Ies II Paper

Mains Exam
Solution
CIVIL ENGINEERING - Paper II
1.(a) The velocity vector in an incompressible flow is given by
V  6 xt  yz 2  i   3t  xy 2  j   xy  2 xyz  6tz  k
(i) Verify whether the continuity equation is satisfied.

(ii) Determine the acceleration in x direction at point A[1, 1, 1] and t = 1.0.
[12 Marks]
Sol. We have,
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V = (6xt  yz2 )i  (3t  xy2 )j  (xy  2xyz  6tz)k
(i) Continuity equation in 3-dimensional form is
 (u) (v) (w)
   = 0
t x y t
For incompressible flow
Here,
ST u v w
 
x y z
 0
u (6xt  yz2 )
=  6t
x x
(3t  xy 2 )
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v
=  2xy
y y
w (xy  2xyz  6tz)
=  2xy  6t
z z
u v w
Here,   = 6t + 2xy – 2xy – 6t = 0
x y z
So, continuity equation is satisfied.
u u u u
(ii) a x = u.  v.  w 
x y z t
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u (6xt  yz2 )
Here, =  6x
t t
u (6xt  yz2 )
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=  6t
x x
u  (6xt  yz2 )
=  z2
y y
u (6xt  yz2 )
=  2yz
z z
So, a x = 6x +(6xt + yz2). 6t + (3t + xy2) z2
+ (xy – 2xyz – 6tz) 2yz
Putting x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 and t = 1 in ax, we get
a x = 6 × 1 + (6 × 1 ×1 + 1×12)·(6×1) + (3×1 + 1×1)2.12
+ (1×1 – 2 (1×1×1) – 6) · 2×1×1
= 38 units
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Mains Exam
Solution
1.(b) Three tube wells of 25 cm diameter each are located at the three vertices of an equilateral
triangle of side 100 m. Each tube well penetrates fully in a confined aquifer of thickness
25 m. Assume the radius of influence for these wells and the coefficient of permeability of
the aquifer as 300 m and 40 m/day respectively.
(i) Calculate the discharge when only one well is pumping with a drawdown of 3 m.
(ii) What will be the percent change in discharge of this well if all the three wells were
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to pump such that the drawdown is 3 m in all the wells ?
[12 Marks]
Sol.
Given :
s = 3m, rw = 0.125 m, R = 300 m, K = 40 m/day, b = 25 m
ST
(i) When only one well is pumping at steady state.
T = K b = 1000 m2/day
Q R
s In  
2T  rw 
MA
Q = 2421.82 m 3 day
(ii) When all the three wells are pumping at steady state.
3 Qj
s total   Si   2TF  rij 
i1
Q1 = Q2  Q3
3Q  R 
st = In   where, r *   r  r  r 1/3
S
2T  r *  11 12 13
r11 = 0.125 m, r12 = r13 = 100m, and st = 3 m

Q = 1875.25 m3/day
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2421.82  1875.25
 Percentage reduction in discharge =  100  22.57 %
2421.82
1.(c) Draw the schematic diagram of a gravity dam and indicate the major forces acting on it.
Draw the diagram of the uplift force when (i) drain is not provided and (ii) drain is
provided.
[12 Marks]
Sol. The various external forces acting on a gravity dam may be

(1) Water Pressure (2) Uplift Pressure (3) Pressure due to earthquake force (4) Silt Pressure
(5) Wave Pressure (6) Ice Pressure (7) Weight of the dam
Mains Exam
Solution
(1) Water Pressure
 Water pressure (p) is the major external force acting on a dam. The horizontal water pressure,
exerted by the weight of the water stored on the u/s side on the dam can be estimated from rules
of hydrostatic pressure distribution.
 When the u/s face is vertical, the intensity is zero at the water surface and equal to  w H at the
base where,  w = unit weight of water and H = depth of water..
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1
 The resultant force due to this external water, P   w H2 , acting at H/3 from base.
2
W.M.L
P=
H 1
ST 2
 wH2
H/3
wH
Gravity dam
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(2) Uplift Pressure
 Water seeping through the pores, cracks and fissures of the foundation material, exert an uplift
pressure on the base of the dam.
 An uplift force reduces the downward weight of the body of the dam and hence destabilises the
dam.
 According to USBR recommendations, the uplift pressure intensities at the heel and the toe should
be taken equal to their respective hydrostatic pressures and joined by straight line in between as
explained in figure below.
WML
S
H
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Tail
No drainage water
gallery
H
WH WH
WH
WH
Uplift diagram
when there is no
drainage gallery
Pu
Mains Exam
Solution
(3) Earthquake Forces
 The effect of an earthquake is equivalent to imparting an acceleration to the foundations of the dam
in the direction in which the wave is travelling.
 Earthquake wave may move in any direction.
• Both horizontal acceleration (ah) and vertical acceleration (av) are induced by an earthquake. The
values of these acceleration are generally expressed as percentage of the acceleration due to
gravity (g), i.e., a = 0.1 g or 0.2 g, etc.
ER
(4) Silt Pressure
Silt gets deposited against the u/s face of the dam. If h is the height of silt deposited, then the force
exerted by this silt in addition to external water pressure, can be represented by Rankine’s formula as
1 2 h
: Psilt = .sub .h K a (it acts at . from base)
2 3
where, Ka =
1  sin 
1  sin  ST
= coefficient of active earth pressure of silt
(  = angle of internal friction of soil, and cohesion is neglected).
 sub = submerged unit weight of silt material ; h = height of silt deposited.
Note : If the u/s face is inclined, the vertical weight of the silt supported on the slope also acts as vertical force.
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(5) Wave Pressure

Waves are generated on the surface of the reservoir due to blowing winds, which causes a pressure
towards the d/s side. Wave pressure depends upon the wave height.
(6) Ice Pressure
In cold countries, ice gets formed on the water surface of the reservoir. The dam face has to resist
the thrust exerted by the expanding or melting ice. This force acts linearly along the length of the
dam and at the reservoir level.
(7) Weight of the dam
The weight of the dam body and its foundation is the major resisting force.
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
(ii) Reservoir empty case
 Empty reservoir without earthquake forces are computed for determining bending diagrams, etc.
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for reinforcement design, for grouting studies or other purposes.

 Empty reservoir with a horizontal earthquake force produced towards the u/s has to be checked
for non-development of tension at toe.
Diagram of uplift force when
Mains Exam
Solution
(i) Drain is not provided
WML
Tail
No drainage water
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gallery
H
WH WH
WH
WH
(i) Drain is provided

ST Pu
Uplift diagram
when there is no
drainage gallery
MWL
MA
Drainage
gallery
H
S
Heel Toe
wH 
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1
wH  wH  (  wH   wH)= ordinate of uplift at
3 drainage gallery
1.(d) A city has the following recorded population :

Year 1971 : 60000
Year 1991 : 120000
Year 2011 : 180000
Estimate (i) the saturation population and (ii) expected population in the year 2031 by
logistic curve method.
[12 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. It is given that
P0 = 60000 ; t0 = 0
P1 = 120000 ; t1 = 20 yrs
P2 = 180000 ; t2 = 40 yrs
(i) The saturation population (PS) can be calculated by using equation
2P0P1P2  P12 (P0  P2 )

PS 
ER
P0P2  P12
2  60000  120000  180000  (120000)2 [6000  180000]

=
60000  180000  (120000)2
= 240000
(ii) We have,
ST
Saturation population (Ps )  240000
m =
Ps  P0 240000  60000
P0

60000
 m3
2.303  P  (Ps  P1) 

MA
n = log10  0 
t1  P1  (Ps  P0 ) 
2.303  60000  (240000  120000) 
=  log10  
20 120000  (240000  60000) 
 n   0.0549
Expected population in year 2031,

Ps
P = ; t  (tprojected  t 0 ) = 60
1  m loge1(nt)
S
240000
=
1  3loge1 ( 0.0549  60)
 240000 
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=  1  3log1 ( 0.054g  60) 

 e 
 240000 
=  ( 0.054960) 
 215960.2945
1 3  e 
 215960
1.(e) A water contains 110 mg/L carbonate ion and 80 mg/L bicarbonate ion at a pH of 10.
Calculate the alkalinity exactly at 25°C. Approximate the alkalinity by ignoring hydroxide
and hydrogen ion. What is the percentage error in approximation ?
[12 Marks]
Sol. Concentration of carbonate ion ( CO32 ) = 110 mg/lt

