Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika ( pronunciation ; Arabic: ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻮﺗﻔﻠﻴﻘﺔ‬, romanized: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Būtaflīqa
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
[ʕabd elʕaziːz buːtefliːqa]; 2 March 1937 – 17 GColIH
September 2021) was an Algerian politician who ‫ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻮﺗﻔﻠﻴﻘﺔ‬
served as President of Algeria for almost 20 years,
from 1999 to his resignation in 2019.

Bouteflika served during the Algerian War as a

member of the National Liberation Front. After
Algeria gained its independence from France, he
served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs between
1963 until 1979. He served as President of the United
Nations General Assembly during the 1974–1975
session.

In 1999, Bouteflika was elected president of Algeria in

a landslide victory. He would win re-election in 2004,
2009, and 2014. As President, he presided over the
end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002 when he
took over the project of his immediate predecessor
President Liamine Zéroual, and he ended emergency
Bouteflika in 2012
rule in February 2011 amidst regional unrest.
Following a stroke in 2013, Bouteflika had made few President of Algeria
public appearances throughout his fourth term, making In office
his final appearance in 2017.[3] 27 April 1999 – 2 April 2019

Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after months of Prime Minister See list
mass protests. With nearly 20 years in power, he is the Smail Hamdani
longest-serving head of state of Algeria to date.[4] Ahmed Benbitour
Following his resignation, Bouteflika became a recluse
Ali Benflis
and died at the age of 84 in 2021, over two years after
his resignation.[3] Ahmed Ouyahia
Abdelaziz Belkhadem
Ahmed Ouyahia
Contents Abdelmalek Sellal
Youcef Yousfi (acting)
Early years and War of Independence
Abdelmalek Sellal
Post-independence political career
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Succession struggle and exile
Ahmed Ouyahia
First term as President, 1999–2004
Foreign policy Noureddine Bedoui

Second term as President, 2004–2009 Preceded by Liamine Zéroual

Reconciliation plan Succeeded by Abdelkader Bensalah (acting)
PCSC policy
 Foreign policy Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Declining health 5th Chairperson of National Liberation Front
Constitutional amendment for a third term In office
Third term as President, 2009–2014 28 January 2005 – 17 September 2021
2010–2012 Algerian protests Preceded by Chadli Bendjedid
2013 stroke Minister of Defence
Fourth term as President, 2014–2019 In office
Candidacy for fifth term, protests and 5 May 2003 – 2 April 2019
resignation Deputy Ahmed Gaid Salah
Death Preceded by Liamine Zéroual
Notes Succeeded by Abdelmadjid Tebboune
References President of the United Nations General
Assembly
Further reading
In office
External links
17 September 1974 – 15 September 1975[1]
Preceded by Leopoldo Benites
Early years and War of Succeeded by Gaston Thorn

Independence Minister of Foreign Affairs

In office
Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on 2 March 1937 in 1963–1979
Oujda, French Morocco.[5] He is the son of Mansouria Preceded by Mohamed Khemisti
Ghezlaoui and Ahmed Bouteflika from Tlemcen, Succeeded by Mohammed Seddik Benyahia
Algeria. He has three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and
Aïcha), as well as four brothers (Abdelghani, Personal details
Mustapha, Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister Born 2 March 1937
(Latifa).[6] Saïd Bouteflika, 20 years his junior, would Oujda, French Morocco
later be appointed special counselor to his brother in
Died 17 September 2021 (aged 84)
1999. Unlike Saïd, who was raised mostly in
Zéralda, Algeria
Tlemcen,[7] Abdelaziz grew up in Oujda, where his
father had emigrated as a youngster.[6] The son of a Political party National Liberation Front
zaouia sheikh, he was well-versed in the Qur'an.[8] He Spouse(s) Amal Triki
successively attended three schools in Oudja: Sidi (m. 1990, divorced)[2]
Ziane, El Hoceinia, and Abdel Moumen High
Relatives Saïd Bouteflika (brother)
Schools, where he reportedly excelled academically.[6]
He was also affiliated with Qadiriyya Zaouia in Military service
Oujda.[6] Allegiance Provisional Government
of the Algerian Republic
In 1956, Bouteflika went to the village of Ouled Amer
near Tlemcen and subsequently joined—at the age of Branch/service National Liberation Army
19—the National Liberation Army, which was a Years of 1956–1962
military branch of the National Liberation Front.[6] He service
received his military education at the École des Cadres
in Dar El Kebdani, Morocco.[9] In 1957–1958, he was Battles/wars Algerian War
[6]
designated a controller of Wilaya V, making reports
on the conditions at the Moroccan border and in west Algeria, but later became the administrative secretary
of Houari Boumédiène. He became one of his closest collaborators and a core member of his Oujda
Group.[10]: 12 [11] In 1960, he was assigned to leading the Malian Front in the Algerian south and became
known for his nom de guerre of Abdelkader al-Mali, which has survived until today.[8] In 1962, at the
arrival of independence, he aligned with Boumédienne and the border armies in support of Ahmed Ben
Bella against the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic.[12]

