CHAPTER 13 FOR STUDYING PAST M. ANNE KATZENBERG INTRODUCTION This chapter is about chemical variation inthe ‘wious Components that make up bones and ‘ethand its eppicationto studies of det, demo ‘phy, and life history. Bones and teeth provide test evidence of past diets, including infant dit. Knowledge gained from bone chemistry lt to other sources of evidence for dist {i in tm, the interaction of dit, nuuition, Nel disease. Understanding infant diets and fe ation oF nursing relates to demographic ‘bles such as birth spacing and population . Chemical variation in. bones and {can also be linked to chemical variation 2}, vionment and, thus, eyeals infor Git sbout place of residence and migration Ruth sable isotope analysis may. be Gece faily technical research special sas of such analyses make a significant Wigton to the rconsruton ot son & Si Stable tsotope Analysis MSbletal Biology th a une use of stable catbon isotopes in Hi ely ree Studies is very different from 18) of he tua Strlion, Second Eatin, 80m Wey & So, a STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS: A TOOL DIET, DEMOGRAPHY, AND LIFE HISTORY oe the excitement genemted by the frst applications of stable carbon isotopes to human paleodiet reconstruction. The idea that one could determine whether prehistoric Peoples of North America consumed vom (maize) by performing chemical tests on their bones seemed ike science fiction 10 most archaeologists and physical anthropologist in the mid-1970s when it was first attempted (Wogel and van der Merwe, 1977), Today, Stable carbon isotope analysis is part of a suite Of technical specialties performed on remains from archaeological sites. In addition to study. ing stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. in Preserved protein, itis now possible o study Stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and strontium from the mineral portion of bones and teeth This chapter provides some hackground to the Use of stable isotopes in bioarchacological studies. It includes technical information on fhow such analyses are performed, with a sampling of applications, problems, and finaly. promises for the future, This chapter is not intended to be a review of the now vas literature on methods and applications of stable isotope analysis in studies of past peoples. Reviews of the ‘cartier literature are available elsewhere (Katzenberg and Harrison, 1997; Pate, 1994, ated by M. Anne Katzenber nd Shey. Saunders 413} ata spe AWS: A TOOL FOR STUOYING PAST DIET, DEMOGRAPHY, AND LFE HISTORY choeninger and Moore, 1992 Sehware and this vaviain is leant ox sine | Schecninger, 1991), while mere recent com methods ane | E asi aces foes on pariulr specs vances in_ondensin a i ’ ing | and pr Be ft al, 1996. on weaning; Lee-Thorp and isotopeabundance atios in different substances, : wine 20068 ety toni). The mao alvances ate ocane! nn Histor i Se at caylee eck Whenever reais 2 | E fed has grown commu eden apy dection, al overall desian of Asks: The bE ltontorestniniey ee erncensing wometes corured thoughout te weet) | pl a ae eebone, Hopefully te cen, vances in he est 1S ye he a oul any of nereating pole Me the wader at enormous impact on he we of se | aly vans dif mote dvi infor: iste methods Dcase ofthe bility aa rotons desied wor pes aa much 1ower cos. Sade | ann se rcruisis used to be a timecensining |x area eeca isolation of ses contig | ped Developments in Stable Isotope ieee is & | gaveanc create stmens of interes, and the eeu | fh Analysis sreryais and cometions to standards wer vey ince LrC—™—r—C—SF— “Fs ——————— hl cc Se r———r—™—“ ié$e-rssse=re Tyee required constant attention by lb peso] ya ne the 1970s (DeNiro and Epstein, 4 Vogel. 