M ˆ R with leaves LR “ L ˆ R. If U is a good cover of

M , UR “ tpU ˆ pn ´ 1, n ` 1q, T q| pU, T q P U, n P Zu is a good cover of M ˆ R. ΛR “ Λ is an invariant
transverse Borel measure for FR , with associated global measure dµR “ dµ ˆ dt. Suppose that g0 , g1 P R` sc ,
and pgt qtPr0,1s is a smooth family in R from g0 to g1 . On FR , set G “ g0 ` dt2 for t ď 0, G “ g1 ` dt2 for
t ě 1, and G “ gt ` dt2 for 0 ă t ă 1.
The leafwise spin Dirac operator DL extends to the leafwise spin Dirac operator DR on FR . Denote
projection onto the kernel of DR2 by P0 . We define iΛ pg0 , g1 q P R by
ż
iΛ pg0 , g1 q “ trs pkP0 px, xqq dµR .
MˆR
This is well defined thanks to Theorem 5.2, since the metric on FR has PSC off the compact subset M ˆr0, 1s.
Theorem 6.2. iΛ pg0 , g1 q depends only on g0 and g1 . If iΛ pg0 , g1 q ‰ 0, then g0 and g1 are not in the same
path connected component of R` sc .
Proof. Suppose that gt and p gt are two smooth families of metrics in R from g0 to g1 , with associated metrics
p
G and G and associated operators DR and D p R . Since, G and G
p have uniformly PSC off M ˆ r0, 1s, FR is Φ
related to itself there. Theorem 5.3 gives
ż
p
iΛ pg0 , g1 qpGq ´ iΛ pg0 , g1 qpGq “ p FR qG ´ ApT
pApT p FR q p qL dΛR ,
G R
Mˆr0,1s
where ApT p FR qG is the Atiyah-Singer characteristic differential form, the so-called A-hat form, on M ˆ R
associated to the metric G, and similarly for G. p The forms ApT
p FR qG and ApTp FR q p are locally computable
G
in terms of their associated curvatures. Thus, off M ˆ r0, 1s, they agree, which justifies the last equality.
In addition, their difference is an exact form dΨ which is locally computable in terms of their curvatures
and connections. In particular, Ψ “ 0 on the closure of open sets where their connections agree. So off
M ˆ p0, 1q, Ψ is zero, since their the connections agree off M ˆ r0, 1s. Applying Stokes’ Theorem, we get
p “ 0.
iΛ pg0 , g1 qpGq ´ iΛ pg0 , g1 qpGq
For the second part, assume that g0 and g1 are in the same path connected component of R` sc , and that
gt , is a smooth family of metrics in R`sc from g0 to g1 . Then G restricted to each leaf of FR has PSC, so
Proposition 5.5 gives that P0 “ 0, and iΛ pg0 , g1 q “ 0 also.
Remark 6.3. Theorem 6.2 remains true if we consider concordance classes of metrics, which a priori is
stronger. Recall that leafwise metrics are concordant if there is a metric G on T FR so that it agrees with
g0 near ´8 and with g1 near `8. The conclusion is that if iΛ pg0 , g1 q ‰ 0, then g0 and g1 are not in the
same concordance class of metrics in R` sc . The proof being essentially the same.
Remark 6.4. We could also extend this theory to concordance classes of leafwise flat connections ∇ on
an auxiliary bundle E. The invariant would become iΛ ppg0 , ∇0 q, pg1 , ∇1 qq. See [Be20]. The theorem would
then be that if g0 and g1 are concordant, and ∇0 and ∇1 can be joined by leafwise flat connections, then
iΛ ppg0 , ∇0 q, pg1 , ∇1 qq “ 0.
Next, we have a corollary of Theorem 5.13.
Corollary 6.5. Suppose g0 , g1 , g2 P R`
sc . Then
iΛ pg0 , g1 q ` iΛ pg1 , g0 q “ 0, and iΛ pg0 , g1 q ` iΛ pg1 , g2 q “ iΛ pg0 , g2 q, so,
iΛ pg0 , g1 q ` iΛ pg1 , g2 q ` iΛ pg2 , g0 q “ 0.
x, Fp q to be pM ˆ R, FR q, K “ K1 “
Proof. In the notation of Theorem 5.13, take pM, F q, pM 1 , F 1 q and pM
1 1
M ˆ r0, 1s, VΦ “ VΦ “ M ˆ p´8, 0q, and V` “ V` “ M ˆ p1, 8q. To compute iΛ pgi , gj q take
Gi,j “ gi ` dt2 for t P p´8, 0s, and Gi,j “ gj ` dt2 for t P r1, 8q.
The first equation is obvious since iΛ pg0 , g1 q “ IndΛR pDR pG0,1 qq, while iΛ pg1 , g0 q is the same, except with
the orientation of R reversed, which changes the sign of the resulting index.
For the second, we have
iΛ pg0 , g1 q ´ iΛ pg0 , g2 q “ IndΛR pDR pG0,1 qq ´ IndΛR pDR pG0,2 qq “ IndΛR pDR pG2,1 qq “ iΛ pg2 , g1 q “ íΛ pg1 , g2 q.
p Ep “ DR pG2,1 q, DE “ DR pG0,1 q, and DE 1 “ DR pG0,2 q.
The second equality is from Theorem 5.13, where D L L L
The third equation is now also obvious.
Now suppose that M is the boundary of a compact manifold W with a spin foliation Fp which is transverse
to M , and which restricts to F there. Suppose further that Λ extends to an invariant transverse measure Λ p
p p
on W . Extend the foliation F and the metric Λ as above to W YM pM ˆ r0, 8qq. Given a metric g of PSC
on F , extend it to a complete leafwise metric pg on Fp by making it g ` dt2 on M ˆ r0, 8q and extending it
2
arbitrarily over the interior of W . Then the kernel of the leafwise Atiyah-Singer operator DL on Fp , which is
p
an even operator, has finite Λ dimension. Denote the super projection onto this kernel by P0 “ P0` ‘ P0´ .
Then DL has a finite Λ p index, namely
IndΛp pDL q “ DimΛp pIm P0` q ´ DimΛp pIm P0´ q.
Definition 6.6. iΛ pg, W q “ IndΛp pDL q.

