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Stefan Botlzmann's Constant: Experimental Analysis Lab Date: 14th September, 2021
Stefan Botlzmann's Constant: Experimental Analysis Lab Date: 14th September, 2021
Stefan Botlzmann's Constant: Experimental Analysis Lab Date: 14th September, 2021
Introduction
Thermal radiation is a type of heat transfer, heat is radiated and absorbed by all bodies. It does
not require any medium to propagate since it is in the form of an electromagnetic wave. In this
experiment we find Stefan Boltzmann's constant based on Stefan Boltzmann's law of radiation
for the heat transfer of black body radiation.
Stefan Boltzmann law:
The thermal radiation heat flux or emissive power of a black surface is proportional to the fourth
power of absolute temperature of a surface.
Q
= σ T 4 (W/m^2)
A
The constant proportionality is called Stefan Boltzmann’s constant which has a value of
5.67x10^-8 (W/m^2-k^4).
Thermal Radiation as input is provided to the black body by hot water in a water jacket.
E = σADT 4 (W)
The Radiation energy of black disc is emitting into the enclosure
E1 = σADTD4 (W)
The net input radiation to the black disc per unit time
The flanged copper hemisphere is fixed on a flat non-conductive plate, the copper hemisphere is
surrounded by a water jacket, the water jacket is connected to the heater, and the heater is
connected to the controller. The water jacket is also connected to a pipe to drain the water. There
are three thermocouples connected to the water heater, the water jacket, and the black disc.
Raw data
Test disc dia, d = 20 mm = 20x10^-3 m
Mass of test disc, m = 5.1 gm = 5.1x10^-3 kg
Specific heat of the disc, s = 418 J/kg-C
π 2
Area of the disc, a = d = 3.14x10^-3 m^2
4
Stable temperature of water jacket @ 45 SV = 46.1 degrees Celsius
Stable temperature of water jacket @ 50 SV = 52.1 degrees Celsius
Stable temperature of water jacket @ 55 SV = 56.2 degrees Celsius
Calculation Tables:
Table 1: For set value of 45 degrees Celsius, temperature readings of the black disc every 5 seconds
30.8
y = 0.0514x + 30.453
30.7
temperature (C)
30.6
30.5
30.4
5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
T 4 − Td4 = 1883625331 k ^4
σ = 1.852 x 10^-7 (W/m^2-k^4).
Time t (sec) temperature Td (C)
5 30.8
10 31
15 31
20 31
25 31.2
30 31.3
Table 2: For the set value of 50 degrees Celsius, The temperature readings of the black disc every 5
seconds
31.3
y = 0.0886x + 30.74
31.2
temperature (C)
31
30.9
30.7
5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
T 4 − Td4 = 2652114559 k ^4
σ = 2.269 x 10^-8 (W/m^2-k^4).
Table 3: For the set value of 55 degrees Celsius, The temperature readings of the black disc every 5
seconds
31.3
y = 0.0886x + 30.74
31.2
temperature (C)
31
30.9
30.7
5 10 15 20 25 30
me (sec)
T 4 − Td4 = 2652114559 k ^4
σ = 4.5824 x 10^-8 (W/m^2-k^4).
Discussions
The longer the black disc stays on the non-conducting plate the more there is possibility of error
due to conduction of heat . We assumed that the disc is a perfectly black body which actually has
an emissivity one but in reality or laboratory which is not possible so there might be an error in
the calculated value and other losses like heat distribution in water may not be proper these are
the few reasons that might get an error in the calculating Stephen Boltzmann constant.
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