BE (Civil Engineering)

Reinforced Concrete Design-II

(CE 405)

Prestressed Concrete Beam

Analysis

Prof. Dr. Asad-ur-Rehman Khan/

Asst. Prof. Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Before Prestressing
Fi → Initial Jacking Force Fi

After Prestressing
(Stage I: Immediate after the transfer of Prestressed force → Unloaded Condition)

or WD
Moment due to
self weight (Msw
or MD) will be
F0 → Fi - Immediate losses used

F0 F0
(Stage II: Service Stage(when all loads are applied after all losses→ Loaded Condition)

Total service load = Wt = Wor WDL

D +W
Total Moment due to
self weight and other
super imposed loads
(Msw and MD) plus live
Fe = ηF0 (After all losses) load will be used

F Fe
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Before Prestressing
Fi → Initial Jacking Force Fi

Immediate Losses
Fi Fi×𝑒𝑒 2 Msw ×𝑒𝑒
1. Total Elastic Shortening = Fi –F0 ES = – A + I n Asp + n Asp
c g I g
2. Friction Loss = Fx = Fi (1+µα+Kx)-1 or Fx = Fi ×e(µα+Kx)
3. Anchorage Slip Loss = Δfs (anchorage slip)= ΔεAS×Es = (ΔL/L)×Es
Jacking force, which is immediately transferred to the prestressed member is
called “F0”, which is obtained after subtracting the Immediate losses from the
initial jacking force “Fi”.

i.e. F0 =Initial jacking force (Fi) − Immediate losses

 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
After Prestressing
(Stage I: Immediate after the transfer of Prestressed force → Unloaded Condition)
Analysis Procedure ator
Transfer
WD Stage
Moment due to
self weight (Msw
1. Initial jacking force (Fi) will be used to estimate orthe
MD)losses.
will be
F0 → Fi - Immediate losses used
2. Once the losses are estimated. Deduct them from Initial
jacking
F0 force (Fi) to obtain prestressing force at F transfer
0
(F0) F F ×𝑒𝑒
ftop= − 0 + 0 ×Ytop − sw ×Ytop
M ftop ≤ fti=+3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
3. Use F0 to compute A Istresses
g (ftopIg , fbottom)
(Stage II: Service Stage(when all loads are applied after all losses→ Loaded Condition)
4. Use Msw as the moment due to girder Tension
self weight
5. Once stresses Total(fservice
, f
top bottom load ) = W
are W or+
computed.
t= D
W W DL Compare TotalCompression
Moment due to
them
self weight and other
with the allowable stresses. super imposed loads
(Msw and MD) plus live
′
6. The stress ftop should Fe = ηFbe lessallthan
0 (After losses)the allowable load
Compression
fti = +3
will be 𝑓𝑓
used𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Tension
and
Fe the′ stress fbottom should be less
F0 × 𝑒𝑒
than the M
allowable
F e
𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
F0 ′ sw
− 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , where,− A𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is the compressive
−
Ig
×Y bottom
+
strength
Ig
×Ybottom
of concrete
′ ′
atf any=no. Fof the
F day.
×𝑒𝑒 For 28
M days, 𝑓𝑓
×Ybottom𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= 𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐 f
bottom − −
A
0 0
Ig
×Ybottom + sw
Ig bottom ≥ fci = −0.6 𝑓𝑓 ′
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Prestress Concrete Beam Analysis Stages
After Prestressing
Stage 2: Service Stage (when all external loads are applied to the beam section,
i.e. when Beam section starts offering its services. This stage is also called
“Loaded Condition”
Fe Fe × 𝑒𝑒 M𝑡𝑡
ftop= − + ×Ytop − I ×Ytop ≥ −fcs = − 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
A Ig g

Fe Fe×𝑒𝑒 M𝑡𝑡
fbottom= − − ×Ybottom + ×Ybottom ≤ fts = + 6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
A Ig Ig
1. Effective prestressing force (Fe) will be used.
Compression at top
2. Stresses (f top, fbottom ) are Dead
Service compared
and with allowable stresses.
live load
3. The stress ftop should be less than the allowable fcs = −0.45 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
and the stress fbottom should be less than the allowable
fts = +6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′. Where, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the compressive strength of concrete
at 28 days
4. M𝑡𝑡 is the total moment due to self weigh and all superimposed
loadings including superimposed
Tension dead and live load
at bottom
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Classification of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members
The ACI Code, Section 11.3, divided prestressed concrete members into three
classes based on the computed extreme tensile fiber stress, ft, in the tension
zone at service load as follows:

1. Class U (uncracked section), with ft ≤ 7.5 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ . In this uncracked concrete

section, the gross section properties are used to check deflection at service
load. No cracks will develop in this section and no skin reinforcement is
needed.
2. Class T (section in the transition zone), with 7.5 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ < ft ≤12 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ . This
type of section has a tensile stress in concrete higher than the modulus of
rupture of concrete, fr =7.5 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ , producing a case between uncracked and
cracked sections. In this case, the gross section properties are used to
check stresses, while the cracked section bilinear section is used to
calculate deflection. No skin reinforcement is needed in the tension zone.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Classification of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members
3. Class C (cracked section), with ft >12 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ . The tensile stress in the
section exceeds 1.6 times the modulus of rupture. Therefore, cracks will
develop as in the case of partially prestressed concrete members. In this
case a cracked section properties should be used to check stresses,
cracking, and deflection. Crack control provisions and skin reinforcement
should be used as provided for reinforced concrete members with the
effective depth of d >36 in.

Distribution of stresses in beams with varying amounts of prestressed and

nonprestressed reinforcement.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limitations of Codes and Standards
Situation ACI 318-11 AASHTO 1996

Stress in concrete under

0.6f ’C (Pre-tension)
compression immediately after
0.6f ’C 0.55f ’C(Post-Tension)
pre-stress transfer (before time
dependent losses)

3 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
Tensile Stress 7.5 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

Stresses at Service

0.4f ’C
under compression
0.6f ’C

7.5 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 Class U

Tensile Stress 6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 two-way slab 6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
system Class U
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limitations of Codes and Standards
The allowable stresses in concrete according to the ACI Code, Section 18.4,
are as follows.
1. Stresses after prestress transfer and before prestress losses:
a. Maximum compressive stress of 0.6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
b. Maximum compressive stress at ends of simply supported 0.7 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
c. Maximum tensile stress (experts as permitted below in d) of 3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖′
d. Maximum tensile stress at the ends of simply supported members
of 6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖′ where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′ is the strength of concrete at transfer.
If the maximum tensile stresses are exceeded in c or d, then reinforcement
must be provided in the tensile zone to resist the total tensile force in
concrete (based on uncracked gross section).
2. Stresses at service loads after all losses (for class U and class T) are as
follows: Maximum compressive stress of 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′due to prestresses plus
sustained loads and of 6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′ due to prestress plus total load.
3. These stresses may be exceeded if it is shown by tests or analysis that
performance is satisfactory.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Allowable Stresses in the Prestressing Steel
Prestressing steel used in prestressed concrete must be of high-
strength quality, usually of ultimate strength, fpu, of 250 to 270
ksi. High-strength steel is necessary to permit high elongation
and to maintain a permanent sufficient prestress in the concrete
after the inelastic shortening of the concrete.
The allowable stresses in prestressing steel according to the ACI
Code, Section 18.5, are as follows:
1. Maximum stress due to tendon jacking force must not exceed
the smaller of 0.8fpu or 0.94fpy. (The smaller value must not
exceed that stress recommended by the manufacturer of
tendons or anchorages.)
2. Maximum stress in pretensioned tendons immediately after
transfer must not exceed the smaller of 0.74 fpu or 0.82fpy.
3. Maximum stress in posttensioning tendons after tendon is
anchored is 0.70fpu.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
KERN POINT/ KERN LIMITS
F F ×𝑒𝑒 M
ftop= − A0 + 0I ×Ytop − Isw ×Ytop ≤ fti = +3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
g g
F0 F0×𝑒𝑒 Msw
fbottom= − − ×Ybottom + ×Ybottom ≥ −fci = − 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
A Ig Ig
In beam, there are two kern points:
1- Bottom or lower Kern Point
2- Top or upper Kern Point

