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JIMMA UNIVERSITY
jimma institute of technology
faculty of computing and informatics
department of information technology
NAME TAKELIGN GIRMA

JIT

Id number RU 0838/10
1.Different state full and state less server.

 State full server.

 Maintain client state information from one remote procedure call to the text.
 In state full, server is required to maintain the current state and session information.
 Remember client data or state from one request to next.
 Do store session state.
 Programming is harder to code.
 Operation are open, read, write, seek, close.
 Efficient is more because client not full provide information every time they perform
an operation.
 Crash recovery difficult due to loss information.
 Information transfer is less data when client request or send.
 State less server.
 Does not maintain any client state information.
 In state less, server is not needed to keep server information or session details to
itself.
 Do not remember state information.
 Does not store session state or not keep state information.
 Programming is straightforward to code.
 Operation read and write.
 Efficient is less because information needs to be provided.
 Crash recovery easily because there is no state that must be restored.
 Transfer information complete file name in each client request.

2. What is an operating system.

 An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer

hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management, handling input and output,
and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
 important types of operating systems which are most commonly used.

Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user
prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The
programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs
with similar requirements into batches.

Time-sharing operating systems

Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a.
particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension
of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is
termed as time-sharing.

The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is
that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use,
whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.

Distributed operating System

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and
multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as
high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These
processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

Network operating System

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary
purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among
multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to
other networks.

 Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

Memory Management

Processor Management

Device Management
 File Management

Security

Control over system performance

Job accounting

Error detecting aids

Coordination between other software and users

Example popular Operating Systems include Linux, Windows, OS X, VMS,

OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

3. What is RPC?

 Stand for" Remote Procedure Call”.

 It’s a protocol that one program can use to request a service from a program
located in another computer on a network without having to understand the
network details.
 Remote procedure call is a technique for building distributed system. Its specially
well suited for client -server (query -response) interaction in which the flow of
control alternate between caller and calling the client server do not execute at the
same time.
 RPC is not transport protocol rather, its method of using existing communication
features in transparent way.
 Its allow a program on one machine to call a subroutine on another machine without
knowing that is remote.
 Remote procedure call is a request -response protocol. Its initiated by the client
which send request massage to a known remote server to execute a specified
procedure then send response to client, and the application continues its process.

4. What is distributed system?

 Distributed system is a system whose component are located on different networked

computer which communicate and coordinate their action by passing message to one
another.
 It’s also known as distributed computing, is a system with multiple component located
on different machine that communicate and coordinate action in order to appear as a is
single coherent system to the end user.
  Distributed system contains multiple node that are physically separate but linked to
gathered using network. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and
function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on
 type of distributed system in arranged form.
i) Client -server system: client request resource and server a response or provide
resources for client. Server may serve multiple client at the same time but client
serve one server at the same time. Both that client and server communicate through
computer network.
ii) Peer to peer system: its contain node that are equal participate in data sharing. All
task are equally divided among all nodes. Nodes interact each other to sharing
resources using network. Example sharing file and printer.

Example internet, WWW, intranet, telecommunication network like

telephone network and cell network.

5. Explain what middleware is and its role.

 Middleware is software which lies between an operating system and applications

running on it. It permits communication and data management for distributed
application by operating system as hidden translation layer.
 Its software that provide Common service and capabilities to application outside of what
offered by the operating system.
 Its sit in middle system that enable multiple system communicate each other.
 Data management, application service, messaging, authentication and API management
are commonly handled by middleware.
 Role of middleware
 Enable and ease access to those back -end resource.
 Clustering software allows independent computer to work together.
 Support seamless access to remote service.
 Interoperating between software components or distribution transaction
execution.
 Middleware program provide message service for application to transfer data.
Example of middleware are
Database middleware,
Application -server middleware,
Messaging - oriented middleware,
Transaction -processing and so on.
6. Explain the difference between network and distributed operating system?

 Network operating system:

 A network operating system is made up of software and associated protocols that
allow a set of computer network to be used together.
 Environment users are aware of multiplicity of machines.
 Provide network related to functionality.
 Control over file placement is done manually by the user.
 Communication take place on basis functionally.
 NOS is computer operating system designed primarily to workstation, personal
computer and in some instance older terminal that are connected to local network.
 Not depending on centralized location operation but depend distribute location of
operation that run multiple CPU but work ss single system.
 Performance is badly affected if certain part of the hardware starts malfunctioning.
.
 Remote resources are accessed by either logging into the desired remote machine or
transferring data from the remote machine to user's own machines.
 Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.