110
=  3.67 meq / lt
 60 
 
 2 
Mains Exam
Solution
 3.67 meq/lt of CO32 = 3.67 meq/lt of CaCO3

Concentration of bicarbonate ion ( HCO3 ) = 80 mg/lt
 80 
=  61  meq / lt
 
 1
= 1.31 meq/lt
ER
 1.31 meq/lt of HCO3 = 1.31 meq/lt of CaCO3
pH = 10  pOH  4
 –log [H+] = 10
 [H+] = 1 × 10–10 mol/lt
= 1 × 10–10 × 1 gm/lt

Also,
ST = 1 × 10–7 meq/lit
1 × 10–7 meq/lt of H+ = 1 × 10–7 meq/lt of CaCO3.
–log10[OH–] = 4
[OH–] = 10–4 mogl/lt

17
10–4 mol/lt of OH– = 104  gm/eq/lt
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17
= 0.1 meq/lt
 0.1 meq/lt of OH– = 0.1 meq/lt of CaCO3.
Now, Approximate alkalinity (ignoring H+ and OH–)
Expressed in meq/lt = [HCO3 ]  [CO3 ]

Where quantities in paranthesis are concentration in meq/lt.
= [3.67] + (1.31) = 4.98 meq/lt
Approximate alkalinity = 4.98 × 50 = 249 mg/l as CaCO3
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By exact calculation:
Alkalinity (in meq/lt) = [HCO3 ]  [CO32  ]  [OH ]  [H ]

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= (1.31  3.67  0.1  1 104 )meq / lt

= 5.0799 meq/lt
Exact alkalinity = 5.0799 × 50 = 253.995 mg/l as CaCO3
 Percentage error in approximation
 253.995  249 
= 
 253.995   100
= 1.966% Ans.
2.(a) A trapezoidal channel is to be designed to convey a discharge of 50 m3/sec at a velocity of

2 m/sec. The bed width to depth ratio is 0.8. The side slopes are 1 H : 1 V. Calculate the
bed width, depth of flow and bed slope of the channel. Assume Manning’s coefficient,
n = 0.02.
[20 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. Given
Q = 50 m3/s
V = 2 m/s
B 1
= 0.8 y
y x
Side slope = 1H : 1V
ER
n = 0.02 B
Q
A =  25 m2
v
 A = (B + xy)y
25 = (0.8y + 1y)y
25 = 1.8y2
ST y = 3.727 m
B = 0.8 × 3.727 = 2.982 m
P = B  2y 1  x2  13.524 m
1 2/3 1/2
 v = R S
n
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2/3
1  25  1/2
2 =   .S
0.02  13.524 
S = 0.00071
 B = 2.982 m, y = 3.727m, S = 0.00071
2.(b) Define a unit hydrograph. Explain two basic assumptions made in the derivation of unit
hydrograph. Following are the ordinates of a 4-hr unit hydrograph. Using this, derive the
ordinates of a 12-hr unit hydrograph (do not plot the graph) :
Time (hr ) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Ordinate of 4  hr UH 0 20 80 130 150 130 90 52 27 15 05 0
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What are the uses and limitations of unit hydrograph ?

[20 Marks]
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Sol. A unit hydrograph is defined as the hydrograph of direct runoff resulting from one unit depth (1 cm)
of rainfall resulting from one unit depth (1 cm) of rainfall excess occuring uniformly over the basin and
at a uniform rate for a specified duration (D hours).
The terms unit here refers to a unit depth of rainfall excess which is usually taken as 1 cm.
Assumptions of unit hydrograph theory :
(1) Time Invariance : The direct run-off hydrograph for a given effective rainfall for a catchment is
always the same irrespective of when it occurs. Hence, any previous rainfall event is not considered
to effect the new rainfall.
(2) Linear Response : The ordinates of DRH are directly proportional to the effective rainfall hyetograph
ordinates.
For example : If a 6-hr U.H due to 1 cm rainfall is given, then 6-hr hydrograph due to 2 cm rainfall
would just mean doubling the U.H ordinates.
(The assumption of linear response enables the use of principle of superposition).
Mains Exam
Solution
(3) Effective rainfall is constant over the catchment during the unit time, i.e. intensity is constant.
(4) Effective rainfall should be uniformly distributed over the basin.
The calculations are performed in tabular form in given table. In this
Column 3 = ordinates of 4-h UH lagged by 4-h
Column 4 = ordinates of 4-h UH lagged by 8-h
Column 5 = ordinates of DRH representing 3 cm ER in 12-h
Column 6 = ordinate of 12-h UH = (Column 5)/3
ER
3
Ordinates of 4-h UH (m /s) DRH Ordinate of
B C of 3 cm in 12-h 12-h UH
3 3
Time Lagged by Lagged by (m /s) (m /s)
(h) A 4-h 8-h (Col. 2+3+4) (Col. 5)/3
1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 – – 0 0
4
8
12
16
20
80
130
150
0
ST
20
80
130
–
0
20
80
20
100
230
360
6.7
33.3
76.7
120.0
20 130 150 130 410 136.7
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24 90 130 150 370 123.3
28 52 90 130 272 90.7
32 27 52 90 169 56.3
36 15 27 52 94 31.3
40 5 15 27 47 15.7
44 0 5 15 20 6.7
48 0 5 5 1.70
52 0 0 0
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Uses:
Unit hydrograph is used for:
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(i) Development of flood hydrograph for extreme rainfall magnitudes for use in the design of hydraulic
structure.
(ii) Extension of flood flow records based on rainfall records.
(iii) Development of flood forecasting and warning system based on rainfall.
Limitations of Unit hydrograph theory :
(1) U.H cannot be used for catchment area > 5000 km2
(2) U.H cannot be used for catchment area < 2 km2
(3) Precipitation must be from rainfall only. Snow melt run-off cannot be satisfactorily represented by
U.H.
(4) The catchment should not have unusually large storage in terms of ponds, tanks etc which affects
the linear relationship between storage and discharge.
(5) U.H are not expected to give good results if the precipitation is decidedly non-uniform.
Mains Exam
Solution
2.(c) (i) How will you estimate the total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir ? Support
your answer with suitable sketches and formulae.
[15 Marks]
Sol. Distribution reservoir, also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water
for supply during emergencies (such as during fires, repair, etc.) and also help in absorbing the hourly
fluctuations in the normal water demand.
ER
Storage Capacity of distribution Reservoirs:
The total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir is the summation of:
1. Balancing storage: The quanity of water required to be stored in the reservoir for equlising or
balancing fluctuating demand against constant supply is known as the balancing storage (or
equalising or operating storage). The balance storage can be worked out by mass curve method.
2. Breakdown Storage: The breakdown storage or often called emergency storage is the storage
ST
preserved in order to tide over the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps, electricity, or any
other mechanism driving the pumps. A value of about 25% of the total storage capacity of reservoirs
or 1.5 to 2 times of the average hourly supply, may be considered as enough provision for
accounting this storage.
3. Fire storage: The third component of the total reservoir storage is the fire storage. This provision
takes care of the requirements of water for extinguishing fire. A provision of 1 to 4 per person per
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day is sufficient to meet the requirement.
The total reservoir storage can finally be worked out by adding all the three storages.
Mass Curve Method
 A mass curve is the plot of accumulated supply or demand versus time.

