Diana, Princess of Wales

Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997),
was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales Diana
—the heir apparent to the British throne—and mother of Prince William and Prince Harry. Princess of Wales (more)
Diana's activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring
popularity as well as unprecedented public scrutiny, exacerbated by her tumultuous private
life.

Diana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family on their
Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became
engaged to Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place
at St Paul's Cathedral in 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was
enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who
were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage
to Charles, however, suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They
separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge.
The details of their marital difficulties became increasingly publicised, and the marriage
ended in divorce in 1996.

As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented
her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her
unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and Diana in June 1997
the elderly but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns, Born Diana Frances
that involving the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the Spencer
campaign promoted through the International Red Cross for the removal of landmines. She 1 July 1961
also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental Sandringham, Norfolk,
illness. The Princess was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness England
endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her
marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and Died 31 August 1997
1990s. Diana's death in a car crash in Paris led to extensive public mourning and global (aged 36)
media attention. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal family and British society.[1] Pitié-Salpêtrière
Hospital, Paris, France
Burial 6 September 1997
Contents Althorp,
Northamptonshire,
Early life England
Education and career Spouse Charles, Prince of
Marriage Wales
Engagement and wedding (m. 1981; div. 1996)
Children Issue Prince William, Duke of
Problems and separation Cambridge
Divorce Prince Harry, Duke of
Public life Sussex
Public appearances House Spencer (by birth)
Charity work and patronage
Windsor (by marriage)
HIV/AIDS
Landmines Father John Spencer, 8th Earl
Cancer Spencer
Other areas Mother Frances Roche
Privacy and legal issues Education Riddlesworth Hall
Personal life after divorce School
Death West Heath Girls'
Tribute, funeral, and burial School
Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict
 Later events Institut Alpin
Finances Videmanette
Subject of government surveillance Signature
Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions
Legacy
Public image
Style icon
Memorials
Diana in contemporary art
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
Honours
Honorary military appointments
Arms
Descendants
Ancestry
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

Early life
Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk.[2] She was the fourth of five children of
John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (née Roche; 1936–2004).[3] The Spencer
family had been closely allied with the British royal family for several generations;[4] her grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess
Spencer and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[5] Her parents
were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week, until they settled on Diana Frances after her
mother and after Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who was also a prospective Princess of Wales.[6] Within the family,
she was also known informally as "Duch", a reference to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.[7]

On 30 August 1961,[8] Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham.[6] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah,
Jane, and Charles.[9] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.[10] The desire for an heir
added strain to her parents' marriage, and Lady Althorp was reportedly sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the
cause of the "problem".[6] The experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother, Charles: "It was a dreadful
time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it."[6] Diana grew up in Park
House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[11] The family leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The royal family
frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with the Queen's sons Prince Andrew and Prince
Edward.[12]

Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced.[13] Her mother later began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married
him in 1969.[14] Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in 1967, but during that year's Christmas
holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let his daughter return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards he won custody of Diana
with support from his former mother-in-law, Lady Fermoy.[15] In 1976, Lord Althorp married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth.[16]
Diana's relationship with her stepmother was particularly bad.[17] She resented Raine, whom she called a "bully". On one occasion
Diana "pushed her down the stairs".[17] She later described her childhood as "very unhappy" and "very unstable, the whole
thing".[18] She became known as Lady Diana after her father later inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point her
father moved the entire family from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in Northamptonshire.[19]

Education and career

Diana was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen.[20] She began her formal education at
Silfield Private School in King's Lynn, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Thetford,
when she was nine.[21] She joined her sisters at West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1973.[22] She did not perform well
academically, failing her O-levels twice. Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award from West Heath.[23] She
left West Heath when she was sixteen.[24] Her brother Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[25] She showed a
talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[23] She also excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[26]

After attending Institut Alpin Videmanette (a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland) for one term, and leaving after the Easter
term of 1978,[27] Diana returned to London, where she shared her mother's flat with two school friends.[28] In London, she took an
advanced cooking course, but seldom cooked for her roommates. She took a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance
instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work.[29] She then found employment as a playgroup
pre-school assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a hostess at parties. She
spent time working as a nanny for the Robertsons, an American family living in London,[30] and worked as a nursery teacher's
assistant at the Young England School in Pimlico.[31] In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne Court in Earl's Court
as an 18th birthday present.[32] She lived there with three flatmates until 25 February 1981.[33]

Marriage
Diana first met Charles, Prince of Wales, the Queen's eldest son and heir apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977. He was
then 29 and dating her older sister, Sarah.[34][35] Charles and Diana were guests at a country weekend during the summer of 1980
when she watched him play polo and he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride. The relationship progressed when he
invited her aboard the royal yacht Britannia for a sailing weekend to Cowes. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle
(the royal family's Scottish residence) to meet his family one weekend in November 1980.[36][37] She was well received by the
Queen, the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh. Charles subsequently courted Diana in London. He proposed on 6 February
1981 at Windsor Castle, and she accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for two and a half weeks.[33]

Engagement and wedding

Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981.[20] Diana selected her own
engagement ring.[20] Following the engagement, she left her occupation as a nursery
teacher's assistant and lived for a short period at Clarence House, which was the home of
the Queen Mother.[38] She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding,[38] where,
according to biographer Ingrid Seward, her life was incredibly lonely.[39] Diana was the
first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since Anne Hyde married the
future James II over 300 years earlier, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying
job before her engagement.[23][20] She made her first public appearance with Prince
Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she met Grace, Princess
of Monaco.[38]

Twenty-year-old Diana became the Princess of Wales when she married Charles on 29 July The wedding of Charles and Diana
1981. The wedding was held at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than commemorated on a 1981 British
Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal nuptials.[23][20] The service crown coin
was widely described as a "fairytale wedding" and was watched by a global television
audience of 750 million people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse
of the couple en route to the ceremony.[20][40] At the altar, Diana inadvertently reversed the order of his first two names, saying
"Philip Charles" Arthur George instead.[40] She did not say she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's
request, which caused some comment at the time.[41] Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000 (equivalent to £34,750 in 2019) with a
25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[42]

After she became Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the third-highest female in the British order of precedence
(after the Queen and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of precedence of her other realms, following the Queen,
the relevant viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Prince of Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the
Queen extended Diana visible tokens of membership in the royal family; she lent her the Queen Mary's Lover's Knot Tiara,[43][44]
and granted her the badge of the Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II.[45]

Children

The couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana's pregnancy
was announced.[46] In January 1982–12 weeks into the pregnancy—Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham, suffering some
bruising, and the royal gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured.[47] Diana later
confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs because she was feeling "so inadequate".[48] On 21 June 1982,
Diana gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William.[49] She subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first
pregnancy.[50] Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William—who was still a baby—on her first major tours of
Australia and New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, Diana had not initially intended to
take William until Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.[51]

A second son, Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.[52] The Princess said she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy
with Harry. She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Charles.[53]

Diana gave her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal children.[20][54][55] She rarely deferred to Charles or to the royal
family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny
and engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings, and took them to school herself as
often as her schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their timetables.[56]

Problems and separation

Five years into the marriage, the couple's incompatibility and age difference of 12 years
became visible and damaging.[57] Charles resumed his relationship with his former
girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles, and Diana later began one with Major James Hewitt, the
family's former riding instructor. The media speculated that Hewitt, not Charles, was
Harry's father based on the alleged physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry, but
Hewitt and others have denied this. Harry was born two years before Hewitt and Diana
began their affair.[53][58]
The Prince and Princess of Wales
By 1987, cracks in their marriage had become visible and the couple's unhappiness and
[39][59] with Nancy Reagan and Ronald
cold attitude towards one another were being reported by the press. In 1989, Diana
Reagan in November 1985
was at a birthday party for Camilla's sister, Annabel Elliot, when she confronted Camilla
about her and Charles's extramarital affair.[60][61] These affairs were later exposed in May
1992 with the publication of Andrew Morton's book, Diana: Her True Story.[62][63] The book, which also revealed Diana's
allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. In 1991, James Colthurst had conducted secret interviews with Diana in
which she had talked about her marital issues and difficulties. These recordings were later used as a source for Morton's
book.[64][65]

The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana and unsuccessfully tried to effect a
reconciliation.[66] Philip wrote to Diana and expressed his disappointment at the extramarital affairs of both her and Charles; he
asked her to examine their behaviour from the other's point of view.[67] The Duke was direct and Diana was sensitive.[68] She found
the letters hard to take, but nevertheless appreciated that he was acting with good intent.[69] It was alleged by some people, including
Diana's close friend Simone Simmons, that Diana and her former father-in-law, Prince Philip, had a relationship filled with
tension;[70][71][72] however, other observers said their letters provided no sign of friction between them.[73] Philip later issued a
statement, publicly denying the allegations of him insulting Diana.[74]