1978: 1978, 198]; van det Merwe a Vogel and van der Merwe, 19 studies of stable isotopes began in ( Seay gomates introduction of samples it0 th 4 on years ofthe twentieth century in the laboratories aor and phyiests, After the discovery rh aster, and therefore [such WS PE ‘ Serre eotopes in 1913, improvements in ive. This development has openel Wf NE re mC stable isotope analysis 1 go ero aited in more applications most notably in ecological insteumentation anc! intensive study 1 the identification of most stable isotopes by the mid-1930s,’The first commercial mass spec~ et al rometer was sed toanalyze petroleum in J942 at al recach Gas Steen 1989, Fry, 2006; Grits, 1998: Rundi ite 1989). Was also made it posible hp Hoan psosand 1960s many moresampest beaayaesinawens Ae sstouione of lal studies. nstend of seeing Mf sin a tor anayss as waste of ma SSH Can re ote before 1990, researches a" Nie Sey analyze nonoman faunal bore st 5 i a, wy tage ox modem plantsocomse PME hi, fe emgabte stor ABs eon we ia a il and (Gross. 1979). mass spectrometers and the iced rapidly incher stable isotope studies adv istry, biology, and geochemistry. Effo ed toward understanding variation it relative abundances of stable isotopes of the various elements, For example, g¢ ‘explored oxygen isotope variation and its poten tial for studies of past climate (eviewed by Luz and Kolodny, 1989). Maj ie isotope vatiation in the biosphere ng the 1950s and als who ‘nemical signatures. Stab chemists ‘These newer methods have al to analyze many more hum ing previously unknown populations including age difereees satis with respec © a ies ot dot standing stat and geosphere occurred ¢ 1960s, Botanists and geochemists explored ave now been appli stable earbon isotope variation in plants Craig, a 1954: Smith and Epsein, 1971). and ese thy residence pater an SES i dh aadigearbon dating lbortories shared their 10 stulies of det neve @ Petecs | Bender, 1968: Hall, 1967; Lowdon, simplify. analysesAAPHY, AND LFF HISTORY evant 10 radiocar trained Personnel in reputable laboratories cunning the instruments toensure good avcumney and precision, tion is 6 ‘ame vation in be sion diffe subeans, a eg of ah ast 15 yest ave ad tet on the use of a Teh lower cost, Sate of interest, and the actual = only saul sumo History of Applications to Analysis of Past Peoples The realization tht sable isotopes of carbon could be used to investigate past dts ean te toced (0 to diferent but related fields of sudy (viewed by van der Merve, 1982) Scientists working to determine “C iates sg aiclest organic romains noted variation dies derived. from some. human skeletd rsins. Als, maize fom archaeological sce pve anomalous dats relative to wood charvoal Geader, 1968; Hal, 1967), ‘These findings srncided with research on diferent biochem al pathonys of photosynthesis among ples be analyzed and ane} (Sih and Epstein, 1971), Maize Ince plies sample peat, | tom tonpente regions. Sine saree rtion of samples ino te oatbon dating were assumed we he smaller supe 4 an able carbon isotope companing eo poise ouch ser | ni tae nani compet se ent bas opened oP Boe "Cath wale cbs see Sof stible orp arabe, ue eronons dates, Tradinian de use in “toga ores ate] Meg ny ni 9 i 2006; Grits, 1998 Rall wt citeent potosntnt patna coon mrs must pws | ioe eee aa at sstobe analyzed nachos EME ine fom terest based diets in humans ato aing HH G41 dca ers i Sass re of may SBE A Coon waste lement es acch sable @ 1990, researchers now ‘ope variation was used in archaeoto; “for plans to compa Pt Eph locaton, Once the oon of sty, ramen stable OR {Beit catvon isotopes in preserved pote tne attowet seh IS tery interest in other elements aac naan saps 8 ntogen, oxygen and sulfur flourished ir own variation Wille tof these elements and thet stable isotopes fingagecitecnes OE Bbc ced eens a gear on wth spect © $jg,f°2l systems as well, In fact, achaeolnn re, stale 00% 3 ehtve Itecomers to the suidy of ves inal Solon ofan od cement to be used in paleoit 6 ivogen. DeNiro and Epstein tures applied totes ters, and E08 ens et although neve iy oe elements, with ee