338 DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARTIALLY MELTED ZONE

34. Lippold, J. C., Nippes, E. F., and Savage, W. F., Weld. J., 56: 171s, 1977.
35. Apblett, W. R., and Pellini, W. S., Weld. J., 33: 83s, 1954.
36. Cieslak, M. J., in ASM Handbook, Vol. 6: Welding, Brazing and Soldering, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1993, p. 495.

PROBLEMS

13.1 Hot-ductility testing was performed on an 18% Ni maraging steel fol-

lowing a thermal cycle with a peak temperature of 1400°C. The on-
heating part of the testing showed that the ductility dropped to zero at
1380°C (called the nil ductility temperature), and the on-cooling part
showed that the ductility recovered from zero to about 7% at 1360°C.
Is this maraging steel very susceptible to liquation cracking? Explain
why or why not. Do you expect the specimen tensile tested on heating
at 1380°C to exhibit brittle intergranular fracture of ductile transgran-
ular dimple fracture? Why? What do you think caused PMZ liquation
in this maraging steel?
13.2 (a) The effect of the carbon content and the Mn–S ratio on weld metal
solidification cracking in steels has been described in Chapter 11. It has
been reported that a similar effect also exists in the liquation cracking
of the PMZ of steels. Explain why. (b) Because of the higher strength
of HY-130 than HY-80, its chemical composition should be more strictly
controlled if liquation cracking is to be avoided. Assume the following
contents: HY-80: £0.18 C; 0.1–0.4 Mn; £0.025 S; £0.025 P; HY-130: £0.12
C; 0.6–0.9 Mn; £0.010 S; £0.010 P. Do these contents suggest a more strict
composition control in HY-130?
13.3 Sulfur can form a liquid with nickel that has a eutectic temperature of
635°C. Do you expect high-strength alloy steels containing Ni (say more
than 2.5%) to be rather susceptible to liquation cracking due to sulfur?
Explain why or why not.
13.4 Low-transverse-frequency arc oscillation (Figure 8.17) has been
reported to reduce PMZ liquation. Sketch both the weld and the PMZ
behind the weld pool and show how this can be true.
13.5 Consider the circular-patch weld in Figure 13.3b. Will liquation crack-
ing occur if the outer piece is alloy 1100 (essentially pure aluminum)
and the inner piece (the circular patch) is alloy 2219 (Al-6.3 Cu)?
Explain why or why not.
13.6 Like aluminum alloy 7075, alloy 2024 is very susceptible to liquation
cracking. In GMAW of alloy 2024 do you expect liquation cracking to
be much more severe with filler metal 4043 or 1100? Why?
 PROBLEMS 339

13.7 In a circular-patch test alloy 2219 (Al-6.3Cu) is welded with alloy 2319
(Al-6.3Cu) plus extra Cu as the filler metal. The resultant composition
of the weld metal is about Al-8.5Cu. Do you expect liquation cracking
to occur? Explain why or why not.
13.8 Do you expect liquation cracking to occur in autogenous GTAW of
7075? Why or why not?