During 1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations reflected negatively on both Charles and Diana. Tape recordings of
Diana and James Gilbey were made public in August 1992,[75] and transcripts were published the same month.[20] The article,
"Squidgygate", was followed in November 1992 by the leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges between Charles and
Camilla, published in the tabloids.[76][77] In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's "amicable
separation" to the House of Commons.[78][79]

Between 1992 and 1993, Diana hired voice coach Peter Settelen to help her develop her public speaking voice.[80] In a videotape
recorded by Settelen in 1992, Diana said that in 1984 through to 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in
this environment."[81][82] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[83] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection
Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[82][84] Diana said in the
tape that Mannakee had been "chucked out" from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion that the two were having an
affair.[81] Penny Junor suggested in her 1998 book that Diana was in a romantic relationship with Mannakee.[85] Diana's friends
dismissed the claim as absurd.[85] In the subsequently released tapes, Diana said she had feelings for that "someone", saying "I was
quite happy to give all this up [and] just to go off and live with him". She described him as "the greatest friend [she's] ever had",
though she denied any sexual relationship with him.[86] She also spoke bitterly of her husband saying that "[He] made me feel so
inadequate in every possible way, that each time I came up for air he pushed me down again."[87][88]

Charles's aunt, Princess Margaret, burned "highly personal" letters that Diana had written to the Queen Mother in 1993. Biographer
William Shawcross considered Margaret's action to be "understandable" as she was "protecting her mother and other members of the
family", but "regrettable from a historical viewpoint".[89]

Although she blamed Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles, Diana began to believe her husband had also been involved in
other affairs. In October 1993, Diana wrote to her butler Paul Burrell, telling him that she believed her husband was now in love
with his personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke—who was also his sons' former nanny—and was planning to have her killed "to
make the path clear for him to marry Tiggy".[90][91] Legge-Bourke had been hired by Charles as a young companion for his sons
while they were in his care, and Diana was resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.[92] Prince
Charles sought public understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In the interview, he said he
had rekindled his relationship with Camilla in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[93][94][95]

In the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over 300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver
Hoare.[96][97] These calls were proven to have been made both from her Kensington Palace apartment and from the phone box just
outside the palace. According to Hoare's obituary, there was little doubt she had been in a relationship with him.[98] However, Diana
denied any romantic relationship with Hoare, whom she described as a friend, and said that "a young boy" was the source of the
nuisance calls made to Hoare.[99][100] She was also linked by the press to rugby union player Will Carling[101][102] and private
equity investor Theodore J. Forstmann,[103][104] yet these claims were neither confirmed nor proven.[105][106]

Divorce

Journalist Martin Bashir interviewed Diana for the BBC current affairs show Panorama. The
interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[107] The Princess discussed her own and her
husband's extramarital affairs.[108] Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well,
there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her
husband's suitability for kingship.[107] Authors Tina Brown, Sally Bedell Smith, and Sarah
Bradford support Diana's admission in the interview that she had suffered from depression,
"rampant bulimia" and had engaged numerous times in the act of self mutilation; the show's
transcript records Diana confirming many of her mental health problems, including that she had
"hurt [her] arms and legs".[107] The combination of illnesses from which Diana herself said she
suffered resulted in some of her biographers opining that she had borderline personality
disorder.[109][110]
The Princess of Wales in
Russia, 1995
The interview proved to be the tipping point. On 20 December, Buckingham Palace announced that
the Queen had sent letters to Charles and Diana, advising them to divorce.[111][112] The Queen's
move was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the
BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[113] Charles formally agreed to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[111] In
February 1996, Diana announced her agreement after negotiations with Charles and representatives of the Queen,[114] irritating
Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of the divorce agreement and its terms. In July 1996, the couple agreed on
the terms of their divorce.[115] This followed shortly after Diana's accusation that Charles's personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke
had aborted his child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed her attorney Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[116][117] Diana's
private secretary Patrick Jephson resigned shortly before the story broke, later writing that she had "exulted in accusing Legge-
Bourke of having had an abortion".[118][119]

The decree nisi was granted on 15 July 1996 and the divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996.[120][121] Diana was represented by
Anthony Julius in the case.[122] She received a lump sum settlement of £17 million (equivalent to £32,144,626 in 2019) as well as
£400,000 per year. The couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing the details of the divorce or
of their married life.[123][115] Days before, letters patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. Diana
lost the style "Her Royal Highness" and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the mother of the prince expected to one
day ascend to the throne, she continued to be regarded as a member of the royal family and was accorded the same precedence she
enjoyed during her marriage.[124] The Queen reportedly wanted to let Diana continue to use the style of Royal Highness after her
divorce, but Charles had insisted on removing it.[115] Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: "Don't worry,
Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King."[125] Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, Prince Philip had
warned Diana: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." She is said to have replied: "My title is a lot older than
yours, Philip."[126]

Public life

Public appearances

Following her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana made her first official public appearance in March 1981 in a charity event at
Goldsmiths' Hall.[127][128] In October 1981, Charles and Diana visited Wales.[23][129] Diana attended the State Opening of
Parliament for the first time on 4 November 1981.[130] Her first solo engagement was a visit to Regent Street on 18 November 1981
to switch on the Christmas lights.[131] She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 1982, making her appearance
on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. The Princess made her inaugural overseas tour in September 1982, to attend the
state funeral of Grace, Princess of Monaco.[23] Also in 1982, Diana accompanied Charles to the Netherlands and was created a
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen Beatrix.[132] In 1983, she accompanied Charles on a tour of Australia and New
Zealand with Prince William. The tour was a success and the couple drew immense crowds, though the press focused more on
Diana rather than Charles, coining the term 'Dianamania' as a reference to people's
obsession with her.[133] In New Zealand, the couple met with representatives of the Māori
people.[23] Their visit to Canada in June and July 1983 included a trip to Edmonton to open
the 1983 Summer Universiade and a stop in Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th
anniversary of that island's acquisition by the Crown.[134] In 1983, she was targeted by the
Scottish National Liberation Army who tried to deliver a letter bomb to her.[135]

In February 1984, Diana was the patron of London City Ballet when she travelled to
Norway on her own to attend a performance organised by the company.[23] In April 1985, Diana in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Charles and Diana visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.[23] Canada in 1983
They met with President Alessandro Pertini. Their visit to the Holy See included a private
audience with Pope John Paul II.[136] In autumn 1985, they returned to Australia, and their
tour was well-received by the public and the media, who referred to Diana as "Di-amond Princess" and the "Jewel in the
Crown".[137] In November 1985, the couple visited the United States,[23] meeting President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy
Reagan at the White House. Diana had a busy year in 1986 as she and Charles toured Japan, Indonesia, Spain, and Canada.[134] In
Canada, they visited Expo 86,[134] where Diana fainted in the California Pavilion.[138][139] In November 1986, she went on a six-
day tour to Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, where she met King Fahd and Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said.[140]

In 1988, Charles and Diana visited Thailand and toured Australia for the bicentenary celebrations.[23][141] In February 1989, she
spent a few days in New York as a solo visit, mainly to promote the works of the Welsh National Opera, of which she was a
patron.[142] During a tour of Harlem Hospital Center, she made a profound impact on the public by spontaneously hugging a seven-
year-old child with AIDS.[143] In March 1989, she had her second trip to the Arab Gulf States, in which she visited Kuwait and the
UAE.[140]

In March 1990, Diana and Charles toured Nigeria and Cameroon.[144] The President of
Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in Yaoundé.[144] Highlights of the
tour included visits by Diana to hospitals and projects focusing on women's
development.[144] In May 1990, they visited Hungary for four days.[143][145] It was the
first visit by members of the royal family to "a former Warsaw Pact country".[143] They
attended a dinner hosted by President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the
Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest.[145] Peto Institute was among the places visited by
Diana, and she presented its director with an honorary OBE.[143] In November 1990, the
royal couple went to Japan to attend the enthronement of Akihito.[23][146] Charles and Diana with the US Vice
President Dan Quayle and his wife
In her desire to play an encouraging role during the Gulf War, Diana visited Germany in Marilyn following the enthronement of
December 1990 to meet with the families of soldiers.[143] She subsequently travelled to Emperor Akihito, 1990
Germany in January 1991 to visit RAF Bruggen, and later wrote an encouraging letter
which was published in Soldier, Navy News and RAF News.[143] In 1991, Charles and
Diana visited Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their royal charter.[147]
In September 1991, Diana visited Pakistan on a solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[148] During the Brazilian tour, Diana paid
visits to organisations that battled homelessness among street children.[148] Her final trips with Charles were to India and South
Korea in 1992.[23] She visited Mother Teresa's hospice in Kolkata, India, in 1992.[149] The two women met each other again that
year[150] and developed a personal relationship.[149] It was also during the Indian tour that pictures of Diana alone in front of the Taj
Mahal made headlines.[151][152][153] In November 1992, she went on an official solo trip to France and had an audience with
President François Mitterrand.[154]

