DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC AND

P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S

UNI T-I FLUI D P OW ER P RI NICIPLES AND

HYDRAULIC PUMPS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS
(2 to 3 objectives)
FLUID POWER PRINICIPLES AND
Understanding of basics of fluid power
1 HYDRAULIC PUMPS Basics of Fluid Power.
(B2)
Introduction to Fluid power

Practical Applications and Understanding of general applications.

2 Advantages and Applications its uses in day today (B2)
practices. Apply law of Pascal (B3)
Elements of Fluid Power
3 Fluid power systems Understanding fluid power (B2)
systems

4 Types of fluids Classification of Fluids Understanding the types of fluids (B2)

Analysis of fundamental properties of

fluids (B3)
5 Properties of fluids and selection Basic properties of fluids Analysis of suitable fluid for a particular
application (B3)

Remember Hydrostatic Law (B1)

6 Basics of Hydraulics Hydrostatic Law Understanding of Hydrostatic law. (B2)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS
(2 to 3 objectives)
Remember Pascal’s Law (B1)

Pascal’s Law, Sources of Hydraulic Understanding of Pascal’s law.

7 Pascal’s Law
power (B2)

Analysis of forces (B4)

Understanding the types and
8 Pump Classification – Construction Types, functions
construction of pumps (B2)
Understanding the working of
9 Working Working
fluid Pumps (B2)
Design of pumps by
Analysis of forces in ram and
considering load,
10 Design plunger (B4)
speed, Efficiency and
no.of impellers.
Understanding the advantages
11 Advantages Uses of Pumps
(B2)
Negative aspects of
Understanding the
12 Disadvantages pumps, inappropriate
disadvantages (B2)
selection causes.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT SYLLABUS

Introduction to Fluid power – Advantages and Applications – Fluid

power systems – Types of fluids - Properties of fluids and selection –
Basics of Hydraulics – Pascal’s Law, Sources of Hydraulic power,
Pump Classification – Construction, Working, Design, Advantages,
and Disadvantages.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION
Fluid power:
• Technology that deals with generation, control and transmission of
power, using pressurised fluids.

• Fluid power is used to push, pull, regulate or drive virtually all the
machines of modern industries.

Ex: Hydraulic jack, Hydraulic brake, power steering, drive machine

tools, robots, control aeroplanes

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• Fluid transport – sole objective is to deliver fluid from one location
to another to accomplish some useful purpose
• Ex: pumping stations for pumping water to homes,
cross country gas lines
• Liquids (hydraulics) – incompressible – high
• pressure application – high force and torque – accuracy and
precision
• Have definite mass and volume Volume is equal to volume of
liquid
• Gases (pneumatics) – compressible – low pressure applications –
low force and torque – low accuracy and precision
• Have definite mass but not volume
• Volume depends on pressure & temperature

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ADVANTAGE
• Fluid power systems are simple, easy to operate and can be
controlled accurately:

• Multiplication and variation of forces:

• Multifunction control

• Constant force or torque

• Low weight to power ratio

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

APPLICATIONS
• Automation-Automated transfer machine

• Aviation-Landing wheels on planes

• Industry-Drills, grinders, rivertting machine

• Construction equipment-Excavators, bucket loader, dozers

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DRAWBACKS
• Oils are messy

• Leakage is impossible

• Hydraulic lines can burst

• Noise from pumps

• Fire at hot atmosphere

• Compressed air tanks are explosive

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FLUID POWER SYSTEM
PRIME Hydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic External
MOVER pump circuit actuator load

Reservoir

• A tank ( reservoir ) to hold the hydraulic oil

• A pump to force the oil through the system
• An electric motor or other power source to drive the pump
• Valves to control oil direction, pressure and flow rate
• An actuator to convert the pressure of the oil to do useful work
• Piping

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUID
• Water- Inexpensive, corrosive, no lubricity

• Petroleum oil- Excellent lubricity, tendency to oxidise

• Water glycol- Water and glycol,35-55% of water, good fire

resistance, not good for high bearing load.