Post-independence political career

After independence in 1962, Bouteflika became deputy for
Tlemcen in the Constituent Assembly and Minister for Youth and
Sport in the government led by Ahmed Ben Bella; the following
year, he was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs.[1]

He was later a prime mover in the military coup led by Houari

Boumediene that overthrew Ben Bella on 19 June 1965.[13]
Bouteflika continued as Minister for Foreign Affairs until the death
of President Boumédienne in 1978.[12] Bouteflika (second from right) at the
1978 Arab League summit in
He has also served as president of the United Nations General Baghdad, with Saddam Hussein,
Assembly in 1974 and of the seventh special session in 1975,[1] Hafez al-Assad and Abdul Halim
Khaddam
becoming the youngest person to do so.[14] Algeria at this time
was a leader of the Non-Aligned nations movement.[15] He had
discussions there with Henry Kissinger in the first talks between
US and Algerian officials since the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two countries.[16]

In 1981, he was charged with having stolen Algerian embassies' money between 1965 and 1979.[17] On 8
August 1983, Bouteflika was convicted by the Court of Financial Auditors and found guilty of having
fraudulently taken 60 million dinars during his diplomatic career.[17] Bouteflika was granted amnesty by
President Chadli Bendjedid, his colleagues Senouci and Boudjakdji were jailed.[17] After the amnesty,
Bouteflika was given back his diplomatic passport, a villa where he used to live but did not own and all his
debt was erased.[17] He never paid back the money "he reserved for a new foreign affairs ministry's
building".[18]

Succession struggle and exile

Following Boumédienne's unexpected death in 1978, Bouteflika was
seen as one of the two main candidates to succeed the powerful
president.[19] Bouteflika was thought to represent the party's "right
wing" that was more open to economic reform and rapprochement
with the West.[19] Colonel Mohamed Salah Yahiaoui represented the
"boumédiennist" left wing.[19] In the end, the military opted for a
compromise candidate, the senior army colonel Chadli Bendjedid.[12]
Bouteflika was reassigned the role of Minister of State, but
successively lost power as Bendjedid's policies of "de-
Boumédiennisation" marginalised the old guard.[12] Bouteflika with Ambassador
Abderrahmane Nekli
After six years abroad, the army brought him back to the Central
Committee of the FLN in 1989, after the country had entered a
troubled period of unrest and disorganised attempts at reform, with power-struggles between Bendjedid and
a group of army generals paralysing decision-making.[20] In 1992, the reform process ended abruptly when
the army took power and scrapped elections that were about to bring the fundamentalist Islamic Salvation
Front to power.[20] This triggered a civil war that would last throughout the 1990s.[20] During this period,
Bouteflika stayed on the sidelines, with little presence in the media and no political role.[12] In January
1994, Bouteflika was said to have refused the Army's proposal to succeed the assassinated president,
Mohamed Boudiaf; he claimed later that this was because the army would not grant him full control over
the armed forces.[12][21] Instead, General Liamine Zéroual became President.[12][21]

First term as President, 1999–2004

In 1999, after Zéroual unexpectedly stepped down and announced early elections, Bouteflika successfully
ran for president as an independent candidate, supported by the military.[22] All other candidates withdrew
from the election immediately prior to the vote, citing fraud concerns.[23] Bouteflika subsequently
organised a referendum on his policies to restore peace and security to Algeria (involving amnesties for
Islamist guerrillas) and to test his support among his countrymen after the contested election.[24] He won
with 81% of the vote, but this figure was also disputed by opponents.[24]