In December 1993, she announced that she would withdraw from public life, but in November 1994 she said she wished to "make a
partial return".[23][143] In her capacity as the vice-president of British Red Cross, she was interested in playing an important role for
its 125th anniversary celebrations.[143] Later, the Queen formally invited her to attend the anniversary celebrations of D-Day.[23] In
February 1995, Diana visited Japan.[146] She paid a formal visit to Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko,[146] and visited the
National Children's Hospital in Tokyo.[155] In June 1995, Diana went to the Venice Biennale art festival,[156] and also visited
Moscow where she received the International Leonardo Prize.[157][158] In November 1995, Diana undertook a four-day trip to
Argentina in order to attend a charity event.[159] The Princess visited many other countries, including Belgium, Nepal, Switzerland,
and Zimbabwe, alongside numerous others.[23] During her separation from Charles which lasted for almost four years, she
participated in major national occasions as a senior member of the royal family, notably including "the commemorations of the 50th
anniversaries of Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day" in 1995.[23] The Princess's 36th and final birthday celebration
was held at Tate Gallery, which was also a commemorative event for the gallery's 100th anniversary.[23] In July 1997, Diana
attended Gianni Versace's funeral in Milan, Italy.[160]

Charity work and patronage

In 1983, she confided to the Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, "I am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of
being Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it."[161] She was expected to make regular public appearances at hospitals,
schools, and other facilities, in the 20th-century model of royal patronage. From the mid-1980s, she became increasingly associated
with numerous charities. She carried out 191 official engagements in 1988[162] and 397 in 1991.[163] The Princess developed an
intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS
and leprosy. In recognition of her effect as a philanthropist, Stephen Lee, director of the UK Institute of Charity Fundraising
Managers, said "Her overall effect on charity is probably more significant than any other person's in the 20th century."[164]

The Princess at the official
opening of the community
centre on Whitehall Road,
Bristol, in May 1987
charity's royal patron.[173]
Diana's extensive charity work also included campaigning for animal protection and fighting against
the use of landmines.[165] She was the patroness of charities and organisations who worked with
the homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was president of Great Ormond
Street Hospital for Children. She was patron of the Natural History Museum[166][167] and president
of the Royal Academy of Music.[116][168][166] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of
Barnardo's, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnardo in 1866 to care for vulnerable children
and young people.[169][166] In 1988, she became patron of the British Red Cross and supported its
organisations in other countries such as Australia and Canada.[143] She made several lengthy visits
each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to comfort seriously ill or dying
patients.[149] From 1991 to 1996, she was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[166][170]
In 1992, she became the first patron of Chester Childbirth Appeal, a charity she had supported since
1984.[171] The charity, which is named after one of Diana's royal titles, could raise over £1 million
with her help.[171] In 1994, she helped her friend Julia Samuel launch the charity Child
Bereavement UK which supports children "of military families, those of suicide victims, [and]
terminally-ill parents," and became its patron.[172] Prince William later replaced his mother as the

Her patronages also included Landmine Survivors Network,[168] Help the Aged,[168][166] the National Hospital for Neurology and
Neurosurgery,[168][166] the British Lung Foundation,[168][166] Eureka! (joint patron with Prince Charles),[168][166] the National
Children's Orchestra,[168][166][143] British Red Cross Youth,[174][166] the Guinness Trust,[166] Meningitis Trust,[166][143] the
Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children,[166][143] the Royal School for the Blind,[166][143] Welsh National Opera,[166][143] the
Variety Club of New Zealand,[175][166] Birthright,[166][176] the British Deaf Association (for which she learned sign
language),[174][166][177] All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club,[166] Anglo-European College of Chiropractic,[166] Royal
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,[166] Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,[166] British Sports Association for
the Disabled,[166] British Youth Opera,[166] Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,[166] London
City Ballet,[166] London Symphony Orchestra,[166] Pre-School Playgroups Association,[166][143] as well as president or patron of
other charities.[166]

In 1987, Diana was awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London, the highest honour
which is in the power of the City of London to bestow on someone.[178][179] In June 1995, she
travelled to Moscow. She paid a visit to a children's hospital she had previously supported when she
provided them with medical equipment. In Moscow, she received the International Leonardo Prize,
which is given to "the most distinguished patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and sports".[165]
In December 1995, Diana received the United Cerebral Palsy Humanitarian of the Year Award in
New York City for her philanthropic efforts.[180][181][182] In October 1996, for her works on the
elderly, she was awarded a gold medal at a health care conference organised by the Pio Manzù
Centre in Rimini, Italy.[183]

The day after her divorce, she announced her resignation from over 100 charities and retained
patronages of only six: Centrepoint, English National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital, The
Leprosy Mission, National AIDS Trust, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.[184] She continued her
work with the British Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign, but was no longer listed as Diana and Luciano Pavarotti
at the benefit concert
patron.[185][186]
Pavarotti & Friends for the
Children of Bosnia in
In May 1997, Diana opened the Richard Attenborough Centre for Disability and the Arts in
Modena, Italy, September
Leicester, after being asked by her friend Richard Attenborough.[187] In June 1997, some of her
1995
dresses and suits were sold at Christie's auction houses in London and New York, and the proceeds
that were earned from these events were donated to charities.[23] Her final official engagement was
a visit to Northwick Park Hospital, London, on 21 July 1997.[23] She was scheduled to attend a fundraiser at the Osteopathic Centre
for Children on 4 September 1997, upon her return from Paris.[188]

HIV/AIDS
The Princess began her work with AIDS patients in the 1980s.[189] She was not averse to making physical contact with AIDS
patients,[149][190][191] and was the first British royal figure to do so.[189] In 1987, she held hands with an AIDS patient in one of her
early efforts to de-stigmatise the condition.[192][193] Diana noted: "HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake
their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it. What's more, you can share their homes, their workplaces, and their
playgrounds and toys."[143][194][195] To Diana's disappointment, the Queen did not support this type of charity work, suggesting
she get involved in "something more pleasant".[189] In 1989, she opened Landmark Aids Centre in South London.[196][197] In
October 1990, Diana opened Grandma's House, a home for young AIDS patients in Washington, D.C.[198] She was also a patron
of the National AIDS Trust.[143] In 1991, she hugged one patient during a visit to the AIDS ward of the Middlesex Hospital,[143]
which she had opened in 1987 as the first hospital unit dedicated to this cause in the UK.[192][199] As the patron of Turning Point, a
health and social care organisation, Diana visited its project in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[200] She later established
and led fundraising campaigns for AIDS research.[20]

In March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President Nelson Mandela.[201][202] On 2 November 2002,
Mandela announced that the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund would be teaming up with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial
Fund to help people with AIDS.[203] They had planned the combination of the two charities a few months before her death.[203]
Mandela later praised Diana for her efforts surrounding the issue of HIV/AIDS: "When she stroked the limbs of someone with
leprosy or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances
of such people".[204] Diana had used her celebrity status to "fight stigma attached to people living with HIV/AIDS", Mandela
said.[203] In 2009, a panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana's portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons
exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London.[205] In October 2017, the Attitude magazine honoured Diana with its Legacy
Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry accepted the award on behalf of his mother.[199][206]

Landmines

Diana was the patron of the HALO Trust, an organisation that removes debris—particularly
landmines—left behind by war.[207][208] In January 1997, pictures of Diana touring an
Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[207][208]
During her campaign, she was accused of meddling in politics and called a 'loose cannon'
by Earl Howe, an official in the British Ministry of Defence.[209] Despite the criticism,
HALO states that Diana's efforts resulted in raising international awareness about landmines
and the subsequent sufferings caused by them.[207][208] In June 1997, she gave a speech at
a landmines conference held at the Royal Geographical Society, and travelled to US First Lady Hillary Clinton and
Washington, D.C. to help promote the American Red Cross landmines campaign.[23] From Diana chat in the Map Room
7 to 10 August 1997, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with following a landmines campaign
Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[23][210][211][212] fund-raiser, June 1997

Her work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the signing of the
Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[213] Introducing the Second Reading of
the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on
landmines:

All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of
Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our
appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to
pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[214]

A few months after Diana's death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[215]

Cancer

For her first solo official trip, Diana visited The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, a cancer treatment hospital in London.[175]
She later chose this charity to be among the organisations that benefited from the auction of her clothes in New York.[175] The trust's
communications manager said, "The Princess had done much to remove the stigma and taboo associated with diseases such as
cancer, AIDS, HIV and leprosy."[175] Diana became president of the hospital on 27 June 1989.[216][217][218] The Wolfson
Children's Cancer Unit was opened by Diana on 25 February 1993.[216] In February 1996, Diana, who had been informed about a
newly opened cancer hospital built by Imran Khan, travelled to Pakistan to visit its children's cancer wards and attend a fundraising
dinner in aid of the charity in Lahore.[219] She later visited the hospital again in May 1997.[220] In June 1996, she travelled to
Chicago in her capacity as president of the Royal Marsden Hospital in order to attend a fundraising event at the Field Museum of
Natural History and raised more than £1 million for cancer research.[143] She additionally visited patients at the Cook County
Hospital and delivered remarks at a conference on breast cancer at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law after
meeting a group of breast cancer researchers.[221] In September 1996, after being asked by Katharine Graham, Diana went to
Washington and appeared at a White House breakfast in respect of the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.[222] She also
attended an annual fund-raiser for breast cancer research organised by The Washington Post at the same centre.[20][223]