• Water oil emulsion- contains 40% of water, good fire resistance,

inexpensive.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF
HYDRAULIC FLUID
• Transmit power

• Lubricate moving part

• Seal clearances between mating parts

• Dissipate heat

• Compatible with hydraulic components

• Should bear physical & chemical changes

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC
FLUID
• Good lubrication
• Ideal viscosity
• Chemical stability
• Compatibility with system materials
• High degree of incompressibility
• Fire resistance
• Good heat-transfer capability
• Low density
• Foam resistance
• No toxicity
• Low volatility

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC
FLUID
• 1. Stable viscosity characteristics
• 2. Good lubricity
• 3. Compatibility with system materials
• 4. Stable physical and chemical properties
• 5. Good heat dissipation capability
• 6. High bulk modulus and degree of incompressibility
• 7. Good flammability
• 8. Low volatility
• 9. Good demulsibility
• 10. Better fire resistance
• 11. Non toxicity and good oxidation stability
• 12. Better rust and corrosion prevent qualities
• 13. Ready availability and inexpensive

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
FLUID FLOW:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PASCAL'S LAW
• Pascal's law states that pressure exerted anywhere in a
confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• P1 = P2 (since the pressures are equal throughout).
• Since pressure equals force per unit area, then it follows that
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
Because the volume of fluid pushed down on the left side equals the
volume of fluid that is lifted up on the right side, the following
formula is also true.
V1 = V2
by substitution,
A1 D1 = A2 D2
A = cross sectional area
D = the distance moved
A1/A2=D2/D1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SOURCES OF HYDRAULIC
POWER
Power unit & Pumps:
• Prime mover to power the system
• Pump to move fluid
• Reservoir to store fluid
• Relief valve or pup compensator or to control maximum system
pressure
• Filter to clean the fluid
• Plumbing to transport fluid to components

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PUMP
• Converts Mechanical Energy to Hydraulic Energy
• Pump pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.
• It is the heart of any hydraulic system because it generates the
force necessary to move the load.
• Mechanical energy is delivered to the pump using a prime mover
such as an electric motor.
• Partial vacuum is created at the inlet due to the mechanical
rotation of pump shaft.
• Vacuum permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through
the inlet line and into the pump.
 The pump then pushes the fluid mechanically into the fluid power
actuated devices such as a motor or a cylinder.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PUMPING THEORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
• In a positive-displacement pump, slippage is negligible compared
to the pump's volumetric output flow.
• If the output port were plugged, pressure would increase
instantaneously to the point that the pump's pumping element or
its case would fail (probably explode, if the drive shaft did not
break first).
• Universally used for Fluid Power.
• It push a fixed amount of fluid into the Hydraulic System per
revolution of shaft
• Gear, Vane, Piston are the examples of Positive Displacement
Pump
• It is important to note that pumps create flow not pressure.
Pressure is created by the resistance to flow

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
• It produces a continuous flow.
• It does not provide a positive internal seal against slippage.
• Output varies considerably as pressure varies. If the output port
the pump were blocked off, the pressure would rise, and output
would decrease to zero.
• Although the pumping element would continue moving, flow would
stop because of slippage inside the pump.
• Centrifugal and propeller pumps are examples of non-positive-
displacement pumps.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
1.Gear Pumps
a. External gear pumps
b. Internal gear pumps
c. Lobe pumps
d. Screw Pumps

2.Vane Pumps
a. Unbalanced Vane Pumps
b. Balanced Vane Pumps

3.Piston Pumps
a. Axial Design
b. Radial Design

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXTERNAL GEAR PUMPS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PUMP DESIGN, OPERATION, AND
APPLICATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• Pumping action of gear pumps results from unmeshing and
meshing of the gears
• As the gears unmesh in the inlet area, low pressure causes fluid to
enter the pump
• As the pump rotates, fluid is carried to the pump discharge area
• When the gears mesh in the discharge area, fluid is forced out of
the pump into the system
• Gear pumps are available in a wide variety of sizes
• Flow outputs from below 1 gpm to 150 gpm
• Pressure rating range up to 3000 psi