Foreign policy

Bouteflika presided over the African Union in 2000, secured the Algiers Peace Treaty between Eritrea and
Ethiopia, and supported peace efforts in the African Great Lakes region.[25] He also secured a friendship
treaty with nearby Spain in 2002, and welcomed president Chirac of France on a state visit to Algiers in
2003.[26][27] This was intended as a prelude to the signature of a friendship treaty.[27]

Algeria has been particularly active in African relations, and in mending ties with the West, as well as
trying to some extent to resurrect its role in the declining non-Aligned movement.[25] However, it has
played a more limited role in Arab politics, its other traditional sphere of interest.[28] Relations with the
Kingdom of Morocco remained quite tense, with diplomatic clashes on the issue of the Western Sahara,
despite some expectations of a thaw in 1999, which was also the year of King Mohamed VI's accession to
the throne in Morocco.[28]

Second term as President, 2004–2009

On 8 April 2004, he was re-elected by an unexpectedly high 85% of the vote in an election that was
accepted by Western observers as a free and fair election.[29] This was contested by his rival and former
chief of staff Ali Benflis.[29] Several newspapers alleged that the election had not been fair.[29] Frustration
was expressed over extensive state control over the broadcast media.[29] The electoral victory was widely
seen as a confirmation of Bouteflika's strengthening control over the state, cemented through forcing
General Mohammed Lamari to resign as his chief of staff and replacing him "with Ahmed Salah Gaid, his
close friend and ally."[10]

Only 17% of people in Kabylia voted in 2004,[29] which represented a significant increase over the
violence-ridden legislative elections of 2002.[30] Country-wide, the registered turnout rate was 59%.[29]

Reconciliation plan

During the first year of his second term, Bouteflika held a referendum on his "Charter for Peace and
National Reconciliation", inspired by the 1995 "Sant'Egidio Platform" document.[31] The law born of the
referendum showed that one of Bouteflika's goals in promoting this blanket amnesty plan was to help
Algeria recover its image internationally and to guarantee immunity to institutional actors.[31]
PCSC policy

The first year of Bouteflika's second term implemented the Complementary Plan for Economic Growth
Support (PCSC), which aimed for the construction of 1 million housing units, the creation of 2 million jobs,
the completion of the East-West highway, the completion of the Algiers subway project, the delivery of the
new Algiers airport, and other similar large scale infrastructure projects.[32]

The PCSC totals $60 billion of spending over the five-year period. Bouteflika also aimed to bring down the
external debt from $21 billion to $12 billion in the same time.[32] He has also obtained from Parliament the
reform of the law governing the oil and gas industries, despite initial opposition from the workers
unions.[33] However, Bouteflika has since stepped back from this position, supporting amendments to the
hydrocarbon law in 2006, which propose watering down some of the clauses of the 2005 legislation
relating to the role of Sonatrach, the state owned oil & gas company, in new developments.[34]

Foreign policy

During Bouteflika's second term he was sharply critical of the law

—passed after the 2005 French riots—ordering French history
school books to teach that French colonisation had positive effects
abroad, especially in North Africa.[35] The diplomatic crisis which
ensued delayed the signing of a friendship treaty between the two
countries.[35]

Ties to Russia were strengthened and Russia agreed to forgive

debts if Algeria began buying arms and gave Russian gas Abdelaziz Bouteflika meets the
President of Brazil, Lula da Silva, on
companies (Gazprom, Itera, and Lukoil) access to joint fossil-fuel
a state visit to Brasília, in 2005.
ventures in Algeria.[36]

In 2004 Bouteflika organised the Arab League Summit and

became President of the Arab League for one year; however his
calls for reform of the League did not gain sufficient support to
pass during the Algiers summit.[37]

At the March 2005 meeting of Arab leaders, held in Algiers,

Bouteflika spoke out strongly against Israel, "The Israelis'
continuous killing and refusal of a comprehensive and lasting
peace, which the Arab world is calling for, requires from us to
fully support the Palestinian people."[38] Despite criticism from the Bouteflika with then President of
west, specifically the United States, Bouteflika insisted that Arab Russia Vladimir Putin at Houari
Boumedienne Airport in Algiers on 10
nations would reform at their own pace.[38]
March 2006.
In March 2016, the foreign ministers of the Arab league voted to
declare Hezbollah a terrorist organization, Bouteflika voted with
Lebanon, Syria and Iraq to reject the motion.[39]