Bottom or Lower Kern point is that point where when

prestressing force (F0) is transferred/applied then top fiber stresses
(ftop) becomes zero.
Top or Upper Kern point is that point where when prestressing
force (F0) is applied then bottom fiber stresses (fbottom) becomes
zero.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)

Thus, in the case of

bottom kern (denoted
by Kb), the stress
distribution is triangular,
with maximum
compressive stress at the
extreme bottom fibers.
The stress at the top
fibers is
F0 F0×𝑒𝑒
ftop= − + ×Ytop = 0
A Ig
Ig
e = Kb = Lower Kern = A×Y
Kb top
F0 F0×𝑒𝑒 M
ftop= − + ×Ytop − Isw ×Ytop ≤ fti = +3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
A Ig g
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Similarly, in the case of
Top/ Upper kern Point,
the eccentricity e’ is
denoted by Kt, the stress
distribution is triangular,
with maximum
compressive stress at the
extreme top fibers. The
stress at the bottom
fibers is
F0 F0×𝑒𝑒′
fbottom= − + ×Ybottom = 0
A Ig
Ig
e' = Kt = Upper Kern = A×Y
Kt bottom

F0 F0×𝑒𝑒′ Msw
fbottom= − − ×Ybottom + ×Ybottom ≥ −fci = − 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
A Ig Ig
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limiting Values of Eccentricity
F0 F0×𝑒𝑒 Msw
ftop= − + ×Ytop − I ×Ytop ≤ fti = +3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
A Ig g

F0×𝑒𝑒 F0 Msw
Ig ×Ytop≤ fti + A + Ig ×Ytop

Ig F0 Msw
𝑒𝑒 ≤ F ×Y fti + A + I ×Ytop
0 top g

Ig Ig
Since, Kb = A×Y , thus Ytop = K ×A . SubstituteYtop value in above equation,
top b
then
f ×A×K M
𝑒𝑒 ≤ ti F b + Kb + Fsw
0 0

This value of e represents the maximum eccentricity based on the top fibers,
unloaded condition.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limiting Values of Eccentricity
Similarly,
F0 F0×e Msw
fc, bottom= − A − ×Ybottom + I ×Ybottom ≥ −fci = − 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′
Ig g

F0×𝑒𝑒 F0 Msw
Ig ×Ybottom ≤ fci− A + Ig ×Ybottom
Ig F0 Msw
𝑒𝑒 ≤ fci − + ×Ybottom
F0 × Ybottom A Ig
Ig Ig
Since, Kt = A×Y , thusYbottom = K ×A . SubstituteYbottom value in above
bottom t
equation, then
fci×A×Kt Msw
𝑒𝑒 ≤ − Kt +
F0 F0
This value of e represents the maximum eccentricity based on the bottom
fibers, unloaded condition. The two maximum values of e should be calculated
from the preceding equations and the smaller value used.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limiting Values of Eccentricity
Fe Fe×𝑒𝑒 Mt
ftop= − + ×Ytop − I ×Ytop ≥ −fcs= − 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
A Ig g

ηF0 ×𝑒𝑒 ηF0 Mt

Ig ×Ytop ≥ −fcs + A + Ig ×Ytop

Ig ηF0 Mt
𝑒𝑒 ≥ ηF ×Y −fcs + A + I ×Ytop
0 top g

Ig Ig
Since, Kb = A×Y , thus Ytop = K ×A . SubstituteYtop value in above equation,
top b
then
−f ×A×K M
𝑒𝑒 ≥ csηF b + Kb + ηFt
0 0

This value of e represents the maximum eccentricity based on the top fibers,
loaded condition.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limiting Values of Eccentricity
Similarly,
Fe Fe×e Mt
fc, bottom= − A − ×Ybottom + I ×Ybottom ≤ fts = + 6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
Ig g

ηF0 ×𝑒𝑒 ηF0 Mt

− I ×Ybottom ≤ − fts − A + I ×Ybottom
g g

Ig ηF0 Mt
𝑒𝑒 ≥ −fts − + ×Ybottom
ηF0 × Ybottom A Ig
Ig Ig
Since, Kt = A×Y , thusYbottom = K ×A . SubstituteYbottom value in above
bottom t
equation, then
fts×A×Kt Mt
𝑒𝑒 ≥ − − Kt+
ηF0 ηF0
This value of e represents the maximum eccentricity based on the bottom
fibers, loaded condition. The two maximum values of e should be calculated
from the preceding equations and the smaller value used.
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limiting Values of the Eccentricity at Transfer (F0)

fti×A×Kb Msw fci×A×Kt Msw

𝑒𝑒 ≤ F0 + Kb + F0 𝑒𝑒 ≤
F0
− Kt +
F0

Limiting Values of the Eccentricity at Service (Fe)

Considering that Fe=ηF0, where η represents the ratio of the net
prestressing force after all losses, above equations can be rewritten as
follows:
fc, top= − ηF0 + ηF0× 𝑒𝑒 ×Ytop − I 𝑡𝑡 ×Ytop ≥ −fcs = − 0.45𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
M
A Ig g

fc, bottom= − ηF0 + ηF0×𝑒𝑒 ×Ybottom + MI𝑡𝑡×𝑒𝑒 ×Ybottom ≤ fts = + 6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′

A Ig g

Mt fcs×A×Kb Mt fts×A×Kt
𝑒𝑒 ≥ Kb + ηF − ηF 𝑒𝑒 ≥ −Kt + −
0 0 ηF0 ηF0

where Mt is the moment due to dead and live loads= (MD or Msw +ML)
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Limiting Values of the Prestressing Force at Transfer (F0)
Considering that Fe=η× F0 , where η represents the ratio of the net
prestressing force after all losses. At transfer stage, using the limiting
values of eccentricity as calculated previously, the limiting values of
Prestressing force at transfer can be estimated as follows:
MD MD
fti×A×Kb Msw fci×A×Kt Msw
𝑒𝑒 ≤ F0 + Kb + F0 𝑒𝑒 ≤
F0
− Kt +
F0
MD MD
(𝑒𝑒 − Kb )F0≤ fti×A×Kb+Msw 1 (𝑒𝑒 + Kt )F0≤fci×A×Kt+Msw 2

M f ×A×K Mt fts×A×Kt
𝑒𝑒 ≥ Kb + ηFt − cs ηF b 𝑒𝑒 ≥ −Kt + −
0 0 ηF0 ηF0
MD +ML MD +ML
(𝑒𝑒 − Kb )ηF0≥ Mt − fcs×A×Kb (𝑒𝑒 + Kt )ηF0≥ Mt − fts×A×Kt
MD ML fcs×A×Kb MD ML fts×A×Kt
(𝑒𝑒 − Kb ) F0 ≥ + − 3 (𝑒𝑒 + Kt )F0 ≥ + − 4
η η η η η η
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Subtract Eq. (1) from Eq. (4) to get
(𝑒𝑒 − Kb )F0 ≤ fti×A×Kb+MD 1 (𝑒𝑒 + Kt ) F0 ≥
MD ML fts×A×Kt
+ − 4
η η η
1 ML fts×A×Kt
(Kb + Kt ) F0 ≥ MD − 1 + η − − fti×A×Kb
η η
1 M f ×A×K 5
OR F0 ≥ (K +K ) MD 1 − 1 + ηL − ts η t − fti×A×Kb
b t η
Similarly, subtract Eq. (3) from Eq. (2) to get
MD ML fcs×A×Kb
(𝑒𝑒 − Kb ) F0 ≥ η + η − η 3 (𝑒𝑒 + Kt ) F0 ≤ fci×A×Kt+MD 2

1 1 ML fcs ×A×Kb
F0 ≤ MD 1 − − + + fci×A×Kt 6
(Kb + Kt) η η η
This value of F0 represents the maximum value of prestressing force at transfer
without exceeding the allowable stresses under loaded and unloaded conditions.
Subtracting Eq. (5) from Eq. (6) to get
1 ML fcs fts
2MD 1 − + η + fti + η ×A×Kt + fci + η ×A×Kt ≥ 0
η
This equation indicates that (maximum F0) − (minimum F0) ≥ 0. If this equation is
checked for any given section and proved to be satisfactory, then the section is adequate.
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)
Example 19.4

A pretensioned simply supported beam of the section shown in Figure is to be

used on a span of 48 ft. The beam made with normal-weight concrete must carry
a dead load of 900 lb/ft (excluding its own weight), which will be applied at a
later stage, and a live load of 1100 lb/ft. Assuming that prestressing steel is made
of 20 tendons that are 7/16in. in diameter, with Es =29×106 psi, fi =175 ksi, and
ultimate strength fpu =250 ksi, it is required to do the following:

1. Determine the location of the upper and lower limits of the tendon profile
(centroid of the prestressing steel) for the section at midspan and for three
other sections between the midspan section and the beam end.
2. Locate the tendon to satisfy these limits by harping some of the tendons at
one-third points of the span. Check the limiting values of the prestressing
force at transfer.
3. Revise the prestress losses, taking into consideration the chosen profile of
the tendons and the variation of the eccentricity “e”.

Use fci (at transfer) = 4 ksi, fc’ =5 ksi, Ec = 4000 ksi, and Eci =3600 ksi.
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Ytop

Asp = 20 × 0.1089 in2 = 2.178 in2 Ybottom

Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

fi
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

f. Prestress stresses are

𝑓𝑓0 = 175 − 7 = 168 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (at transfer)
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 = 175 − 34.4 = 140.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 = η𝑓𝑓0
𝜂𝜂 = 1 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
= 140.6/168 = 0.837

𝐹𝐹0 = 𝑓𝑓0 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 168 × 2.178

= 365.9 𝐾𝐾

𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = η𝐹𝐹0 = 0.837 × 365.904

= 306.3 𝐾𝐾
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Step 3. Limiting values of eccentricity, e, at midspan

Calculate the allowable stresses and moments.

At transfer,
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′ = 4000 psi,
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.6 × 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′ = 0.6 × 4000 = 2400 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, and
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 = 3 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐′ = 3 × 4000 = 190 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

At service,
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 5000 psi,
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.45 × 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ =0.45 × 5000 = 2250 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, and
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 6 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 6 × 5000 = 424 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
 Self weight moment (MD), total moment (Mt) and live load moment (ML)

1. Self weight = WD = 150 pcf × A = 150 pcf /1000 × 372 in2/144 =0.3875 k/ft → 0.388 k/ft
2. Total load = Wt = self weight + superimposed dead and live load
= 0.388 + 0.9 + 1.1= 2.388 k/ft

x =3 ft
x =8 ft
x =16 ft
RA x =24 ft

x (ft) Msw or MD (k-in) Mt ML

(k-in) (k-in)
24 1339.2 8251.2 6912
16 1190.4 7334.4 6144
8
744 4584 3840
3
313.875 1933.875 1620
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Step 3. Limiting values of eccentricity

Limiting Values of the Eccentricity at Transfer (F0)

fti×A×Kb Msw
𝑒𝑒 ≤ + Kb + 1
F0 F0

fci×A×Kt Msw
𝑒𝑒 ≤ − Kt + 2
F0 F0

Limiting Values of the Eccentricity at Service (Fe= ηF0 )

M f ×A×K
𝑒𝑒 ≥ Kb + ηFt − cs ηF b 3
0 0

Mt fts×A×Kt
𝑒𝑒 ≥ −Kt + − 4
ηF0 ηF0
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Step 3. Limiting values of eccentricity

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Step 3. Limiting values of eccentricity

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

x At transfer (e) 𝑒𝑒 ≤ At service (e) 𝑒𝑒 ≥

(ft) Eq. (1) Eq. (2) Eq. (3) Eq. (4)
24 14.9// 16.1// 14.9// 10.7// 13.9// 13.9//
16 14.5// 15.6// 14.5// 7.7// 11.0// 11.0//
8 13.3// 14.4// 13.3// -1.3// 1.9// 1.9//
3 12.1// 13.3// 12.1// -10.0// -6.7// -6.7//
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

The tendon profile is shown in Fig. 19.6b. The

eccentricity chosen at midspan is e = 14.5 in., which is
adequate for section B at 8 ft. from midspan. The
centroid of the prestressing steel is horizontal between
A and B and then harped linearly between B and the
end section at E. The eccentricities at sections C and D
are calculated by establishing the slope of line BE,
which is 14.5/16 = 0.91 in/ft. The eccentricity at C is
7.25 in. and at D it is 2.72 in. The tendon profile
chosen satisfies the upper and lower limits of the
eccentricity at all sections.
Harping of tendons is performed as follows:
a. Place the 20 tendons ( 7/16 in. diameter) within the middle
third of the beam at spacings of 2 in., as shown in Fig. 19.6a.
To calculate the actual eccentricity at midspan section, take
moments for the number of tendons about the base line of the
section:
Distance from base= 1/20 (16 × 5 + 4 × 11) = 6.2 in.
e (midspan) = 𝑦𝑦𝑏𝑏 - 6.2 in. = 20.8 - 6.2 = 14.6 in.

which is close to the 14.5 in. assumed. If the top two tendons
are placed at 3 in. from the row below them, then the distance
from the base becomes 1/20 (16 × 5 + 2 × 10 + 2 × 13) = 6.3
in. The eccentricity becomes 20.8 - 6.3 = 14.5 in., which is
equal to the assumed eccentricity. Practically, all tendons may
be left at 2 in. spacing by neglecting the difference of 0.1 in.
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Centroid
e = 0.28//
e = 14.6//

Y/
b. Harp the central 12 tendons only. The distribution of tendons
at the end section is shown in Fig. 19.6a. To check the
eccentricity of tendons, take moments about the centroid of the
concrete section for the 12 tendons at top and the eight tendons
left at bottom:
𝑒𝑒 = 1/20 (8 × 14.5 − 12 × 9.2) = 0.28 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.

This value of 𝑒𝑒 is small and adequate. The actual eccentricity at

3 ft from the end section is

𝑒𝑒 = 3/16 (14.5 − 0.28) + 0.28 = 2.95 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. ≅ (3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. )

The actual eccentricity at 8ft from the end section is

1
𝑒𝑒 = (14.5 − 0.28) + 0.28 = 7.4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.
2
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

F0: F0 F0

F0

F0 F0

F0

F0
 A = 372 in2
Kb = 9.4 in.
Kt = 8.6in.
F0 ≥ 346.3 k Ig= 66,862in4
Asp = 2.178 in2
fti = 0.19 ksi
fci = 2.4 ksi
F0≤ 475.1 k fcs = 2.25 ksi
fts = 0.424 ksi
η = 0.837

x (ft) Msw or MD Mt ML F0 ≥ F0 ≤
(k-in) (k-in) (k-in)
24 1339.2 8251.2 6912 346.3 k 475.1 k

Actual F0 = f0× Asp = 168 ksi × 2.178 in2 = 365.9 k

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Check prestress losses,

recalling that 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 175 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 2.178 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2

𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = 2.178 × 175 = 381 𝐾𝐾

𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 = 4000 ksi, 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = 29000 ksi

𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 29
𝑛𝑛 = = = 7.25 ≅ 7
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 4
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 at midspan = 1341 K-in.

𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 + 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) × 2/3

𝐹𝐹0 =
1 𝑒𝑒 2
1 + (𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) +
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

The value of 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 due to the distributed dead load is multiplied

by 2/3 to reflect the parabolic variation of the dead load stress
along the span, giving a better approximation of 𝐹𝐹0 .
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Stress due to dead load at the level of the tendons is

1341 × 10.56
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = = 0.212 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
66862

381 + 7 × 2.178 × 0.212 × 2/3

𝐹𝐹0 = = 358 𝐾𝐾
1 111.5
1 + (7 × 2.178) +
372 66862

Elastic loss is 381 - 358 = 23 K = 6.1%. This value is greater

than the assumed elastic loss of 4%.
Elastic loss per unit steel area = 23/ 2.178 = 10.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑓𝑓0 per unit steel area = 358/2.178 = 164.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Loss due to relaxation of steel is 7 ksi (as before).

Time-dependent losses equal 8.7 + 10.4 + 7 = 26.1 ksi, for a
percentage loss of 26.1/164.4 = 15.8%, which is very close to
the previously estimated value of 15.7%.
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Prestress stresses are

𝑓𝑓0 = 175 − 10.6 = 164.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (at transfer)
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 = 175 − 36.7 = 138.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 = η𝑓𝑓0
η = 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 /𝑓𝑓0
= 138.3/164.4 = 0.841
η = 1 - time dependent losses ratio
η = 1 - 26.1/164.4 = 1-0.158
η = 0.842

𝐹𝐹0 = 358 𝐾𝐾
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = η𝐹𝐹0 = 0.841 × 358
= 301.1 𝐾𝐾
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

The ACI Code requires that the moment due to the factored
service loads, 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 , must not exceed ∅𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 , the flexural
strength of the designed cross-section.
For the case of a tension-controlled, prestressed concrete
beam, failure begins when the steel stress exceeds the yield
strength of steel used in the concrete section. The high-
tensile prestressing steel will not exhibit a definite yield
point, such as that of the ordinary mild steel bars used in
reinforced concrete. But under additional increments of load,
the strain in the steel increases at an accelerated rate, and
failure occurs when the maximum compressive strain in the
concrete reaches a value of 0.003
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

Rectangular Sections
The nominal moment capacity of a rectangular section may
be determined as follows:
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

In the event that 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 > 0.32𝛽𝛽1 , a compression-controlled,
prestressed concrete beam may develop. To ensure a ductile
failure, 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 is limited to a maximum value of 0.32𝛽𝛽1 . For
𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 = 0.32𝛽𝛽1 , 𝑎𝑎 = 0.377𝛽𝛽1 𝑑𝑑, Substituting this value of 𝑎𝑎 in
Eq. 19.38,
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

Flanged Sections
For flanged sections (T- or I-sections), if the stress block
depth 𝑎𝑎 lies within the flange, it will be treated as a
rectangular section. If 𝑎𝑎 lies within the web, then the web
may be treated as a rectangular section using the web width,
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 , and the excess flange width (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 ) will be treated
similarly to that of reinforced concrete T-sections. The
design moment strength of a flanged section can be
calculated as follows:

𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛1 (moment strength of the web) + 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛2 (moment

strength of excess flange)
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

Note that the total prestressed steel, 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 , is divided into two
parts, 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 , developing the web and flange moment
capacity.
For flanged sections, the reinforcement index, 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤 , must not
exceed 0.32𝛽𝛽1 for tension-controlled sections, where
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

Nonprestressed Reinforcement

In some cases, nonprestressed reinforcing bars ( 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ) are

placed in the tension zone of a prestressed concrete flexural
member together with the prestressing steel (𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) to increase
the moment strength of the beam. In this case, the total steel
(𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ) is considered in the moment analysis. For
rectangular sections containing prestressed and
nonprestressed steel, the design moment strength, ∅𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 , may
be computed as follows:
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

Also, 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 and 𝑑𝑑 are the distances from extreme compression

fibers to the centroid of the prestressed and nonprestressed
steels, respectively. For flanged sections,
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

When prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement are used in
the same section, Eq. 19.39 should read as follows:

(ACI Code, Eq. 18.3). If any compression reinforcement is

taken into account when calculating 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠 , the term

must be greater than or equal to 0.17 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑 must be less than
or equal to 0.15𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 ,
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

where 𝑑𝑑, 𝑑𝑑′ , and 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 , are the distances from the extreme
compression fibers to the centroid of the nonprestressed
tension steel, compression steel, and prestressed reinforcement,
respectively,
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY

 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

For the beam of previous Example, check the design strength

against the ACI Code requirements.
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)
 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams (Example)

Calculate the external factored moment due to dead and live

loads.

Dead load = self-weight + additional dead load

= 0.388 + 0.9 = 1.29 𝐾𝐾/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

Live load = 1.1 𝐾𝐾/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐷 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 1.29 + 1.6 × 1.1 = 3.308 𝐾𝐾/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙 2 3.308 × 402

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = = = 952.7 𝐾𝐾. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
8 8
This external moment is less than the factored moment capacity
of the section of 1132.7 𝐾𝐾. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓; therefore, the section is adequate.