 The supply is also known as inflow and demand as outflow. First mass curve of supply, known
as supply line is drawn and over this demand curve is superimposed.
 The amount of balancing storage is determined by adding the maximum ordinates between the
demand and supply lines.
First hourly demand for all 24 hours from the day of maximum requirement is determined. Cumulative
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
demand is plotted against time, which is known as mass curve of demand. Next cumulative supply
against time is plotted, which is a straight line if the supply is constant. The storage required is
calculated as the sum of the two maximum ordinates between demand and supply lines.
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Total storage required

=A+ B
Cumulative demand or
Max.m
supply in 10 litres
ordinate (B)
Supply curve
x
(continuous at
constant rate)
Max.m
ordinate = (A)
Demand curve
0 Time in hours
Mains Exam
Solution
(Continuous supply)
Total storage required A
=A+B
Cumulative demand or
supply in 10 litres
Demand
curve
x
Supply curve
Pumping
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period
B
0 6 AM 6 PM
(Limited Hour Supply)
ST
Cumulative
demand or
supply
Demand
A
3
4
B
A Supply
1
MA
Time 24 hrs
Water Water Water

getting getting getting
stored depleted stored
From (2–4)  Demand rate > supply rate
 water getting depleted
From (4–5–1–2)  Demand rate < supply rate
 water getting stored
From (4–5)  accumulation = B
S
From (1–2)  accumulation = A

From (2–3)  depletion = A
From (3–4)  depletion = B
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 Max. water that would be stored = A + B (i.e. From 4–2)

 Max. water that would be depleted = A + B (i.e. From 2–4)
2(c) (ii) Compute the average sound pressure level from the following sound pressure readings :
(1) 39 dBA
(2) 52 dBA
(3) 67 dBA
(4) 77 dBA
[5 Marks]
Sol. We have individual readings as

39 dBA, 52 dBA, 67 dBA, 77 dBA
Mains Exam
Solution
We know that,
 Prms 
Sound pressure level = LP = 20 × log10  20Pa 
 
P 
Now, 39 dBA = 20 log10  rms 
 20 
Prms = 1782.50
ER
Similarly, for 52 dBA
P 
52 = 20 log  rms 
 20 
Prms = 7962.14
Prms for 67 dBA
P 
ST 67 = 20 log  rms 
Prms = 44774.42
 20 
Prms for 77 dBA

P 
77 = 20 log  rms 
 20 
MA
Prms = 141589.16
39 dBA + 52 dBA + 67 dBA + 77 dBA 1 in rms
= (1782.5)2  (7962.14)2  (44774.42)2  (141589.16)2
= 148723.945 Pa
 148723.95 
Resultant sound pressure level = 20 log  
 20 
= 77.43 dBA
S
3. (a) Estimate the hydraulic gradient in a 2.2 m diameter smooth concrete pipe carrying
a discharge of 3.4 cumecs at 20°C temperature by using (i) Darcy-Weisbach formula,
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(ii) Manning’s formula and (iii) Hazen-William’s formula. The kinematic viscosity of
water at 20°C = 1.004 × 10–6 m2/s, Hazen-William’s coefficeint of hydraulic capacity of
the smooth pipe = 130 and Manning’s coefficient = 0.013.
[20 Marks]
Sol. Given
Smooth concrete pipe
Diameter (d) = 2.2 m
Discharge (Q) = 3.4 m3/sec at temperature 20°C
Kinematic viscosity of water 20°C (  ) = 1.004 × 10–6 m2/sec
Hazen William coefficeint (CH) = 130
Manning’s coefficient (n) = 0.013
(i) Assuming flow to be running full.
Mains Exam
Solution
Q  3.4 
Velocity, (V) =     
A   0.894 m/sec
  (2.2)2 
4 
 Vd 
Reynold’s number, (Re) =  
  
 0.894  2.2 
=  
 1.004  106 
ER
= 1.96 × 106
 This is the case of turbulent flow through smooth boundary.
 As per Blasius,
0.316
Friction factor, (f) =
(Re )1/ 4
ST
Darcy-Weisbach equation:
=
0.316
(1.96  106 )1/4
= 0.00844
L V2
Head loss (hL) = f  
MA
d 2g
 hL  f V2
   = Slope (s) = 
L d 2g
 0.00844  (0.894)2 
 Slope (s) =  
 2.2  2  9.81 
1
=
6398.88
1
Slope (s)  Ans.
S
6398.88
(ii) As per Manning’s formula,
2/3
1 d
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Velocity, (V) =    (s)1/ 2

n 4
2/3
1  2.2 
 0.894     (s)1/ 2
0.013  4 
1
Slope (s) 
3336.22
(iii) According Hazen William’s formula,
V = 0.849 × CH × R0.63 × S0.54
0.63
d
 V = 0.849  130     s0.54
4
0.894
 S0.54 = 0.63
 2.2 
0.849  130   
 4 
Mains Exam
Solution
 S0.54 = 0.0118
 Slope, (S) =  0.0118 1/0.54
1
=
3720.39
1
Slope (S) 
3720.39
ER
3. (b) A wastewater treatment plant consists of primary treatment clarifier followed by an
activated sludge treatment unit. The primary and secondary sludge are mixed,
thickened in a gravity thickener and sent to further treatment. Wastewater, treatment
plant and sludge characteristics are as follows:
 Influent SS = 220 mg/L; primary clarifier diameter = 25 m
 Influent BOD = 250 mg/L; aerator volume = 3000 m3



ST
Effluent BOD = 30 mg/L; MLSS in aerator = 3000 mg/L
Flow = 20000 m3/day; solids in thickner supernatant = neglisgible
Primary sludge = 5% solids; secondary sludge = 0.75% solids and thickned sludge
= 4% solids
 Efficiency of primary clarifier for SS and BOD removal are 58% and 32
respectively
MA
 Biomass conversion factor in aerator = 0.35

Determine–
(i) Solids loading in kg/day to the sludge disposal facilities;
F
(ii) ratio in aerator;
M
(iii) Percent volume reduction by the thickener.
[20 Marks]
Sol. (i) Calculation of mass of primary solids and volume of primary sludge:
S
The area of primary clarfier is
d2   (25)2
A =   490.87 m2
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4 4
 20000 m3 /d 
The overflow rate =  2 
 490.87 m 
= 40.74 m/day
Efficiency of primary clarifier is
SS = 58% and BOD = 32%
Mass of primary solids removed is found by
MP = 0.58 × 0.22 kg/m3 × 20000 m3/day
= 2552 kg/day
 Percent solid content is less than 20% so we can approximately take the density of sludge equal to
that of water.
Mains Exam
Solution
 The volume of primary sludge is given by
MP
VP =
1000  S
 2552 
=  
 1000  0.05 
= 51.04 m3/day
ER
Calculation of mass of secondary solids and volume of secondary sludge:
Food consumed by aerator is:
BODin = (1 – 0.32) × 250 = 170 mg/lt
BODout = Effluent BOD = 30 mg/lt
 BOD consumed in aerator = (170 – 30) mg/lt
= 140 mg/lt
 ST = 0.14 kg/m3
The biomass conversion factor, Y = 0.35 (given)
The above factor accounts for the net quantity of living biomass generated in the reactor. The same
amount has to be wasted to keep the system in equilibrium.
 The mass of secondary volatile solids is found out by
MA
M vs = Q(BOD5 consumed in the aerator) × Y
kg m3
= 0.35  0.14 3
 20000
m day
= 980 kg/day
980 980

Mass of total secondary solid wasted, (MS) =  MLVSS  0.8
 MLSS 
= 1225 kg/day
S
The volume of secondary sludge (Vs) is
MS
Vs =
1000  S
IE
 1225 
=  
 1000  0.0075 
= 163.33 m3/day
Total mass of sludge to thikner, MT = MP  Ms  (2552  1225) kg/day
= 3777 kg/day
 Sludge loading to the sludge disposal facilities = MT = 3777 kg/day
(ii) F/M ratio calculation:
Food applied to the aerator = BODin = 0.17 kg/m3 = 20000 m3/d × 0.17 kg/m3 = 3400 kg/day
Assuming MLVSS = 0.8 × MLSS = 0.8 × 3.0 kg/m 3 = 2.4 kg/m3
The biomass in the reactor = (MLVSS in aerator × Aerator volume)
 kg 3
=  2.4 3  3000 m 
 m 
Mains Exam
Solution
= 7200 kg
 3400 kg / day 
The F/M ratio =  7200 kg 
 
= 0.472 day –1
(iii) Total volume of sludge to the thickner, VT = (VP  Vs )  (51.04  163.33) m3 /day
ER
= 214.37 m3/day
Total volume of thickened sludge
 3777 kg/day 
Vthick =  3 
 1000 kg/m  0.04 
= 94.425 m3/day
%
ST  214.37  94.425 
Volume reduction achieved by thikener = 
 214.37
  100

= 55.952% Ans.
3. (c) Explain geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity. Two
homologous pumps are to run at the same speed of 600 r.p.m. Pump A has an impeller
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of 50 cm diameter and discharges 0.4 m3/sec of water under a head of 50 m. Determine
the size of pump B and its net head if it is to discharge 0.3 m3/sec.
[20 Marks]
Geometrical similarity : For geometrical similarity to exist, the ratio of corresponding length dimension
between the model and prototype must be same.
A B
a b
c
C
D AB BC CD DE
 
S
=
D E ab bc cd de
E
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The geometric parameters are length, width, height, area, volume, diameter.
Lm Wm Hm
=   Lr
LP WP HP
Am Vm
 (Lr )2 =(Lr )3
AP VP
Kinematic similarity: Kinematic parameters are velocity, acceleration, discharge.

