Chapter 32B - RC Circuits

AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University

© 2007
 RC Circuits: The rise and decay
of currents in capacitive circuits

Optional: Check with Instructor

The calculus is used only for derivation of
equations for predicting the rise and decay
of charge on a capacitor in series with a
single resistance. Applications are not
calculus based.
Check with your instructor to see if this
module is required for your course.
 RC Circuit
RC-Circuit: Resistance R and capacitance C
in series with a source of emf V.
a R a R q
b + b C
+

+
+
V C V i C
- - - -

Start charging capacitor. . . loop rule gives:

q
 E   iR ; V  C  iR
 RC Circuit: Charging Capacitor
a R q q
V   iR
b C C

+
+
V i C
- - dq q
R V 
dt C
Rearrange terms to place in differential form:
Multiply by C dt : RCdq  (CV  q)dt
dq dt q dq t dt

(CV  q) RC 0 (CV  q)  o RC
 RC Circuit: Charging Capacitor
a R q q dq t dt

b C 0 (CV  q) o RC


+
+
V i C
- - t
 ln(CV  q ) 0 
q

RC
t (CV  q) t
ln(CV  q)  ln(CV )  ln 
RC CV RC

CV  q  CVe  (1/ RC ) t
q  CV 1  e  t / RC

 RC Circuit: Charging Capacitor
a R q Instantaneous charge q
b C on a charging capacitor:
+
+
V i C
- - q  CV 1  e  t / RC

At time t = 0: q = CV(1 - 1); q = 0
At time t = : q = CV(1 - 0); qmax = CV

The charge qq rises

The charge rises from
from zero
zero initially
initially to
to
its
its maximum value qqma
maximum value x
max
=
= CV
CV
 Example 1. What is the charge on a 4-F
capacitor charged by 12-V for a time t = RC?

q Capacitor a R = 1400 
Qmax
0.63 Q Rise in b

+
+
V i 4 F
Charge - -
 Time, t
The time  = RC is known
as the time constant.
e = 2.718; e-1 = 0.63

q  CV 1  e  t / RC
 q  CV 1  0.37 

q  CV 1  e 1
 q  0.63CV
 Example 1 (Cont.) What is the time constant ?

q Capacitor a R = 1400 
Qmax
0.63 Q Rise in b

+
+
V i 4 F
Charge - -
 Time, t
The time  = RC is known In one time constant
as the time constant. (5.60 ms in this
 = (1400 )(4 F) example), the charge
rises to 63% of its
 =
= 5.60
5.60 ms
ms maximum value (CV).
 RC Circuit: Decay of Current
a R q
As charge q rises, the
b C current i will decay.
+
+
V i
q  CV 1  e 
C  t / RC
- -

  CV  CVe 
dq d  t / RC CV  t / RC
i  e
dt dt RC
Current decay as a V  t / RC
capacitor is charged: i e
R
 Current Decay
a R i Capacitor
q I
C
b Current

+
+
V i C 0.37 I Decay
- -
 Time, t

Consider i when The current is a maximum

t = 0 and t =  . of I = V/R when t = 0.
V  t / RC The current is zero when
i e t =  (because the back
R emf from C is equal to V).
 Example 2. What is the current i after one time
constant (RC)? Given R and C as before.
i Capacitor a R = 1400 
I
Current b

+
+
0.37 I Decay V i 4 F
- -
 Time, t

The time  = RC is known

as the time constant.
e = 2.718; e-1 = 0.37

V  t / RC V 1 V
i e  e i  0.37  0.37imax
R C R
 Charge and Current During the
Charging of a Capacitor.
q Capacitor i Capacitor
Qmax I
0.63 I Rise in Current
Charge 0.37 I Decay
 Time, t  Time, t

In a time of one time constant, the charge q

rises to 63% of its maximum, while the current i
decays to 37% of its maximum value.
 RC Circuit: Discharge
After C is fully charged, we turn switch to
b, allowing it to discharge.
a R a R q
b + b C
+

+
+
V C V i C
- - - -

Discharging capacitor. . . loop rule gives:

q Negative because
 E   iR ; C
  iR of decreasing I.
 Discharging From q0 to q:
a R q Instantaneous charge q
C on discharging capacitor:
b

+
+
V i C dq
- - q   RCi; q   RC
dt
t
dq dt  t 
dq
ln qq
t dt

q
q0 q   0 RC ;  
q
;
q RC 0
 RC 
0
t q t
ln q  ln q0  ln 
RC q0 RC
 Discharging Capacitor
a R q q t
C
ln 
b q0 RC

+
+
V i C
- -  t / RC
q  q0e
Note qo = CV and the instantaneous current is: dq/dt.

  CVe 
dq d  t / RC CV  t / RC
i  e
dt dt RC
Current i for a V  t / RC
i e
discharging capacitor. C
 Prob. 45. How many time constants are needed
for a capacitor to reach 99% of final charge?
a R
 
q  t / RC
C q  qmax 1  e
b

+
+
V i C
- - q  t / RC
 0.99  1  e
qmax

Let x = t/RC, then: e-x = 1-0.99 or e-x = 0.01

1 From definition ln e (100)  x
 0.01; e  100
x

e x of logarithm:
t 4.61
4.61 time
time
x = 4.61 x
RC constants
constants
Prob. 46. Find time constant, qmax, and time to
reach a charge of 16 C if V = 12 V and C = 4 F.
a 1.4 M
i

q  qmax 1  e  t / RC

bR

+
+
1.8 F
- -C
 = RC = (1.4 MW)(1.8 mF)
V 12 V
 =
= 2.52
2.52 ss

qmax = CV = (1.8 F)(12 V); qqmax = 21.6 C

max = 21.6 C

q 16  C  t / RC
  1 e 1 e  t / RC
 0.741
qmax 21.6  C
Continued . . .
Prob. 46. Find time constant, qmax, and time to
reach a charge of 16 C if V = 12 V and C = 4 F.
a 1.4 M  t / RC
1 e  0.741
bR i
Let x = t/RC, then:
+
+
1.8 F
- -C
V 12 V x
e  1  0.741  0.259
1 From definition
 0.259; e  3.86
x
ln e (3.86)  x
e x of logarithm:
t
x = 1.35  1.35; t  (1.35)(2.52s)
RC
Time to reach 16 C: tt == 3.40
3.40 ss
CONCLUSION: Chapter 32B
RC Circuits