In 1988, Diana opened Children with Leukaemia (later renamed Children with Cancer UK) in memory of two young cancer
victims.[224][225][226] In November 1987, a few days after the death of Jean O'Gorman from cancer, Diana met her family.[224][225]
The deaths of Jean and her brother affected her and she assisted their family to establish the charity.[224][225][226] It was opened by
her on 12 January 1988 at Mill Hill Secondary School, and she supported it until her death in 1997.[224][226]

Other areas

In November 1989, Diana visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia.[227][189] Following her visit, she became patron of the Leprosy
Mission, an organisation dedicated to providing medicine, treatment, and other support services to those who are afflicted with the
disease. She remained the patron of this charity[184] and visited several of its hospitals around the world, especially in India, Nepal,
Zimbabwe and Nigeria until her death in 1997.[143][228] She touched those affected by the disease when many people believed it
could be contracted through casual contact.[143][227] "It has always been my concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in
a simple action that they are not reviled, nor are we repulsed," she commented.[228] The Diana Princess of Wales Health Education
and Media Centre in Noida, India, was opened in her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial
Fund to give social support to the people affected by leprosy and disability.[228]

Diana was a long-standing and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity which provides accommodation and support to homeless
people, and became patron in 1992.[229][230] She supported organisations that battle poverty and homelessness. The Princess was a
supporter of young homeless people and spoke out on behalf of them by saying that "they deserve a decent start in life".[231] "We,
as a part of society, must ensure that young people—who are our future—are given the chance they deserve," she said.[231] Diana
used to take young William and Harry for private visits to Centrepoint services and homeless shelters.[20][229][232] "The young
people at Centrepoint were always really touched by her visits and by her genuine feelings for them," said one of the charity's staff
members.[233] Prince William later became the patron of this charity.[229]

Diana visiting the drug squad of the
West Midlands Police in 1987
year in order to visit a rehabilitation centre in Lahore as a sign of "her commitment to working against drug abuse".[143]
Diana was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations that focused on
social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning Point.[143] Relate was relaunched in
1987 as a renewed version to its predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council.
Diana became its patron in 1989.[143] Turning Point, a health and social care organisation,
was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by drug and alcohol misuse and
mental health problems. She became the charity's patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a
regular basis, meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton and
Broadmoor.[143] In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said, "It takes
professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should accept back into its midst many
of those diagnosed as psychotics, neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities
decided should be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions."[143] Despite the
protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a trip to Pakistan later that

Privacy and legal issues

In November 1980, the Sunday Mirror ran a story claiming that Charles had used the Royal Train twice for secret love rendezvous
with Diana, prompting the palace to issue a statement, calling the story "a total fabrication" and demanding an apology.[234][235]
The newspaper editors, however, insisted that the woman boarding the train was Diana and declined to apologise.[234] In February
1982, pictures of a pregnant Diana in bikini while holidaying were published in the media. The Queen subsequently released a
statement and called it "the blackest day in the history of British journalism."[236]

In 1993, Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) published photographs of Diana that were taken by gym owner Bryce Taylor. The
photos showed her exercising in the gym LA Fitness wearing "a leotard and cycling shorts".[237][238] The Princess's lawyers
immediately filed a criminal complaint that sought "a permanent ban on the sale and publication of the photographs" around the
world.[237][238] However, some newspapers outside the UK published the pictures.[237] The courts granted an injunction against
Taylor and MGN that prohibited "further publication of the pictures".[237] MGN later issued an apology after facing much criticism
from the public.[237] It is said that MGN gave Diana £1 million as a payment for her legal costs and donated £200,000 to her
charities.[237] Taylor apologised as well and paid Diana £300,000, although it was alleged that a member of the royal family had
helped him financially.[237]

Personal life after divorce

After her 1996 divorce, Diana retained the double apartment on the north side of
Kensington Palace that she had shared with Charles since the first year of their marriage; the
apartment remained her home until her death the following year. She also moved her offices
to Kensington Palace but was permitted "to use the state apartments at St James's
Palace".[115][239] In a book published in 2003, Paul Burrell claimed Diana's private letters
had revealed that her brother, Lord Spencer, had refused to allow her to live at Althorp,
despite her request.[117] She was also given an allowance to run her private office, which
was responsible for her charity work and royal duties, but from September 1996 onwards
she was required to pay her bills and "any expenditure" incurred by her or on her
Diana meeting with Sri Chinmoy at
behalf.[240] Furthermore, she continued to have access to the jewellery that she had
Kensington Palace in May 1997
received during her marriage, and was allowed to use the air transport of the British royal
family and government. [115] Diana was also offered security by Metropolitan Police's
Royalty Protection Group, which she benefitted from while travelling with her sons but had
refused it in the final years of her life in an attempt to distance herself from the royal family.[241][242]

Diana dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called "the love of her life" by many of her closest friends
after her death,[243][244][245] and she is said to have described him as "Mr. Wonderful".[246][247][248][249] In May 1996, Diana
visited Lahore upon invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the latter's family in secret.[250][251] Khan was
intensely private and the relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press who questioned her about
it. Their relationship lasted almost two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[251][252] She is said to have spoken of her
distress when "he" ended their relationship.[243] However, according to Khan's testimony at the inquest into her death, it was Diana
who ended their relationship in the summer of 1997.[253] Burrell also said the relationship was ended by Diana in July 1997.[70]
Burrell also claimed that Diana's mother, Frances Shand Kydd, disapproved of her daughter's relationship with a Muslim man.[254]
By the time of Diana's death in 1997, she had not spoken to her mother in four months.[255][256] By contrast, her relationship with
her estranged stepmother had reportedly improved.[257][258]

Within a month, Diana began a relationship with Dodi Fayed, the son of her summer host, Mohamed Al-Fayed.[259] That summer,
Diana had considered taking her sons on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York, but security officials had prevented
it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his
compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the Jonikal,
a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain Diana and her sons.[259][260][261]

Death
On 31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris while
the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.[263] The crash also resulted in the deaths of her
companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of
the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Diana's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the crash. The
televised funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience that peaked
at 32.10 million, which was one of the United Kingdom's highest viewing figures ever.
Millions more watched the event around the world.[264][265]

East entrance to the Pont de l'Alma

Tribute, funeral, and burial tunnel[262]

The sudden and unexpected death of an

extraordinarily popular royal figure brought statements from senior figures worldwide and
many tributes by members of the public.[266][267][268] People left flowers, candles, cards,
and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months. Her coffin, draped
with the royal flag, was brought to London from Paris by Prince Charles and Diana's two
sisters on 31 August 1997.[269][270] The coffin was taken to a private mortuary and then
placed in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[269]
Flowers outside Kensington Palace
On 5 September, Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast.[23]
Diana's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 6 September. Her sons walked in the
funeral procession behind her coffin, along with her ex-husband the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, Diana's brother Lord
Spencer, and representatives of some of her charities.[23] Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved in the last year that she needed
no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic."[271] Re-written in tribute to Diana, "Candle in the Wind 1997"
was performed by Elton John at the funeral service (the only occasion the song has been performed live).[272] Released as a single
in 1997, the global proceeds from the song have gone to Diana's charities.[272][273][274]
The burial took place privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother,
siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black
long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks
before. A set of rosary beads that she had received from Mother Teresa was placed in her
hands. Diana's grave is on an island (52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of
Althorp Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[275]

The burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales's Royal
Diana's coffin, draped in the royal
Regiment, who carried Diana's coffin across to the island and laid her to rest. Diana was the standard with an ermine border,
Regiment's Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to 1996.[276] The original plan was for Diana to be borne through the streets of London
buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Lord on its way to Westminster Abbey
Spencer said he was concerned about public safety and security and the onslaught of
visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided Diana would be buried where
her grave could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by William, Harry, and other relatives.[277]

Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict

The initial French judicial investigation concluded that the crash was caused by Paul's intoxication, reckless driving, speeding
(65 mph), and effects of prescription drugs.[278] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed, father of Dodi Fayed, publicly said the
crash, which killed his son, had been planned[279] and accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh.[280] An inquest that started in
London in 2004 and continued in 2007–08[281] attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the pursuing
paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the tunnel.[282] On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of "unlawful killing". On the
day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the tragedy
was murder; he said he did so for the sake of Diana's children.[283]

Later events

Finances

Following her death, Diana left a £21 million estate, "netting £17 million after estate taxes", which were left in the hands of trustees,
her mother, and her sister, Lady Sarah.[284][285] The will was signed in June 1993, but Diana had it modified in February 1996 to
remove the name of her personal secretary from the list of trustees and have her sister replace him.[286] After applying personal and
inheritance taxes, a net estate of £12.9 million was left to be distributed among the beneficiaries.[287] Her two sons subsequently
inherited the majority of her estate. Each of them was left with £6.5 million which was invested and gathered substantial interest, and
an estimated £10 million was given to each son upon turning 30 years old in 2012 and 2014 respectively.[288][289] Many of Diana's
possessions were initially left in the care of her brother who put them on show in Althorp twice a year until they were returned to the
princes.[288][284] They were also put on display in American museums and as of 2011 raised two million dollars for charities.[284]
Among the objects were her dresses and suits along with numerous family paintings, jewels and two diamond tiaras.[288] Diana's
engagement ring and her yellow gold watch were given to Harry and William, respectively. The brothers eventually exchanged
mementos and William later passed the ring to his wife, Catherine Middleton. The ownership of Diana's wedding dress was also
given to her sons.[288][290][291]

In addition to her will,[285] Diana had also written a letter of wishes in which she had asked for three-quarters of her personal
property to be given to her sons, and dividing the remaining quarter (aside from the jewellery) between her 17 godchildren.[284]
Despite Diana's wishes, the executors (her mother and sister) "petitioned the probate court for a "variance" of the will", and the letter
of wishes was ignored "because it did not contain certain language required by British law".[284] Eventually, one item from Diana's
estate was given to each of her godchildren, while they would have received £100,000 each, had a quarter of her estate been divided
between them.[284] The variance also prevented the estate from being distributed between her sons at the age of 25 but postponed it
until they were 30.[284][285] Diana also left her butler Paul Burrell around £50,000 in cash.[287][285]

Subject of government surveillance

In 1999, after the submission of a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the Internet news service apbonline.com, it was
revealed that Diana had been placed under surveillance by the National Security Agency until her death, and the organisation kept a
top secret file on her containing more than 1,000 pages.[292][293] The contents of Diana's NSA file cannot be disclosed because of
national security concerns.[292] The NSA officials insisted Diana was not a "target of [their] massive, worldwide electronic
eavesdropping infrastructure."[292] Despite multiple inquiries for the files to be declassified—with one of the notable ones being
filed by Mohamed Al-Fayed—the NSA has refused to release the documents.[293]
In 2008, Ken Wharfe, a former bodyguard of Diana, claimed that her scandalous conversations with James Gilbey (commonly
referred to as the Squidgygate) were in fact recorded by the GCHQ, which intentionally released them on a "loop".[294] People
close to Diana believed the action was intended to defame her.[294] Wharfe said Diana herself believed that members of the royal
family were all being monitored, though he also stated that the main reason for it could be the potential threats of the IRA.[294]

Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions

On the first anniversary of Diana's death, people left flowers and bouquets outside the gates of Kensington Palace and a memorial
service was held at Westminster Abbey.[295][296] The royal family and the Prime Minister and his family went to Crathie Kirk for
private prayers, while Diana's family held a private memorial service at Althorp.[297][298] All flags at Buckingham Palace and other
royal residences were flown at half-mast on the Queen's orders.[299] The Union Jack was first lowered to half-mast on the day of
Diana's funeral and has set a precedent, as based on the previous protocol no flag could ever fly at half-mast over the palace "even
on the death of a monarch".[299] Since 1997, however, the Union Flag (but not the Royal Standard) has flown at half-mast upon the
deaths of members of the royal family, and other times of national mourning.[300]

The Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The event, organised by the princes William and Harry,
celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31
August.[301][302] The proceeds from this event were donated to Diana's charities.[303] On 31 August 2007, a memorial service for
Diana took place in the Guards Chapel.[304] Guests included members of the royal family and their relatives, members of the
Spencer family, members of Diana's wedding party, Diana's close friends and aides, representatives from many of her charities,
British politicians Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, and John Major, and friends from the entertainment world such as David Frost, Elton
John, and Cliff Richard.[168]

On 19 March 2013, ten of Diana's dresses, including a midnight blue velvet gown she wore
to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she danced with John Travolta (which
became known as the Travolta dress), raised over £800,000 at auction in London.[305]

In January 2017, a series of letters that Diana and other members of the royal family had
written to a Buckingham Palace steward were sold as a part of a collection titled "the
private letters between a trusted butler and the royal family".[306][307] The six letters that
were written by Diana included information about her young sons' daily life and raised
£15,100.[306][307] Another collection of 40 letters written by Diana between 1990 and 1997
John Travolta and Diana dancing at
were sold for £67,900 at an auction in 2021.[308]
the White House, November 1985

"Diana: Her Fashion Story", an exhibition of gowns and suits worn by Diana, was
announced to be opened at Kensington Palace in February 2017 as a tribute to mark her
20th death anniversary, with her favorite dresses created by numerous fashion designers, including Catherine Walker and Victor
Edelstein, being displayed.[309][310] The exhibition opened on 24 February displaying a collection of 25 dresses, and was set to
remain open until 2018.[311][312]

Other tributes planned for the anniversary included exhibitions at Althorp hosted by Diana's brother, Earl Spencer,[313] a series of
commemorating events organised by the Diana Award,[314] as well as restyling Kensington Gardens and creating a new section
called "The White Garden" in order to symbolise Diana's life and style.[309][310][315]

On 31 August 2019, the Princess Diana 3D Virtual Museum was launched to mark the 22nd anniversary of Diana's death. Operated
by the Princess & the Platypus Foundation, the online museum consisted of over 1,000 of Diana's items which were photographed
using the techniques of virtual reality.[316]

Legacy

Public image

Diana remains one of the most popular members of the royal family throughout history, and she continues to influence the younger
generations of royals.[317][318][319] She was a major presence on the world stage from her engagement to Prince Charles in 1981
until her death in 1997, and was often described as the "world's most photographed woman".[20][320] She was noted for her
compassion,[321] style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her ill-fated marriage.[164][322] Diana's former private
secretary, Patrick Jephson described her as an organised and hardworking person, and pointed out Charles was not able to "reconcile
with his wife's extraordinary popularity",[323] a viewpoint supported by biographer Tina Brown.[324] He also said she was a tough
boss who was "equally quick to appreciate hard work", but could also be defiant "if she felt she had been the victim of
injustice".[323] Diana's mother also defined her as a "loving" figure who could occasionally be "tempestuous".[255] Paul Burrell,
 who worked as a butler for Diana, remembered her as a "deep thinker" capable of "introspective
analysis".[325] She was often described as a devoted mother to her children,[20][326] who are
believed to be influenced by her personality and way of life.[327]

In the early years, Diana was often noted for her shy nature.[318][328] Journalist Michael White
perceived her as being "smart", "shrewd and funny".[319] Those who communicated with her
closely describe her as a person who was led by "her heart".[20] In an article for The Guardian,
Monica Ali described Diana as a woman with a strong character, who entered the royal family as an
inexperienced girl and, despite being uneducated, she could handle their expectations and overcome
the difficulties and sufferings of her marital life. Ali also believed that she "had a lasting influence
on the public discourse, particularly in matters of mental health" by discussing her eating disorder
publicly.[164] According to Tina Brown, in her early years Diana possessed a "passive power", a
quality that in her opinion she shared with the Queen Mother and a trait that would enable her to
instinctively use her appeal to achieve her goals.[329] Brown also believed that Diana was capable
Wax statue of Diana at of charming people with a single glance.[324]
Madame Tussauds in
London Diana was widely known for her encounters with sick and dying patients, and the poor and
unwanted whom she used to comfort, an action that earned her more popularity.[330] She was
mindful of people's thoughts and feelings, and later revealed her wish to become a beloved figure
among the people, saying in her 1995 interview, that "[She would] like to be a queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts."[328]
Known for her easygoing attitude, she reportedly hated formality in her inner circle, asking "people not to jump up every time she
enters the room".[331] Diana is often credited with widening the range of charity works carried out by the royal family in a more
modern style.[164] Eugene Robinson of The Washington Post wrote in an article that "Diana imbued her role as royal princess with
vitality, activism and, above all, glamour."[20] Alicia Carroll of The New York Times described Diana as "a breath of fresh air" who
was the main reason the royal family was known in the United States.[332] In Anthony Holden's opinion, Diana was "visibly
reborn" after her separation from Charles, a point in her life that was described by Holden as her "moment of triumph", which put
her on an independent path to success.[154]

Biographer Sarah Bradford commented, "The only cure for her suffering would have been the love of the Prince of Wales, which
she so passionately desired, something which would always be denied her. His was the final rejection; the way in which he
consistently denigrated her reduced her to despair."[87] Despite all the marital issues and scandals, Diana continued to enjoy a high
level of popularity in the polls while her husband was suffering from low levels of public approval.[20] Her peak popularity rate in
the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2012 was 47%.[333] In Theodore Dalrymple's opinion, her popularity stemmed from "both
her extreme difference from common people and her similarity to them". He believed that by going public about her marital issues
and bulimia she won the admiration of "all those who have been unhappy in their marriages" as well as people who suffered from
psychological problems.[334] Highly regarded by the LGBT community due to her work with gay men suffering from AIDS,[205]
Diana is considered to be a gay icon.[335]

