POWERTRANSMI

SSI
ON

Powert
ransmi
ssi
oni
sthemov
ementofener
gyf
rom i
tspl
aceofgener
ati
ont
oa
l
ocat
ionwher
eiti
sappl
i
edt
oper
for
mingusef
ulwor
k.Powert
ransmi
ssi
oni
s
nor
mal
l
yaccompl
i
shed bybel
ts,r
opes,chai
ns,gear
s,coupl
i
ngsand f
ri
cti
on
cl
utches.

GEAR
At
oot
hedwheelt
hatengagesanot
hert
oot
hedmechani
sm i
nor
dert
ochanget
he
speedordi
rect
ionoft
ransmi
tt
edmot
ion.

A geari
sacomponentwi
thi
nat
ransmi
ssi
ondev
icet
hatt
ransmi
tsr
otat
ional
f
orcet
oanot
hergearordev
ice.Ageari
sdi
ff
erentf
rom apul
l
eyi
nthatageari
sa
r
oundwheelwhi
chhasl
i
nkages(
"t
eet
h"or"
cogs"
)thatmeshwi
thot
hergear
t
eet
h,al
l
owi
ngf
orcet
obef
ull
ytr
ansf
err
edwi
thoutsl
i
ppage.Dependi
ngont
hei
r
const
ruct
ionandar
rangement
,gear
eddev
icescant
ransmi
tfor
cesatdi
ff
erent
speeds,t
orques,ori
nadi
ff
erentdi
rect
ion,f
rom t
hepowersour
ce.Themost
commonsi
tuat
ioni
sforageart
omeshwi
thanot
hergear

Gear
’smosti
mpor
tantf
eat
urei
sthatgear
sofunequalsi
zes(
diamet
ers)canbe
combi
ned
t
opr
oduceamechani
caladv
ant
age,sot
hatt
her
otat
ionalspeedandt
orqueof
t
hesecond
gearar
edi
ff
erentf
rom t
hatoft
hef
ir
st.

Toov
ercomet
hepr
obl
em ofsl
i
ppageasi
nbel
tdr
ives,gear
sar
eusedwhi
ch
pr
oduceposi
ti
vedr
ivewi
thuni
for
m angul
arv
eloci
ty.

GEARCLASSI
FICATI
ON
Gear
sort
oot
hedwheel
smaybecl
assi
fi
edasf
oll
ows:
1.Accor
dingt
otheposi
ti
onofaxesoft
heshaf
ts.
Theaxesoft
het
woshaf
tsbet
weenwhi
cht
hemot
ioni
stobet
ransmi
tt
ed,
maybe
a.Par
all
el
b.I
nter
sect
ing
c.Non-
int
ersect
ingandNon-
par
all
el

Gear
sforconnect
ingpar
all
elshaf
ts
1.SpurGear
Teet
hispar
all
elt
oaxi
sofr
otat
ioncant
ransmi
tpowerf
rom oneshaf
tto
anot
herpar
all
elshaf
t.Spurgear
sar
ethesi
mpl
estandmostcommont
ypeof
gear
.Thei
rgener
alf
ormi
sacy
li
nderordi
sk.Thet
eet
hpr
ojectr
adi
all
y,and
wi
tht
hese"
str
aight
-cutgear
s".
Spurgear
sar
egear
sint
hesamepl
anet
hatmov
eopposi
teofeachot
her
becauset
heyar
emeshedt
oget
her
.Gear‘
A’i
scal
l
edt
he‘
dri
ver
’becauset
his
i
stur
nedbyamot
or.Asgear‘
A’t
urnsi
tmesheswi
thgear‘
B’andi
tbegi
nst
o
t
urnaswel
l
.Gear‘
B’i
scal
l
edt
he‘
dri
ven’
gear
.
 EXTERNALANDI
NTERNALSPURGEAR

Ext
ernal
gearmakesext
ernal
cont
act
,andt
hei
nter
nal
gear(
ri
ghtsi
depai
r)makes
i
nter
nal
cont
act
.