Note that Theorem 4.12 and the proof of Theorem 6.2, adapted, show that iΛ pg, W q does not depend
on the extension of g over W , and that if g extends with PSC, then iΛ pg, W q “ 0. We have the following
corollary of Theorem 4.12.
Corollary 6.7. Suppose that g0 , g1 P R`
sc . Then
iΛ pg0 , W q ` iΛ pg0 , g1 q “ iΛ pg1 , W q.

Proof. Consider the foliated manifolds
x“M ˆR
M and x1 “ M0 Y
M 9 M1 ,
which satisfy the following.
‚ Mx has the metric gt above, giving iΛ pg0 , g1 q.
‚ M0 “ W0 YM pM ˆ r0, 8qq with the metric g0 ` dt2 on M ˆ r0, 8q, and the metric p g on W0 “ W .
Take the opposite orientation on M0 by reversing the orientations on r0, 8q and W0 , so this gives
íΛ pg0 , W q.
‚ M1 “ W1 YM pM ˆ r0, 8qq with the metric gt above on M ˆ r0, 8q, and the metric gp on W1 “ W .
Note that W1 YM pM ˆ r0, 1sq “ W YM pM ˆ r0, 1sq » W , and the metric on M ˆ r1, 8q is g1 ˆ dt2 ,
giving iΛ pg1 , W q.
‚ Note that M x has the compact subset K “ M ˆ r0, 1s, that M x1 has the compact subset K 1 “ K0 Y K1 ,
where K0 “ W0 and K1 “ W1 YM pM ˆ r0, 1sq, and that there is PSC off these compact subsets.
x
On M and M x1 respectively, we have the operators denoted D p and D
p 1 , and the invariant transverse measures
p p 1 x x1 1
Λ and Λ . Note that M rK in Φ equivalent to M rK , W0 is Φ equivalent to W1 , except that the orientations
are opposites, and K1 r W1 is Φ equivalent to K. Then, Theorem 4.12 gives
ż ż
p 1 p
IndΛp 1 ,Λp pD , Dq “ p 1 p 1
ASpD qL dΛ ´ ASpDq p L dΛ
p “
K1 K
ż ż ż
p 1 qL dΛ
ASpD p1 ´ p 1 qL dΛ
ASpD p1 ´ p L dΛ
ASpDq p “
K1 K0 K
ż ż
p 1 qL dΛ
ASpD p1 ´ p L dΛ
ASpDq p “ 0.
K1 rW1 K
p 1 , Dq
But, IndΛp 1 ,Λp pD p “ Ind p 1 pD
p 1 q ´ Ind p pDq,
p and Ind p 1 pD
p 1 q “ iΛ pg1 , W q ´ iΛ pg0 , W q, while Ind p pDqq
p “
Λ Λ Λ Λ
iΛ pg0 , g1 q.
Examples. Suppose that M is a compact 4ℓ dimensional spin manifold with ApM p q ‰ 0, and that its
fundamental group Γ acts smoothly on a compact oriented Riemannian manifold, preserving its volume
form. Such manifolds abound. (The following is thanks to Stephan Stolz.) In particular, take any finitely
presented group Γ which acts smoothly preserving the volume form on a compact oriented Riemannian
manifold N . Any finitely presented subgroup of SOn will do. Use a presentation of Γ to produce a finite
2-dimensional CW complex with fundamental group Γ. Embed the complex in R4ℓ`1 and thicken it into a
compact manifold of dimension 4ℓ ` 1 with boundary M1 . Then π1 pM1 q “ Γ. It is a framed manifold, so
p
its A-genus p
is zero. Let M2 be any simply connected spin manifold of dimension 4ℓ with non-zero A-genus,
p p
e.g., take M2 to be the product of ℓ copies of the Kummer surface, which has A-genus 2, so M2 has A-genus
ℓ
2 . More generally, Lemma 5.1 of [GHS18] and its proof show that for any positive integer ℓ and any integer
p
k, k even if ℓ is odd, there is a closed simply connected spin manifold M2 of dimension 4ℓ with A-genus k.
Then the connected sum M “ M1 # M2 has the required properties.
Ă, and consider the flat fiber bundle
Denote the universal cover of M by M
Ă ˆΓ N,