· At all corresponding points in the model and prototype the ratio of velocity as well as acceleration
must be same (both in magnitude and direction).
· Such similarity can be attained if flownets for the model and prototype are geometrically similar
Vm Lr
Velocity ratio = V  Vr  T
p r
Mains Exam
Solution
am Lr
Acceleration ratio = a = ar = T 2
p r
Qm L3r
Discharge ratio = Q = Qr = T
p r
Dynamic similarity: For dynamic similarity to exist between model and prototype, identical type of forces
(viscous, pressure, elastic etc) must be parallel and must bear the same ratio at all corresponding sets
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of points
Dynamic parameters are force and power
Fm ρr L4r
Force ratio = F =r ×Vr ×ar =
p Tr 2
Pm rL5r
 For kinematic similarity:
 For dynamic similarity:

ST
Power ratio = P =Fr .Vr = 3
p Tr
Geometrical similarity must exist
1. Geometrical similarity must exist.

2. Kinematic similarity must exist but is not the sufficient condition for dynamic
similarity.
MA
For complete similarity, geometrical, kinematic and dynamic similarity must exist.
Pump A
DA = 50 cm, QA = 0.4 m3/sec, HA = 50 m
NA = NB = 600 rpm
Pump B :
DB = ?, HB = ?, QB = 0.3 m3/s
 Q   Q 
 3  =  3 
D N  D N B
S
3
Q A NB  DA 
  = D 
QB N A  B
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3
0.4  50 
 1 = D 
0.3  B
 DB = 45.428
 H   H 
 2 2 =  2 2
D N  D N 
2 2
HA  D A   NA 
 HB = D  N 
 B  B
2
 50   1
=  
 45.428 
50
 HB = 1.211
Mains Exam
Solution
 HB  41.274m
4. (a) Explain the terms ‘initial regime’ and ‘final regime’ as explained in Lacey’s regime
theory of stable channels. Design a stable channel for carrying a discharge of 30 m3/
sec using Lacey’s method assuming a silt factor equal to 1.0
[20 Marks]
Sol. Initial Regime
ER
 It is the first stage of regime attained by a channel after it is in service.
 If a channel is excavated with smaller width and flatter bed slope, then as the flow takes place
in the channel, bed slope of the channel is increased due to deposition of silt on the bed of the
channel to develop an increased flow velocity. Hence, the given discharge is allowed to flow through
the channel of smaller width.
 With increase in the bed slope , the depth may also vary but the width of the channel does’nt
ST
change because the sides of the channel are usually cohesive and hence they resist erosion.
So, keeping the discharge, silt grade, silt charge and width fixed and only by varying bed slope
and depth, the channel attains stability. This condition is known as initial regime.
Final Regime
 It is the ultimate state of regime attained by a channel when in addition to bed slope and depth,
the width of the channel is also adjusted as per requirement.
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 In this condition, the resistance of the sides of the channel is ultimately over come due to
continuous action of water.
 So, the channel adjust its width, depth and bed slope in order to obtain a stable channel. This
condition is known as final regime.
Channel shape
carrying coarse silt
Channel Shape
carrying medium
S
sized silt Channel shape

carrying fine silt
 Such a channel in which all variables are equally free to vary, has a tendency to assume a semi-
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elliptical section. The coarser the silt, the flatter is the semi-ellipse, i.e. greater is the width of the
water-surface. The finer the silt, the more nearly the section attains a semicircle.
Note : (i) The various equations developed by Lacey are applicable to channels which has attained final regime. (ii)
Hence, we can conclude that total no. of independent equations that form the Lacey’s regime theory is 3.
Given, Q = 30 m3/sec
Silt factor, (f) = 1.0
So, for a regime channel using Lacey theory, we have
1/6 1/6
 Qf 2   30  12 
(i) Velocity =    
 140   140 
= 0.774 m/sec
5 V2
(ii) Hydraulic mean depth, (R) =
2 f
Mains Exam
Solution
5 0.7742
=
2 1
= 1.498 m
Q 30
(iii) Area of the channel, (A) = 
V 0.774
= 38.759 m2
(iv) Wetted perimeter, (P) = 4.75  Q
ER
= 4.75  30
= 26.017 m
f 5/3 1
(v) Bed slope, (S) = 1/6

3340 Q 5887.53
1

ST 5888
Assuming the cross section of channel to be trapezoidal in shape.
m =2 y
1
MA
B
 y
A = B   y
 2
P = B + 2.236 y
Now, 38.759 = (B  0.5y)y
38.759
or, B =  0.5y
y
Also, 26.017 = B+ 0.236 y
S
38.759
or, 26.017 =  0.5y  2.236 y
y
y = 1.68m, 13.31 m
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Adopting, y = 1.68 m
38.759
So, B =  0.5  1.68
1.68
= 22.23 m
Finally
2 y = 1.68 m
1
22.23 m
4. (b) (i) Define field capacity, permanent wilting point and average moisture content.
Mains Exam
Solution
Explain how these will be useful in deciding the frequency of irrigation. (A
schematic diagram showing less and more frequent irrigation is to be drawn for
clarity)
[3+4+3 = 10 Marks]
Sol. Field Capacity

 Field capacity is defined as the maximum amount of moisture which can be held by a soil against
gravity. After the gravity water has drained off.
ER
 At field capacity the large or non-capillary pores of the soil are filled with air and the small or
capillary pores are filled with water.
 Field capacity is the upper limit of the capillary water or the moisture content available to the plant
roots.
 The soil moisture tension at field capacity ranges between 1/10 to 1/3 atmospheres.
Permanent wilting point


ST
The permanent wilting point is usually expressed as the weight of the moisture held by the soil
per unit weight of the dry soil when the plants are permanently wilted.
Permanent wilting point is the moisture content at which the films of water around the soil particles
are held so tightly that the plant roots cannot extract enough moisture at sufficiently rapid rate to
satisfy transpiration requirements thus resulting in the wilting of the plants.
 The soil moisture tension of a soil at the permanent wilting point ranges from 7 to 32 atmospheres
MA
depending on soil texture, kind and condition of the plants etc.

Average moisture content
 Depending upon the depth of irrigation water applied and frequency the average moisture content
in the soil may lie between the lower limit wilting point or upper limit field capacity.
 Average moisture content of soil is moisture present in the soil that is avilable for plant.
Concept of frequency of irrigation:
Soil moisture in the root zone varies between field capacity (upper limit) and permanent wilting point (lower
S
limit). When the soil moisture is consumed by plants through their roots, the soil moisture depletes. However,
it is not allowed to deplete upto the permanent Wilting point, as it would result in considerable fall in crop
yield. The optimum level up to which the soil moisture is allowed to deplete is called optimum moisture
content.
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The irrigation water should be supplied as soon as the moisture falls upto this optimum level, and its quantity
should be sufficient enough to bring the m.c upto its field capacity.
Water will be utilised by the plants after the fresh irrigation dose is given, and the soil moisture will start falling.
It is then again recouped by a fresh irrigation dose as soon as the soil moisture reaches the optimum level.
The time interval between two successive irrigation dose is termed as frequency of irrigation.
Mains Exam
Solution
frequency of irrigation
F.C
Readily available
Moisture content of soil
moisture
OMC
ER
PWP
Wilting point m.c
Time
Frequency of irrigation depends upon the amount of readily available moisture in the root zone and the rate
of consumptive use.
Frequency of irrigation =
ST Depth of water applied during irrigation
consumptive use
Soil moisture content
Soil moisture content
Field capacity Field capacity

average
moisture Average
MA
content moisture
content
PWP PWP
Time Time
(a) More Frequent Irrigation (b) Less frequent irrigation
4. (b) (ii) In a hydraulic jump occurring in a horizontal channel, the Froude’s number
before the jump is 10.0 and energy loss is 3.2 m. Estimate sequent depths, discharge
intensity and Froude’s number after the jump.
S
[10 Marks]
Sol. Given,
Hydraulic jump in a horizontal channel.
IE
Froude number before jump, (F1) = 10.0