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTERNAL GEAR PUMP
• The main gear is keyed to the drive shaft, and rotates concentric in the
pump casing.
• Idler is located on an eccentric pin on the front cover to rotate freely
and
• meshes with main gear when assembled.
• A crescent shaped partition precision machined on the front cover
maintains a
• small, but positive clearance to achieve perfect scaling between parts.
• As the gears come out of mesh, a partial vacuum is created, forcing
the fluid to rush into the pump casing and fill in the voids between the
teeth.
• Both gears rotating in the same direction of rotation gently transfer the
fluid to the delivery port. The resulting action is a smooth-steady flow;
low in pulsation, noise and vibration

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ADVANTAGES
• Only two moving parts
• Non-pulsating discharge
• Excellent for high-viscosity liquids
• Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions
• Operates well in either direction
• Single adjustable end clearance
• Easy to maintain

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOBE PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GEOROTOR PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCREW PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

• Advantage:
• It has very smooth flow,
• Flow from the outlet is smooth and continuous.

• Disadvantage: screw pumps are not highly efficient.

This design pump often is used to supercharge other pumps, as a
filter pump, or a transfer pump at low pressure.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNBALANCED VANE PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BALANCED VANE PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Advantages of balanced vane pump
• Permits higher operating pressures as the balanced design of pump eliminates the bearing side
loads.
• Balanced vane pumps have much improved services lives over simpler unbalanced
• vane pumps.
Disadvantages of balanced vane pump
• Balanced vane pumps are fixed displacement machines and so the displacement cannot be
varied.
• The balanced vane pumps are difficult to design as variable displacement pump
• because of its symmetrical construction.
Advantages of vane pump
• Vane pumps give constant delivery for a set rotor speed.
• Vane pumps are robust, self-priming.
• Vane pump provides uniform discharge with negligible pulsations.
• Vane pump vanes are self-compensating for wear.
• The vanes can be easily replaced..
• They occupy lesser space

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RADIAL PISTON PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC AND
P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S

U N I T - I I H Y D R A U L I C A C T U AT O R S A N D C O N T R O L
COMPONENTS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
LECTUR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS
E (2 to 3 objectives)

HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS AND CONTROL

1 COMPONENTS Basic functions Understanding functions of actuators (B2)
Hydraulic Actuators: Cylinders

Understanding the types & constructions of

2 Types and construction Classification
actuators (B2)

3 Application Real world application Apply in real world systems (B3)

4 Hydraulic cushioning Load Vs operating Pressure Understanding load Vs Pressure (B2)

Continuous rotary actuators Understanding the types of hydraulic

5 Hydraulic motors
motors (B2)
Semi rotary actuators

Function of DC Valve &

6 Control Components : Direction Control Understanding direct control valves (B2)
working

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
LECTUR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS
E (2 to 3 objectives)

Function of FC Valve &

7 Flow control Valve Understanding flow control valves (B2)
working

Function of PC Valve &

8 Pressure control valves Understanding pressure control valves (B2)
working

9 Types Classifications Understanding the types of valves (B2)

Understanding the Construction and

10 Construction and Operation Working and its components Operation
(B2)

Understanding the Construction and

11 Servo and Proportional valves Working and its components Operation
(B2)

Understanding the Servo and Proportional

12 Servo and Proportional valves Working and its components
valves (B2)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS
Hydraulic Actuators: Cylinders – Types and construction, Application,
Hydraulic cushioning – Hydraulic motors - Control Components:
Direction Control, Flow control and pressure control valves – Types,
Construction and Operation – Servo and Proportional valves.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUMP AND
ACTUATOR
• Pump performs the function of adding energy to the fluid of a
hydraulic system for transmission to some other location.
• Hydraulic actuator (cylinders, motors) just do the opposite.
• They extract energy from the fluid and convert it to mechanical
energy to perform useful work.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
It is a device used for converting hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy. The pressurized hydraulic fluid delivered by the hydraulic
pump is supplied to the actuators, which converts the energy of the
fluid into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to get
the work done.
TYPES OF ACTUATORS:
• Linear Actuators (Hydraulic cylinders)
• Rotary Actuators (Hydraulic motors)
1. Continuous rotary actuators
2. Semi rotary actuators

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
A hydraulic cylinder is a device, which converts fluid power into linear
mechanical force and motion. It usually consists of a movable
element, a piston and a piston rod operating within a cylinder bore.