In sub-Saharan Africa, a major concern of Bouteflika's Algeria has been on-and-off Tuareg rebellions in
northern Mali.[40] Algeria has asserted itself forcefully as mediator in the conflict, perhaps underlining its
growing regional influence. [40] Compromise peace agreements were reached in 2007 and 2008, both
mediated by Algiers.[40]
President of Vietnam Nguyễn Minh Triết, on 16 July 2009, met
with Bouteflika on the sidelines of the 15th Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) summit in Egypt.[41] President Triet and
Bouteflika agreed that the two countries still have great potential
for development of political and trade relations.[41] Triet praised
the Algerian government for creating favourable conditions for the
Vietnam Oil and Gas Group to invest in oil and gas exploration
and exploitation in Algeria.[41]
Bouteflika with U.S. President
George W. Bush, Russian President
Declining health
Dmitriy Medvedev, and Japanese
Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda,
Bouteflika was admitted to a hospital in France on 26 November
Tōyako Town, on 7 July 2008.
2005, reportedly suffering from a gastric ulcer hemorrhage, and
discharged three weeks later.[42] However, the length of time for
which Bouteflika remained virtually incommunicado led to rumours that he was critically ill with stomach
cancer.[43] He checked into the hospital again in April 2006.[44]

A leaked diplomatic cable revealed that, by the end of 2008, Bouteflika had developed stomach cancer.[45]

Constitutional amendment for a third term

Bouteflika appointed a new Prime Minister, Abdelaziz Belkhadem, in 2006.[46] Belkhadem then
announced plans that violate the Algerian Constitution to allow the President to run for office indefinitely
and increase his powers.[47] This was widely regarded as aimed to let Bouteflika run for president for a
third term.[47] In 2008, Belkhadem was again shifted out of the premiership and his predecessor Ahmed
Ouyahia brought in, having also come out in favor of the constitutional amendment.[48][49]

The Council of Ministers announced on 3 November 2008 that the planned constitutional revision proposal
would remove the presidential term limit previously included in Article 74.[50] The People's National
Assembly endorsed the removal of the term limit on 12 November 2008; only the Rally for Culture and
Democracy (RCD) voted against its removal.[51]

Third term as President, 2009–2014

Following the constitutional amendment allowing him to run for a
third term, on 12 February 2009, Bouteflika announced his
independent candidacy in the 2009 presidential election.[52] On 10
April 2009, it was announced that Bouteflika had won the election
with 90.24% of the vote, on a turnout of 74%,[53] thereby
obtaining a new five-year term. Several opposition parties had
boycotted the election, with the opposition Socialist Forces Front
citing a "tsunami of massive fraud."[53]
Bouteflika with Argentine President
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
2010–2012 Algerian protests

In 2010, journalists gathered to demonstrate for press freedom and against Bouteflika's self-appointed role
as editor-in-chief of Algeria's state television station.[54] In February 2011, the government rescinded the
state of emergency that had been in place since 1992 but still banned all protest gatherings and
demonstrations.[55] However, in April 2011, over 2,000 protesters defied an official ban and took to the
streets of Algiers, clashing with police forces.[55] Protesters noted that they were inspired by the recent
Egyptian revolution, and that Algeria was a police state and "corrupt to the bone".[55]

2013 stroke

In 2013, Bouteflika suffered a debilitating stroke.[56] A journalist, Hichem Aboud, was pursued for
"threatening national security, territorial integrity, and normal management of the Republic's institutions"
and his newspapers were censored, because he wrote that the President had returned from Val-de-Grâce in
a "comatose state" and had characterized Saïd Bouteflika as the puppet-master running the
administration.[57][58]

