EE 306

Electromechanical Devices
101 Electric Circuit

Dr. Mohammad Al-Muhaini

 Voltage and Current
Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation, which can be
expressed as
v = dw Volt (joule/coulumb)
dq
where
v = the voltage in volts
w = the energy in joules
q = the charge in coulombs

The rate of flow of charges is called the current which is expressed as

i = dq Ampere (coulumb/second)
dt
where
i = the current in amperes
q = the charge in coulombs
t = the time in seconds
 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element
Whenever the reference direction for the current in an element is in the direction of the
reference voltage drop across the element, use a positive sign in any expression that
relates the voltage to the current
i
The polarity of the voltage and the current
+ 1
direction shown is called
v passive sign convention
- 2

The interpretation of these references is as follows

Positive Values Negative Values

v voltage drop from 1 to 2 v voltage rise from 1 to 2
or voltage rise from 2 to 1 or voltage drop from 2 to 1
i positive charge flowing from 1 to 2 i positive charge flowing from 2 to 1
or negative charge flowing from 2 to 1 or negative charge flowing from 1 to 2
 Power and Energy
Power is defined as the time rate of expanding or absorbing energy

P = dw W 1 W=1 J
dt 1s

where
P - power in Wattts
w - Energy in Joules
t - Time in Seconds

P = dw =  dw 

 dq


 = vi
dt  dq   dt 
   

This show that the power is simply the product of the current in the element and the
voltage across the element
 Series and Parallel Elements
Series elements:

Two or more elements are said to be connected

in series if the currents through them
must be equal (because of KCL).

Alternatively we may say that two elements are

connected in series if they are joined
at a common node at which no other elements
are attached.

Parallel elements:

If two or more elements are said to be

connected in Parallel, the voltages across them
must be equal (because of KVL).

Alternatively we may say that two elements are

connected in parallel if they are
connected at both sets of terminals.
 Equivalent Voltage and Current Sources

Voltage sources in series can be Current sources in parallel can be

reduced to a single voltage source combined as a single current source
 Resistors in Series

is R1 R2 R3 is
a b c
a
7

R
+


+
R4 Req
R eq = k
vs vs i =1
-
-
h g f e
R7 R6 R5 h

In general, if k resistors are connected in series, the equivalent single resistor has a resistance
equal to the sum of the k resistances

R eq = R k
i =1
 Resistors in Parallel
The four resistors
i
on the circuit can be replaced by a single equivalent resistor
a s

+ R1 R2 R3 R4
vs
-
i1 i2 i3 i3

h
is
a is

( )
+
+
1 1 1 1 1
vs
R1 R2 R3 R4
Req
= + + +
vs Req R1 R 2 R 3 R 4
-
-
h

In general, if k resistors are connected in parallel, the equivalent single resistor has a resistance
equal to
k
1
Req
= 
R
1

i =1 i
Using conductance when dealing with resistor in parallel is more convenient
k

G eq = G i = G1 + G2 + +Gk
i =1
 Conservation of Power

The sum of the powers delivered to all the elements of a circuit at any
time must equal zero.

Alternatively stated:

The sum of delivered powers must equal the sum of absorbed powers
in a given circuit at any instant of time.
 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s)

were
V = the voltage in volts (V)
I = the current in amperes (A)
R = the resistance in ohms (W)

The reciprocal of resistance is conductance and have the symbol G

1
G=
R

W
and have the unit S for (siemens) or for (mho) is spelling backward
for ohm
 Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff's Current Law ( KCL):

The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.
i1 i2

i3

Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
2W 3W

+ v1 - + v3 -
+
+
+ v2 6W v4 5W
5V
- -
-
 The voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits
In some applications, we need to develop more than one voltage level from a single voltage
supply
One way of doing this is by using a voltage-divider-circuit

+
R1 v1
-
+
vs
- +
R2 v 2
-

We analyze this circuit as follows

vs
i + v s = iR 1 + iR 2 i =
R1 v1 R1 + R 2
- Using Ohm’s law, we have
+
vs R2
- + R1 =vs
R2 v 2 v 1 = iR 1 = v s v 2 = iR 2
-
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
 The voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits

The current divider consist of two resistors connected in parallel as shown

is R1 i1 v i 2 R2

We will find the relationship between is and i1 and i2 as follows

R1R 2 R2 R1
v = i 1R 1 = i 2 R 2 = i i1 = i i2 = i
R1 + R 2 s R1 + R 2 s R1 + R 2 s
R1||R 2

The equation shows that the current is divided between two resistors in parallel such that
The current in one resistor is controlled by the other resistor
The voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits

Find ix using CDR

 Review of Sinusoidal Functions
The General Sinusoidal Function
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
 Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Example
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Sinusoidal Functions
Review of Complex Numbers
 Review of Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Review of Complex Numbers
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Frequency Domain Circuits
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
 Power Concepts
Average Power
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts
Power Concepts