Y “M
with its natural flat foliation F . Since Γ preserves the volume form on N , it descends to an invariant
transverse measure Λ for F . It follows immediately that
ż
p F qL dΛ “ ApM
ApT p q volpN q ‰ 0.
Y
Recall the sequence of SO4 vector bundles π : Ek Ñ S4 from [GL83], given after their Corollary 4.45.
Using the standard metric on the base S4 , an orthogonal connection on Ek , which gives a splitting T Ek “
T R4 ‘ π ˚ pT S4 q, and an SO4 invariant metric on the fibers R4 , they construct a “torpedo” metric on the
total space of Ek as follows. The metric on π ˚ pT S4 q is the pull-back from the base. The fibers R4 are totally
geodesic and the metric on them is a smoothing near the equator, which is the same on all radial lines, of the
S4 hemispherical metric on D4 , attached along the equator BD4 “ S3 , to the cylindrical metric on S3 ˆ p0, 8q.
Denote by Xk and Σk “ BXk “ S3 ˆ t1u, the unit disk and unit sphere bundles of Ek . Note that on
Σk ˆ p1 ´ ǫ, 8q the metric is gk ˆ dt2 , where gk on Σk has PSC, which we can make as large as we please by
multiplying gk by a small enough constant. Note also that gk extends over Xk with PSC.
The bundle Ek is chosen so that it has Euler number 1, which implies that Σk is homotopy sphere, and
that the Pontrjagin number p1 pEk q satisfies p1 pEk q2 “ 4 ` 896k. There are an infinite number of such
integers k so that 4 ` 896k is a perfect square. In particular, for m P Z, set k “ m ` 56m2 .
Denote by X pk “ Xk YΣ D8 the compact manifold obtained by attaching an 8 disk along the boundary
k
Σk . Classical results of Milnor, [M56, M65], imply that the signature of X pk “ 1, that p1 pEk q2 “ p1 pX
pk q2 ,
7 p p
that Σk is diffeomorphic to the standard S , (the Milnor invariant µpΣk , sq “ 0), and that ApXk q “ k.
Now consider Y ˆ S7 with the foliation Fp “ F ‘ T S7 . Multiply the metric gk on S7 by a constant so small
that the metric Gk on Fp has PSC everywhere. Thus we have a countable family of PSC metrics on Fp. Now,
Y ˆ S7 “ Y ˆ BXk , and we have the foliation Fpk “ F ‘ T Xk of Y ˆ Xk , along with the transverse measure
induced by Λ. Since Gk extends over Fpk with PSC, the invariant iΛ pGk , Y ˆ Xk q is zero.
Theorem 6.8. For k1 ‰ k2 , the metrics Gk1 and Gk2 are not in the same path connected component of the
metrics of PSC on the foliation Fp of Y ˆ S7 . Thus the space R` p
sc of PSC metrics for F has infinitely many
path connected components.
Proof. Note that G0 is associated to the canonical constant curvature metric g0 on S7 . Since iΛ pGk , Y ˆXk q “
0, we have by Corollaries 6.5 and 6.7,
iΛ pG0 , Y ˆ Xk q “ iΛ pGk , Y ˆ Xk q ` iΛ pGk , G0 q “ iΛ pGk , G0 q.
Theorem 4.12 applied to Y ˆ pXk YS7 pS7 ˆ r1, 8qq and Y ˆ pX0 YS7 pS7 ˆ r1, 8qq, using the metric G0 on
Y ˆ S7 , shows that
i pG , Y ˆ Xk q “ iΛ pG0 , Y ˆ Xk q ´ iΛ pG0 , Y ˆ X0 q “
żΛ 0
p Fpk qL dΛ “ ApM
ApT p q volpN qAppXpk q “ ApM
p q volpN qk.
Y ˆXk
ż
For the proof that p Xk q “ Ap
ApT pXpk q, see [GL83], the proof of Theorem 4.47. Thus, for k1 ‰ k2 ,
Xk
iΛ pGk1 , Gk2 q “ iΛ pGk1 , G0 q ´ iΛ pGk2 , G0 q “