APPLI
CATI
ONSOFSPURGEAR
El
ect
ri
cscr
ewdr
iver
,danci
ngmonst
er,
osci
l
lat
ingspr
inkl
er,
windupal
arm cl
ock,
washi
ng
machi
neandcl
othesdr
yer
2.Par
all
elHel
i
cal
Gear
Thet
eet
honhel
i
calgear
sar
ecutatanangl
etot
hef
aceoft
hegear
.Whent
wo
t
eet
honahel
i
calgearsy
stem engage,t
hecont
actst
art
satoneendoft
het
oot
hand
gr
adual
l
yspr
eadsast
hegear
srot
ate,
unt
ilt
het
wot
eet
har
einf
ull
engagement
.

Thi
sgr
adualengagementmakeshel
i
calgear
soper
atemuchmor
esmoot
hlyandqui
etl
y
t
hanspurgear
s.Fort
hisr
eason,
hel
i
calgear
sar
eusedi
nal
mostal
lcart
ransmi
ssi
ons.
Becauseoft
heangl
eoft
het
eet
honhel
i
calgear
s,t
heycr
eat
eat
hrustl
oadont
hegear
whent
heymesh.Dev
icest
hatusehel
i
calgear
shav
ebear
ingst
hatcansuppor
tthi
s
t
hrustl
oad.

Onei
nter
est
ingt
hingabouthel
i
calgear
sist
hati
ftheangl
esoft
hegeart
eet
har
e
cor
rect
,theycanbemount
edonper
pendi
cul
arshaf
ts,
adj
ust
ingt
her
otat
ionangl
eby90
degr
ees.

CROSSEDHELI
CALGEAR

Her
ri
ngbonegear
s:

Toav
oidaxi
alt
hrust
,twohel
i
calgear
sofopposi
tehandcanbemount
edsi
deby
si
de,t
ocancelr
esul
ti
ngt
hrustf
orces.Thesear
ecal
l
eddoubl
ehel
i
calorher
ri
ngbone
gear
s

Her
ri
ngbonegear
s(ordoubl
e-hel
i
cal
gear
s)
Appl
i
cat
ionsofHer
ri
ngboneGear
s
Themostcommonappl
i
cat
ioni
sinpowert
ransmi
ssi
on.Theyut
il
izecur
vedt
eet
h
f
oref
fi
ci
ent
,hi
ghcapaci
typowert
ransmi
ssi
on.Thi
sof
fer
sreducedpul
sat
ionduet
o
whi
cht
heyar
ehi
ghl
yusedf
orext
rusi
onandpol
ymer
izat
ion.Her
ri
ngbonegear
sar
e
most
lyusedonheav
ymachi
ner
y.

3.Rackandpi
nion

Rackandpi
niongear
sar
eusedt
oconv
ertr
otat
ion(
From t
hepi
nion)i
ntol
i
near
mot
ion(
oft
her
ack)
.Aper
fectexampl
eoft
hisi
sthest
eer
ingsy
stem onmanycar
s.The
st
eer
ingwheelr
otat
esagearwhi
chengagest
her
ack.Ast
hegeart
urns,i
tsl
i
dest
he
r
ackei
thert
other
ightorl
eft
,dependi
ngonwhi
chwayy
out
urnt
hewheel
.Rackand
pi
niongear
sar
eal
sousedi
nsomescal
est
otur
nthedi
alt
hatdi
spl
aysy
ourwei
ght
.

RACKANDPI
NION

GEARSFORCONNECTI
NGI
NTERSECTI
NGSHAFTS

1.St
rai
ghtBev
elGear

Bev
elgear
sar
eusef
ulwhent
hedi
rect
ionofashaf
t'
srot
ati
onneedst
obechanged.
Theyar
eusual
l
ymount
edonshaf
tst
hatar
e90degr
eesapar
t,butcanbedesi
gnedt
o
wor
katot
herangl
esaswel
l
.Thet
eet
honbev
elgear
scanbest
rai
ght
,spi
ralorhy
poi
d.
St
rai
ghtbev
elgeart
eet
hact
ual
l
yhav
ethesamepr
obl
em asst
rai
ghtspurgeart
eet
has
eacht
oot
hengages,
iti
mpact
sthecor
respondi
ngt
oot
hal
latonce.

