Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digestive System Moath Nairat, MD
Digestive System Moath Nairat, MD
Digestive System Moath Nairat, MD
Moath Nairat, MD
Function of the digestive system
• ingestion: taking food and liquid into
mouth
• Secretion: total about 7 liter into lumen
• Mixing and propulsion: through GI
muscle and peristalsis and motility
• Digestion: Breakdown of ingested food
(mechanical and chemical)
• Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the
blood
• Metabolism: Production of cellular
energy (ATP)
• Defecation: waste substance leave the
GI tract through anus
Organs of the Digestive System
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
• Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
• Cheeks – form the
lateral walls
• Hard palate – forms
the anterior roof
• Soft palate – forms
the posterior roof
• Uvula – fleshy
projection of the
soft palate
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
• Vestibule – space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally
• Oral cavity – area
contained by the
teeth
• Tongue – attached
at hyoid bone and
styloid processes of
the skull, and by the
lingual frenulum
Tongue
• fungiform papillae
• circumvallate papillae
• Submucosa
• Just beneath the mucosa
• Soft connective tissue with blood vessels,
nerve endings, and lymphatics also contain
submucosal plexus
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
• Mucosa
• Innermost layer
• Moist membrane
1. Surface epithelium : secretion and
absorbtion,renew every 5-7 days also
contain enteroendocrine cells
2. Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria): contain blood and
lymphatic vessele also contain MALT
3. Small smooth muscle layer
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
• Muscularis externa – smooth muscle
1. Inner circular layer
2. Outer longitudinal layer
Between them is myenteric plexus
• Serosa
• Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum
• Layer of serous fluid-producing cells
(mesothelium)
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Digestive Anatomy: Histological
Pharynx Anatomy
• Nasopharynx –
not part of the
digestive system
• Oropharynx –
posterior to oral
cavity
• Laryngopharynx –
below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus
Pharynx Function
• Serves as a passageway for air and
food
• Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers
• Longitudinal inner layer
• Circular outer layer
• Food movement is by alternating
contractions of the muscle layers
(peristalsis)
Esophagus
• Runs from pharynx to stomach through
the diaphragm( 25 cm)
• Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing): contraction
of circular layer above the food and
contraction of longitudinal below the
food
• Passageway for food only (respiratory
system branches off after the pharynx)
Esophagus
- The esophagus is posterior to the larynx
and trachea in the neck region and upper
thorax. It travels on the right side of the
descending aorta, passes through the
diaphragm, and connects with the
stomach.
-There are also inner circular and outer
longitudinal muscle layers.
- The upper third is skeletal muscle
(voluntary), middle third is mixed, and lower
third is smooth muscle (involuntary).
-esophagogastric junction is located
approximately at the level of the diaphragm.
Contractions of the diaphragm create sphincter-
like effects, preventing reflux of stomach acids
and content. The esophagogastric junction is a
functional, not anatomical, sphincter.
Peristalsis in Esophagus
Muscles contract
Muscles
contract, Muscles relax
Bolus of constricting
food passageway
and pushing
bolus down
Muscles relax,
allowing Muscles contract
passageway
to open
Muscles
Stomach relax
Stomach Anatomy
• Gastric pits
formed by
folded mucosa
• Glands and
specialized
cells are in the
gastric gland
region
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Peritoneum
• Is the largest serous membrane of the body consist of
mesothelium
• Divide into
1. Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of abdominopelvic
cavity internally
2. Visceral peritoneum: cover some oh the organs in the
cavity
3. The space between them contain fluid and called
peritoneal cavity this cavity may be accumulated by
several liters of fluid state called ascites
Membranes
Mesenteries - double sheets of peritoneum, surrounding and
suspending portions of the digestive
organs
Peritoneal folds
1. falciform ligament:- attach the liver to anterior abdominal
wall and diaphragm
2. Greater omentum - "fatty apron", hangs anteriorly from
stomach, double layer encloses fat
3. Lesser omentum - between stomach and liver
4. Mesentery proper - suspends and wraps the small intestine
5. Mesocolon - suspends and wraps the colon, parts are
i. transverse mesocolon
ii. sigmoid mesocolon
• Ascending and descending ,pancreas, first 2 parts of the
duodenum and kidneys are Retroperitoneal structure
peritoneum
Mesenteries
• Greater omentum
and transverse colon
reflected
Mesenteries
• Superficial view
of the abdominal
organs
Small Intestine
• Duodenum(25cm)
• Attached to the stomach
• Curves around the head of the pancreas
• Fixed retroperitoneal structure
• Jejunum (2.5m)
• Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
• Ileum (3.5m)
• Extends from jejunum to large intestine
Regions of Small Intestine
Small intestine
Duodenum and Related Organs
Liver
Bile
Gall-
bladder
Stomach
Bile
Pancreas
Acid chyme
Intestinal enzymes
Pancreatic
Duodenum of juice
small intestine
Chemical Digestion in the Small
Intestine
• Fingerlike
structures formed
by the mucosa
• Give the small
intestine more
surface area
Figure 14.7a
Figure 14.7c
• Absorptive cells
• Blood capillaries
• Lacteals (specialized
lymphatic capillaries)
Figure 14.7b
Figure 14.6
Figure 14.8
• Absorption of water
• Eliminates indigestible food from the
body as feces
• Does not participate in digestion of food
• Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a
lubricant
• Colon
• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
• S-shaped sigmoidal
• Rectum
• Anus – external body opening
• Retroperitoneal :compose
of head, body and tail
Gall bladder
Figure 14.6
• Peristalsis – alternating
waves of contraction
• Segmentation – moving
materials back and forth
to aid in mixing
Figure 14.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Processes of the Digestive System
• Mechanical digestion
• Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
• Churning of food in the stomach
• Segmentation in the small intestine
• Chemical Digestion
• Enzymes break down food molecules into
their building blocks
• Each major food group uses different
enzymes
• Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars
• Proteins are broken to amino acids
• Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Processes of the Digestive System
• Absorption
• End products of digestion are absorbed in
the blood or lymph
• Food must enter mucosal cells and then
into blood or lymph capillaries
• Defecation
• Elimination of indigestible substances as
feces
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Processes of the Digestive System
Slide
Control of Digestive Activity