fnmmooucnion — 445 (1978, 1981) carried o experiments on several 9 relationship between the stable carbon and Stable nitrogen isotope ratios in diet and. in animal ‘Ussues. Shortly after tha, DeNiro, working. with two postdoctoral researchers, explored trophic level and regional variation in nitrogen isotopes (Schoeninger and DeNiro, 1984) and tophie level variation and dietary differences in east Aftia (Ambrose ancl DeNiro, 1987) Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are the isotopes most commonly studied inhuman remains, More recently, stable oxygen isotopes and strontium isotopes have been studied in bone and in tooth enamel. Stable isotopes of Sulphur have been studied in hair and 10 a lesser degree, bone, since hair keratin contains ‘mote sulphur than bone collagen, which con, tains very litle sulphur Controlled feeding cles 10 study the Basic Concepts of Stable Isotope Variation Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same tiumber of protons but different nurnbers of neutrons. Since the atomic mass is deter. ‘mined by the nunber of protons and neutrons ‘isotopes of an element vary in their masses Table 13.1 shows some of the chemical elements that have several isotopes and the Abundances of those isotopes. In contrast to Unstable (radioactive) isotopes, stable isotopes 8 not decay over time. For example, ""C in a dead organism decays t0 MN, whereas the amounts of ?C and °C in the same organism will remain constant. In chemical reactions, such asthe conversion of atmospheric CO, into ghicose by plats, the relative amounts of !°C and "3C differ in plant tissue relative to that of atmospheric CO,, ‘This Variation is due to the fect that isotopes vary in ‘mass and therefore have slightly different chemical and physical properties. Isotopes with higher mass (heavier isotopes) such os °C usually react slightly more slowly than lighter isotopes such as !°C. Physical ph na that occur during chemical reactionseee A16 STABLE IGOTOPE ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR STUDYING PAST DIET, DEMOGRAPHY, AND LIFE HISTORY TsBLE 1341 Average Terrestial Abundances collagen had aleady been developed in rai allagen was to Stable Tnatopes of Ekmeats Used in Analyses cee ating labs since collaged Was Used in rare = dating, Information on isolating collagen from and DeNiro (198, Elemen Abundance (%) bones and teeth is provided by Ambros: followed (roview (1990), who ctitically reviews the various ‘Thorpand vane a ons one iscomposed of an organic mat of ieee B49 tl poten coliagen, which s sda) | eteen consi Ni chs with ery of caoium phosphate, largely ameter 037 the form of hyoxyapatite. Dry ope ros wo Oxygen 99.759 imately 70% inorganic and 30% organic by deposition, These DO ea Mone he ogni prion 5 Sos) | Le Tex oan js collagen. The remainder includes noncoll methods to remow. sur a cose roteins, proteoglycans, and pis which those n oe we, 1080), Because of the intimate stu} Fin. More reer 422 Gitte tetveen collagen ab tyéns] tof eons i oe 20M repati collagen may survive for tows | 3 (Koch ¢ 056 Pa Trost a 1960), and point} —_empling reason is probably degraded collagen has even te in biological a recovered from dinosaur fossils (Wyckot, ap ltotope ratios. It a 980), Collagen contains approximately 39% oo be applied wo n darbogs and 11-16% nitrogen by weight (wn |@ap i n0 longer p Kinken, 1999), and itis the dssue of ce ge (68. Loo-Thorp ¢ tt ofthe mass differences in isotopes awe for sabe carvon an nitrogen isotope nasi Snicimer | 200¢ a et as sootope effects" The resulting The detetion of postmortem depron Af Tm, 1999), an re ope rif the carbon in collagen has been an active aren of siggy le rds lig irene: jesus as compared with the cabon (eg, Child, 1995; Coline ot aby 1995, 2 ‘hon han does ce Oe ered by soope effects Devo, 1585: Hedges, 2002) Sekt Medes ha 4 the ‘Gres aad teeth co 1 arse sionation Freonation isthe et, 