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS:

1. Single acting cylinders
2. Double acting cylinders
3. Telescoping cylinders
4. Double rod cylinder
5. Tandem cylinder

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DOUBLE ROD CYLINDER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR
LINEAR ACTUATORS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SINGLE-ACTING CYLINDERS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DOUBLE-ACTING CYLINDER
A PISTON ROD ON ONE SIDE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PISTON ROD ON BOTH SIDES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TELESCOPIC CYLINDER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
TANDEM CYLINDER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR
LINEAR ACTUATORS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC CUSHIONING
As long as the piston is moving in the middle range of the cylinder,
nothing will hit the piston head. But, due to the inertia forces of the
moving parts at the end of the piston travel, the piston will hit the
cylinder head at full speed. To overcome this, the designers provide
a cushioning arrangement by which the hydraulic cylinder can be
slowly retarded or cushioned, during the last portion of the stroke.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC MOTORS
A hydraulic motors converts fluid power into mechanical power in the
form of rotational motion. Motors perform the opposite function of the
pump, which converts mechanical power from an electric motor or
engine into fluid power. Motors take pump flow and pressure as their
input and output rotational motion and torque.
• GEAR MOTOR
• VANE MOTORS
• PISTON TYPE MOTORS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GEAR MOTOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VANE MOTORS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PISTON TYPE MOTORS
Swash plate or bent axis type:

Swash Plate Bent Axis Type

Type

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CONTROL COMPONENTS
A fluid power system can be broken down into three segments. The
power input segment consisting of the prime mover and the pump.
The control segment consisting of valves that control the direction,
pressure and flow rate. The power output segment, consisting of the
actuators and the load.
1. Directional control valves
2. Pressure control valves
3. Flow control valves

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VALVE CONFIGURATION

POPPET OR SEAT VALVES

ROTARY SPOOL
VALVES

SLIDING SPOOL VALVES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
VALVES
These valves are used to control the direction of flow in a hydraulic
circuit. According to the construction of internal moving parts it is
classified as poppet type and sliding spool type. It may be further
classified as one way, two way, three way and four way valves,
depending upon the number of port connections available. On the
basis of actuating devices, it can be classified as manually operated,
mechanically operated, solenoid operated and pilot operated.
• CHECK VALVES
• PILOT OPERATED CHECK VALVE
• TWOWAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
• THREE WAY DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES
• FOUR WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHECK VALVES

Application of Check Valve

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PILOT OPERATED CHECK
VALVE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TWOWAY DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL VALVE

Two way, Two position normally

closed DCV
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Application of Two way DCV
valves

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THREE WAY DIRECTION
CONTROL VALVES

Three way, Two position Application of Three Way

normally closed DCV Two Position DCV
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 (A) Extend Cylinder (B) Hold Cylinder (C) Retract Cylinder

Application of Three way three position DCV

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FOUR WAY DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL VALVES

Application of Four way, Two

Four way, Two position DCV position DCV
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Four way, Three position DCV

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
VALVEACTUATION
• Various methods used to shift
the valve are shown in Figure.
All shown controlling a spring
return four way two position
valve. Manual lever is a
popular method of actuation
for DCVs used in mobile
equipment applications such
as back hoes, bulldozers and
farm equipment. Push button
actuation is more prevalent in
industrial applications.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
The force of a cylinder is PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES:
proportional to the pressure in a 1 Direct acting pressure relief
system and the area over which valve
the pressure is applied.
Controlling the pressure level in a 2 Pilot operated pressure relief
circuit will therefore allow us to valve
control the output force of a • UNLOADING VALVES
cylinder pressure control valves • PRESSURE REDUCING
control the max pressure level VALVE
and also protect the circuit from
excessive pressure, which could • SEQUENCE VALVES
damage components and • COUNTER BALANCE VALVES
possibly cause serious injury. • BRAKE VALVES
Some types of pressure control
valves simply react to pressure
changes rather than control the
pressure.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIRECT ACTING PRESSURE
RELIEF VALVE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PILOT OPERATED PRESSURE
RELIEF VALVE