p q volpN qpk1 ´ k2 q ‰ 0.
iΛ pG0 , Y ˆ Xk1 q ´ iΛ pG0 , Y ˆ Xk2 q “ ApM
7. Appendix
We first justify the claim in Remark 4.4.
The following is standard, see [T81, R88]. Note that they work on compact manifolds, but the extensions
to the bounded geometry case are straight forward.
Lemma 7.1. Assume that the manifold M , the foliation F , and the bundle E have bounded geometry.
Then there exists a family pJǫ qǫPp0,1q of leafwise operators on sections of E, which are leafwise smoothing,
with kernels in Γs pF, Eq such that:
E
(1) The families pJǫ qǫPp0,1q and prJǫ , DL sqǫPp0,1q are uniformly bounded operators on any leafwise Sobolev
space of E with an ǫ-independent bound;
(2) As ǫ Ñ 0, Jǫ Ñ I weakly on every L2 pL, E|L q.
E ℓ
Proposition 7.2. For any s P R, the commutator rJǫ , pDL q s is uniformly bounded as an operator from any
leafwise s Sobolev space to the leafwise s ´ ℓ ` 1 Sobolev space, with a bound which is independent of ǫ.
E ℓ
For any leafwise smoothing operator A with kernel in Γs pF, Eq, and any ℓ P N, the family pAJǫ pDL q qǫPp0,1q
2
has uniformly bounded leafwise L -operator norm, with the bound being uniform in ǫ.
Proof. Note that
ÿ
ℓ´1
E ℓ E j E E ℓ´j´1
rJǫ , pDL q s“ pDL q rJǫ , DL spDL q ,
j“0
which proves the first statement. For the second, we have
E ℓ E ℓ E ℓ
AJǫ pDL q “ pApDL q qJǫ ` ArJǫ , pDL q s,
E ℓ
which is a leafwise smoothing operator, since A and ApDL q are. That the leafwise L2 -operator norm of
E ℓ
AJǫ pDL q is uniformly bounded independently of ǫ is now clear.
Corollary 7.3. For any smoothing operator A with kernel in Γs pF, Eq and any finite propagation leafwise
0-th order operator B, the Schwartz kernel of AJǫ B converges uniformly to the Schwartz kernel of AB when
ǫ Ñ 0. The same holds for the Schwartz kernels of Jǫ BA and Jǫ A.
This immediately implies that
lim trpkAJǫ B px, xqq “ trpkAB px, xqq, and lim trpkJǫ BA px, xqq “ trpkBA px, xqq,
ǫÑ0 ǫÑ0
in A0c pM {F q, the space of Haefliger functions.

