Environment and Pollution Control

Course Code: AS 420 ; Credit: 02

Department: AMT & FDT

Chattogram BGMEA Institute of Fashion &

Technology (CBIFT)

Dr. Bijoy Sonker Barua

PhD, MPhil
 Industrial Waste

Industrial waste is defined as

waste generated by
manufacturing or industrial
processes.
The types of industrial waste
generated include cafeteria
garbage, dirt and gravel, masonry
and concrete, scrap metals, trash,
oil, solvents, chemicals, weed
grass and trees, wood and scrap
lumber, ashes, industrial effluent,
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and
similar wastes.
Therefore Industries, mills,
mining operations, power plants
etc. produce three kinds of
wastes - solid, liquid and gas.
Industrial pollution
Any form of pollution that can trace its immediate source to industrial
practices is known as industrial pollution. Most of the pollution on the
planet can be traced back to industries of some kind.
In fact, the issue of industrial pollution has taken on serious importance for
agencies trying to fight against environmental degradation.
Industrial pollution takes on many faces. It contaminates several sources
of drinking water, releases unwanted toxins into the air and reduces the
quality of soil all over the world.
Major environmental disasters have been caused due to industrial mishaps,
which have yet to be brought under control.
Industrial Pollution Facts

The activities causing pollution include:

 Burning coal
 Burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and petroleum
 Chemical solvents used in dyeing and tanning industries
 Untreated gas and liquid waste being released into the
environment
 Improper disposal of radioactive material.
Causes of Industrial Pollution

 Lack of Policies to Control Pollution.

 Unplanned Industrial Growth.
 Use of Outdated Technologies.
 Presence of a Large Number of Small Scale Industries.
 Inefficient Waste Disposal.
 Leaching of Resources From Our Natural World.
 Natural Resource Use.
Effects of Industrial Pollution on Our Environment

1. Water Pollution
2. Soil Pollution
3. Air Pollution
4. Wildlife Extinction
5. Global Warming
6. Biodiversity Loss
7. Atmospheric Deposition
Ways to Control or Reduce Industrial Pollution
The issue of industrial pollution is critical to every nation on the planet. With the
increase of the harmful effects of industrial pollution, there are many agencies
and individuals who are working to reduce carbon footprints and live and work in
an eco-friendly way.
Many steps can be taken to seek permanent solutions to the problem.
1. Source Control
Adopting new technology, efficient training of employees for safe use and
development of better technology for disposal of waste, and being more
conscientious about the use of raw materials can help control industrial pollution
at the source.
2. Recycling
Recycling as much polluted water in the
industries as possible by increased
recycling efforts to reduce industrial
pollution.

3. Cleaning of Resources
Organic methods should be adopted to
clean the water and soil, such as using
microbes that use heavy metals and waste
as feed naturally. Cooling rooms or baskets
need to be developed that allow industries
to recycle the water they need instead of
pushing it back into the natural water
source it came from.

4. Industry Site Selection

Consideration of location of the sites and
the potential impact on the surrounding
environment can help reduce harmful
consequences.
5. Proper Treatment of Industrial Waste
By developing and implementing adequate treatment facilities
for handling industrial waste and proper habits can reduce
pollution.

6. Rebuilding Habitats and Afforestation

Rebuilding habitats by planting more trees and plants can help
give wildlife back their homes, and the trees can help purify the
air with enough oxygen, and act as a shield against the
environment.
7. Stricter Laws and Enforcement
The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) works to correct the damage from
industrial pollution. There should be more
strict rules to take action against the
companies who do not follow proper
protocol and more significant rewards for
the companies who operate properly. It
requires creating policies that prevent
misuse of land.

8. Regular Environmental Impact

Assessments
Being a responsible company or industry
should require regular environmental
impact assessments that are reported for
evaluation. If there are harmful impacts
discovered during the review, necessary
actions to correct the negative
consequences should be developed and
enforced.
Industrial waste treatment

The principal objective of industrial waste treatment is generally to allow

industrial effluents, solid wastes and toxic gases to be disposed of
without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural
environment.