A- Pilot operated pressure relief

B- Pilot operated pressure relief
valve -Closed
valve- Open

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNLOADING VALVES
A- Symbol comparison

Unloading Valve

B - Unloading Valve Circuit

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

Symbol comparison

Pressure reducing valve

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Pressure Reducing Valve Application

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEQUENCE VALVES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Sequence Valve for Tube Bending
Machine
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COUNTER BALANCE VALVES

Counterbalance Circuit
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BRAKE VALVES
Brake Valve In Winch
Application

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FLOW CONTROL VALVES
Flow control valves control the flow rate of fluid in a circuit. They
accomplish this by incorporating a variable orifice into the circuit that
acts like a faucet; closing the flow control valve orifice reduces the
flow rate and opening the orifice increases the flow rate. The speed
of an actuator depends directly upon the flow rate in the system.
Controlling the flow rate therefore allows us to control the speed of
actuators. A variable displacement pump’s flow output can be varied,
even while it is being driven at a constant speed. This will also
control the actuator’s speed. In spite of this, flow control valves are
commonly used because they are much less expensive and easier to
control than variable pumps.
Types
• 1. Needle flow control valve
• 2. Pressure compensated flow control valve

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NEEDLE FLOW CONTROL VALVE

Needle Valve Needle Valve with Integral

Check Valve

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRESSURE COMPENSATED
FLOW CONTROL VALVE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

METER-IN FLOW CONTROL

Cylinders with Meter-In Flow Control

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
METER-OUT FLOW CONTROL

Cylinders with Meter-Out Flow

Control
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BLEED-OFF CONTROL VALVE

Cylinders with Bleed- Off

Control
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLOW DIVIDER

Outlet 1 Outlet 2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC AND
P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S

UNI T-III HY DRAULI C CI RCUI TS AND S Y S TEMS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS
(2 to 3 objectives)
HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS AND
SYSTEMS Understanding the types &
1 Types & Function
Accumulators functions of accumulators (B2)

Understanding the types &

2 Intensifiers Types & function
functions of intensifiers (B2)
Understanding the Industrial
3 Industrial hydraulic circuits hydraulic circuits
( B2)
Understanding the regenerative
4 Regenerative pump Working & Function
pump (B2)
Understanding pump unloading
Need of unloading a
5 Pump Unloading (B2)
pump
Analyze pump unloading (B4)
Working of a double Understanding of working of
6 Double-Pump
acting pump double acting pump (B2)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS
(2 to 3 objectives)

Working of pressure Understanding of working of

7 Pressure Intensifier
intensifier pressure intensifier (B2)

Air-over oil circuit, Analyze the air over oil

8 Air-over oil, Sequence
Layout sequence (B3)
Understanding the working of
Reciprocation & Single/double acting
9 single /double acting
Synchronization reciprocation & Sync.
reciprocating pump (B2)
Analyses the fail safe system
10 Fail-Safe Need of fail safe
of valves (B4)

Analyze the speed control

11 Speed Control Speed regulation
mechanism(B4)
Hydrostatic transmission, Transmission & Understanding the
12 Mechanical hydraulic servo Mechanical Servo transmission & MH servo
systems. Systems systems(B2)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS
Accumulators, Intensifiers, Industrial hydraulic circuits –
Regenerative, Pump Unloading, Double-Pump, Pressure Intensifier,
Air-over oil, Sequence, Reciprocation, Synchronization, Fail-Safe,
Speed Control, Hydrostatic transmission, Mechanical hydraulic servo
systems.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACCUMULATORS
Accumulators are devices that store hydraulic fluid under pressure.
Storing hydraulic fluid under pressure is a way of storing energy for
later use. Perhaps the most common application for an accumulator
is supplementing the pump flow in a hydraulic system in which a high
flow rate is required for a brief period of time.
Types
• Weight loaded accumulator
• Spring loaded accumulator
• Piston type
• Bladder type
• Diaphragm type

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

WEIGHT LOADED
ACCUMULATOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SPRING LOADED
ACCUMULATOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PISTON TYPE
ACCUMULATOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BLADDER TYPE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIAPHRAGM ACCUMULATOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

