ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

INSTRUCTOR NAME
Dr. GK Jayathunga

GROUP MEMBERS
1.KAS Godage
2.K M M Harshana
3.M K M T Kumarage
4.AJMH Lakmal
5.JAN Lakshan
6.UL Livera NAME
7.HBJ Madubhashitha SERIAL NUMBER
8.GSI Madushani FIELD
9.KAPV Madushanka GROUP/SUB GROUP
10.WDNK Mahathanthila DATE
11.MPG Mahela 1.PERFORMANCE
12.MMB Mallawaarachchi 2. 1st SUBMISSION
13.ARSB Manoj 3. 2nd SUBMISSION
INTRODUCTION

The sewerage treatment plant in ITUM contains a huge process. Figure 1 shows the process flow
diagram of the ITUM sewerage treatment plant. All the water from washrooms as well as from the
canteens is being treated in this treatment plant.

The general standard criteria of tolerance limit for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface
water according to Regulations provided by Central Environmental Authority is given below.

Parameter Tolerance Limit

pH 5.5 to 9
COD 250
BOD 30-100
Oil & grease 10
TSS 30-200
PROCEDURES

EXPERIMENT 05: DETERMINATION OF OIL & GREASE USING PARTITION-

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

About 300ml of sample was collected in to a beaker. The pH of the sample was measured and acidifies
to adjust sample pH ≤ 2 using HCl 1:1 vol. A distillation flask was cleaned, it was kept in an oven at 105oCfor
about 30 min. Then it was kept in desiccator for few min & weigh (m1). The sample was transferred to clean
separatory funnel and sample bottle was rinsed with 30ml of solvent (N-hexane) and was added solvent
washings to separatory funnel. Contents in separator funnel were shacked vigorously for 2-3 and were let 10-
15 min to layer separation occurred. First the water layer was drained out to the sample bottle. A funnel was
taken, containing solvent moisture filter paper and added 10g Na 2SO4 to the filter paper cone. The solvent layer
was drained (i: e: top layer) through the prepared funnel into the tarred distilling flask. The water layer was
returned to the separatory funnel. Step 4 was done, 8 was through again two more times. After the third
extraction was discard the water layer. The separatory was washed funnel and the filter paper with an
additional 10 to 20ml solvent and added it to the distillation flask. Solvent was distilled from distilling flask at
85℃ . Solvent was collected in an ice bath-cooled receiver. Flask was kept at 85 C until visible condensation
stops and draw air through it with an applied vacuum for final 1 min. The flask was kept in a desiccator for
30min and weigh (m2).

EX:02 - DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY

50ml sample was measured into the titration flask and added 2-3 drops of Phenolphthalein
indicator. The measured sample was titrated against 0.02N sulfuric acid (color change: Pink to no
color) and recorded the results as Xml. (Note: If clear solution is obtained at the beginning, then x=0).
3-5 drops of methyl orange indicator were added to same solution. The solution was titrated against
same (0.02N) sulfuric solution (Color change: Yellow to red) and recorded the results as Y ml. (Y
denotes the amount of acid consumed since the beginning of titration). The titration was repeated for
concordant values.

EXPERIMENT 06: DETERMINATION OF PH

The pH meter was calibrated. 50ml of sample was taken into the beaker and the pH value was
read directly with using pH meter. After measuring the pH value pH probe was rinsed with distilled
water and was wiped with soft tissue paper.
EX:03 - DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
The measurement range of the sample to be tested was estimated and the sample volume as
indicated in Table 01. The sample pH value between 6.5 – 7.5 was adjusted (if the pH value was too
high, it can be neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid and if the pH value
was too low, it can be neutralized with a sodium hydroxide solution (I molar). Depending on the
specifications, the water sample must be mixed well, briefly allowed to settle, and filtered or
homogenized. The sample volume was measured precisely with the overflow volumetric flask and
pour into the BOD bottle (Using 157 ml flask). The nitrification inhibitor was added as indicated in
table 01.The magnetic stir bar was placed in the BOD bottle. The seal cup was filled with 3-4 drops
of KOH solution and the placed the seal cup in the test bottle. The BOD sensors were screwed on the
test bottle. The sample was hanged in the bottle rack. The test was started at 20 0C temperature. The
sample was incubated and at end of the fifth day measurement was completed, read off value and
multiplied with the dilution factor of the sample.

EXPERIMENT 08: DETERMINATION OF TS, TDS, TSS AND VSS OF WASTE WATER

1. Determination of TS:

A clean crucible was cleaned for 1030C – 1050C for 1 hr. The crucible was kept in a desiccator for 1-3
hrs. The crucible was weighed immediately before use. 50 ml of well mixed waste water sample was
transferred to weighed crucible. Dry and evaporated sample for a constant weight was obtained in an
oven at 1030C- to 1050C. After drying, the crucible was allowed to cool down to room temperature in
a desiccator and the weight (m2) was measured.