Energy loss (FL) = 3.2 m
We know that,
y2 1
= 1  8F12  1 [Assuming rectangular channel]
y1 2
y2 1 
or =   1  8  102  1
y1 2
y2
or y1 = 13.65
or y2 = 13.65 y1
(y2  y1 )3
or EL =
4y1y2
Mains Exam
Solution
(13.65 y1  y1 )3
or 3.2 =
4  13.65 y1  y1
12.653  y13
or 3.2 × 4× 13.65 =
y12
3.2  4  13.65
 y1 =  0.086 m
12.653
So, y2 = 13.65 × 0.086
ER
= 1.17 m
hence, final sequent depths are 0.086 m, 1.17 m.
2q2
Now, using y1y2 (y1  y2 ) 
g
or ST
0.086 × 1.17 (0.086 + 1.17) =
2  q2
9.81
q = 0.787 m3/sec.m
Calculation of Froude’s number after jump (F2)
8F12
F22 = 3
MA
 1  8F12  1 
8  102
or F22 =
( 1  8  102  1)3
F2  0.198
4. (c) (i) Explain in detail the various process parameters required to control the aerobic
composting of solid waste. Discuss the relevance of each parameter also.
[10 Marks]
S
Sol. Compositing is a controlled aerobic, biological conversion of organic wastes into a complex, stable final
product having a number of beneficial uses, most commonly for agriculture and landscaping. In other words,
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composting of refuse is a biological method of decomposing solid wastes.

Factors affecting the composting process :
(i) Nutrient levels (macro - C, H and O and micro-N, P, K, Mg, S, Fe, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Mo)
(ii) Nutrient balance (C/N ratio)  C/N ratio of the input material in the compost heap is an important
factor for the bacterial activity to continue, since the bacteria use nitrogen for building their cell
structures (as proteins) and carbon for food (as energy).
(iii) Aeration  When acids accumulate during the early stages of composting, aeration can be done
to return the compost pH to an acceptance range.
(iv) Moisture and temperature
(v) pH (between 5.5 and 8.5)
(vi) Particle size of the feedstock material.
Mains Exam
Solution
4. (c) (ii) Discuss the isokinetic sampling process of flue gas stack sampling and explain
with the help of diagram, how the results will be affected if the sampling is not
done isokinetically.
[10 Marks]
Sol. Isokinetic sampling process

In Figure a flowsheet for isokinetic sampling is presented, the systems can be applied for (complex) organic
components which are either in gaseous, aerosol, liquid or solid state at the sampling point. The sampling
ER
can be performed either by “main stream (a)” or “side stream (b)” (also called “partial stream” sampling).
11
(a) Main-stream sampling 7
10
1 2 4 5
3 3
(b) Side-stream sampling ST 9 9 9 9a

6
7
8
11
10
1 2 5
3 3 4
8
MA
6 10
11
4
7
8
9 9 9 9a
Key Key
1 Nozzle 7 Pump
2 Probe 8 Gas volume meter
3 Filter 9 absorber
(either behind or in front of the probe) 9a Safety bottle (optional)
S
4 Dryer 10 Gas flow meter

5 Main-stream valve 11 Temperature and pressure measurement
6 By-pass valve
Figure: Isokinetic sampling system
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A particle filter (3) is placed either in front or behind the sampling probe. This renders necessary heating
of the filter in order to fully evaporate the sampled gas passing through the filter. The sample gas stream
from the stack is then either passed through absorbent filled gas wash bottles (9; multiple impingers in
series) to remove gaseous components or aerosols, the gas stream is dried (4) and the dried gas stream
registered (10). The combined concentration of a component is determined through analysis of the filter and
the wash bottle content. Alternatively in the side stream method, a smaller stream is split from the main
stream and passes through a series of absorbent filled wash bottles. Pre-requisite for a split of the gas
stream is that the sample gas stream is “gas only” (no droplets, particles) The choice which of the two
methods are preferred is often dependent on the gas conditions (e.g. wet gas would dilute the absorbent;
therefore = side stream) or on the combination of component concentration and limit of detection (low
concentration = Main stream). In addition, a side stream setup is necessary in order to fulfil the optimal
gas flow requirements for impingers and adsorption tubes.
All flue gas sampling has to be performed isokinetically to ensure that representative samples are collected.
Mains Exam
Solution
If sampling is done other than at isokinetic velocity, then it will cause errors for two reasons. First sampling
at greater or less than isokinetic rates tends to cause respectively larger or a smaller volume to be withdraw
from the flue gases than accounted for by the cross-section area of the probe. Secondly, particles greater
than 3.5  size have sufficeint inertia so that particle motion may deviate significantly from the gas flow
stream line pattern. Thus, if sampling is not done isokinetically, then we will be unable to obtain representative
sample.
ER
(a) Isokinetic sampling
ST
(b) Flow rate less than Isokinetic rate
MA
(c) Flow rate greater than Isokinetic rate

Isokinetic sampling
Section—B
5. (a) A pit of 6.4 m deep is to be excavated in a fine sand stratum completely saturated up
to the ground surface. The saturated unit weight of the sand was obtained as 20.3
kN/m3. To stabilize the bottom of the excavation (prevent boiling), it was decided to
S
drive steel sheet piles to act as cutoff walls that encircle the excavation. Determine the
total length of sheet pile wall to provide a factor of safety of 1.5 against sand boiling.
Assume specific gravity of soil, Gs = 2.7 and unit weight of water,   = 9.81/kN/m3.
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[12 Marks]
Sol.
Sheet Pile
A
F
6.4 m
B E
H
D
C
There will be an upward flow of water through the soil mass.
Mains Exam
Solution
The differential head which will cause this flow, h = 6.4 m
Again thickness of the soil mass through which the flow occur, L = BC = ED = H
h 6.4
Hydraulic gradient, i = 
L H
Ge
Saturated Unit weight  S =   w
 1 e 
ER
 2.7  e 
 20.3 =    9.81
 1 e 
 e = 0.59
G 1
Critical hydraulic gradient iC =
1 e

ST
iC =
2.7  1
1  0.59
iC = 1.0693
iC
Give Factor of safety = 1.5 
i
MA
1.0693
 1.5 = 6.4
H
 H = 8.98 m
So, total length of sheet pile = 6.4 + 8.98
= 15.38 m
5. (b) An unsupported cut as shown in the figure below was made at a site for which unit
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weight of soil,  s = 18.2 kN/m3, cohesion, C = 25 kN/m2 and angle of internal friction,
  10. Determine the lateral stress at—
(i) the top of the excavation;

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(ii) the bottom of the excavation;
(iii) The maximum depth of potential tension crack for the excavation.
What is the maximum depth up to which the excavation can be carried out safely
without any support?
3
s = 18.2 kN/m
4.2 m 2
C = 25 kN/m
 = 10°
[12 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. Given data
 sat = 18.2 kN/m3

C = 25 kN/m2
 = 10°
1  sin  1  sin10
Ka =   0.704
1  sin  1  sin10
ER
Active earth pressure is given as
pa = K a q  K a z  3C K a
Here, q = 0
(i) Active earth pressure at top of excavation
Z = 0

ST pa =
pa =
2C K a
2  25 0.704
 pa = -41.95 KN/m2
(ii) Active earth pressure at bottom of excavation
MA
Z = 4.2 m
pa = K a  S Z  2C K a
 pa = 0.704  18.2  4.2  2  25 0.704

pa = 11.859 KN/m2
(iii) Maximum depth of potential tension crack for the excavation.
where, pa = 0
K a Z t  C K a = 0
S
2C
 Zt =
 Ka
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2  25
 Zt =
18.2  0.704
 Z = 3.27 m [From the top of soil]
Maximum depths of excavation without any support
= 2 Zt
= 2  3.27
= 6.55 m [From the top of soil]
5. (c) How are runways oriented? Explain the term ‘wind coverage’ and ‘crosswind
component’.
[12 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol.
 Runway is so oriented that landing and takeoff is done by heading into the wind i.e., opposite to wind
direction.
 The wind data of direction, duration and intensity should be collected from wind rose diagram over
a minimum period of 5 years.
 The site should be located to windward direction of the city, so that minimum smoke from the city
is blown over the site.
ER
Cross Wind Component
 It is not possible to obtain the direction of wind along the direction of the central line of runway through
out the year.
 If the direction of wind is at an angle to runway centre line, its component are shown below
vsin v
Wind
Taking off
Direction
ST 
Vcos
CL Runway
– vcos  – the component along the direction of runway