Proof. As in the proof of Proposition 3.7, we have the following for any ℓ ě 0.
xkAJǫ B px, yqpwq, vy “ xAJǫ Bpδyw q, δxv y
E 2 ℓ E 2 ℓ E 2 ´ℓ E 2 ´ℓ v
“ xpI `pDL q q AJǫ pI `pDL q q pI `pDL q q Bpδyw q, pI `pDL q q pδx qy
E 2 ℓ
The operator pI `pDL q q A satisfies the assumptions for A in Proposition 7.2, so the family
E 2 ℓ E 2 ℓ
pI `pDL q q AJǫ pI `pDL q q
has uniform bounded leafwise L2 -operator norm which is uniform in ǫ. This implies in turn by a 3ǫ argument
E 2 ℓ E 2 ℓ E 2 ℓ E 2 ℓ
with the Schwartz inequality that pI `pDL q q AJǫ pI `pDL q q converges weakly to pI `pDL q q ApI `pDL q q.
On the other hand, bounded geometry implies that the delta sections live in some Sobolev space, so also
does the section Bpδyw q, since B is bounded on every Sobolev space. Hence, there exists ℓ ě 0 such that
E 2 ´ℓ E 2 ´ℓ v
pI `pDL q q Bpδyw q and pI `pDL q q pδx q both belong to the Hilbert space of leafwise L2 sections. In ad-
2
dition, their L norms are globally bounded. Therefore, xkAJǫ B px, yqpwq, vy converges to xkAB px, yqpwq, vy
and this convergence is uniform over M . The same sort argument works for Jǫ A and Jǫ BA.
We can now justify Remark 4.4.
By Definition 4.2 and the remark right after that definition, the s-limit only depends on the Haefliger
functions, as far as the pair of functions is a compatible pair. Now, the pairs composed of the integrals
over the leaves of pS ´ S 2 , S 1 ´ S 12 q and pR ´ R2 , R1 ´ R12 q respectively, are compatibles pairs of Haefliger
functions. Thus we only need to prove that the integral over the leaves of the traces of the Schwartz kernels
of S ´ S 2 and R ´ R2 agree in Ac pM {F q, since that will also hold for S 1 ´ S 12 and R1 ´ R12 in Ac pM 1 {F 1 q.
E
To simplify the notation, we will write D for DL . Then,
S ´ S 2 “ pI ´SqS “ QDS, R ´ R2 “ pI ´RqR “ DQR, and SQ “ QR,
and we have,
kJǫ QDS Ñ kQDS and kDSJǫ Q Ñ kDSQ uniformly as ǫ Ñ 0.
This follows from Corollary 7.3 by setting A “ DS and B “ Q, (recall that Q has finite propagation).
Therefore, as Haefliger functions, we get
trpkS´S 2 q “ trpkQDS q “ lim trpkJǫ QDS q “ lim trpkDSJǫ Q q “
ǫÑ0 ǫÑ0
trpkDSQ q “ trpkDQR q “ trpkR´R2 q,

in A0c pM {F q. The third equality follows from Theorem 3.1 as Jǫ Q and DS are in Γs pF, Eq.
Finally, we prove Lemma 5.8, and for that we need the following.
Lemma 7.4. Define the measurable section Vǫ of T F by setting
xVǫ , W ypxq “ p∇W qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy,
for any smooth section W of T F . Then the following pointwise relation between measurable leafwise smooth
functions on M holds,
p∇˚ ∇qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy “ ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ´ divF pVǫ qpxq,
where for any leafwise vector field V , divF pV q is its leafwise divergence.
ř
Proof. Consider kPr0,ǫs px, yq|LˆL “ i σiL pxq b σiL pyq, where σ1L , σ2L . . . is a leafwise orthonormal basis of
ř
ImpPr0,ǫs q. By standard arguments, [GL83], proof of Theorem 4.18, the series i σiL b σiL converges locally
ř ř
C 8 -uniformly to kPr0,ǫs over L ˆ L. Therefore, the series i ∇˚ ∇σiL b σiL (resp. i ∇σiL b ∇σiL ) also
converges locally uniformly to the kernel p∇˚ ∇qp1q kPr0,ǫs (resp. ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs ) over L ˆ L. Both limits are
independentřof the choice of the orthonormal basis ř σiL . As a consequence, the series of smooth functions
˚
on L, x ÞÑ i x∇ ∇σi pxq, σi pxqy (resp. x ÞÑ i x∇σiL , ∇σiL pxqy) converges locally uniformly on L to the
L L
smooth function x ÞÑ ∇˚ ∇p1q kr0,ǫs