2. Determination of TSS, VSS and TDS:

The glass fiber filter paper was taken and it was washed with distilled water. It was kept in a cleaned
and dried crucible and it was dried in a muffle furnace at 500±500C for 15 min. It was cooled in the
desiccator and the weight was taken (m3). Through the above filter paper, adequate volume of well
mixed waste water sample was filtered accurately. It was dried in the oven which was operating at
1030C to 1050C for at least one hour to remove all the moisture in it. It was allowed to cool in a
desiccator and the weight (m4) was taken. To remove the volatile suspended solids, the filter paper
was kept inside a covered porcelain crucible at 5000C temperature in the muffle furnace about 30
minutes. It was allowed to cool in air for 5-10 min and then transferred to desiccator and it was
allowed to cool down to room temperature. The final weight (m5) was taken.
EX 04 - CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
COD digester was preheated to 150oC. Culture tubes and caps were washed properly. Sample
was placed in culture tube and digestion solution was added (Refer table 01 for proper sample and
reagent volumes). Blank sample was prepared with using distilled water with volume corresponding
to the sample volume. Sulfuric acid reagent was carefully run down inside of vessel of an acid layer
was formed under the sample – digestion solution layer. Sulfuric acid was run reagent down inside of
vessel so an acid layer was formed under the sample-digestion solution layer. Cap tubes were closed
tightly and inverted each several timed to mix completely. Tubes were placed in block digester
preheated to 150°C and refluxed for 2h. After passing 2h, the tubes were allowed to cool to room
temperature, tube caps were removed and the content was transferred to the titration flask. Then TFE-
covered magnetic stirring bar was added into the titration flask.1 to 2 drops of ferroin indicator was
added and stirred rapidly on magnetic stirrer while titrating with 0.10M FAS. The end point was a
sharp color change from blue-green to reddish brown. The readings were recorded.

OBSERVATIONS

EXPERIMENT 05: DETERMINATION OF OIL & GREASE USING PARTITION-

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

 Sample Volume : 300 ml

 Weight of the clean empty distillation flask (m1) : 87.6504 g
 Weight of the distillation flask with oil residue (m2) : 87.6521 g

EXPERIMENT 02- DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY

Volume of sulfuric acid for 1st titration (X) = 0.2 ml (With phenolphthalein)

Total volume of sulfuric acid for 2nd titration (Y) = 0.5 ml

EXPERIMENT 06: DETERMINATION OF PH

pH of the Sample: 6.96

EXPERIMENT 03- DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

BOD Readings

Distilled Water Sample 01 (10%) Sample

02(100%)

0 21.17 35.32 41.41

1 22.12 36.87 44.54

2 22.14 41.87 48.75

3 22.32 42.16 53.64

4 22.41 43.45 55.12

5 22.74 43.75 56.28

EXPERIMENT08 - DETERMINATION OF TS, TDS, TSS AND VSS OF WASTE WATER

Determination of TS

Volume of the sample (ml) = 50ml

Initial weight of the crucible 01 (g) = 86.0203 g

Final weight of the crucible 01 + sample (g) = 86.077 g

Determination of TSS, TDS and VSS

Volume of the sample (ml) = 50ml

Initial weight of the clean dried filter paper (g) = Weight of the clean empty crucible 02 (g) = 86.2585
g

Weight of the crucible 02 + filter paper with sample

After evaporation at 105˚C (g) = 86.3084 g

Weight of the crucible 02 + filter paper with sample after evaporation at 550˚C (g) = 86.2712 g

EXPERIMENT 04: DETERMINATION OF COD OF WASTE WATER.

 Sample Volume of FAS used in titration (ml)
Standardizing Solution 5.0
Blank Sample 1.5
Sample 01 1.2
Sample 02 1.2

CALCULATIONS

EXPERIMENT 05: DETERMINATION OF OIL & GREASE USING PARTITION-

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

(m 2 – m1)g x 10 6
mg oil and grease / L =
Sample volume ml

( 87.6521 – 87.6504 ) g ×106

=
300 ml

= 5.667 mg/l

RESULTS
Oil and Grease amount in waste water = 5.667mg/l

EXPERIMENT 02: DETERMINATON OF ALKALINITY

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) = (X) x 1000/50 x 50 x 0.02 mg/l as CaCO3

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) = 0.2ml x 1000/50 x 50 x 0.02 mg/l as CaCO3