APPLICATIONS OF
ACCUMULATORS
Accumulators are used as
• Leakage compensator

• Auxiliary power source

• Emergency power source

• Hydraulic shock absorber

• Fluid make-up device

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACCUMULATOR AS
LEAKAGECOMPENSATOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACCUMULATOR AS AUXILIARY
POWER SOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACCUMULATOR AS
EMERGENCY POWER SOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACCUMULATOR AS HYDRAULIC
SHOCK ABSORBER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTENSIFIER

Single Acting Intensifiers

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUITS
• Pressure Intensifier Circuit
• AIR-OVER-OIL intensifier circuit
• Reciprocation
• FAIL-SAFE circuit
• Pump Unloading
• Double-Pump
• Sequence
• Synchronization
• Speed Control
• Hydrostatic transmission
• Mechanical hydraulic servo systems

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRESSURE INTENSIFIER
CIRCUIT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AIR-OVER-OIL INTENSIFIER
CIRCUIT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RECIPROCATION
• AUTOMATIC CYLINDER RECIPROCATING SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FAIL-SAFE CIRCUIT
• Two Handed Safety Control Circuit

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PUMP UNLOADING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DOUBLE PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEQUENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYNCHRONIZATION
• SYNCHRONIZING HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SPEED CONTROL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC
SERVO SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC AND
P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S

U N I T - I V P N E U M AT I C A N D E L E C T R O P N E U M AT I C
SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC
PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
1
Properties of air
2 Perfect Gas Laws
3 Compressor – Filters
4 Regulator
5 Lubricator
6 Muffler
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
KEY ELEMENTS
(2 to 3 objectives)
Basics of properties of Understanding of basic
air properties of air (B2)
Remembering ideal gas
Ideal Gas laws laws(B1)
Understanding the types &
functions of intensifiers (B2)
Understanding the compressor
Air compressor filters
filters (B2)
Understanding the Working &
Working & Function
Function of regulator(B2)
Remember the lubrication
Function of lubricator properties (B1)
Understanding the lubricator(B2)
Muffler function Understanding of working of
Working of a muffler muffler (B2)
COURSE OUTLINE
LECTUR
LECTURE TOPIC
E (2 to 3 objectives)
1 Air control Valves
2 Quick Exhaust Valves
3 Pneumatic actuators
4 Design of Pneumatic circuit
5 Cascade method
6 Electro Pneumatic System
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
KEY ELEMENTS
Working and
Understanding of working of
function of air control
AC valves (B2)
valves
Understanding of quick
Exhaust Valves
return valves( B2)
Understanding the working
Pneumatic actuators and function of Pneumatic
actuators (B2)
Design of Industrial Create the pneumatic circuit
Pneumatic circuit for industries (B6)
Create cascade mechanism
Cascade system
for industrial circuits (B6)
Function of Electro Understanding the Electro
pneumatic system Pneumatic System (B2)
SYLLABUS
Properties of air – Perfect Gas Laws – Compressor – Filters,
Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air control Valves, Quick Exhaust
Valves, Pneumatic actuators, Design of Pneumatic circuit – Cascade
method – Electro Pneumatic System.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROPERTIES OF AIR
The properties of air are:
1. Air takes up space.
2. Air has mass.
3. Air is affected by heat.
4. Air exerts pressure.
5. Air can be compressed
6. Air is affected by altitude.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PERFECT GAS LAWS
The three fundamental gas laws discover the relationship of
pressure, temperature, volume and amount of gas. Boyle's Law tells
us that the volume of gas increases as the pressure decreases.
Charles' Law tells us that the volume of gas increases as the
temperature increases. And Avogadro's Law tell us that the volume of
gas increases as the amount of gas increases. The ideal gas law is
the combination of the three simple gas laws.
• Ideal Gases
• Real Gases
• Boyle's Law
• Charles' Law
• Avogadro's Law

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COMPRESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FILTER REGULATOR
LUBRICATOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MUFFLER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AIR CONTROL VALVES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUICK EXHAUST VALVES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN OF PNEUMATIC
CIRCUITS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING