STS HANDOUT 4 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING

Pre-colonial times – people used herbal - Was replaced by the Institute of

medicine to treat illnesses. Science.
- To facilitate trading, Filipinos made 1993 – National Research Council of the PH
use of writing, numerical was established.
measurement, and calendar
Developments in science and technology
systems.
during the American regime were focused
- Farming, fishing, mining, and
on agriculture, medicine and pharmacy,
weaving – first livelihood skills
food processing, and forestry.
developed by Filipinos.
- Filipinos developed for livelihood
purpose resulted in majestic
architectural designs – managed to DURING THE FORMER PRESIDENT
attract worldwide attention FERDINAND MARCOS
 Banaue Rice - Role of science and technology in
Terraces (Ifugao) national development was
emphasized.
- A big chuck of the war damage fund
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD from Japanese was donated to
private universities and colleges for
- Construction of buildings, churches,
creation of science and
bridges, roads and forts,
technology related courses.
engineering was introduced and
- The 35-hectare lot in Bicutan,
developed.
Taguig was proclaimed in 1968 as
Science and Technology developed the Philippines Science
through the establishment of formal Community, now the site of the
education institution and launching of Department of Science and
scientific organizations. Technology (DOST)
- The government sponsored
Schools – mandated to teach religion,
seminars, workshop, training
mathematics, reading and writing, music
programs, and scholarship on
and arts and health and sanitation.
fisheries and oceanography.
Medicine & Biology – were taught in - Several agencies and organizations
different education and training institution. were then established:
o Philippine textile research
Farming – major livelihood of Filipinos institute
- Natives were trained to use o Philippine Atomic Energy
innovative approaches in farming. Commission (now Philippine
Nuclear Institute
o National Grains Authority
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (National Food Authority)
o Philippine Council for
- Institutions for science and Agricultural Research
technology were reorganized. (Philippine Council for
o Former Laboratorio Municipal Agricultural, Aquatic, and
- replaced by the Bureau of Natural Resources
Government Laboratories Research)
under the United States o Philippine Atmospheric,
Department of Interior. Geophysical, and
 Was reestablished for Astronomical Service
the purpose of Administration (PAGASA)
studying tropical o Philippine National Oil
disease and pursuing Company
other related research o Plant Breeding Institute
projects. o International Rice Research
Bureau of Science – became the main Institute (IRRI)
research center of the PH. o Bureau of Plant Industry
STS HANDOUT 4 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING
o Bureau of Forest Products
and
o National Committee on
Geological Science
- Salary increase for teachers and
administrators at the Philippine
Science High School.
- Mindanao and Visayas campuses of
Philippine Science Highschool were
established.
Ferdinand Marcos – mandated the
Department of Education and Culture
(Department of Education or DepEd) to
promote science courses in the public high
schools
- Granted additional budget for
research projects in applied science
and science education.
National Science and Technology
Authority (NSTA) – to be the reservoir of
scientific and technological expertise in the
country.
UNDER PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO
NAST – renamed DOST
- Done in order for the
science and technology
sector to be presented in
the cabinet.
- Play an integral role in the
country’s sustainable
economic recovery and
growth.
Science and Technology master plan –
penned by the DOST
- Aimed to update the production
sector, improve research activities
and develop infrastructures for the
science and technology sector.
DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF FIDEL
RAMOS
- PH had approximately 3000
competent scientist and engineers.
- A number of laws and statues
related to the science and
technology sector were mandated:
o RA 8439 – Magna Carta for
Scientist Engineers,
Researcher and other
Science and Technology
Personnel in Government
o RA 7678 – Science and
Technology Scholarship Act
of 1994.
o RA 7459 – Inventors and
Inventions Incentive Act.
o RA 8293 – Intellectual
Property Code of the
Philippines.
Doctors to the Barrio Program – made
healthcare accessible even in far-flung
areas in the country
- Incentives were given to people who
played significant roles in the
science and technology sector.
National Program for Gifted Filipino
Children in Science and Technology
- Created for the high school students
who wanted to major in science and
technology.
DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF JOSEPH
ESTRADA
- Responsible for implementing cost
effective irrigation technologies and
providing basic health care services
for those who could not afford them.
- Signed and mandated by President
Joseph Estrada:
o RA 8749 – The Philippine
Clean Air Act of 1999.
o RA 8792 – Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000.
DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF GLORIA
MACAPAGAL ARROYO
- Farmers were encouraged to use
rice that can withstand
environmental hazards.
Science and Technology sector –
developed to strengthen the education
system and to address poverty
Filipinnovation – coined to refer to the
Philippines innovation hub in Asia.
RA 9367 – Biofuel Act; to utilize indigenous
materials as source of energy.
STS HANDOUT 4 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING
- Act was not able to produce a
positive outcome – lack of
technology to source raw materials.
RA 10601 – Agriculture and Fisheries
Mechanization (AFMech) Law
- To modernize agricultural and
fisheries machinery and equipment.
DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF BENIGNO
AQUINO III
- Named National Scientist:
o Gavino C. Trono – Marine
Biology
o Angel C. Alcala – Biological
Science
o Ramon C. Barba –
Horiculture
o Edgardo D. Gomez – Marine
Biology
OTHER FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE
FIELD OF SCIENCE:
 Ramon Cabanos Barba
outstanding research on tissue
culture in the PH mangoes.
 Josefina Cacas Comiso – his works
on observing the characteristic of
Antarctica by using satellite images.
 Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known
internationally in the field of electrical
engineering
- Elected as officer of the
famous Institute
Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
 Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for
her research on sea nail venum.
 Fabian Millar Dayrit – research on
herbal medicine.
 Rafael Dineros Guererro III –
research on tilapia culture.
 Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. –
inventing the meconium drug testing.
 Lilian Formalejo Patena – research
on plant biotechnology
 Mario Jo Panganiban Ruiz –
outstanding educator and graph
theorist.
 Gregoris Ligot Tangonan – research
in the field of communications
technology.
OTHER OUTSTANDING FILIPINO
SCIENTIST WHO ARE RECOGNIZED
HERE AND ABROAD FOR THEIR
OUSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS IN
SCIENCE:
 Cacsar A. Saloma – internionally
renowned physicist
 Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist
in marine science
 William Padolina – chemistry and
president of National Academy of
Science and Technology (NAST) –
PH
 Angel Alcala – marine science
TODAY’S ADMINIISTRATION (RODRIGO
DUTERTE)
- Science and Technology sector are
seen to be a priority based on the
budget for research and
– development that grew by nearly six
times over the same period.
- Focus of DOST: put results of R&D
into commercialization in order to
gain new intellectual properties
Philippine Space Technology
Program – launched Diwata – 2 2018
after the launch of Diwata – 1 2016
 Displayed the PH flag in
of space.
One outstanding program for science
education supported by the government is
the establishment of science schools in
various parts of the country.
Philippine Science High School System
(PSHSS)
- Government program for gifted
student in the PH
- Service institute of DOST
- Mandate is to offer free scholarship
basis for secondary course with
special emphasis on subjects
pertaining to the science with the
STS HANDOUT 4 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING

end view of preparing its students for develop spirit of inquiry and
a science career (RA 3661) creativity.
- Maintains a dormitory for all its
students.
- Continue to pursue its vision to Manila Science High School
develop Filipino scholar with
scientific minds and passion for - Established on Oct. 1, 1963 as the
excellence, courage, and hope for Manila Science High School (MSHS)
the country. - First science high school in the PH
- Brought honor to the competitions - The organization and curriculum of
and research circles. the school puts more emphasis
science and mathematics
- Aims to produce scientist with souls
o Humanities course and other
Special Science Elementary Schools
(SSES) PROJECT electives are included in their
curriculum.
- Is in pursuance to DepEd Oder No. - Students are encouraged to
73 s. 2008 and DepEd No. 51 s. participate in various extra-curricular
2010. activities.
- Aims to develop Filipino’s children - Schools administer MSAT – for
equipped with scientific and aptitude test in mathematics, and
technological knowledge, skills, and proficiency in English.
values. - Prides itself from producing
- Its mission is to: outstanding alumni and for winning
o Provide a learning various national competitions.
environment to science-
inclined children through a
special curriculum that Central Visayan Institute Foundation
recognize the multiple
intelligences of the learners - Home and pioneer of the prominent
o Promote the development of school-based innovation – Dynamic
lifelong learning skills. Learning Program (DLP)
o Foster the holistic - Synthesis of classical
development of the learners and modern pedagogical
theories adapted to
foster the highest level of
learning, creativity, and
Quezon City Regional Science High
productivity.
School
- Takes pride in its Research Center
- Established on Sept. 17,1967 for Theoretical Physics (RCTP)
- Originally, it was named Quezon - Established in 1992
City Science High School - Organizes small
- Was turned into a regional science international workshops
high school for the national capital to foster the informal but
region 1999. intense exchange of
- Product of a dream to establish a ideas and perspective on
special science school for talented outstanding problems in
students in science and physics.
mathematics.
- Focus of the curriculum is on
science and technology. Indigenous Knowledge System
- The school still teaches the basic
education courses prescribed by Indigenous knowledge – embedded in the
DepEd for secondary education. daily life of experiences of your children as
- School envision to serve as a venue they grow up.
in providing maximum opportunities - They lived and grow in a society
for science gifted students to where members of the community
STS HANDOUT 4 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING
prominently practice indigenous
knowledge.
- The lessons they learned are
intimately interwoven with their
culture and the environment.
- The lessons comprised of good
values and life of people on their
daily life struggles.
- Their view about nature and their
reflections on tier experiences in
daily life are evident in their stories,
poem, and songs.
- Some examples of indigenous
knowledge that are taught and
practiced by the indigenous people
are:
o Predicting weather conditions
and seasons
knowledge in observing
animals’ behavior
celestial bodies.
o Using herbal medicine
o Preserving food
o Classifying plants
animals into families and
groups based on cultural
properties
o Preserving and selecting
goods seeds for planting
o Using indigenous technology
in daily lives
o Building local irrigation
systems
o Classifying different types of
soil for planting based on
cultural properties.
o Producing wines and juices
from tropical fruits.
o Keeping the custom of
growing plants
vegetables in the yard.
Indigenous Science
- Part of the indigenous knowledge
system practiced by different groups
of people and early civilizations.
- Includes complex arrays
knowledge, expertise, practice, and
representations that guide humans’
societies in their enumerable
interactions with the natural milieu;
o Agriculture
o Medicine
o Naming and explaining
natural phenomena
o Strategies for coping
changing environment
- Important in the development of
science and technology in the PH.
- Like ancient civilizations, it gave
birth to the development of science
and technology as a field and
discipline.
- Helped the people to understand the
natural environment and in coping
with everyday life.
Cajete (2004) – indigenous science
includes everything, from metaphysics to
philosophy and various practical
technologies practiced by people both past
and present.
using Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable
values that are relevant or consistent to
and scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston
(2000):
o Motivating attitudes
and o Cooperating attitudes
o Practical or metallurgy
- Derived from
traditional
knowledge and
practices.
Kuhn (1962) – developmental stages of
most sciences are characterized by
continual competition between a number of
distinct views of nature each partially
derived from all roughly compatible with the
dictates of scientific observation and
method.
Sibisi (2004) – pointed out that indigenous
science provides the basics of astronomy,
pharmacology, food technology or
and
metallurgy, which were derived from
traditional knowledge and practices.
Pawilen (2005) – explained that indigenous
science knowledge has developed diverse
structures and content through the interplay
between the society and the environment.
Pawilen (2006) – developed a simple
of framework for understanding indigenous
science.
- Indigenous science is composed of
traditional knowledge that use
science process skills and guided by
community values and culture.
Science Process Skills
STS HANDOUT 4 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & NATION BUILDING

o Ethno-medicine
o Indigenous farming methods
Indigenous Community Culture
o Folk astronomy

Traditional Knowledge

Indigenous science uses science

process skills:
 Observing
 Comparing
 Classifying
 Measuring
 Problem solving
 Inferring
 Communicating
 Predicting
Indigenous science is guided by
culture and community that
values:
 Land – source of
life
- Precious
gift from
the
creator.
 Earth – reversed
as “Mother Earth”
- Origin of
their
identity as
people.
 All living and
nonliving things
are
interconnected
and
interdependent
with each other.
 Human beings
-steward or
trustee of the land
and natural
resources
- Have the
responsibilit
y to
preserve it.
 Nature – friend to
human beings
- Needs
respect and
proper care.
Indigenous science is composed of
traditional knowledge practiced and
valued by people and communities:
o Ethno-biology