Diana had become what Prime Minister Tony Blair called the "People's Princess", an iconic national figure. He had reportedly said
that she had shown the nation "a new way to be British".[325] Her sudden death brought an unprecedented spasm of grief and
mourning,[336] and subsequently a crisis arose in the Royal Household.[337][338][339] Andrew Marr said that by her death she
"revived the culture of public sentiment",[164] while The Guardian's Matthew d'Ancona dubbed Diana "the queen of the realm of
feeling" and said that "the impassioned aftermath of her death was a bold punctuation mark in a new national narrative that favoured
disinhibition, empathy and personal candour."[340] Her brother, the Earl Spencer, captured her role:

Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of selfless
humanity. All over the world, a standard bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden, a very British girl who
transcended nationality. Someone with a natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she
needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic.[341]

In 1997, Diana was one of the runners-up for Time magazine's person of the Year.[342] In 1999, Time magazine named Diana one of
the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[343] In 2002, Diana ranked third on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons,
above the Queen and other British monarchs.[344] In 2003, VH1 ranked her at number nine on its 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons
list, which recognises "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society".[345] In 2006, the Japanese public
ranked Diana twelfth in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan.[346] In 2018, Diana ranked fifteenth on the BBC History's poll of
100 Women Who Changed the World.[347][348] In 2020, Time magazine included Diana's name on its list of 100 Women of the
Year. She was chosen as the Woman of the Year 1987 for her efforts in de-stigmatising the conditions surrounding HIV/AIDS
patients.[349]

Despite being regarded as an iconic figure and a popular member of the royal family, Diana was subject to criticism during her life.
Patrick Jephson, her private secretary of eight years, wrote in an article in The Daily Telegraph that "[Diana] had an extra quality
that frustrated her critics during her lifetime and has done little to soften their disdain since her death".[318] Diana was criticised by
philosophy professor Anthony O'Hear who in his notes argued that she was unable to fulfill her duties, her reckless behaviour was
damaging the monarchy, and she was "self-indulgent" in her philanthropic efforts.[233] Following his remarks, charity organisations
that were supported by Diana defended her, and Peter Luff called O'Hear's comments "distasteful and inappropriate".[233] Further
criticism surfaced as she was accused of using her public profile to benefit herself,[110] which in return "demeaned her royal
office".[318] Diana's unique type of charity work, which sometimes included physical contact with people affected by serious
diseases occasionally had a negative reaction in the media.[318]

Diana's relationship with the press and the paparazzi has been described as "ambivalent". On different occasions she would
complain about the way she was being treated by the media, mentioning that their constant presence in her proximity had made life
impossible for her, whereas at other times she would seek their attention and hand information to reporters herself.[350][351] Writing
for The Guardian, Peter Conrad suggested that it was Diana who let the journalists and paparazzi into her life as she knew they were
the source of her power;[325] thus, she "overburdened herself with public duties" and destroyed the border between private and
public life.[164][110][352] This view was supported by Christopher Hitchens, who believed that "in pursuit of a personal solution to
an unhappy private life, she became an assiduous leaker to the press".[353] Nevertheless, Diana also used the media's interest in her
to shine light on her charitable efforts and patronages.[350]

Sally Bedell Smith characterised Diana as unpredictable, egocentric, and possessive.[110] Smith also argued that in her desire to do
charity works she was "motivated by personal considerations, rather than by an ambitious urge to take on a societal problem".[110]
Eugene Robinson, however, said that "[Diana] was serious about the causes she espoused".[20] According to Sarah Bradford, Diana
looked down on the House of Windsor whom she reportedly viewed "as jumped-up foreign princelings" and called them "the
Germans".[325] Some observers, including Prime Minister Tony Blair, characterised her as a manipulative person.[337][319] Blair
also described Diana as "extraordinarily captivating" but an "unpredictable meteor" whose death was a "turning point" for the
monarchy.[354] After her death, it was revealed that Diana had been in discussion with Blair about a special role that would provide
a government platform for her campaigns and charities to make her capable of endorsing Britain's interests overseas.[355]

In an article written for The Independent in 1998, journalist Yvonne Roberts observed the sudden change in people's opinion of
Diana after her death from critical to complimentary, a viewpoint supported by Theodore Dalrymple who also noticed the "sudden
shift from cruel personal abuse to absurdly exaggerated respect".[334] Roberts also questioned whether she had achieved anything
different from other members of the royal family and added that Diana was neither "a saint" nor "a revolutionary" figure, but "may
have encouraged some people" to tackle issues such as landmines, AIDS and leprosy.[356] While analysing the impact of Diana's
death and her extraordinary popularity from a gendered point of view, British historian Ludmilla Jordanova said: "To be an ideal, to
be living for and on behalf of others is a terrible burden; it makes impossible, irreconcilable emotional demands – no human being
can survive the complex forces that impact upon charismatic women." Jordanova also observed that "Diana herself was not anti-
establishment" and that is "Better to remember her by trying to decipher how emotions overshadow analysis and why women are
the safeguards of humanitarian feelings."[322] Author Anne Applebaum believed that Diana has not had any impact on public
opinions posthumously;[164] an idea supported by Jonathan Freedland of The Guardian who also wrote in his article that Diana's
memory and influence started to fade away in the years after her death,[357] while Peter Conrad, another Guardian contributor,
argued that even in "a decade after her death, she is still not silent,"[325] and Allan Massie of The Telegraph described Diana as "the
celebrity of celebrities" whose sentiments "continue to shape our society".[352] Writing for The Guardian, Monica Ali described
Diana as "a one-off, fascinating and flawed. Her legacy might be mixed, but it's not insubstantial. Her life was brief, but she left her
mark".[164]

Style icon

Diana was a fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead of The Telegraph wrote: "
[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at them."[364][365] An early example of the effect occurred during her courtship
with Charles in 1980 when sales of Hunter Wellington boots skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral
estate.[364][366] According to designers and people who worked with Diana, she used fashion and style to endorse her charitable
causes, express herself and communicate.[367][368][369] Diana remained a prominent figure for her fashion style,[370][371] and is still
considered an inspiration for stylists,[372] celebrities,[373][309][374] and young women.[375] Diana's daughters-in-law, Catherine and
Meghan, are believed to be influenced by her in developing their own professional wardrobe.[376][377][378] One of Diana's favourite
milliners, John Boyd, said "Diana was our best ambassador for hats, and the entire millinery industry owes her a debt." Boyd's pink
tricorn hat Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied by milliners across the world and credited with rebooting an industry in
decline for decades.[379][380]

The Princess chose her dressing style based on both the royal family's demands and popular modern styles in Britain,[381] and
developed her personal fashion trend.[382] While on diplomatic trips, her clothes and attire were chosen to match the destination
countries' costumes, and while off-duty she used to wear loose jackets and jumpers.[373][383] "She was always very thoughtful
about how her clothes would be interpreted, it was something that really mattered to her," according to Anna Harvey, a former
British Vogue editor and Diana's fashion mentor.[373][384] David Sassoon, one of the designers who worked with Diana, believed
she had "broken the rules" by trying new styles.[359] Diana chose not to practise some of the royal clothing traditions such as putting
aside the tradition of wearing gloves when meeting the public as she believed it would prevent a direct connection with the people
she met, such as those affected by serious diseases like AIDS patients.[369][383] She used to wear
certain types of clothes at charity events which were appropriate for the people she would meet,
such as wearing colourful dresses and "jangling jewels" so she could easily play with children at
hospitals.[369][383] According to Donatella Versace who worked closely with Diana alongside her
brother, Diana's interest and sense of curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her separation
from Charles.[367] Versace also pointed out that "[she doesn't] think that anyone, before or after her,
has done for fashion what Diana did".[367]

Catherine Walker was among Diana's favourite designers[382] with whom she worked to create her
"royal uniform".[359] For her foreign tours and state visits, Walker and her husband used to do
research and were determined to design clothes that would not outshine Diana,[367] a viewpoint
supported by Taki Theodoracopulos, who believed Diana did not want "to let her clothes wear
her".[367] Eleri Lynn, curator of the exhibition Diana: Her Fashion Story, also believed that "
[Diana] didn't want to be known as a clothes horse,"[369][385] and mentioned that "the style
[Catherine and Diana] created together was a very slender, fluid silhouette which did away with the
frills and ruffles of the early '80s and created a sleek silhouette that really flattered the princess's
frame and became a timeless look for her. A royal uniform if you like."[386]