BEVELGEAR
Justl
i
kewi
thspurgear
s,t
hesol
uti
ont
othi
spr
obl
em i
stocur
vet
hegeart
eet
h.These
spi
ralt
eet
hengagej
ustl
i
kehel
i
calt
eet
h:t
hecont
actst
art
satoneendoft
hegearand
pr
ogr
essi
vel
yspr
eadsacr
osst
hewhol
etoot
h.

SPI
RALBEVELGEAR
Onst
rai
ghtandspi
ralbev
elgear
s,t
heshaf
tsmustbeper
pendi
cul
art
oeachot
her
,but
t
heymustal
sobei
nthesamepl
ane.I
fyouwer
etoext
endt
het
woshaf
tspastt
hegear
s,
t
heywoul
dint
ersect

Thebev
elgearhasmanydi
ver
seappl
i
cat
ionssuchasl
ocomot
ives,
mar
ineappl
i
cat
ions,
aut
omobi
l
es,pr
int
ingpr
esses,cool
i
ngt
ower
s,powerpl
ant
s,st
eelpl
ant
s,r
ail
wayt
rack
i
nspect
ionmachi
nes,
etc.

NON-
INTERSECTI
NGANDNON-
PARALLEL

1.WORM ANDWORM GEAR

Wor
m gear
sar
eusedwhenl
argegearr
educt
ionsar
eneeded.I
tiscommonf
or
wor
m gear
stohav
ereduct
ionsof20:
1,andev
enupt
o300:
1orgr
eat
er.

Manywor
m gear
shav
eani
nter
est
ingpr
oper
tyt
hatnoot
hergearsethas:t
hewor
m can
easi
l
ytur
nthegear
,butt
hegearcannott
urnt
hewor
m.Thi
sisbecauset
heangl
eont
he
wor
missoshal
l
owt
hatwhent
hegeart
ri
est
ospi
nit
,thef
ri
cti
onbet
weent
hegearand
t
hewor
m hol
dst
hewor
minpl
ace.

WORM ANDWORM GEAR

Thi
sfeat
urei
susef
ulf
ormachi
nessuchasconv
eyorsy
stems,i
nwhi
cht
hel
ocki
ng
f
eat
urecanactasabr
akef
ort
heconv
eyorwhent
hemot
ori
snott
urni
ng.Oneot
her
v
eryi
nter
est
ingusageofwor
m gear
sisi
ntheTor
sendi
ff
erent
ial
,whi
chi
susedon
somehi
gh-
per
for
mancecar
sandt
rucks.Theyar
eusedi
nri
ght
-angl
eorskew shaf
t
dr
ives.Thepr
esenceofsl
i
dingact
ioni
nthesy
stem ev
ent
houghr
esul
tsi
nqui
eter
oper
ati
on,i
tgi
vesr
iset
oconsi
der
abl
efr
ict
ionalheat
,hencet
heyneedgoodl
ubr
icat
ion
f
orheatdi
ssi
pat
ionandf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngt
heef
fi
ciency
.Hi
ghr
educt
ionsar
epossi
blewhi
ch
r
esul
tsi
ncompactdr
ive.

APPLI
CATI
ONOFWORM GEARS

Wor
m gear
sar
eusedwi
del
yinmat
eri
alhandl
i
ngandt
ranspor
tat
ionmachi
ner
y,
machi
net
ool
s,aut
omobi
l
eset
c.

NOMENCLATUREOFSPURGEARS
 NOMENCLATUREOFSPURGEAR

I
nthefol
lowi
ngsect
ion,
wedef
inemanyoft
het
ermsusedi
ntheanal
ysi
sofspur
gears.