(P) = 4 mg/l

Total alkalinity (T) = (Y) x 1000/50 x 50 x 0.02 mg/l as CaCO3

Total alkalinity (T) = 0.5 ml x 1000/50 x 50 x 0.02 mg/l as CaCO3

 (T) = 10 mg/l

2P = 8 mg/l

2P < T

Therefore,

Hydroxide = 0 mg/l

Carbonate = 2P = 8mg/l

Bicarbonate = T-2P

= 2 mg/l

RESULTS
Hydroxide = 0 mg/l

Carbonate = 8 mg/l

Bicarbonate = 2 mg/l

EXPERIMENT 03: DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

BOD value = Recorded Value x Dilution Factor (mg O2/l)

Sample 01
BOD1 = 36.87 mg/l × 10
= 368.7 mg/l
BOD2 = 41.87 mg/l ×10
= 418.7mg/l
BOD3 = 42.16 mg/l ×10
= 421.6 mg/l
BOD4 = 43.45 mg/l × 10
= 434.5 mg/l

BOD5 = 43.75 mg/l × 10

= 437.5 mg/l

RESULTS
 BOD value
Distilled water Sample 01 (10%)
BOD1 22.12 368.7
BOD2 22.14 418.7
BOD3 22.32 421.6
BOD4 22.41 434.5
BOD5 22.74 437.5

EXPERIMENT 08: DETERMINATION OF TS, TDS, TSS AND VSS OF WASTE WATER

1. Total Solids Content (TS)

mg TS/L =

[m ¿ ¿ 2(initialy dried sample at 103 ℃−105 ℃ )−m 1 (initial empty dish weight)]×106
¿
sample volume ml

[86.077−86.0203]g × 106
=
50 ml
mg TS/L = 1134 mg / l

2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

mg TSS/L =

{ m 4 ( GF filter paper dried at 103 ℃ – 105 ℃ ) – m3 ( muffle furnaces dried empty GF ) } ×106
Sample of volume

{ 86.3084 – 86.2585 } g ×106

=
50 ml

mg TSS/L = 998 mg/l

 3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

mg TDS/L = mg TS/L – mg TSS/L

= 1134 mg/l – 998 mg/l

= 136 mg/l

4. Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)

mg VSS/L =

m 4 (GF filter paper dried at 103 ℃ p 105 ℃ ∈oven)−m5 (GF filter paper dried at 500 ± 50℃ )× 106
sample volume ml

(86.3084−86.2712)g ×10 6
=
50

mg VSS/L = 744mg/l

RESULTS
1. Total Solids Content (TS) = 1134 mg/l
2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) = 998 mg/l
3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) = 136 mg/l
4. Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) = 744 mg/l
EXPERIMENT 04: DETERMINATION OF COD OF WASTE WATER.

( A−B) x M x 8000
COD as mg O2/L =
ml sample
Where,
A = ml FAS used for blank
B = ml FAS used for sample
M = Molarity of FAS
8000 = Milliequivalent weight of oxygen x 1000 ml/L

Volume of 0.0167 M k 2 Cr 2 O7 solutiontitrated (ml)

Molarity of FAS (M) = × 0.1000
Volume of FAS used ∈titration(ml )

5 ml x 0.1000
=
5 ml

= 0.1

sample 01+ sample 02

ml FAS used for sample (B) =
2

1.2+ 1.2
=
2
= 1.20 ml

( A−B) x M x 8000
COD as mg O2/L =
ml sample

(1.5 – 1.20)ml x 0.1 x 8000

=
2.5 ml

= 96 mg/l
RESULTS
COD as mg O2/L = 96 mg/l

RESULTS

Parameter Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

pH 7.67 6.96 7.15 7.87
BOD D.W S1 S2 D.W S1 S2 D.W S1 S2 D.W S1 S2
22.97 439.8 56.45 23.92 437.4 55.75 22.74 437.5 56.28 23.91 436.7 51.75
COD 78.4 107.744 45.26 96
Oil &
5.667 5.67 6.333 4.33
Grease
Alkalinity H C B.C H C B.C H C B.C H C B.C
2 8 0 0 8 2 0 8 0 4 8 0
TS 1032 1014 1134 956
TSS 1002 1002 998 996
VSS 30 742 136 734
TDS 746 12 744 -40
TABLE:

pH
8
7.8
7.6
7.4
pH value

7.2 pH
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Time(Weeks)
 Oil & Grease content
7

6
Oil & Grease content(mg/l)

4
Oil & Grease content
3

0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Time(Week)

COD & BOD

120

100
COD/BOD (mg/l)

80

60

40

20

0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Time(Week)

BOD COD

TS/TSS
1150

1100

1050
TS/TSS (mg/l)

1000

950

900

850
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Time(Weeks)

TS TSS
DISCUSSION