However, waste contains many harmful substances and cannot be

released back into the environment until it is treated. Thus, the
importance of waste treatment is twofold: to restore the water or other
materials supply and to protect the planet from toxins.
 Slug Discharge means any
Volume Reduction discharge of metal finishing
wastewater(s) capable of containing
In general, the first step in pollutant(s) at level(s) significantly
minimizing the effects of industrial above typical daily operations
wastes on receiving streams and and/or that could potentially
approach or exceed respective
treatment plants is to reduce the
effluent limitations.
volume of wastes.
This may be accomplished by:

1. Classifying wastes.
2. Conserving wastewater.
3. Changing production to decrease
wastes.
4. Reusing both industrial and
municipal effluents as raw water
supplies.
5. Eliminating batch or slug
discharges of process wastes.
1. Classification of Wastes:

If wastes are classified so that

manufacturing-process waters
are separated from cooling
waters, the volume of water
requiring intensive treatment
may be reduced considerably.
Sometimes it is possible to
classify and separate the
process waters themselves so
that only the most polluted ones
are treated and the relatively
uncontaminated ones are
discharged without treatment.

2. Conserving wastewater:
Water conservation is waste
saved. Conservation begins
when an industry changes
from an „open‟ to a „closed‟
system.
The drainage from wet pulp stock is
called white water, regardless of its
color or what stage of the process it
came from. A pulp and paper plant
can use up to 25,000 gallons of fresh
water to produce a ton of paper, so it
is imperative that plants recycle as
much white water as possible.

For example:
A paper mill that recycles
white water that passing
through a wire screen upon
which paper is formed and
thus reduces the volume of
wash waters it uses is
practicing water conservation.
3. Changing production to
decrease wastes:

Changing production to decrease

wastes is an effective method of
controlling the volume of wastes
but is difficult to put into
practice.
Several measures that can be
used to reduce wastes:

a) Improved process control,

b) Improved equipment design,
c) Use of different or higher
quality raw materials,
d) Good housekeeping, and
e) Preventative maintenance.
4. Reusing both industrial and municipal effluents as raw water
supplies:

Wastewater may be reused up to a dozen times or more before being

discharged to the sea. Practiced mainly in areas where water is expensive,
reusing industrial and municipal effluents for raw water supplies is proving
a popular and economical method of conservation. Sewage plant effluent
is the most reliable at all seasons of the year and the only one source that
is actually increasing in quantity and improving in quality.
5. Eliminating batch or slug
discharges of process wastes:

In „wet‟ manufacturing of a product, one

or more steps are sometimes repeated,
which results in production of a
significantly higher volume and strength
of waste during that period. If this waste
is discharged in a short period, it is
usually referred to as a slug discharge.

There are at least two methods:

a) The manufacturing firm can alter its

practice to increase the frequency
and lessen the magnitude of batch
dischargers; and
b) Slug waste can be retained in
holding basins from which they are
allowed to flow continuously and
uniformly over an extended (24
hours) period.
Conventional wastewater treatment processes
Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical,
chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter
and, sometimes, nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe
different degrees of treatment, in order of increasing treatment level, are
preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary and/or advanced wastewater
treatment.
1. Preliminary treatment: Removal of organic matter (physical)
2. Primary treatment: Removal of suspended solids (chemical, physical)
3. Secondary treatment: Removal of organic matter (biological)
4. Tertiary treatment: Removal of pathogens and nutrients (chemical,
photochemical, biological)
1. Preliminary treatment:
The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse (rough) solids and
other large materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is
necessary to enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment
units. Preliminary treatment operations typically include coarse screening, grit
(loose particles of stone or sand) removal and, in some cases, comminution
(crushing) of large objects. In grit chambers, the velocity of the water through the
chamber is maintained sufficiently high, or air is used, so as to prevent the settling
of most organic solids. Grit removal is not included as a preliminary treatment step
in most small wastewater treatment plants. Comminutors are sometimes adopted to
supplement coarse screening and serve to reduce the size of large particles so that
they will be removed in the form of a sludge in subsequent treatment processes.
2. Primary treatment:
The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and
inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float by
skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and
grease are removed during primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen, organic
phosphorus, and heavy metals associated with solids are also removed during
primary sedimentation but colloidal (sticky) and dissolved constituents are not
affected. The effluent from primary sedimentation units is referred to as primary
effluent.
In many industrialized countries, primary treatment is the minimum level of
preapplication treatment required for wastewater irrigation.
3. Secondary treatment:
The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from
primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In most
cases, secondary treatment follows primary treatment and involves the removal of
biodegradable (capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living
organisms) dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological
treatment processes. Aerobic biological treatment is performed in the presence of
oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (principally bacteria) that metabolize the
organic matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and
inorganic end-products (principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). Several aerobic biological
processes are used for secondary treatment differing primarily in the manner in
which oxygen is supplied to the microorganisms and in the rate at which
organisms metabolize the organic matter.
The microorganisms later separated from the treated wastewater by
sedimentation to produce clarified secondary effluent.
High-rate biological treatment processes, in combination with primary
sedimentation, typically remove 85 % of the BOD5 and SS originally present in
the raw wastewater and some of the heavy metals.
When coupled with a disinfection step, these processes can provide substantial
but not complete removal of bacteria and virus. However, they remove very
little phosphorus, nitrogen, non-biodegradable organics, or dissolved minerals.
4. Tertiary and/or advanced treatment:
Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific
wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment
must be removed. Individual treatment processes are necessary to remove
nitrogen, phosphorus, additional suspended solids, refractory
(unmanageable) organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids. Advanced
treatment usually follows high-rate secondary treatment, it is sometimes
referred to as tertiary treatment. However, advanced treatment processes are
sometimes combined with primary or secondary treatment.
An adaptation of the activated sludge process is often used to remove
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Effective disinfection of viruses is believed to be inhibited (prohibited) by
suspended and colloidal solids in the water, therefore these solids must be
removed by advanced treatment before the disinfection step. The sequence
of treatment often specified by chemical coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, and disinfection. This level of treatment is assumed to produce an
effluent free from detectable viruses.
Waste Management and Costing

Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and actions
required to manage waste from its beginning to its final disposal. This includes
the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with
monitoring and regulation of the waste management process. Waste can be
solid, liquid, or gaseous and each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including
industrial, biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to
human health. Health issues are associated throughout the entire process of
waste management. Waste management is also intended to reduce adverse
effects of waste on human health, the environment. A large portion of waste
management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk
of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.
Principles of waste management
Waste hierarchy (The waste management hierarchy indicates an order of
preference for action to reduce and manage waste)
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs“ Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which
classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of
waste minimization. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum
practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end
waste. The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic
principle is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of
waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste
that has been generated i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which includes
composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The
final action is disposal, in landfills or through burning without energy recovery.
Financial Model
Effective waste management is quite expensive, usually comprising 20%–
50% of municipal budgets. Moreover, World Bank finances and advises
on solid waste management projects using a diverse set of products and
services, including traditional loans, results-based financing, development
policy financing, and technical advisory. World Bank-financed waste
management projects usually address the entire lifecycle of waste right
from the point of generation to collection and transportation, and finally
treatment and disposal.
Full Cost Analysis (FCA) Procedure
The procedure for performing a FCA depends on the structure of a local
government solid waste budget, an FCA can generally be divided into five steps.
Step 1: Understand the Major Cost Centers of the Solid Waste Budget:
Generally a solid waste budget is divided into the following three cost centers or
service categories:
- Solid Waste Collection - Solid Waste Disposal – Recycling.
Other possible service categories include yard waste, household hazardous waste,
commercial waste, tires, and white goods.
Step 2: Allocate Line Item Costs to Appropriate Service Categories:
A detailed assessment of costs within each service category is performed.
Costs include these common budget line items:
- Wages and Benefits - Contracted Services
- Equipment Operations and Maintenance - Large Capital Expenditures
- Educational Materials
When staff, equipment, and other resources fall into two or more categories,
costs can be allocated between service categories by at least two methods:
(1) the percentage of time dedicated to each use or (2) the percentage of tons
managed by each program.
Step 3: Annualize Large Capital Expenditures:
Items such as equipment and fixed assets often have many years of useful life;
therefore, their costs should be allocated (“annualized” or “depreciated”) over
those years. This approach includes annualizing landfill start-up and closure costs.
The annualized costs should be allocated to relevant service categories identified
in Step 2.
Step 4: Aggregate Detailed Costs Into Total Program Costs:
Line item costs are totaled for each service category.
Step 5: Determine Metrics to Measure Program Efficiency:
Cost per ton or cost per household are two commonly used metrics; this study
analyzes budgets according to both per-ton and per-household metrics.
Cost of Collection and Disposal (US$/ton)