 Pi
tchsur
face:Thesur
faceoft
hei
magi
nar
yrol
l
ingcy
li
nder(
cone,et
c.)t
hatt
he
t
oot
hedgearmaybeconsi
der
edt
orepl
ace.
 Pi
tchci
rcl
e:Ar
ightsect
ionoft
hepi
tchsur
face.
 Addendum ci
rcl
e:Aci
rcl
eboundi
ngt
heendsoft
het
eet
h,i
nar
ightsect
ionoft
he
gear
.
 Root(
ordedendum)ci
rcl
e:Theci
rcl
eboundi
ngt
hespacesbet
weent
het
eet
h,i
n
ar
ightsect
ionoft
hegear
.
 Addendum:
Ther
adi
aldi
stancebet
weent
hepi
tchci
rcl
eandt
headdendum ci
rcl
e.
 Dedendum:
Ther
adi
aldi
stancebet
weent
hepi
tchci
rcl
eandt
her
ootci
rcl
e.
 Cl
ear
ance:Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hededendum ofonegearandt
headdendum
oft
hemat
inggear
.
 Faceofat
oot
h:Thatpar
toft
het
oot
hsur
facel
yi
ngout
sidet
hepi
tchsur
face.
 Fl
ankofat
oot
h:Thepar
toft
het
oot
hsur
facel
yi
ngi
nsi
det
hepi
tchsur
face.
 Ci
rcul
art
hickness(
alsocal
l
edt
het
oot
hthi
ckness)
:Thet
hicknessoft
het
oot
h
measur
edont
hepi
tchci
rcl
e.I
tist
hel
engt
hofanar
candnott
hel
engt
hofa
st
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
 Toot
hspace:pi
tchdi
amet
erThedi
stancebet
weenadj
acentt
eet
hmeasur
edon
t
hepi
tchci
rcl
e.
 Backl
ash:Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
heci
rcl
ethi
cknessofonegearandt
het
oot
h
spaceoft
hemat
inggear
.
 Ci
rcul
arpi
tch(
Pc):Thewi
dthofat
oot
handaspace,measur
edont
hepi
tch
ci
rcl
e.

 Di
amet
ralpi
tch(
Pd)
:Thenumberoft
eet
hofagearuni
tpi
tchdi
amet
er.At
oot
hed
gearmusthav
eani
ntegr
alnumberoft
eet
h.Theci
rcul
arpi
tch,t
her
efor
e,equal
s
t
hepi
tchci
rcumf
erencedi
vi
dedbyt
henumberoft
eet
h.Thedi
amet
ralpi
tchi
s,by
def
ini
ti
on,
thenumberoft
eet
hdi
vi
dedbyt
hepi
tchdi
amet
er.Thati
s,

Wher
e

Pc=ci
rcul
arpi
tch
Pd=di
amet
ral
pit
ch
N=numberoft
eet
h
D=pi
tchdi
amet
er

 Modul
e(m)
:Pi
tchdi
amet
erdi
vi
dedbynumberoft
eet
h.Thepi
tchdi
amet
eri
s
usual
l
yspeci
fi
edi
ninchesormi
l
li
met
ers;i
nthef
ormercaset
hemodul
eist
he
 i
nver
seofdi
amet
ral
pit
ch.