Diana made her debut as a Sloane Ranger in 1979 with a gown by Regamus.[382] Throughout the
The Princess of Wales at
1980s and 1990s, she wore outfits and ensembles by numerous notable fashion the 1987 Cannes Film
designers.[387][388][389] She also wore ensembles by fashion companies such as Versace, Armani, Festival. The strapless
Chanel, Dior, Gucci and Clarks.[373][374][390] Among her iconic outfits are a décolleté by David Catherine Walker dress,[358]
and Elizabeth Emanuel worn by a newly engaged Diana at a charity event,[384] a cocktail dress by which was inspired by a
Christina Stambolian, commonly known as the "Revenge dress", which she wore after Charles's dress worn by Grace Kelly
admission of adultery,[391] an evening gown by Victor Edelstein that she wore to a reception at the in To Catch a Thief,[359] is
White House and later became known as the "Travolta dress",[373][359][382] and a Catherine considered to be among the
Walker pearl-encrusted gown and jacket dubbed the "Elvis dress",[390][382] which she wore for the most iconic dresses worn at
first time on an official visit to Hong Kong.[369][392] the festival throughout its
history.[360][361][362] It was
In the early 1980s, Diana preferred to wear dresses with floral collars, pie-crust blouses, and later sold to Julien's
pearls.[373][382][370] These items rapidly became fashion trends.[373] Her habit of wearing wide- Auctions for over
£80,000.[363]
shouldered gowns and lavish fabrics earned her the nickname "Dynasty Di".[359][369] In the years
after her marriage and then her divorce, Diana grew more confident in her choices,[359][371][384]
and her style underwent a change, with her new choices consisting of blazers, one-shoulder and off-
shoulder dresses, two-tone themed suits, military-styled suits, and nude-coloured outfits.[371] White shirt and jeans, plaid dresses,
jumpsuits and sheath dresses were among the other fashion trends she tried.[371][393] Her way of dressing began to be influenced by
other celebrities including Cindy Crawford, Madonna, Elizabeth Taylor, as well as many others.[382] In the 1990s, Diana was
frequently photographed clutching distinctive handbags manufactured by Gucci and Dior. She popularized the purses and they
became so closely associated with her that they would thereafter be known as Gucci Diana and Lady Dior, respectively.[394][395]

Copies of Diana's British Vogue-featured pink chiffon blouse by David and Elizabeth Emanuel, which appeared on the magazine's
cover on her engagement announcement day, sold in the millions.[382] She appeared on two more British Vogue covers during her
lifetime and was featured on its October 1997 issue posthumously.[396] She was also featured in the cover story for the July 1997
issue of Vanity Fair.[397] The Princess's influential short hairstyle was created by Sam McKnight after a Vogue shoot in 1990,
which, in McKnight and Donatella Versace's opinion, brought her more liberty as "it always looked great".[367] The Princess
reportedly did her own make up and would always have a hairstylist by her side before an event. She told McKnight: "It's not for
me, Sam. It is for the people I visit or who come to see me. They don't want me in off-duty mode, they want a princess. Let's give
them what they want."[367]

The Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1989.[398] In 2004, People cited her as one of the
all-time most beautiful women.[399] In 2012, Time included Diana on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.[400]

Following the opening of an exhibition of Diana's clothes and dresses at Kensington Palace in 2017, Catherine Bennett of The
Guardian said such exhibitions are among the suitable ways to commemorate public figures whose fashion styles were noted due to
their achievements. The exhibition suggests to detractors who, like many other princesses, "looking lovely in different clothes was
pretty much her life's work" which also brings interest in her clothing.[401]

In 2016, fashion designer Sharmadean Reid designed a collection of clothes for ASOS.com inspired by Diana's style.[375] "Di's
incredible relationship with accessible sportswear through to luxury fashion forms the cornerstone of the collection and feels more
modern than ever," Reid said about Diana in a press release.[370] Diana was an inspiration for Off-White's Spring 2018 show at
Paris Fashion Week in 2017.[402] The designer Virgil Abloh used Diana's signature looks as fragments to design new suits and
attire.[403][404] Supermodel Naomi Campbell, dressed in a combination of white blazer and cropped spandex leggings in reference
to Diana's formal and off-duty styles, closed off the show.[402][403] In 2019, Tory Burch used Diana's early '80s style as an
inspiration for her Spring 2020 show at New York Fashion Week.[405]

Memorials

Immediately after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ad hoc memorials to Diana where the public left flowers
and other tributes. Her son, Prince William, has stated that the outpouring of public grief after her death "changed the British psyche,
for the better", while journalist Alastair Campbell noted that it assisted in diminishing "the stiff upper lip approach".[406] The largest
memorial was outside the gates of Kensington Palace, where people continue to leave flowers and tributes. Permanent memorials
include:

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Queen Elizabeth II
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde
Park, and St. James's Park, London
The Diana Memorial Award, established in 1999 and later relaunched in 2007 by Gordon Brown[407]
Statue of Diana, Princess of Wales, in the Sunken Garden of Kensington Palace, commissioned by Prince William
and Prince Harry
The Princess Diana Memorial Austria is the first memorial dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, in a German-
speaking country. It is placed in the garden of Schloss Cobenzl in Vienna. It was raised by reporter Ewald
Wurzinger.[408]

The Flame of Liberty was erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma in Paris above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash
later occurred. It became an unofficial memorial to Diana.[409][410] The Place de l'Alma was renamed Place Diana princesse de
Galles in 2019.[411]

There were two memorials inside Harrods department store, commissioned by Dodi Fayed's father, who owned the store from 1985
to 2010. The first memorial was a pyramid-shaped display containing photos of the princess and al-Fayed's son, a wine glass said to
be from their last dinner, and a ring purchased by Dodi the day prior to the crash. The second, Innocent Victims, unveiled in 2005,
was a bronze statue of Fayed dancing with Diana on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross.[412] In January 2018, it was
announced that the statue would be returned to the Al-Fayed family.[413]

In 1998, several countries issued postage stamps commemorating Diana, including the UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Somalia, and
Congo.[414][415][416]

In November 2002, a £4,000 bronze plaque was unveiled by Earl Spencer at Northampton Guildhall as a memorial to his sister.[417]
In February 2013, OCAD University in Toronto announced that its new 25,000 square foot arts centre would be named the Princess
of Wales Visual Arts Centre.[418] Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton, New Jersey.[419] Diana's
granddaughters, Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge (born 2015)[420][421] and Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor
(born 2021),[422] as well as her niece, Lady Charlotte Diana Spencer (born 2012),[423] are named after her.

Diana in contemporary art

Before and after her death, Diana has been depicted in contemporary art. The first biopics about Diana and Charles were Charles
and Diana: A Royal Love Story and The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana that were broadcast on American TV channels on
17 and 20 September 1981, respectively.[424] In December 1992, ABC aired Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After, a TV
movie about marital discord between Diana and Charles.[425] In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her "Cheryl" and
Prince Charles "Brian".[426]

In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana's public and private life
for Temple of Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as They Wanted You To Be Destroyed
(1999)[427] related to Diana's bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was on Your Side and Diana's Dress
with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her selflessness—The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in protective
clothing walking through a minefield in Angola—while another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin
maintained "They're quite sentimental ... and there's nothing cynical about it whatsoever."[428]

In 2005, Martín Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennale the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with
the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a dangerous cantegril on the outskirts of
Montevideo. Shot at an Uruguayan slum using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected by the Italian Art Critics
Association as one of the Venice Biennial's best works.[429][430][431][432]
In 2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a
series of Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford
gallery.[433][434] Vine intended to portray Diana's combined strength and vulnerability as well
as her closeness to her two sons.[435] The works, all completed in 2007, included Diana
branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil, Diana crash and Diana pram, which incorporates
the quotation "I vow to thee my country".[436][437] Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to
"the beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".[435]

The 2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days of a Princess details the final two months of her life.
Round Oval lake at Althorp with
She is portrayed by Irish actress Genevieve O'Reilly.[438] On an October 2007 episode of The
the Diana memorial beyond
Chaser's War on Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song", which
immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.[439]

In 2017, Prince William and Prince Harry commissioned two documentaries to mark the 20th
anniversary of her death. The first of the two, Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy, was
broadcast on ITV and HBO on 24 July 2017.[440][441] This film focuses on Diana's legacy
and humanitarian efforts for causes such as AIDS, landmines, homelessness and cancer. The
second documentary, Diana, 7 Days, aired on 27 August on BBC and focused on Diana's
death and the subsequent outpouring of grief.[442]
Memorial in Harrods Department
Actresses who have portrayed Diana include Serena Scott Thomas (in Diana: Her True Story, Store to Diana, Princess of
1993),[443] Julie Cox (in Princess in Love, 1996),[444] Amy Seccombe (in Diana: A Tribute to Wales, and Dodi Fayed
the People's Princess, 1998),[445] Michelle Duncan (in Whatever Love Means, 2005),[446]
Genevieve O'Reilly (in Diana: Last Days of a Princess, 2007),[447][438] Nathalie Brocker (in
The Murder of Princess Diana, 2007),[448] Naomi Watts (in Diana, 2013),[449] Emma Corrin
and Elizabeth Debicki (in The Crown, 2020 & 2022),[450][451] and Kristen Stewart (in
Spencer, 2021).[452]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles Tribute to Diana on 1998