1989; Tos, 2002). : A err ls ote variation in biological Because collagen does d°e me) Soom than and geochemical system ana umying nes depending on te Balagay <|Romposed by Kr understning of ation allows the soues of earbo that eerste MEA GBS, two biological anthyopologist, archaeologi fime carbon intake. Another biologic! Besinens, damon aoa ecologstto pu sable isotope analy- of carbon in bones and teeth isn the 4 caer eo solve a wide ange oF inerestin® carbonate (CO:), which occurs in he fag Fo eee gamed stusions of portion of bone, Bone mina 8 gS yy pests Mrs fmaonson can befouid pene of nytonnpie, CoaPOO GU STO hn Ito cr rst by Heels (1997) and However, sever! fons can stv RARE Composed or constituent ions of the hydroxy ey al amin « {see Burton, this volume). are ae tte ith the later providing an entire i Fry (2006), chapter on ‘of Sr? (strontium) of Pb’ (ead) fof Lend COs for POF (phosphate) (Leer 7, Suva and Krosze ssh a ein test “The fitst tissue to be used in archaeological 196% stable isotope studies of human paleodiet was using the carbon i the collagen of bone. Methods for isolating carbon isotope su—- TTT rr ARE Ianoouenon 447 collagen was too badly degraded t0 be used ert ‘This proposel was challenged by Sehoeninger ‘ting collagen ftom | and DeNiro (1982), andag ate in the literature ating col ae followed (reviewed by Krueger, 1991 and eae raced on atcatMerve 1991) Thechalenge Oxygen isotopes on re isolated fiom wiows the various centeredon whether bons carbonate was altered PO, (Luz and Kolodny, 1989; Stuact-Williams aemceeamortem environment by exchange and Schwarz, 1997) a Dave been used i between constituents of buried bone and ear. Provides a picture of the total diet, whereas col lagen is move reffet The F dietary protein, tral portion of bone is also the source of oxygen and strontium used in isotope studies organi matrix ofthe 2, which is studded Paleoclimate and, more recently, paleo ve alos Sok tht te eon papicndien Tho opps Dp tewisape | fre or woud meta ee ERE also been analy for sonia wot 308 onc» | ston. These oneme ne eee oxyzen isompes. (Keeh otal igen ane iSporion 508) | UeTop (1589, whe deel atthough it & technical ls dentine Epa encea sods lo remove the more solublecarbonates, _procedite relative isolating phosphate, cer syeans and tgs | cha those most ely oboe posed more likely to Beaten by diagenet slyeans, and lip arign, More recent debate has centered on the processes, mone wy oe bone thant for tooth “Colugen and tye. | weot cubonain tooth enenct ea ‘ore detsfed discussions of diagenesis ach er ban | ence me os sure of eon one catonne). San eres ad rtosis (Wyetot, | bape sits alow able imag seen 2 nent in bone where it substiues for Strontium isotopes have been used in Baleodiet and residence studies (e.g, Bentley &t al, 2005; Erieson, 1989; Ericson et to be applied to much older materials where & is no longer possible to isolate collagen ‘Thorp et al., 1989; Lee-Thorp and 5 approxima ‘ogen by weight 5 the tissue of choice calcium. S ee 99D, ans uentelner and Lee- 1989; Haeo etal, 1997; Pree eva eg orem segmaaion | TH9p, 1999, and cubon fom Stop, [2% Sealy etal, 1991, 1995, Sive awe of sind | Be eons slighly dient deters tive ame of ce ‘mation than does collagen, 1995, 2002 foes collage oom croc ‘The idea that the carbon in the carbonate of tones and teeth comes from different dietary Methods for Isolating Specitic sien Ga he cron in colagen na S8MMPONeNtS for Stable stone fist proposed by Krueger and Sullivan (agsq), Analysi other ee endl 4 Silivan were correct in s sgestingthatcollagen understand the chemical. p icipals of ‘eact aa a ‘miner Gabon comes mainty from ingested priein in method. A wide range of variation exists in rere POOH af Wterfecrs whole dien 1 reason isthatcol- ment, and th Dpaworr eh me cc an 10) Wel Bn Sy ge DECK proven, Th seat (otcin, oF they tions for isolating various come Ponents of bone