L L
xx, xy (resp. x ÞÑ ∇p1q ∇p2q kr0,ǫs xx, yy). Using a classical local computation
on L, see [LM89], p. 155, we have that as smooth functions on L,
7.5. x∇˚ ∇σiL pxq, σiL pxqy “ x∇σiL pxq, ∇σiL pxqy ´ divF pVxσiL ,σiL y qpxq,
where VxσiL ,σiL y is the section of T F satisfying xVxσiL ,σiL y , W ypxq “ p∇W qp1q xσiL pxq, σiL pxqy, for any smooth
section W of T F . ř
For any leafwise tangent vector field W , the series i x∇W σiL , ∇W σiL y converges locally uniformly to the
smooth function on L given by x ÞÑ p∇W qp2q p∇W qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy. Therefore, summing Equation 7.5 over i,
we get, for all x P M ,
p∇˚ ∇qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy “ ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ´ divF pVǫ qpxq.
Note that all the terms in this equality are transversally Borel and leafwise smooth.
Proof of Lemma 5.8. To prove that for 0 ď ǫ ă 8,

ż ż
p∇˚ ∇qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ,
M M
we need only observe that for any leafwise vector field V , the top degree leafwise form divF pV qdxF coincides
with the leafwise exact differential
ż form dF piV dxF q with iV contraction with V , and that it is a standard
result in foliation theory that dF piV dxF q “ 0 in Hc0 pM {F q. Thus we have
F
ż ż
˚
p∇ ∇qp1q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ “ ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ´ divF pVǫ qpxq dµ “
M M
ż ż ´ż ¯ ż
∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ ´ dF piV dxF q dΛ “ ∇p1q ∇p2q kPr0,ǫs xx, xy dµ,
M T F M
and so Lemma 5.8. l
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Institut Montpellierain Alexander Grothendieck, UMR 5149 du CNRS, Université de Montpellier

Email address: moulay.benameur@umontpellier.fr
Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago

Email address: heitsch@uic.edu

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DIRAC OPERATORS ON FOLIATIONS

WITH INVARIANT TRANSVERSE MEASURES

MOULAY TAHAR BENAMEUR AND JAMES L. HEITSCH

Theorem 5.13 Under the conditions above,

It has a natural structure as a 2p+q dimensional manifold.

3. Overview of leafwise Dirac operators

since k1 px, yq “ 0 unless x P Pz and y P Pγijℓ pzq .

4. The foliation relative measured index theorem

Notice that the Haefliger trace tr extends to a trace trr on

which is independent of the choice of pQ, Q1 q.

there are constants Ck , depending on non-negative n, m P Z, so that

Then, by Lemma 4.7,

Note that χt pDL

Choose t P p0, t0 q so that

We may assume that the same holds for

Proof. We begin with the following.

m0 pI ´Ppǫ,8q qm0 ´ m0 pI1 ´Ppǫ,8q

Thus, we only need to show that for any s ą s0 ,

p E q, so by Assumption 4.11, this inequality follows

5. Operators with Λ finite spectral projections

This is the main result of this section.

Proof. The first inequality is because kPr0,ǫs xx, xy ě 0.

and all of the integrals are finite.

To finish, we show that Assumption 4.11 holds, namely

0 ě κ0 pfp1q fp2q qpkqxx, xy ` 2pf ∇qp1q p∇pf q b ‚qp2q pkqxx, xy `

This completes the proof of Theorem 5.2. l

We have the following immediately.

Fp “ pF |MrVΦ q Yϕp pF 1 |M 1 rVΦ1 q,

6. Spin foliations, PSC, and spaces of PSC metrics

Consider the even dimensional foliation FR on M ˆ R with leaves LR “ L ˆ R. If U is a good cover of

Definition 6.6. iΛ pg, W q “ IndΛp pDL q.

iΛ pg0 , W q ` iΛ pg0 , g1 q “ iΛ pg1 , W q.

iΛ pGk1 , Gk2 q “ iΛ pGk1 , G0 q ´ iΛ pGk2 , G0 q “

in A0c pM {F q, the space of Haefliger functions.

trpkDSQ q “ trpkDQR q “ trpkR´R2 q,

smooth function x ÞÑ ∇˚ ∇p1q kr0,ǫs

Proof of Lemma 5.8. To prove that for 0 ď ǫ ă 8,

Institut Montpellierain Alexander Grothendieck, UMR 5149 du CNRS, Université de Montpellier

Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago

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