Fourth term as President, 2014–2019

Following yet another constitutional amendment, allowing him to
run for a fourth term, Bouteflika announced that he would.[59] He
met the electoral law requiring a candidate to collect over 60,000
signatures from supporters in 25 provinces.[59] On 18 April 2014,
he was re-elected with 81% of the vote, while Benflis was second
placed with 12.18%.[60] The turnout was 51.7%, down from the
75% turnout in 2009.[61] Several opposition parties boycotted the
election again, resulting in allegations of fraud.[62]
Bouteflika with U.S. Secretary of
Bouteflika cabled his congratulations to freshly-reelected Bashar State John Kerry, Algiers, in 2014
al-Assad on 19 April 2014.[63] Bouteflika was admitted to a clinic
at Grenoble in France in November 2014.[64] In November 2016,
he was hospitalized in France for medical checks.[65]

On 20 February 2017, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel canceled her trip to Algeria an hour before
takeoff, reportedly because Bouteflika was suffering from severe bronchitis.[66]

In June 2017, Bouteflika made a rare, and brief, appearance on Algerian state television presiding over a
cabinet meeting with his new government.[67] In a written statement, he ordered the government to reduce
imports, curb spending, and be wary of foreign debt.[67] He called for banking sector reform and more
investment in renewable energy and "unconventional fossil hydrocarbons."[67] Bouteflika was wheelchair-
bound and had not given a speech in public since 2014 due to aphasia following his stroke.[68] That same
year, he made his final public appearance while unveiling a new metro station and newly renovated
Ketchaoua Mosque in Algiers.[3]

During his later term as president, Bouteflika was usually not been seen in public for more than two years,
and several of his close associates had not seen him for more than one year.[69] It was alleged that he could
hardly speak and communicated by letter with his ministers.[69]

Candidacy for fifth term, protests and resignation

On 10 February 2019, a press release signed by long-ailing Bouteflika announcing he would seek a fifth
consecutive term provoked widespread discontent.[56] Youth protesters demanded his picture be removed
from city halls in Kenchela and Annaba in the days before the national demonstrations on 22 February,
organized via social media.[56] Those in Algiers, where street protests are illegal, were the biggest in nearly
18 years. Protestors ripped down a giant poster of Bouteflika from the landmark Algiers central post
office.[70][71]

On 11 March 2019, after sustained protests, Bouteflika announced that he would not seek a new term.[72]
However, his withdrawal from the elections was not enough to end the protests.[73] On 31 March 2019,
Bouteflika along with the Prime Minister Noureddine Bedoui who had taken office 20 days earlier, formed
a 27-member cabinet with only 6 of the appointees being retained from the outgoing president
administration.[73] The next day, Bouteflika announced that he would resign by 28 April 2019.[73]
Acceding to demands by the army chief of staff, he ultimately resigned a day later, on 2 April 2019.[74]

Following his resignation, Bouteflika became a recluse and made no public appearances due to failing
health.[3] Bouteflika spent his final years in a medicalised state residence in Zéralda, a suburb of
Algiers.[3][75] He also had a private residence in El Biar.[76]

Death
Bouteflika died on 17 September 2021 at his home in Zéralda from cardiac arrest at the age of
84.[77][78][79] His death was announced on state television by President Abdelmadjid Tebboune.[80] He
had been in failing health since he had a stroke in 2013.[77][3] He is expected to be buried at El Alia
Cemetery in Algiers alongside other former presidents.[3][81] President Tebboune declared three days of
national mourning.[81]

Notes
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94/politique/alg-rie-bouteflika-et-les-femmes/). 3 March 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
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world-africa-56269634). BBC. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
4. "Introduction ::Algeria" (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/).
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(https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073508/http://www.ennaharonline.com/fr/news/1500.
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References
Official biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20060718010131/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/f
rancais/president/biographie/biographie.HTM) (in French)

Further reading
Aussaresses, Paul (2010). The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in
Algeria, 1955–1957. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-30-8.
Holm, Ulla (2005). "Algeria: President Bouteflika's Second Term". Mediterranean Politics. 10
(1): 117–122. doi:10.1080/1362939042000338881 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1362939042
000338881). S2CID 154679756 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154679756).
Tlemçani, Rachid (2008). "Algeria Under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation"
(http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec7_tlemcani_algeria_final.pdf) (PDF). Carnegie
Papers. 7.

External links
(In French) Official site (https://web.archive.org/web/20190311093043/http://www.el-mouradi
a.dz/francais/president/Presidentfr.htm)

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