can be found in the soure cited throughout this section. I isi o tion of inte fore the preservation of hand tissues. Weis sometimes necessary to vary the methods for poorly preserved bone samples For example, by diluting the aid solution, the rn AY come from ingested process of dissolving the bone minenl Me ae er C2 i beadocr fM ather has and process me slowly so ht ply a si aly. Capon wakdown products within degraded collagen ty be remot Tropical “teGers # HE B0L. Catena inboneis eeu tee eavironments often have poor presevation of (LeGs ese rsbicarbonate in the blood, and this comes bone with extensive collagen degradation; nm Alitary cary hydrate, lipid, and protein, however, teeth may be better preserved, allowing ological “apatite extrction of collagen from dentine Someta amo: >hat or (1981) 9 acer Le it bone, ve lore, the catbon in.SB SRS 418 STABLE I postmortem alteration isso extensive that specie axe nt possibl Collagen. Most researciers use one of three methods for isolating collagen from bones and (1986) describes a simp ks of bone (I-38. tooth dentine. Sea method ig which small in total) are decaleified in a hydrochloric acid solution (between 1% and 5%, depending on the density of mple and its outward appearance), An additional soak in sodivin thydroxide (0.1 molar) may follow to remove decayed organic matter from the buria}environ- ‘ent, The retaining collagen is Jn another method, (Bocherens eta Tuross et tl, 1988) small chunks of bone are omineralized in EDTA (ethylenediamin ‘etic acid), a sodium sat, which separates col Tagen from bone mineral. A third method was originally developed by Longin (1971) and fater modified by Schoeninger and DeNiro (1984) and by Brown ct al. (1988). In prethod, powdered bone is demineralized in J for s shott period of inutes). ‘This process is 1995; 8% hydrochloric a time (around 18. mi followed by a slow hydrolysis in weakly a thot water (pH 3). This method is preferable for poorly preserved bone; however, the isk is that one may obtain other organic matter in ‘uddition to collagen. Thus, an additional soak fn sodium hydroxide (0.1 molar) to remove decayed organic maiteris usually recommended ‘Several researchers have compared methods and theit yields (Chisholm et ol, 1983: Schoeninger et al, 1989). Boutton et al (i984) and Katzenberg (1989; Katzenberg Sollagen is lost when demineralized bon Soaked in sodium hydroxide, but that 1 Sher material removed in the soak contains hhumic contaminants (decayed organic matter) that may skew BEC values. For example, Katzenberg etal (1995) demonstrated tht the residue removed during the sodium hydroxide Soak of prehistorie human bones from southern vo hadi a maveh Fighter B!°C than the col that the residue contained 1995) have demonstrated that some decayed C, plant eimains. OPE ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR STUDY PAST DIET, DEMOGRAPHY, AN this essomtial to demonstrate that the materia bing ny ttopose Deno ise) — | (Ser proposed thet extracted materi with & exon me fornitrogen (C/N) ratio in the range of 2.9 to te 36 should preserve reasonable stable isotope a ratios o those from the lifetime of the orga ame swas suggested to take ito consideration analy ae Cal error and some slight alteration over lon a ct ese igus edon te | Sage tomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen in collagen. ; Modern light isotope mass spectrometers ae a iseally. interfaced with gas analyzers tht cata ee il be sig Tove Oy] nope weight mnt oo ooo te ae aie fant given by DeNiro (1985, and see Ambros, rg hr rrr Nealon Thesedatarinjat , No and COs, respectively) Uni Huods for treating lipids from bone recently, most stable isotope work performe on whether one intends to withcollagen or carbonate required combustion ‘of the sample in sealed tubes. Aftercombuston the resultant CO, ancl HO were separated of- > ‘Oy. was Tet into the mass spec instruments now sinerfve Stable isotope abundance ratios are measored in isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IRMS), which should not be confused with organic mess spe. + that are used to characterize complex metho high temperature to destroy Lipids. samples. depe remove the lipids so that only protein ot carbon tte is analyzed, or whether one wants fo deter mine the 8!