MA
– vsin  – the normal to the central line of runways
 The normal component is known as cross wind component, it interrupt safe landing and take-off
operations.
 Permissible limit of cross wind
Type of Aircraft
component (KmpH)
Small aircraft 15
Mixed traffic 25
Big traffic 35
S
Wind Coverage :
 The percentage of time in a year during which cross wind component with in the permissible limit
as specified above, is called wind coverage.
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 According to FAA, runway landing mixed air traffic should be planned that wind coverage is 95% and
permissible crosswind component should not exceed 25 KmpH.
 For busy airport, wind coverage may be increased to 98–100%.
5. (d) Calculate equilibrium cant on MG curve of 6 degree for an average speed of 50 km/
hr. Also find out the maximum permissible speed after allowing maximum cant
deficiency.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Given data

Degree of curve = 6°
Average speed = 50 Km/hr
For meter gauge, G = 1.00 m
Mains Exam
Solution
1750
Radius of curve =
6
= 291.67 m
(i) Actual cant provided
GV 2
eact =
127R
ER
1.00   50  2
=
127  291.67
= 6.75 cm < 10 cm
So actual cant provided = 6.75 cm
(ii) Maximum permissible speed is given by eth i.e. eth = eact + cant deficiency
So,
ST
Cant deficiency is permitted for MG = 5.1 cm
eth = 6.75 + 5.10
= 11.85 cm
2
GVmax
So, eth =
127R
MA
2
1.000  Vmax
0.1185 =
127  291.67
Vmax = 66.25 Kmph
Check maximum speed as per Martin’s formula.
For V < 100 Kmph and MG
Vmax = 4.35 R  67
 Vmax = 4.35 291.67  67

 Vmax = 65.2 Kmph
S
So, maximum permissible speed 65.2 Kmph
5. (e)(i) What is repetition method in theodolite surveying? What are different instrumental
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errors which can be eliminated by the repetition method?

[6 Marks]
Sol. The method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of accuracy than that
obtainable with the least count of the vernier. By this method, an angle is measured two or more times
by allowing the vernier to remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting
it back at zero when sighting at the previous station. Thus an angle reading is mechanically added several
times depending upon the number of repetitions. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing
the final reading by the number of repetitions.
A higher degree precision is achieved during method of repetition because the following errors are eliminated.
1. By reading both the verniers, errors due to eccentricity of verniers and centres are eliminated.
2. By taking both the faces reading, errors due to the line to sight and the trunnion axis being out of
adjustment are eliminated.
Mains Exam
Solution
3. By taking the reading on the different part of circle, errors due to inaccurate graduations on the main
scale are eliminated.
4. But taking more number of observations, errors due to inaccurate bisection of the signal are eliminated.
5. By dividing the cumulative angle value with the number of observations, other errors are also minimized.
5.(e) (ii) A level was set up between two stations A and B. The distance of level from station
A was 520 m and the reading on the staff held at A was 1.620 m. The distance of level
from station B was 780 m and the reading on the staff held at B was 2.120 m. The
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reduced level (RL) of point A was 100.000 m. What is the RL of point B? Assume that
there is no error in the instrument.
[6 Marks]
Sol.
1.620 m
A
ST 2.120 m
520 B
780 m
MA
Correct staff reading at station A = 1.620  0.0673   0.52  2  1.602m
Correct Staff Reading at station B = 2.120  0.0673   0.780  2  2.079m
hAB = 2.079  1.602  0.477m
R.L. of B = R.L. of A  h AB  100  0.477  99.523m
6. (a) Liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) tests were carried out on a soil sample as per
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Indian Standard method. The values were 60% and 36% respectively for LL and PL.
What is the type of soil based on the above test data as per Indian Standard
Classification System? Justify your answer.
IE
[10 Marks]
Sol. Given,
Liquid Limit W L = 60%
Plastic Limit W P = 36%
Plastic Index IP = WL  WP
 IP = 60 – 36
IP = 24%
Plastic index as per A line.
IP = 0.73  WL  20 
 IP = 0.73  60  20 
Mains Exam
Solution
 IP = 29.2%
 IP = 29.2% > Actual Plastic Index
So, soil is silt.
Because W L > 50%, soil is highly compressible.
So, give soil should be MH or OH.
0)
–2
ER
WL
.7 3(
=0
CH IP
IP
Plasticity 29.2
Index CI
(WL – WP ) 24
CL
MH or OH
7
ML MI or OI
4
6. (b)
ST 10 20
OL
35 50 60
Two square footings with equal contact pressure of 250 kPa are at 5 m apart (centre-
to-centre). The size of the one footing (A) is 2 m × 2 m and the other one (B) is 2.5 m × 2.5 m.
Determine the vertical stress at 2 m vertically below (i) the footing (A), (ii) the footing
(B) and (iii) the midpoint between the footings. Use Boussinesq’s point load formula.
MA
[10 Marks]
Sol. Given data

q = 250 KPa
Z = 2m
QB = 250×2.5×2.5 =1562.5 KN QA = 250×2×2=1000 KN
2m 2m
2.5 m B 2m A
S
ZB = 2 m ZA = 2 m
5m
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(i) Vertical stress below footing (A) as per Boussinesq equation
5/2 5/2
 1   1 
3 QA  2 3QB  2
A = r   r 
2 Z 2 1   A   2Z 2 1   B  
  Z     Z  
Here, QA = 1000 KN, QB = 1562.5 KN, rA = 0, rB = 5 m, Z = 2m
Mains Exam
Solution
5/2 5/2
 1   1 
3  1000  2 3  1562.5  2
0  5
So, A = 2  2 2  1     2  22 1    
  2     2  
  A = 119.366 + 1.318
  A = 120.64 KN/m2
ER
(ii) Vertical strees below footing B.
5/2 5/2
 1   1 
3Q A  2 3QB  2
B = 2   rA    1   rB  
2  Z 1    2  Z 2
  Z     Z  
Here, QA = 1000 kN, QB = 1562.5 KN, rA = 5 m, rB = 0, Z = 2m
5/2 5/2
 1   1 
ST
B =
3  1000 
5
2
2    22 1    
B = 0.8434 + 186.510
B = 187.35 KN/m2
  2  

3  1562.5 
0
2
2    22 1    
  2  
(iii) Stress at mid point between the footing.

MA
QA = 1000 KN, QB = 1562.5 KN, rA= 2.5 m, rB = 2.5 m, Z = 2 m
5/2 5/2
 1   1 
3  1000  2 3  1562.5  2
2.5    2.5  
So, C = 2    22 1    2    22 1   
  2     2  
= 11.356 + 17.744
C = 29.10 KN/m2
6. (c) A plate bearing test with a 0.3 m diameter plate was carried out on a thick deposit
S
of sand. The shearing failure of the plate was occurred when a load of 3.5 kN was
applied. The unit weight of the sand was 19.2 kN/m3 and water table was found to be
at a depth of 1.0 m below the ground surface. If a square foundation of size 1.5 m ×
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1.5 m is planned in the same sand deposit but placed at a depth of 1.0 m below the
ground surface, what will be the allowable bearing capacity of the footing? Assume
saturated unit weight of sand also as 19.2 kN/m3 and unit weight of water as 9.81
kN/m3. The chart given below may be used:
Mains Exam
Solution
 NC Nq N
0 5.70 1.00 0.00
2 6.30 1.22 0.18
4 6.97 1.49 0.38
6 7.73 1.81 0.62
8 8.60 2.21 0.91
ER
10 9.61 2.69 1.25
12 10.76 3.29 1.70
14 12.11 4.02 2.23
16 13.68 4.92 2.94
18 15.52 6.04 3.87
20 17.69 7.44 4.97
ST 22
24
26
20.27
23.36
27.09
9.19
11.40
14.21
6.91
8.58
11.35
28 31.61 17.81 15.15
30 37.16 22.46 19.73
32 44.04 28.52 27.49
MA
34 52.64 36.51 36.96
36 63.53 47.16 51.70
38 77.50 61.55 73.47
40 95.67 81.27 100.39
42 119.67 108.75 165.69
44 151.95 147.74 248.29
46 196.22 204.20 426.96
48 258.29 287.86 742.61
50 347.52 415.16 1153.15
S
[20 Marks]
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Sol. The plate load test is to be assumed at the foundation level.