m =D/
N

 Fi
l
let
:Thesmal
lradi
ust
hatconnect
sthepr
ofi
l
eofat
oot
htot
her
ootci
rcl
e.
 Pi
nion:Thesmal
l
erofanypai
rofmat
inggear
s.Thel
argeroft
hepai
riscal
l
ed
si
mpl
ythegear
.
 Vel
oci
tyr
ati
o:Ther
ati
ooft
henumberofr
evol
uti
onsoft
hedr
ivi
ng(
ori
nput
)gear
t
othenumberofr
evol
uti
onsoft
hedr
iven(
orout
put
)gear
,inauni
toft
ime.
 Pi
tchpoi
nt:
Thepoi
ntoft
angencyoft
hepi
tchci
rcl
esofapai
rofmat
inggear
s.
 Commont
angent
:Thel
i
net
angentt
othepi
tchci
rcl
eatt
hepi
tchpoi
nt.
 Li
neofact
ion:Al
i
nenor
malt
oapai
rofmat
ingt
oot
hpr
ofi
l
esatt
hei
rpoi
ntof
cont
act
.
 Pat
hofcont
act
:Thepat
htr
acedbyt
hecont
actpoi
ntofapai
roft
oot
hpr
ofi
l
es.
 Pr
essur
eangl
e()
:Theangl
ebet
weent
hecommonnor
malatt
hepoi
ntoft
oot
h
cont
actandt
hecommont
angentt
othepi
tchci
rcl
es.I
tisal
sot
heangl
ebet
ween
t
hel
i
neofact
ionandt
hecommont
angent
.
 Baseci
rcl
e:Ani
magi
nar
yci
rcl
eusedi
ninv
olut
egear
ingt
ogener
atet
hei
nvol
utes
t
hatf
ormt
het
oot
hpr
ofi
l
es.

VELOCI
TYRATI
OOFGEARDRI
VE
Vel
oci
tyr
ati
oisdef
inedast
her
ati
ooft
hespeedoft
hedr
ivenshaf
ttot
hespeed
oft
hedr
ivershaf
t.
 Onegeari
sadr
iver
,whi
chhasd1,N1, 1asdi
amet
er,speedandangul
arspeed
r
espect
ivel
y.Anot
hergeari
sdr
ivenconnect
edt
othedr
ivenshaf
thasd2,N2, 2as
di
amet
er,
speedangul
arspeedr
espect
ivel
y.

Angul
arspeedsoft
het
wogear
swi
l
lbe

Theper
ipher
alv
eloci
tyoft
hedr
iveranddr
ivenshaf
tsf
ort
hemeshi
ngpai
rof
gearis

equal
andi
sgi
venby = = =

Hencev
eloci
tyr
ati
o(n)=

T1andT2ar
ethenumberoft
eet
hondr
ivergearanddr
ivengear
,si
ncet
hepai
rof
gear
ast
hesamemodul
e(m)
,t
hen

and

GEARTRAI
NS

Ageart
rai
nist
woormor
egearwor
kingt
oget
herbymeshi
ngt
hei
rteet
hand
t
urni
ngeachot
heri
nasy
stem t
ogener
atepowerandspeed.I
treducesspeedand
i
ncr
easest
orque.Tocr
eat
elar
gegearr
ati
o,gear
sar
econnect
edt
oget
hert
ofor
m gear
t
rai
ns.Theyof
tenconsi
stofmul
ti
plegear
sint
het
rai
n.Thesmal
l
ergear
sar
eone-
fi
ft
h
oft
hesi
zeoft
hel
argergear
.El
ect
ri
cmot
orsar
eusedwi
tht
hegearsy
stemst
oreduce
t
hespeedandi
ncr
easet
het
orque.El
ect
ri
cmot
ori
sconnect
edt
othedr
ivi
ngendof
eacht
rai
nandi
smount
edont
het
estpl
atf
orm.Theout
putendoft
hegeart
rai
nis
connect
edt
oal
argemagnet
icpar
ti
clebr
aket
hati
susedt
omeasur
etheout
putt
orque.
Ty
pesofgeart
rai
ns
1.Si
mpl
egeart
rai
n
2.Compoundgeart
rai
n
3.Pl
anet
arygeart
rai
n

Si
mpl
eGearTr
ain

Themostcommonoft
hegeart
rai
nist
hegearpai
rconnect
ingpar
all
elshaf
ts.The
t
eet
hoft
hist
ypecanbespur
,hel
i
calorher
ri
ngbone.onl
yonegearf
oreachaxi
s.The
angul
arv
eloci
tyi
ssi
mpl
yther
ever
seoft
het
oot
hrat
io.Themai
nli
mit
ati
onofasi
mpl
e
geart
rai
nist
hatt
hemaxi
mum speedchanger
ati
ois10:
1.Forl
argerr
ati
o,l
argesi
zesof
geart
rai
nsar
erequi
red.Thespr
ocket
sandchai
nint
hebi
cycl
eisanexampl
eofsi
mpl
e
geart
rai
n.Whent
hepaddl
eispushed,
thef
rontgeari
stur
nedandt
hatmesheswi
tht
he
l
i
nksi
nthechai
n.Thechai
nmov
esandmesheswi
tht
hel
i
nksi
nther
eargeart
hati
s
at
tachedt
other
earwheel
.Thi
senabl
est
hebi
cycl
etomov
e.
 Si
mpl
eandcompoundgeart
rai
ns

CompoundGearTr
ain

Forl
argev
eloci
ti
es,compoundar
rangementi
spr
efer
red.Twokey
sar
ekey
edt
o
asi
ngl
eshaf
t.Adoubl
ereduct
iont
rai
ncanbear
rangedt
ohav
eit
sinputandout
put
shaf
tsi
nal
i
ne,bychoosi
ngequalcent
erdi
stancef
orgear
sandpi
nions.Twoormor
e
gear
smayr
otat
eaboutasi
ngl
eaxi
s

Pl
anet
aryGearTr
ain(
Epi
cycl
i
cGearTr
ain)

Pl
anet
arygear
ssol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
obl
em.Let
'ssayy
ouwantagearr
ati
oof
6:
1wi
tht
hei
nputt
urni
ngi
nthesamedi
rect
ionast
heout
put
.Onewayt
ocr
eat
ethat
r
ati
oiswi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hree-
geart
rai
n:

Pl
anet
aryGearTr
ain

I
nthi
str
ain,
thebl
uegearhassi
xti
mest
hedi
amet
eroft
hey
ell
owgear(
giv
inga
6:
1rat
io)
.Thesi
zeoft
her
edgeari
snoti
mpor
tantbecausei
tisj
ustt
her
etor
ever
set
he
di
rect
ionofr
otat
ionsot
hatt
hebl
ueandy
ell
ow gear
stur
nthesameway
.Howev
er,
i
magi
net
haty
ouwantt
heaxi
soft
heout
putgeart
obet
hesameast
hatoft
hei
nput
gear
.A commonpl
acewher
ethi
ssame-
axi
scapabi
l
ityi
sneededi
sinanel
ect
ri
c
scr
ewdr
iver
.Int
hatcase,
youcanuseapl
anet
arygearsy
stem,
asshownher
e:

Pl
anet
aryGearTr
ain

I
nthi
sgearsy
stem,t
hey
ell
ow gear(
thesun)engagesal
lthr
eer
edgear
s(t
he
pl
anet
s)si
mul
taneousl
y.Al
lthr
eear
eat
tachedt
oapl
ate(
thepl
anetcar
ri
er)
,andt
hey
engaget
hei
nsi
deoft
hebl
uegear(
ther
ing)i
nst
eadoft
heout
side.Becauset
her
ear
e
t
hreer
edgear
sinst
eadofone,t
hisgeart
rai
nisext
remel
yrugged.Theout
putshaf
tis
at
tachedt
othebl
uer
inggear
,andt
hepl
anetcar
ri
eri
shel
dst
ati
onar
y--t
hisgi
vest
he
same6:
1gearr
ati
o.Anot
heri
nter
est
ingt
hingaboutpl
anet
arygearset
sist
hatt
heycan
pr
oducedi
ff
erentgearr
ati
osdependi
ngonwhi
chgeary
ouuseast
hei
nput
,whi
chgear
y
ouuseast
heout
put
,andwhi
choney
ouhol
dst
il
l.Fori
nst
ance,i
fthei
nputi
sthesun
gear
,andwehol
dther
inggearst
ati
onar
yandat
tacht
heout
putshaf
ttot
hepl
anet
car
ri
er,
wegetadi
ff
erentgearr
ati
o.I
nthi
scase,
thepl
anetcar
ri
erandpl
anet
sor
bitt
he
sungear
,soi
nst
eadoft
hesungearhav
ingt
ospi
nsi
xti
mesf
ort
hepl
anetcar
ri
ert
o
makei
tar
oundonce,i
thast
ospi
nsev
ent
imes.Thi
sisbecauset
hepl
anetcar
ri
er
ci
rcl
edt
hesungearoncei
nthesamedi
rect
ionasi
twasspi
nni
ng,subt
ract
ingone
r
evol
uti
onf
rom t
hesungear
.Soi
nthi
scase,
wegeta7:
1reduct
ion.

Youcoul
drear
ranget
hingsagai
n,andt
hist
imehol
dthesungearst
ati
onar
y,t
aket
he
out
putf
rom t
hepl
anetcar
ri
erandhookt
hei
nputupt
other
inggear
.Thi
swoul
dgi
ve
y
oua1.
17:
1gearr
educt
ion.Anaut
omat
ict
ransmi
ssi
onusespl
anet
arygearset
sto
cr
eat
ethedi
ff
erentgearr
ati
os,usi
ngcl
utchesandbr
akebandst
ohol
ddi
ff
erentpar
ts
oft
hegearsetst
ati
onar
yandchanget
hei
nput
sandout
put
s.

Pl
anet
arygeart
rai
nshav
esev
eraladv
ant
ages.Theyhav
ehi
ghergearr
ati
os.Theyar
e
popul
arf
oraut
omat
ict
ransmi
ssi
onsi
naut
omobi
l
es.Theyar
eal
sousedi
nbi
cycl
esf
or
cont
rol
l
ingpowerofpedal
i
ngaut
omat
ical
l
yormanual
l
y.Theyar
eal
sousedf
orpower
t
rai
nbet
weeni
nter
nal
combust
ionengi
neandanel
ect
ri
cmot
or.

Appl
i
cat
ions
Geart
rai
nsar
eusedi
nrepr
esent
ingt
hephasesofmoononawat
chorcl
ockdi
al.I
tis
al
sousedf
ordr
ivi
ngaconv
ent
ionalt
wo-
diskl
unarphasedi
spl
ayof
ftheday
-of
-t
he-
weekshaf
toft
hecal
endar
.

Vel
oci
tyr
ati
oofGeart
rai
ns

Weknowt
hatt
hev
eloci
tyr
ati
oofapai
rofgear
sist
hei
nver
sepr
opor
ti
onoft
he
di
amet
ersoft
hei
rpi
tchci
rcl
e,andt
hedi
amet
eroft
hepi
tchci
rcl
eequal
stot
henumber
oft
eet
hdi
vi
dedbyt
hedi
amet
ral
pit
ch.Al
so,
weknowt
hati
tisnecessar
yfort
hemat
ing
gear
stohav
ethesamedi
amet
ralpi
tchsot
hatt
osat
isf
ythecondi
ti
onofcor
rect
meshi
ng.Thus,wei
nfert
hatt
hev
eloci
tyr
ati
oofapai
rofgear
sist
hei
nver
ser
ati
oof
t
hei
rnumberoft
eet
h.

Fort
heor
dinar
ygeart
rai
nswehav
e(Fi
ga)

Theseequat
ionscanbecombi
nedt
ogi
vet
hev
eloci
tyr
ati
ooft
hef
ir
stgeari
nthet
rai
n
t
othel
astgear
:
Not
e:

 Thet
oot
hnumber
sint
henumer
atorar
ethoseoft
hedr
ivengear
s,andt
het
oot
h
number
sint
hedenomi
nat
orbel
ongt
othedr
ivergear
s.
 Gear2and3bot
hdr
iveandar
e,i
ntur
n,dr
iven.Thus,
theyar
ecal
l
edi
dlergear
s.
Si
ncet
hei
rtoot
hnumber
scancel
,i
dlergear
sdonotaf
fectt
hemagni
tudeoft
he
i
nput
-out
putr
ati
o,butt
heydochanget
hedi
rect
ionsofr
otat
ion.Not
ethe
di
rect
ional
arr
owsi
nthef
igur
e.I
dlergear
scanal
soconst
it
uteasav
ingofspace
andmoney(
Ifgear1and4meshesdi
rect
lyacr
ossal
ongcent
erdi
stance,
thei
r
pi
tchci
rcl
ewi
l
lbemuchl
arger
.)

Pr
obl
ems

1.Thepi
tchci
rcl
edi
amet
eroft
hespurgeari
s200mm andt
henumberoft
eet
his
10.Cal
cul
atet
hemodul
eoft
hegear

Gi
vendat
a

D=200mm

N=10

Sol
uti
on

m =D/
N

200/
10=20

Modul
eoft
hegeari
s20
 2.Pi
tchci
rcl
edi
amet
eroft
hespurgeari
s180mm andt
henumberoft
eet
hont
he
geari
s14.Cal
cul
atet
heCi
rcul
arpi
tchoft
hegear

Gi
venDat
a

D=180mm

N=14

Sol
uti
on

PC=40mm

SHORTQUESTI
ONS

1.Whati
spowert
ransmi
ssi
on
2.Whygeardr
ivesar
ecal
l
edposi
ti
vel
ydr
iven?
3.Whati
sbackl
ashi
ngear
s?
4.Whatar
ethet
ypesofgear
sav
ail
abl
e?
5.Whati
sgeart
rai
n?Whygeart
rai
nsar
eused?
6.Whyi
nter
medi
ategeari
nsi
mpl
egeart
rai
niscal
l
edi
dler
?
7.Whati
stheadv
ant
ageofusi
nghel
i
cal
gearov
erspurgear
?
8.Li
stoutt
heappl
i
cat
ionsofgear
s
9.Def
inet
het
erm‘
modul
e’i
ngeart
oot
h
10.
Whati
sher
ri
ngbonegear
?

ESSAYTYPEQUESTI
ONS

1.Wi
thsket
chexpl
ainv
ari
oust
ypesofgear
s
2.Wi
thsket
chexpl
aint
hreet
ypesofgeart
rai
ns
3.Der
ivet
hev
eloci
tyr
ati
oforansi
mpl
egeart
rai
n
4.Wi
thneatsket
chexpl
aint
henomencl
atur
eofspurgear
5.Wr
it
etheappl
i
cat
ions,
adv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofgeardr
ives

Ref
erences

1.‘
Theor
yofmachi
nes’
R.S.
Khur
miandJ.
K.Gupt
a,S.
ChandPubl
i
cat
ions,
2002
2.ht
tp:
//www.
efunda.
com/
desi
gnst
andar
ds/
gear
s/gear
s_epi
cycl
i
c.cf
m

3.ht
tp:
//www.
Howst
uff
wor
ks.
com
4.ht
tp:
//www.
wiki
pedi
a.com
5.‘
I
ntr
oduct
iont
o mechani
sms’y
izhang wi
thsusanf
ingerand St
ephanni
e
Behr
ens
6.ht
tp:
//www.
technol
ogy
student
.com/
gear
s1/
wor
m1.
htm
7.ht
tp:
//gemi
ni.
tnt
ech.
edu/
~sl
c3675/
me361/
lect
ure/
gear
trn.
html
8.ht
tp:
//www.
engr
.ut
exas.
edu/
dteach/
teacher
pdi
/2007mat
eri
alsNXT/
Gear
_Not
es.
pdf
9.ht
tp:
//www.
ti
cona.
com/
home/
tech/
desi
gn/
gear
s.ht
m