°C of lipid. Lipids are less enriched ine b 4 BNC jn the heavier isotope agen. Therefore its necess- samples before massspectrometersto simplify and combustion furmaces and gas analyzes with tive) than bone ary to remove lipids from bon rculeiy important version ofthe sample into the requisite gases Form, In suci a setup, collagen is weighed it in analysis. This process is ‘when analyzing bones of recent origin for com ative purposes. Liden et al, (1995) discuss rads of removing lipids, The most com- an automated sample try. The eval Of Tronly used method involves soaking the bone drops samples into the furnace Whe Ns C04 vaaixture of chloroform and methanol and HO ae produced. These gases (Bligh and Dyer, 1959; Folch et al., 195 ated. bee after demineralization. The residue must be er. a rinsed carefully sis which may contaminate the sample. Bo also be sonked in diethyl ether before deminer: lization, The normal sodium hydroxide soak Once i mineralization CArmbrose and interests let into the second compere wre spectrometer, te ion suse 8 OE ee ionized by n sampie holders, which are then ph by helium carrier gas, ae sep being swept into the mass specto detailed presentation of continuovs ow sol 1989 a isotope analysis, see Batre et ah Barrie and Prosser, 1996.) the mass spectrometct th then follows d Nott, 1993). These methods wil ff Miminate lipids from collagen preparations. source, some gas molectIesa Bligh and Dyer (1959) describe method won bombardment, which oto Li aah are acd puifyinglipidfombiological conoid and focused ito & materials, Recent work by Evershed and col- beam is then directe via igh tbe i iaterals, Recent work by Evershed and beam isthen directed, via Teaguas(Eversied, 1093; tot and Evershed, ass analyzer zone of 2 a LLhDrDrrr————T>EC“E cn seer sec es cota vessels, has ses on ea nto severt sn agi tit or nemee of evidence for paleoiet passing it between the poles wing BC determinations of studies by process is directly analWsToRY vompounds MS), which ‘mass sper ine complex ‘mass Spee (san ine alyzer, and a 1), For mst » the sample tively), Uni perform sombastion ombstion, separated of be mass spo deasethoco wise un 1589 eer, the at anyon DOUBLI ImooucTin 424 LECTOR STABLE ISOTOPE MASS SPECTROMETER gue 3.1 i fesar ionized and hen acer se of wbite light into its constiwent wavelengths through @ prism, The separation of one ion im into several beams according to mass its in the desited “mass spectrum.” ‘The sities of the respective ion beams can then be measured in the ion collector seston of the instrument. The relative intensi fis of the individual isotope ion beams are then reported as isotope example, *COx!¥C0s, To report a meaningful value the mass spectrometer alternately analyzes al ‘oisof the unknown sample and a known stan hd, the ‘stops in the sample relative to that same ratio lute sandard, Because the by providing a rtio ofthe stable element of interest cannot Atay be converted into an easily. handled i sometimes necessary to inttodace the vein solid form. For strontium isotope ‘Gis the sample is deposited directly on a {ozsitea the fon soure were itis heated {vepontion and ionized under vacuum pe bess efered to as thermal ionization esometry (TIMS) and requires a differ Te ct oid souree) for analysis, Many ple space insoument fr aaane solids. More recently, laser abla: BE CoMS in § @srectomete ng i nductively coupled plasma *y) has been used for pinpoint nalyze heavier Such as strontium (Latkoczy et al etal, 2002), Sampoune Heh (Gc Specific analyses, a gas chro: “) can be interfaced with an & ‘OLLECTOR 4 beam directed the mas ance what ln sy OTHLR, Krause) IRMS resulting in GC-C-IRMS (gas chromato. Smiphy combustion isotope ratio mass spec trometry). This configuration allows one to determine the isotope ratio of a specific com pound, such as cholesterol, that has been iso lted using gas chromatography (Stott et al 1999; Tripp and Hedges, 2004), It is helpful to know enough about mass Spectrometry t0 be able to discuss one's noeds With various laboratory personne! at the begin. ning of a research project. It is important to be able to understand problems that m: develop when the data have been collec Considerations include the general composition of the sample and the range of the expected results. For example, departures from the expected range of carbon to nitrogen in bones nd teeth may signal poor preservation or con- taunination. It is necessary to have some idea of the range of isotope compositions expected since the standards used should bracket the expected values Mass spectrometers are analytical instru- ‘ments that have many uses in chemistry, biochem ‘sty, geod nd ecology. instruments vary in their setup depending on the needs of the researcher, A Inboratory may be set up to perform analyses on certain types. of samples and may specialize in certain elements Laboratories carrying out ecological research, fue most likely able to accommodate mos ‘analyses of interest (0 the archaeologist and Physical anthropologist interested in light iso topes (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, nist,422 sta and sulphur), whereas geocbemists are mor Hkely to have TIMS and laser abation setups Organic chemists and biochemists may have GELCIRMS capabilities, and enterprising bio Togical anthropologists and archacologiss sy have their own instruments. Given the high cost of mass spectrometers and the need for fulktime technical support, most institutions have shared facilities th Standards, Precision, and Accuracy Stable isotope abundance ratios are determined relative to the ratios of those same isotopes #8 standard materials, The massspectrome pares the stable isotope abundance ratio io he ample with the stble isotope ratio in 2 sar dard, Thus, the te Follow= ing notation! one. 1000 where R= the ratio of the cumber of heavier fo lighter isotopes, so that for carbor isotopes. the equation is 8° ChePDB=|- BEPC x 1000 The %e (permit sign) means “per thousand” since the ratio is multiplied times 1000.’ This aleulation is done to amplify the difference potween the ratio of the stable isotopes in the ample and the ratio of stable isotopes in the Standard, which is usually a very small number meaning pe thousand, shia ing pox handed, the lope Hr re, eig the dfs notation, vasa wa er ele Inte mee ete ere lees sade casein prs per rion pT eset i tht ok a aos les Han fot of axe lon. t Bes are poe ich s someines Hea rakwan and incongriss. ow sy Ps percent Standard termina soTOPe ANALYAIS: A TOOL. FOR STUDYING PAST DIET. [PC/!Canpe—"C/"*Cants| DEMOGRAPHY, AND LIFE HISTORY International standards ate the Nationa! Bureau of Standards (NB able through nthe 1 Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, The citeulation of these standanls mong. laboratories allows comparison of feeults from different researchers working in Gifferent Jaborstories. Howev individual Iuboratories nocmally aio have intemal standards, ‘Those standards ‘whose isotopic ratio is well Internation are substance characterized 1 1 invernational ste dard and that are run soutinely with batches of funknowns to check for consistency in the instrument. In nd reference standanis tre ported relative toa primary reference tan dard for a particular element, which by de nition has a & value of O. Absolute isotope fibundances of some primary reference stan slards ate aval textbooks such as that of Hoefs (1997) and Fry (2006). Primary and other reference standards forel inthis chapter are listed in Table 132 The sensitivity of mass spectrometers ‘and it is important to know the precision ofthe ations cents discussed {instrument used before making intrp from the data, Most Hight isotope mass ss trometers can measure BC vales: witb & precision of 0.1% and &1°N values wis precision of -E02%be, Newer models hie sitivity, although some newer co improves simultaneous finvous flow systems that Tmoasure more than one element in 3 SOn0i sacrifice precision for SP samy of Sample size, Precision should be determi for individual instruments using multe 8 Tpeot of samples with sinnilar composton eet of interest Data should be report rroamer thats consistent wit the pe wmanaetument. if the precision i¢ EON then itis incorect x report results 1001 xd and APPLICATION OF STABLE ‘ANALYSIS TO SELECTED PAY IN SKELETAL BIOLOGY During the 1990s, with the isotopes to address problems '?1, AND UFE HISTORY APPLICATION OF STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS 429 sare available through, aandards (NBS) and the ergy Agency (IAEA), Viewna Standard Mi fan Oocan Water (VSMOW) V-GISR, V-SLAP, NBS.30 fof these sindars Oxygen Sind Mean Ocen Wa (VSMOW? NBS 19,20, 18,28. 30, VSP. SLAP Jows comparison of Carbon PeeDee Belomnte (VPDB) NBS 18,19, 20,21 searchers working in |" Nirogen Atmospheric Niogen (Ait) owerer tecassofte | Same” Cane Noe laboratories. normally ards, These standards isotopic ratio is well ternation utinely w ior consistency in the ad reference standards primary reference star ‘aiped Pom Het, 1957 and anthropology and archaeology, several review aricles were published. Katzenberg and Harrison (1997) discuss developments and reviow the literature since 1989, Other ‘of residence and migration patterns. The follow. ing sections highlight some ofthese applications in addtion to more teuitional ap paleodiet studies, roaches to prom ribeee sf Sdge (191), Schonige sin Pato Bitlcwhasty | (B.aPass« cinPakadeeen 2 2nd Cy plant, Mazes one of rent y (2006), Primary eee tropical gasses that fixes carbon by a ifney Sree pussies ics of punto at Diet puny Gers ee din Table 132 Haich-Slack or C, puhway) than mest plane sro REF hw oe, Hh So yp rane sow the peciionei Sie and Armetagoe losis Lace ude sorghun ag Wich now the precision 1 Oops, 1953, Bottes etal “i950 lnlae sorghum os fan oupe mas we ay“ Anhose end Kalzenhore Door! aod peta ae aie La eee wih 4 GERE Buon, 2003;) A symposium in honor ofthe Sua o theveht tthe leaf pores ere ‘Sal BN saves wiht jaf Mf Dr, Hacld We Keser yo These ean a inimitng, water tos, and BON vals ne MOT mee is of the Society for American /RES® lenis discriminate tess agsinst the din ehmerenang gE top naan sane EM creche ae tempore plant Khong a Dea iOtmal (Ambrose and Krigbaum, SP&*IeS, Which use the C; (Calvin) Photosyn thal sianeod ea Bo thetic pathway. Atmospheric COs hes» 87 dne coment in nga D. Colcivey, these volumes seer vale of — 8s tody buble le tale pent an conomy XA Se! ok we history an sexe ri of ata but vided + speed and repent isoiopesforsudyingarcae- PUI Of fossil Hs, he value was wound kein main Forasimiareview of ~7% Caplets range from 9 ~ te Fes nsec on dagneis ses WHE2S C plans range fom ~20 93 i a eld on bone dager, eines, 1980). The noncoweapping range GP hoe aa publohed a peal °FCrand Cy plas pos te bee rake Bat fouls (Schvace er ay Tons, Able iotpes of eam fn sforelements discused stent wit eserved human eee Several stuies have been carried out to 0 plies dating ee between the BC of © Huma ening von goes te dt aad te OC aa ae body He ei, let Subsequent othr , snp a ve bexn assed with Poses resin “Co cen aa brant bods. These questions ince vaca at Cet pinay ing tion of breastfeeding, "tHe ~TErinnd inact ee 8 the dura fi he iftime of the inva ge the contons present cing the Hieime oft india, ease processes, and determinatns being sue { |