For Plate load test :
3.5 1
qup =  0.6   N  0.3  19.2  9.81
 2 2
  0.3 
4
 N = 58.59
From chart, interpolating the value of Nq corresponding to N = 58.59 is
58.59  51.70
Nq = 47.16    61.55  47.16 
73.47  51.70
 Nq = 51.71
Now, for foundation :
Sandy soil is given, i.e. C = 0
Mains Exam
Solution
Size of foundation = B = 1.5 m
Nq = 51.71
N = 58.59
ER
 = 19.2 KN/m Sand
Df = 1 m
1.5×1.5 m
3
sat = 19.2 KN/m
1


ST
qnu =
qnu =

2
1

0  D f   Nq  1  0.8   B subN 


0  19.2  1 51.71  1  0.8  2  1.5  19.2  9.81  58.59  kN m
2
= 1303.73 kN/m2
 Net ultimate bearing capacity of foundation = 1303.73 kN/m2
MA
Assume factor of safety = 2.5
qnu 1303.73
Net safe ultimate bearing capacity = 
FOS 2.5
= 521.49 kN/m2
6. (d) Write down the construction steps for Water Bound Macadam road. Also compare
WBM construction with WMM construction.
[20 Marks]
S
Sol. The construction of W.B.M. road is carried out in the following stages :
1. Preparation of the Foundation :
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The foundation for receiving the new layer of W.B.M. may be either the subgrade or subbase course.
This foundation layer is prepared to the required grade and camber and the dust and other loose
materials are cleaned. On the existing road surface, the depression and potholes are filled and the
corrugations are removed.
2. Provision of Lateral Confinement :
This can be done constructing the shoulders to a thickness equal to that of the compacted W.B.M.
layer and trimming the inner sides vertically.
3. Spreading of Coarse Aggregates :
The coarse aggregates are spread uniformly to the proper profile and even thickness upon the
prepared foundation and checked by templates.
4. Rolling :
After spreading the coarse aggregates properly, compaction is done by three-wheeled power roller (6
to 10 tones) or equivalent vibrating roller.
Mains Exam
Solution
The rolling is started from the edges and progressed gradually towards the center of the road until
adequate compaction is achieved. On super-elevated portion, rolling it started from the inner or lower
edge and progressed gradually towards the outer or upper edge of the pavement.
5. Application of Screenings
After the coarse aggregates are rolled adequately the dry screenings are applied gradually over the
surface and try rolling is continued as the screenings are being spread. The brooming operation is
also carried out simultaneously.
6. Sprinkling and Grouting
ER
After the application of screenings, the surface is Sprinkled with water, swept and rolled.
7. Application of Binding Material
After the application of screenings and rolling, binding materials are applied at a uniform and the slow
rate at two or more successive thin layers. After each application of binding material the surface is
Sprinkled with water and wet slurry with brooms to fill the voids.
8. Setting and Drying :
ST
After the final compaction, the W.B.M. course is allowed to set overnight. On the next day the Hungry
spots are filed with screenings or binding materials, lightly sprinkled with water if necessary and
rolled. No traffic is allowed until the W.B.M. layers sets and dries out.
Comparison of the WBM and WMM road construction :

Although the cost of construction of the WMM is said to be more than that of the WBM sub-base and
MA
bases but the advantages given below will compensate for that. Here are the points of difference.
1. The WMM roads are said to be more durable.
2. The WMM roads gets dry sooner and can be opened for traffic within less time as compare to the
WBM roads which take about one month for getting dry.
3. WMM roads are soon ready to be black topped with the Bituminous layers.
4. WMM roads are constructed at the fast rate.
5. The consumption of the water is less in case of the WMM roads.
6. Stone aggregates used in WBM is lager in size which varies from 90 mm to 20 mm depending upon
the grade but in case of the WMM size varies from 4.75 mm to 20 mm.
S
7. In case of WBM, stone aggregates, screenings and binders are laid one after another in layers while
in WMM, aggregates and binders are premixed in the batching plants and then brought to the side
for overlaying and compacting.
8. Materials used in the WBM are the stone aggregates, screenings and binder material (Stone dust with
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water) while in WMM material used are only stone aggregate and binders.
9. Quantity of the WBM is generally measured in cubic meters while that of the WMM in square meters.
7. (a) A rigid pavement of 25 cm thickness of M40 grade of concrete is supported over a

subgrade having modulus of subgrade reaction as 8.0 kg/cm3. If dowel bars are placed
at centre-to-centre spacing of 30 cm, calculate the maximum load carried by a single
dowel which is just below the wheel. Assume wheel load as 4100 kg, participation of
dowel bars in load distribution up to 1.0 × radius of relative stiffness and load to be
transferred by joint as 50%. Poisson’s ratio of the concrete may be taken as 0.15.
[20 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. Given, for rigid pavement :
Modulus of subgrade reaction (K) = 8 Kg/cm3
M40 grade concrete
Slab thickness (h) = 25 cm
E = 3  105 Kg cm3
 = 0.15
ER
Design wheel load = 4100 Kg
Design load transfer = 50%
Spacing of dowel bar = 30 cm
Distance over which dowel bars are effective = 1.0  l ; l = radius of relative stiffness
1/4
 Eh3 
ST
Radius of relative stiffness ( l ) =
=
 12K


1   2 

 3  10 5   25  3 

 12  8  1  0.15 2  
1/4
= 84.06 cm
MA
Also, load transfer capacity of dowel system = (4100×0.50)
= 2050 kg.
Distance over which dowel bars are effective = 1 l  84.06 cm [Given]
Dowel spacing = 30 cm (given)
84.06  30 84.06  60
Available capacity factor = 1 
84.06 84.06
= 1.929
 Load transfer capacity of dowel system 

S
Also, capacity factor =  

P
Where P = Load transfer capacity of single dowel bar.

IE
 2050 
 P =    1062.727 kg
 1.929 
7. (b) A pile group consists of four friction piles in cohesive soil. The unit weight and
unconfined compressive strength of the soil are respectively 20.2 kN/m3 and 200 kPa.
The diameter of each pile is 300 mm, length is 12.0 m and centre-to-centre spacing
between the piles is 750 mm. Assuming an adhesion factor of 0.6, determine (i) load
capacity of the group based on the individual pile failure, (ii) load capacity of the
group based on the block failure and (iii) design load capacity of the group. Assume
a factor of safety of 2.0 for individual pile failure and 3 for block failure.
[20 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. Given data
 = 20.2 KN/m3 D=s+d
UCS = 200 kPa s

d = 0.3 m
L = 12 m
Spacing = 0.75 m
 = 0.6
ER
UCS 200
C =   100kPa
2 2
(i) Load capacity of the group based on the individual pile failure. (For friction pile, capacity of bearing
may be ignore for calculation of single pile capacity)
Qu = CA S
So,
ST = 0.6  100    0.3  12
Qu = 678.58 kN
Qu = 4 × 678.58
Qu = 2714.34 kN
(ii) Load capacity of the group based on the block failure.
D = s  d  0.75  0.3
MA
D = 1.05 m
Qug = 9CA b  CA S    1
Qug = 9  100  1.05  1.05  1  100  4  1.05  12

Qug = 6032.25 KN
(ii) Design Load capacity of group.
 Q Q 
= Min  u , ug 
 FOS FOS 
 2714.34 6032.25 
S
= Min  , 
 2 3
= Min [1357.17, 2010.75]
QUdesign = 1357.17 kN
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7. (c) The following internal angles and length of sides are observed for a closed traverse
ABCDA (in anti-clockwise direction):
Angle Observed value Side Measured length (m)
DAB 92.38  AB 27.15
ABC 104 33  BC 52.16
BCD 7046  CD 41.96
CDA 9207  DA 46.73
Adjust the internal angles for closing error. Also adjust the traverse by Bowditch
method and calculate the consecutive coordinates of points A, B, C and D. Assume line
AD in north direction.
[20 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. Since traverse is running anticlockwise, included angle will be interior angles.
 A  B  C  D = 360°4'
Theoretical Sum =  2n  4   90  360
Error = 360 4  360  4

Correction = –4'
ER
L1
Correction per angle =  1
4
 Correct angle’s
A = 92°37'
B = 104°32'
C = 70°45'
ST
D = 92°6'
D
C
MA
A
B
 B.B of DA = 0°
F.B. of Next Line = B.B. previous Line + included angle
F.B. of AB = 0   9237  9237
F.B. of BC =  9237  180   10432  179
F.B. of CD = 179  180  7045  26754

S
F.B. of DA =  26754  180  926  180 O.K.
Latitude Departure
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Line Length W.C.B.