 Distributed operating system:

 A distributed operating system is an ordinary centralized operating system but runs on

multiple independent CPUs.
 Environment users are not aware of multiplicity of machines.
 Connect multiple independent computer via network to perform task as single
computer.
 It can be done automatically by the system itself.
 Communication take place on basis passing message and shared memory.
 DOS is an ordinary centralized operating system but run on independent CPU each
computer run as global distributed OS.
 Dependency on a central location for most operations.
 It is more reliable or fault tolerant that is distributed operating system performs even if
certain part of the hardware starts malfunctioning.
 Users access remote resources in the same manner as they access local resources.
 Example of distributed operating system are Amoeba, Unix, google, transaction process
etc.

7. Explain the goal of distributed system.

The important goals that should be met for an efficient distributed system are as follows:

1. Connecting Users and Resources:

The main goal of a distributed system is to make it easy for users to acces remote resourses and
to share them with others in a controlled way.

It is cheaper to le a printer be shared by several users than buying and maintaining printers for
each user.

Collaborating and exchanging information can be made easier by connecting users and
resource.

2. Transparency:

It is important for a distributed system to hide the location of its process and resource. A
distributed system that can portray itself as a single system is said to be transparent.

The various transparencies need to be considered are access, location, migration, relocation,
replication, concurrency, failure and persistence.

Aiming for distributed transparency should be considered along with performance issues.

3. Openness:

Openness is an important goal of distributed system in which it offers services according to

standard rules that describe the syntax and semantics of those services.

Open distributed system must be flexible making it easy to configure and add new components
without affecting existing components.

An open distributed system must also be extensible.

4. Scalable:

Scalability is one of the most important goals which are measured along three different
dimensions.
First, a system can be scalable with respect to its size which can add more user and resources to
a system.

Second, users and resources can be geographically apart.

Third, it is possible to manage even if many administrative organizations are.

5. Reliability and availability: A few parts of the system down without distributing people using
the other parts.

8. Discuss category of distributed system based on hardware organization.

 All distributed system consists multiple CPU, several different way hardware can be
organized, especially in terms how they are interconnect and communication.
a) Tightly -Coupled OS.
 Shared memory.
 Shared memory machine, the n processor shared physical address space.
 Communication can be done through shared memory.
 Manages multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputer.
 Provide local service to remote client via remote logging.
 Data transfer from remote OS to local OS via file transfer protocol.
 Network operating system.

2. Loosely -Coupled OS.

 Private memory machine: each processor has its own local memory.
 Communication can be done through message passing.
 Manages heterogeneous multi computer distributed system.
 Similar to "local access feel "as non distributed standalone OS.
 Data migration or computation migration modes (entire process or thread) .
 Distributed operation system.

9. Explain network classification based on geographic distance.

 Network are frequently classified according to the geographical boundaries are

spanned by the network itself.
 Local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN) and metropolitan area
network (MAN) are basic type of geographically network operation.

Local area network: covers a relatively small geographic area spanned such as building,
campus, school etc.
Its inexpensive and easy to installation, and maintenance.

High speed, owner of network is private.

metropolitan area network: the network covers the distance of typically metropolitan city and
town.

The cost installation and operation are higher.

Higher speed connection such as fiber optics to achieve higher speed.

Owner of network are private or public.

Wide area network: large area distance network can cover that across country and world.

Use long distances telecommunications network for connection.

Higher cost for installation and operation.

Ownership network are private or public.

Example internet.

10. Brief explain OSI model.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) covers all aspect of network

communication is Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.

Its first introduced in 1970s. ISO is organization but OSI is model.

OSI model explain how packets travel through various layers to another device on network.

Its break network communication into smaller, more manageable parts.

Its prevent change in one layer from affecting other layer.

Its divide network communication into smaller parts to make learning its easier understand.

OSI layer are: Activity. Data Example

Application Using network application data deliver. Data HTTP, FTP, DHCP

Presentation Compration, translation, encrypt, decrypt data. Data Encrypt, decrypt

Session Establish, manage, and termination session. Data TLS

Transport Process to process deliver data. Segments TCP, UDP, SCTP

Network To move packet from source to destination. Packet ICMP, IGMP, IP,
routers

Data link To organized bit into frame. Frames NIC, switches, WAP

Physical link Media, signal and binary transmission. Bits Hub, ISDN, modems