Azerbaijan postage stamps. The
1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The Honourable Diana Spencer English text on souvenir sheets
9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: Lady Diana Spencer issued reads "DIANA,
29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales PRINCESS OF WALES The
28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales Princess that (sic) captured
people's hearts (1961–1997)".
During her marriage to the Prince of Wales, Diana was styled as "Her Royal Highness The
Princess of Wales". She additionally bore the titles Duchess of Rothesay,[453] Duchess of
Cornwall,[453] Countess of Chester,[454][455] and Baroness of Renfrew,[453] using the title of
Duchess of Rothesay while in Scotland. Though popularly referred to as "Princess Diana",
that style is incorrect and one she never held officially.[456][a] She is still sometimes referred to
in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer" or simply as "Lady Di". In a speech after her death,
then-Prime Minister Tony Blair referred to Diana as "the People's Princess".[457] Discussions
were also held with the Spencer family and the British royal family as to whether Diana's September 2017 unveiling of a
HRH style needed to be restored posthumously, but Diana's family decided that it would be memorial to Diana in Örményes,
against her wishes and, thus, no formal offer was made.[458] Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Hungary

Honours
Orders

1981: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II

Foreign honours

1982: Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues (or Order of al-Kamal)[132]
18 November 1982: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Tributes left outside Kensington
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands[132] Palace for what would have been
Diana's 60th birthday
Appointments
 1988: Royal Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple[459]

Fellowships

1988: The Royal College of Surgeons of England, Honorary Fellow in Dental

Surgery[460]

Freedom of the City

29 October 1981: Cardiff[461][462]

29 January 1986: Carlisle[463]
1987: London[178]
8 June 1989: Northampton Borough[417][464][465]
1992: Portsmouth[466] Royal monogram

Honorary military appointments

As the Princess of Wales, Diana held the following military appointments:

Australia

: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Survey Corps[467]

Canada

: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales' Own Regiment[143] (17 August 1985 to 16 July 1996)[468]
: Colonel-in-Chief of the West Nova Scotia Regiment

United Kingdom

: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment[276]

: Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[276]
: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Hampshire Regiment[143]
: Colonel-in-Chief of the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own)[143]
: Honorary Air Commodore, RAF Wittering[469]
: Lady Sponsor of HMS Cornwall (F99)[470]

She relinquished these appointments following her divorce.[23][115]

Arms
 Coat of arms of Diana, Princess of Wales

Notes
During her marriage, Diana used the arms of the Prince of Wales impaled (side by side) with
those of her father. This version of her arms was imprinted on the order of service for her
funeral.[471]
Adopted
1981
Coronet
Coronet of the Prince of Wales
Escutcheon
Quarterly 1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langed azure
2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flory
counterflory of the second 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent (the Royal Arms of the United
Kingdom), the whole difference with a label of three points Argent; with an inescutcheon of
four lions passant guardant, in gold and red, counterchanged, surmounted by the coronet of
the heir (for the Principality of Wales); impaled with a shield quarterly 1st and 4th Argent 2nd
and 3rd Gules a fret Or overall a bend Sable charged with three escallops Argent.
Supporters
Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Proper,
sinister a griffin Ermine winged Erminois unguled and gorged with a coronet composed of
crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and
reflexed over the back of the First.
Motto
DIEU DEFEND LE DROIT
(Anglo-Norman: God defends the right)
Symbolism
The Spencers were granted a coat of arms in 1504 (Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-
mews' heads erased Argent), which bears no resemblance to that used by the family after c.
1595, which was derived from the Despencer arms. Writer J. H. Round argued that the
Despencer descent was fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt Clarenceux King of Arms.[472]
Previous versions
Diana's coat of arms before her marriage was based on the Spencer coat
of arms. It depicted a lozenge shaped shield of arms, which symbolised
her unmarried state. It included three escallops argent of the Spencer coat
of arms. This version was used only before her marriage and was also
applied by her sisters.
Other versions
After her divorce, Diana had resumed her paternal arms with the addition
of a royal coronet.[473]

Descendants
Marriage
Name Birth Issue
Date Spouse

Prince George of Cambridge

Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
Prince Louis of Cambridge

Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor

Ancestry
Diana was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer,
Earl of Sunderland, and Baron Churchill.[474][475] The Spencers claimed descent from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval
Despenser family, but its validity is questioned.[476] Her great-grandmother was Margaret Baring, a member of the German-British
Baring family of bankers and the daughter of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[477][478] Diana's distant noble ancestors
included the first Duke and Duchess of Marlborough.[479] Diana and Charles were distantly related, as they were both descended
from the House of Tudor through Henry VII of England.[480] She was also descended from the House of Stuart through Charles II
of England by Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and his brother James II of
England by Henrietta FitzJames.[20][481] Other noble ancestors include Margaret Kerdeston, granddaughter of Michael de la Pole,
2nd Earl of Suffolk; Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, an English nobleman and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England; and
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, a descendant of Edward III of England through his son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of
Clarence.[482][483][484] Diana's Scottish roots came from her maternal grandmother, Lady Fermoy.[482] Among her Scottish
ancestors were Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife Jane, and Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll.[482]

Diana's American lineage came from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work, daughter of wealthy American stockbroker
Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, an Irish peer.[482][485]
Diana's fourth great-grandmother in her direct maternal line, Eliza Kewark, was of Indian descent.[486][487][488][489][490]

Ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales[491][492]

8. Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer
4. Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer
9. The Honourable Margaret Baring
2. John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
10. James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn
5. Lady Cynthia Hamilton
11. Lady Rosalind Bingham
1. Diana, Princess of
Wales
12. James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy
6. Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy
13. Frances Ellen Work
3. The Honourable Frances Roche
14. William Smith Gill
7. Ruth Gill
15. Ruth Littlejohn

Notes
a. With rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, who was given permission by the
Sovereign), only princesses by birth (such as Princess Anne) use the title "Princess" before their given names.

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Bibliography
Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana (https://archive.org/details/diana00sara). New York; Toronto; London: Viking.
ISBN 978-0-670-03807-7.
Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4.
Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles (https://archive.org/details/dianachronicles00brow_0). London; New
York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51708-9.
Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography
(https://archive.org/details/princeofwalesbio00dimb). New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-
X.
Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words (https://archive.org/details/dianahertrues
tor00mort). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X.
Smith, Sally Bedell (2000) [1999]. Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess (https://archive.org/de
tails/dianainsearchofh00sall). Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
Williamson, D. (1981a). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (6): 192–199.
Williamson, D. (1981b). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (8): 281–282.

Further reading
Anderson, Christopher (2001). Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they Loved (1st ed.). United States:
William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-17204-6.
Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess (https://archive.org/details/di
anainsearchofh00smit). Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-3030-4.
Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana, Princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-4714-8.
Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-00-725263-3.
Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We Were: Remembering Diana (https://archive.org/details/waywewereremembe00b
urr). United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-113895-9.
Caradec'h, Jean-Michel (2006). Diana. L'enquête criminelle (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon.
ISBN 978-2-7499-0479-5.
Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess of Wales: A Tribute (https://archive.org/details/dianaprincessofw00grah).
United States: Benford Books. ISBN 978-1-56649-599-8.
Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana: The Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins.
ISBN 0-00-718203-1.
Davies, Jude (2001). Diana, A Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the People's Princess. Houndmills,
Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-73688-5. OCLC 46565010
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46565010).
Denney, Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory and Fairy Tales Revisited.
Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4023-0. OCLC 56490960 (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/56490960).
Edwards, Anne (2001). Ever After: Diana and the Life She Led. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-
25314-1. OCLC 43867312 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43867312).
Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s (https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum). New York:
Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Mattern, Joanne (2006). Princess Diana (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780756616137). DK Biography. New
York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-756-61614-4.
 Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In Pursuit of Love (https://archive.org/details/diana00andr). United States: Michael
O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-84317-084-6.
Rees-Jones, Trevor (2000). The Bodyguard's Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole Survivor. United States: Little,
Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-85508-2.
Steinberg, Deborah Lynn (1999). Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the Performance of Grief (https://archive.or
g/details/mourningdiana00adri). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19393-1.
Taylor, John A. (2000). Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity. Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-
96826-X. OCLC 42935749 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42935749).
Thomas, James (2002). Diana's Mourning: A People's History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-
1753-7. OCLC 50099981 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50099981).
Turnock, Robert (2000). Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess (https://archive.org/d
etails/interpretingdian0000turn). London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-788-2. OCLC 43819614 (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/43819614).

External links
Diana, Princess of Wales (https://www.royal.uk/diana-princess-wales) at the official website of the Royal Family
Portraits of Diana, Princess of Wales (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05244) at
the National Portrait Gallery, London
Coroner's Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed (http://webarchive.nationalar
chives.gov.uk/20090607230252/http://www.scottbaker-inquests.gov.uk/index.htm) at National Archives
BBC mini-site Diana One Year On (http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/diana_one_year_on/sights_and_sounds/
default.stm) pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video extracts, coverage of the funeral, how the UK
newspapers reported her death
Diana, Princess of Wales (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0697740/) at IMDb
FBI Records: The Vault – Diana, Princess of Wales (https://vault.fbi.gov/Diana%2C%20Princess%20of%20Wales)
at fbi.gov
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?diana) on C-SPAN

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