Calculated Correction Corrected Calculated Correction Corrected
AB 27.15 9237 1.239 0.054 1.293 27.122 0.092 27.030
BC 52.16 179 49.84 0.104 49.736 15.381 0.177 15.204
CD 41.96 267°54 1.537 0.083 1.620 41.932 0.143 42.075
DA 46.73 180°0 46.73 0.093 46.823 0 0.159 0.159
0.334 0.334 0.571 0.571
Calculation for Closing error P

e x = +0.571, ey = +0.334
e = e x 2  e y 2  0.662
 ex 
tan 1   59.67
 =  e y 
 
Mains Exam
Solution
W.C.B. of closing error = 59.67° (1st Quadrant)
Calculation for Adjustment of closing error by Bowditch rule
AB 27.15
eL  AB = ey   0.334   0.054
P 168
AB 27.15
eD – AB = ex   0.571  0.092
P 168
ER
Co-ordinates of end point of a line w.r.t. its initial point ar called consecutive co-ordinates
Hence, Consecutive co-ordinates of B(x,y) = (27.030, –1.293)
Consecutive co-ordinates of C(x,y) = (15.204, 49.736)
Consecutive co-ordinates of D(x,y) = (–42.075, –1.620)
Consecutive co-ordinates of A(x,y) = (–0.159, –46.823)
8. (a) (i)
ST
What is spectral reflectance curve (spectral signature) in remote sensing? Explain
any four applications of remote sensing in civil engineering.
[10 Marks]
Sol.
• The word signature in general, refers to a distinguishing character or a feature which is characteristic
MA
of an object.
• Spectral response of features such as water, soil, vegetation, etc. are separable, these permit an
assessment of the type and/or condition of the features. These responses are often referred to as
spectral signatures.
• In remote sensing, the term signature specifies the basic property, which directly or indirectly leads
to identification of an object. From this, the characteristic expression of the object that distinguishes
it from its surroundings can be known.
• The 4 major characteristics of target facilitating discrimination are variations in :
– Spectral (variation in reflectance)
S
– Spatial (spatial arrangement of terrain features providing attributes such as size, shape, etc. of
the object).
– Temporal (change in the reflectivity or emissivity with time), and
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– Polarization (change in the polarization of the radiation reflected or emitted by an object).

• Spectral signature is used in a set of values which may be reflectance or radiances from the object
averaged over different well-defined wavelength intervals.
Application of Remote sensing in Civil Engineering :
(i) Regional planning and site investigations
(ii) Town planning and Urban Development
(iii) Environment and Geology : Whether for irrigation, power generation, drinking, manufacturing, or
recreation, water is one of our most critical resources. Remote sensing can be used in a variety of
ways to help monitor quality, quantity of water resources.
(iv) Water Resources Engineering : By analyzing multi-date remote sensing data, it would be possible
to monitor the effects of dam construction.
8(a) (ii) A simple circular curve of radius 30 chain length has been set out to connect two
tangents with external deflection angle of 30°. The chainage of point of tangency
is 300 chains. On further inspection, it is proposed to alter the radius of curve to
Mains Exam
Solution
45 chain length. Calculate the chainage of point of curve and point of tangency
for revised curve. Also calculate the length of long chord for revised curve. (Chain
length = 20 m)
[10 Marks]
Sol. Given,
ER
(PI)I  = 30°
(P.C)T1 T2 (P.T)
ST
R = 30 chain = 600 m
Chain length = 20 m
Chainage of T2 = 300 chain = 6000 m
Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + l
MA
R   600  30
l =   314.159m
180 180
 Chainage of T1 = 6000  314.159  5685.841 m

 Chainage of I = Chainage of T1 + T
  30 
T = R tan  600 tan    160.770m
2  2 
 Chainage of I = 5685.841  160.770  5846.611 m

If radius of curve is revised to 45 chain length.
S
R' = 45  20  900m
 30
IE
T = R tan    900 tan  241.154m

2 2
Chainage of T1 (P.C.) = 5846.611  241.154  5605.457  280 chain  28 link
R   900  30

Length of Curve, l =   471.239m
180 180
Chainage of T2 (P.C.) = 5605.457  471.239
= 6076.696  303 chain  83Link
  30 
Length of Long Chord, L = 2R sin  2  900 sin    465.874 m  23 chain  29Link
2  2 
8. (b) The figure given below represents time-consolidation relationship for a 30 mm thick
Mains Exam
Solution
clay sample subjected to a given pressure range under double drainage condition.
Determine the coefficient of consolidation, Cv, for the clay sample. How long will it
take (in days) to reach 50% consolidation for the same soil if it was 2.5 m thick and
drained in one direction only? Given
2
  U% 
T   U  60%
4  100 
ER
T = 1.781 – 0.933 log (100 U%), U > 60%
0
10
20
Percent consolidation
30
ST 40
50
Strain
b 60
70
1.15b
80
90
a
100
MA
1.15a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time ( min )
[15 Marks]
Sol.
S
RC Straight line abscissa

at every point is
Consolidation B 1.15 times that
Curve of consolidation line
A
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P
90%
time
As per practical result, the intersection of line B with the consolidation curve gives a point P
corresponding to 90% U.
From the given graph at 90% consolidation.
time = 7.5
time, t = 56.25 minute
For U = 90%
TV = 1.781  0.933log 100  U% , U  60%
= 1.781  0.933log 100  90 
Mains Exam
Solution
TV = 0.848
We know,
t
TV = CV
d2
30
Here, d =  15mm  1.5cm
2
ER
t = 56.25 minute
56.25
 0.848 = CV
1.5  2
 CV = 0.03392 cm 2 min
 CV = 48.845 cm 2 day
(ii) For 50% consolidation
ST
TV =
  50 
 
4  100 
2
TV = 0.196
MA
t
 TV = CV [Here d = 2.5 m = 250 cm]
d2
t
 0.196 = 48.845 
 250  2
 t = 250.79 days
8. (c) A two-lane, two-way highway is designed for design speed of 80 km/hr. A vertical
curve is to be provided at intersection of downward gradient of 1 in 50 with another
downward gradient of 1 in 20. Calculate the length of the vertical curve fulfilling the
S
requirement of stopping sight distance and overtaking sight distance. The coefficient
of longitudinal friction and the acceleration may be taken as 0.35 and 3.6 km/hr/sec
respectively.
IE
[25 Marks]
Sol. Given data
1
N1 
50
1
N2 
20
V = 80kmph  22.22m sec
1
N1 = 
50
Mains Exam
Solution
1
N2 = 
20
1  1 
N = N1  N2    
50  20 
3
N =
100
f = 0.35
ER
a = 3.6kmph/sec  1 m sec 2
Stopping sight distance calculation :
V2
SSD = Vt 
2gf
Take reaction time = 2.5 sec.

STSSD = 22.22  2.5 
SSD = 127.45 m
 22.22  2
2  9.81 0.35
OSD Calculation :
Vb = 80  16  64kmph
MA
Vb = 17.778 m/sec
OSD for two lane two way traffic = d1  d2  d3
d1 = Vb  t  17.778  2
d1 = 35.55 m
d2 = 2s  b
s = 0.7Vb  6  0.7  17.778  6

s = 18.444 m
S
4s 4  18.444
T =   8.589 sec
a 1
IE
So, b = Vb  T  17.778  8.589

= 152.7 m
So, d2 = 2  18.444  152.7
d2 = 189.6 m
d3 = V.T.  22.22  8.589  190.85m
So, OSD = d1  d2  d3
= 35.55 + 189.6 + 190.85
OSD = 416 m
(a) Design of vertical curve based on SSD
Case I : Assume L S  SSD
So, length of curve,
Mains Exam
Solution
NS 2
LS =
4.4
3  127.47 2
=
100  4.4
LS = 110.78 m < SSD
So assumption not correct.
ER
Case II : For L S  SSD
4.4
LS = 2S 
N
4.4
= 2  127.47 
3
ST
LS = 108.27 m
So, length of summit curve based on SSD = 108.27 m
(b) Design of vertical curve based on OSD.
100
Case I : Assume L S  OSD

MA
NS 2
So, length of curve, LS =
9.6
3   416  2
 LS =
100  9.6
 LS = 540.80 m > OSD
So, assumption is correct.
So, length of summit curve based on OSD = 541 m
S
IE

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