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FIRST GUIDE EAmericanEnglish
FIRST GUIDE EAmericanEnglish
FIRST
GUIDE
LIVE THE LANGUAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT I: THE MOST BASIC
Everyday conversations 2
The letters of the alphabet 5
Numbers 7
The time 10
UNIT II: BUILDING SENTENCES
Verb to be 12
Articles 16
Plural form 18
Possessives (and demonstratives) 20
UNIT III: DAILY USE
Prepositions 24
Adjectives 27
Comparatives and superlatives 29
UNIT IV: VERB TENSES
Simple present 31
Simple past 34
Present continuous 37
Simple future 39
UNIT V: PRONOUNS IN COMPLEMENT
Object pronouns 41
Reflexive pronouns 42
UNIT VI: MASS AND COUNT
Countable and uncountable nouns 44
There is / There are 46
How many/much 48
Quantifiers 49
Introduction
This work is presented with the aim of being as comfortable and practical as
possible for both teachers and students. Every content has been set in the best order for
a correct understanding of the topics, it means, beginning with the simplest themes and
advancing to the most difficult grammatical contents. Besides, the cohesion among units
has been significant for the distribution of the subjects in the three parts of the book.
Since English learning consists mainly in the study of verb tenses and parts of
speech, the present text has substantially focused in both areas. We’ve tried to elucidate
all kind of issues by means of examples, sentences, questions and explaining the uses,
rules and singular matters of each topic.
In addition, after almost every single theme dealt in this guide there’s a respective
section with exercises, so that the students can test their acquisition of the topics they’ve
studied. On the other hand, the teacher will be able to verify the learning process
through correcting such activities that will help them to supervise their progress. In this
point it’s necessary to add that every teacher is free to assign as many activities as they
prefer in order to confirm that the students are really getting the contents taught.
Behold the special items of each one of the three divisions in this guide:
In the First Guide you may find a wide VOCABULARY (in many categories) that
will be quite advantageous for your learning of words. Instead of consulting a dictionary
for knowing the translation or meaning of lots of words, you’ll have this lexis.
The Second Guide will offer you some extra-material after some topics under the
name of FAST FACTS AND TIPS, with useful information about grammar, phonetics,
culture and even informal English. The purpose of this segment is taking you deeper into
this language study and introducing you to relevant aspects that English speakers must
know.
Last but not least, the Third Guide, which is targeted to a conversational level,
not only contains remarkable topics for advanced students, but also has numerous
READING COMPREHENSION activities, which will challenge the knowledge and
investigative capacity of the student. By analyzing such interesting readings the
participants can answer the questions clipped to them and this will help them to take
root in the English language due to the intellectual feedback that it implies.
1
EVERYDAY CONVERSATIONS
2
NOTE: The words in the shadowed column of COMMON ANSWERS are just a few of the lots of
possibilities. Besides, you can say that you’re bad, not that good, so-so, terrible, awful or sad, if
that’s the case.
Hello! My name‟s Carter Rhodes. I am 29 nine years old. I was born on July 12th, 1.984, in Seattle.
I‟m a musician and I play the bass in a rock band. I am married and I live with my beautiful wife
and my parrots in an apartment from Philadelphia.
I have two elder sisters and one little brother. My father is an accountant and my mom‟s a
housewife.
I like to watch horror movies, drinking cocktails with friends, writing songs and dancing in parties.
My favorite food is pasta and I can‟t stand soup!
E X E R C I S ES
1. Build your own short dialog and practice it with your classmates.
2. With your teacher’s help, try to write some lines with basic information about you (like Carter’s
autobiography).
3
THE COLORS
White Black Gray
PARTS OF THE
HOUSE
Porch Porche Stairs Escaleras Bedroom Habitación
Backyard Patio Ceiling Techo Study Despacho
Garage Garage Roof Tejado Restroom Baño
Garden Jardín Terrace Terraza Kitchen Cocina
Fence Cerca Balcony Balcón Dining room Comedor
Wall Pared Attic Ático Laundry room Lavandería
Door Puerta Basement Sótano Living room Sala
Window Ventana Floor Piso Ground floor Primer piso
Corridor Pasillo Chimney Chimenea Second floor Segundo piso
4
Knowing the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in English will be useful for:
Saying the names of organizations (and others) with acronyms.
Spelling any word.
A B C D E F G
/eɪ/ /bi/ /si/ /di/ /i:/ / ɛf/ /dʒi/
H I J K L M N
/eɪtʃ/ /aɪ/ /dʒeɪ/ /keɪ/ /ɛl/ /ɛm/ /ɛn/
O P Q R S T U
/oʊ/ /pi/ /kju:/ /ɑr/ /ɛs/ /ti/ /ju/
V W X Y Z
/vi/ /'dɅbəlju/ /eks/ /waɪ/ /zi:/
E X E R C I S ES
3. Listen carefully and write down the words that your teacher will spell for you:
I. II.
III. IV.
4. Spell any word that you know in English so your teacher and classmates can guess it.
5
CLOTHES
Hat Sombrero Scarf Bufanda Jeans Jeans
Cap Gorra T-shirt Camiseta Trousers Pantalones
Sunglasses Gafas de sol Shirt Camisa Skirt Falda
Tie Corbata Blouse Blusa Mini-skirt Minifalda
Bow Lazo Sweater Suéter Underwear Ropa interior
Dress Vestido Coat Abrigo Shorts Shorts
Suit Traje Jacket Chaqueta Socks Calcetines
Knickers Bragas Brassiere Sostén Boots Botas
Uniform Uniforme Swimwear Traje de baño Sandals Sandalias
Apron Delantal Glove Guante Slippers Pantuflas
Pajama Pijama Belt Correa Shoes Zapatos
WEATHER
Rainbow Arcoíris Downpour Aguacero Sunny Soleado
Wind Viento Drizzle Llovizna Cloudy Nublado
Cloud Nube Thunder Trueno Partly sunny Parcialmente soleado
Fog Niebla Lightning Relámpago Partly cloudy Parcialmente nublado
Hail Granizo Thunderstorm T. eléctrica Spring Primavera
Snow Nieve Tornado Tornado Summer Verano
Icy Glacial Hurricane Huracán Fall Otoño
Rain Lluvia Drought Sequía Winter Invierno
Flood Inundación Windy Ventoso
FAMILY
MEMBERS
Mother Madre Aunt Tía Mother-in-law Suegra
Father Padre Uncle Tío Father-in-law Suegro
Daughter Hija Cousin Prima, primo Sister-in-law Cuñada
Son Hijo Grandmother Abuela Brother-in-law Cuñado
Sister Hermana Grandfather Abuelo Aunt-in-law Tía política
Brother Hermano Granddaughter Nieta Stepmother Madrastra
Siblings Hermanos Grandson Nieto Stepfather Padrastro
Niece Sobrina Great-grandmother Bisabuela Stepsister Hermanastra
Nephew Sobrino Great uncle Tío abuelo Stepbrother Hermanastro
6
CARDINAL NUMBERS
54 Fifty four
68 Sixty eight
97 Ninety seven
115 One hundred fifteen
476 Four hundred seventy six
3.458 Three thousand four hundred fifty eight
24.747 Twenty four thousand seven hundred forty seven
826.965 Eight hundred twenty six thousand nine hundred sixty five
6.153.957 Six million one hundred fifty three thousand nine hundred fifty seven
ORDINAL NUMBERS
7
PLUS: Math operations
Addition:
Four plus six equals ten (4+6=10)
Twenty one plus fifteen equals thirty six (21+15=36)
Subtraction:
Eight minus three equals five (8-3=5)
Sixty minus eleven equals forty nine (60-11=49)
Multiplication:
Six times four equals twenty four (6*4=24)
Three times nine equals twenty seven (3*9=27)
Division:
Fifteen divided by three equals five (15/3=5)
Forty divided by ten equals four (40/10=4)
E X E R C I S ES
1.791
2.648
5.314
9.785
19.621
46.328
72.976
387.429
2.986.157
8
PARTS OF THE
BODY
Head Cabeza Beard Barba Nipple Pezón Mole Lunar
Hair Cabello Throat Garganta Belly Barriga Freckle Peca
Forehead Frente Neck Cuello Side Costado Down Vello
Temple Sien Adam’s apple Manzana Navel Ombligo Brain Cerebro
Sideburn Patilla Nape Nuca Waist Cintura Heart Corazón
Face Cara Shoulder Hombro Hip Cadera Lung Pulmón
Ear Oído Armpit Axila Vulva Vulva Rib Costilla
Earlobe Lóbulo Arm Brazo Penis Pene Column Columna
Eye Ojo Forearm Antebrazo Testicle Testículo Stomach Estómago
Eyelash Pestaña Elbow Codo Groin Ingle Colon Colon
Eyebrow Ceja Wrist Muñeca Anus Ano Intestine Intestino
Eyelid Párpado Hand Mano Buttock Nalga Pancreas Páncreas
Nose Nariz Knuckle Nudillo Leg Pierna Liver Hígado
Nostril Fosa nasal Palm Palma Thigh Muslo Vesicle Vesícula
Mouth Boca Finger Dedo Knee Rodilla Kidney Riñón
Lip Labio Thumb Pulgar Calf Pantorrilla Skin Piel
Tongue Lengua Index finger Índice Shin Espinilla Bone Hueso
Tooth Diente Middle f. Medio Ankle Tobillo Muscle Músculo
Gum Encía Ring finger Anular Foot Pie Blood Sangre
Cheek Mejilla Little finger Meñique Sole Planta Vein Vena
Chin Barbilla Nail Uña Heel Talón Artery Arteria
Jaw Mandíbula Back Espalda Instep Empeine Tendon Tendón
Dimple Hoyuelo Chest Pecho Toe Dedo (pie) Nerve Nervio
Moustache Bigote Breast Seno Toenail Uña (pie) Cell Célula
9
THE TIME
TELLING THE TIME
If you want to say that someone will take an airplane, train or bus at a specific schedule, you
indicate first the time and then the trip:
He wants to travel in the 8pm flight
Can I take the 5:30pm train to Utah?
When you’ll say that someone is going to the cinema, theater, circus, etc., you indicate first
the time and then the function:
Sarah‟s getting in the 7:30pm show
10
PLUS: Moments of the day
Midday/noon is at 12pm
Midnight is at 12am
Morning is the period between midnight and midday.
Afternoon is the interval between noon and the sunset.
Evening is the time when the sun sets and night begins
* In spoken English it’s common to say the years in two parts, like “twenty-twenty”.
1.482: Fourteen eighty two
1.750: Seventeen fifty
1.996: Nineteen ninety six
2.001: Twenty oh one
E X E R C I S ES
12:19
6:36
1:58
11:03
7:24
2:47
11
VERB TO BE
Personal Conjugation Contraction Negation
pronouns of verb BE
USES
12
We also use verb be for indicating sensations and age:
Mary is hot
Luz and I are
cold
The boys are
hungry
The camels
are thirsty
I am twenty five years old
IW + V + C ?
BE
VERB BE IN PAST
13
E X E R C I S ES
1. Complete the following sentences and questions with the correct form of verb be:
14
Country Nationality Country Nationality Country Nationality
Afghanistan Afghan France French Poland Polish
Argentina Argentinian Germany German Portugal Portuguese
Australia Australian Greece Greek Puerto Rico Puerto Rican
Bolivia Bolivian Haiti Haitian Romania Romanian
Brazil Brazilian Indonesia Indonesian Russia Russian
Cambodia Cambodian Iran Iranian Saudi Arabia Saudi
Canada Canadian Ireland Irish Slovakia Slovakian
Chile Chilean Israel Israeli Spain Spanish
China Chinese Italy Italian Sweden Swedish
Colombia Colombian Japan Japanese Switzerland Swiss
Costa Rica Costa Rican Korea Korean Taiwan Taiwanese
Cuba Cuban Malaysia Malaysian Thailand Thai
Czech Republic Czech Mexico Mexican Turkey Turkish
Denmark Danish (Dane) Morocco Moroccan Ukraine Ukrainian
Dominican R. Dominican Netherlands Dutch United States American
Ecuador Ecuadorian New Zealand New Zealander Uruguay Uruguayan
Egypt Egyptian Norway Norwegian Venezuela Venezuelan
El Salvador Salvadorian Panama Panamanian Vietnam Vietnamese
England English Paraguay Paraguayan Wales Welsh
Estonia Estonian Peru Peruvian
Finland Finnish Philippines Filipino
15
They are used to indicate whether a noun in a sentence is specific or general.
The pronunciation of this article may vary according to the sound after it:
16
E X E R C I S ES
Ava: I’m sick of this computer game, and I’ve read all my books.
Dad: Let’s go to the new bookstore on Main
Street. Ava: Can we buy a
computer game too?
Dad: Ok, I’m sure they sell games there. You should turn off computer before we leave.
Ava: There’s man with drums and a guitar at the back of store.
Dad: Maybe he’s storyteller. Let’s go see.
17
THE PLURAL FORM
1. The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s.
▪ I saw two cars, ten airplanes, and three boats
2. Nevertheless, nouns ending in s, ss, sh, ch, x, z, o, create their plural form by adding es.
▪ We have to put those boxes in the buses
▪ She needs to buy watches and dresses
▪ They brought tomatoes and potatoes
Exceptions:
Photo → Photos Piano → Pianos Zoo → Zoos
Radio → Radios Stereo → Stereos Video → Videos
Halo → Halos Kangaroo → Kangaroos
Exceptions:
Roof → Roofs Belief → Beliefs Chef → Chefs
Chief → Chiefs Proof → Proofs Cliff → Cliffs
7. Some other nouns have the same form in singular and plural
Sheep → Sheep Fish → Fish Deer → Deer
Moose → Moose Aircraft → Aircraft Trout → Trout
Swine → Swine Species → Species Media → Media
Tuna → Tuna Series → Series Bison → Bison
Means → Means News → News Statistics → Statistics
18
There are some extra rules (less common) for other nouns:
E X E R C I S ES
Mouse Page
Focus Glass
Wife Criterion
Secretary Bus
Key Bush
Tax Duty
Church Self
Ash Basis
19
POSSESSIVES Part I
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
A possessive adjective sits before a noun (or a pronoun) to show who or what owns it.
A possessive pronoun is a word that replaces a noun (or a noun phrase) and shows ownership.
Maria is my sister
This is his marker, yours is this
one Those are their parents
That old computer is his
Your teacher is bad but ours is worse
Her father bought an apartment
The dog slept in its house
Cassie and I sold our Ferrari
Lend me your phone, mine is failing
My daughter and hers fought yesterday
Our team is good but he prefers theirs
SAXON GENITIVE
We call Saxon genitive to the possessive form ‘s that is added at the end of a noun, which is the
«owner» of the objects after it.
Adding ‘s at the end of a name indicates that something (maybe implicit) belongs to that
person, although we don’t specify what.
▪ I thought it was Nelson’s
20
▪ The black book is Eliecer’s
If something is possessed or shared by more than one person, we just add ‘s to the last one.
▪ They are Luke and Jane‟s grandparents
If we’re talking about several things that belong to several people separately, we add ‘s to
every name.
▪ I only have Natasha‟s, Christopher‟s, George‟s and Carmen‟s grades
CLUE: For understanding the sense of a sentence with genitives in many nouns, the key will
always be reading backward.
▪ She‟s Sofia‟s boyfriend‟s cousin
▪ My daughter‟s dog‟s tail is black
E X E R C I S ES
21
POSSESSIVES Part II
PREPOSITION OF
We often will use this preposition when the owner is not a person:
WHOSE…?
It’s a pronoun used in questions to ask who the owner of something is.
Whose + N + V + C ?
BE
We also use whose to introduce a relative clause indicating possession by people, animals
and things, but that topic will be dealt in another level!
E X E R C I S ES
22
OCCUPATIONS
Accountant Contador Dancer Bailarín Plumber Plomero
Actor Actor Dentist Dentista Model Modelo
Administrator Administrador Designer Diseñador Musician Músico
Ambassador Embajador Doctor Médico Nurse Enfermero
Archaeologist Arqueólogo Driver Conductor Painter Pintor
Architect Arquitecto Editor Redactor Pilot Piloto
Artist Artista Electrician Electricista Poet Poeta
Athlete Atleta Engineer Ingeniero President Presidente
Baker Panadero Farmer Granjero Professor Profesor
Barber Barbero Firefighter Bombero Psychologist Psicológo
Bartender Cantinero Florist Florista Rabbi Rabino
Beautician Esteticista Geologist Geólogo Sailor Marinero
Biologist Biólogo Guard Guardia Salesman Vendedor
Businessman Empresario Hotelier Hotelero Scientist Científico
Butcher Carnicero Jeweler Joyero Secretary Secretario
Captain Capitán Journalist Cronista Servant Criado
Carpenter Carpintero King Rey Soldier Soldado
Pharmacist Farmacéutico Lawyer Abogado Student Estudiante
Chemist Químico Librarian Bibliotecario Surgeon Cirujano
Cleaner Limpiador Mail carrier Cartero Tailor Sastre
Clerk Oficinista Mechanic Mecánico Therapist Terapeuta
Coach Entrenador Minister Ministro Veterinary Veterinario
Cook Cocinero Pastor Pastor Waiter Mesero
23
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a
sentence.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
24
OTHER USES
Prepositions are not used only in physic spaces but also in other senses:
You‟re in my heart
Let‟s talk in the meantime
In on my way
They‟ll arrive on time
Count on us
He‟s good at swordplay
TRANSPORTATION
More prepositions
E X E R C I S ES
1. Fill the blanks with the correct preposition (in, on, at):
25
PLACES
Avenue Avenida University Universidad Pet shop Tienda de animales
Building Edificio Hospital Hospital Bus stop Parada de bus
Park Parque Library Biblioteca Post Office Oficina Postal
Factory Fabrica Palace Palacio Travel agency Agencia de viajes
Cinema Cine Desert Desierto Downtown Centro de la ciudad
Bakery Panadería Savannah Sabana Subway station Estación del metro
Hotel Hotel Ocean Océano Apartment Apartamento
Bank Banco Wood Bosque Police station Estación de policía
Farm Granja Cathedral Catedral Neighborhood Vecindario
School Colegio Stadium Estadio Gas station Gasolinera
Bar Bar Orphanage Orfanato Parking Estacionamiento
House Casa Embassy Embajada Supermarket Supermercado
Bridge Puente Restaurant Restaurante Toy store Juguetería
Prison Cárcel Laundry Lavandería Mall Centro comercial
Street Calle Airport Aeropuerto Art gallery Galería de arte
Circus Circo Cemetery Cementerio Newspaper stand Puesto de periódicos
Zoo Zoológico Church Iglesia Museum Museo
26
ADJECTIVES
They are just words used to describe nouns. Adjectives can talk about appearance and also
condition, character, emotions or personality.
Different to Spanish, in English adjectives neither can be pluralized nor have gender.
Adjectives are generally placed before the nouns.
If two or more adjectives come before a noun, they usually follow this order:
1. Quality/Opinion: Good, bad, great, terrible, pretty, silly, lovely…
2. Size: Huge, big, large, tiny, enormous, little, tall, long, gigantic…
3. Shape: Flat, round, square, triangular, rectangular, oval…
4. Age: Young, old, new, ancient, six-year-old, antique, youthful…
5. Color: Red, black, pale, bright, faded, shining, yellow, orange…
6. Origin: French, American, Canadian, Mexican, Greek, Swiss…
7. Material: Wooden, silk, metal, paper, gold, solver, cotton…
8. Purpose: Writing, rolling, sleeping, roasting, running, dancing…
These categories are only some of the different kind of adjectives that exist. There are many
other types:
Numeric: six, one hundred and one…
Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more than
enough… Possessive: my, his, their, your, her, our, its
Demonstrative: this, that, those, these
27
How do we describe someone using adjectives?
He‟s short, fat, old and brunet. He seems to be grumpy, intelligent and hard-working.
PLUS: He has a beard, a moustache and long sideburns. He‟s wearing glasses, a hat and a black coat.
Sometimes we find some adjectives ending by ed and others ending by ing with the same root.
E.g.: Inspired and inspiring. What is the difference? The ones ending by ing are the cause of a
mood or status, and the ones ending by ed are the effect or the result of that!
Tiring Tired That movie was really exciting. I‟m still excited
Embarrassing Embarrassed We are interested in the game / The game is interesting
Amazing Amazed I got distracted with the TV / The TV is very distracting
Pleasing Pleased That clown was amusing / We are amused
Challenged Challenging
E X E R C I S ES
A B
Bad Boring
Long Small
Easy Short
Big Fat
Beautiful Hard
Interesting Weak
Strong Ugly
Thin Good
28
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
AS … AS
Use it for indicating that two people or things are (or not) in the same level concerning an adjective.
COMPARATIVE FORM
It’s used to describe the differences between two nouns.
After the comparative we add than and the other element. Nonetheless, we may just say the adjective
comparing it to something implicit. E.g.: We have to be better [than how we are now]
SUPERLATIVE FORM
It expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality.
Although the examples below have a complement which refers to an environment or context, we
could tell only the superlative and the idea would be complete. E.g.: You‟re the best!
29
RULES FOR ADDING –er/–est
1. To one-syllable adjectives we just add er/est.
▪ Today is colder than yesterday
▪ My brother is the tallest in my family
6. There are some irregular adjectives that don’t follow any of these rules.
Good → better, best ▪ Carlsen is the best chess player of the world
Well → better, best ▪ Today Miriam is better than yesterday
Bad → worse, worst ▪ I‟m the worst student!
Far → further, furthest ▪ Her house is further than ours
Old → elder, eldest (in family) ▪ Ram is my elder brother
E X E R C I S ES
1. Fill the blanks with the correct form of the adjectives in parenthesis (comparative or
superlative)
30
SIMPLE PRESENT
USES:
1. Describing activities we usually do and things that regularly happen.
2. Talking about factual information, such as general truths or scientific facts.
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
0% Never 40% Sometimes 80% Usually
10% Almost never 50% Often 90% Almost
always
20% Hardly ever 60% Frequently 100% Always
30% Rarely / seldom 70% Regularly
TIME EXPRESSSIONS
٠ Once / twice / three times… a day / a week / a month…
٠ Every two / three…. hours / years…
٠ Every day / morning / night /
June… ٠ On Mondays / weekends
31
RULES OF CONJUGATION
1. When a verb is conjugated by a third person in singular, we add it s at the end.
▪ Claudia never wakes up early
2. If the verb ends in ss, sh, ch, o, x, zz, we add it es at the end.
▪ Eduardo fixes computers with his dad
3. If the verb ends in y preceded by consonant, we delete it and add ies at the end.
▪ She sometimes tries something different (the verb is try)
4. The verb have is conjugated by the third person in singular like has.
▪ My house has a beautiful garden
IW + Aux + S + V + C ? -What/who + V + C ?
DO/DOES INF PRES
-What makes him feel sad? Nothing makes him feel sad
-Who sings that song? Hetfield sings that song
32
PLUS: Why don’t/doesn’t
We usually can ask why don‟t as a suggestion in a situation.
For example, if a friend tells you that they feel sick, you would give them an advice like this:
“Why don‟t you visit a doctor?” or “Why don‟t you go to the hospital?”
OTHER EXAMPLES:
“Your brother looks so bored! Why doesn‟t he play with my PlayStation 4?”
“It‟s such a beautiful day, why don‟t we go to the park?”
E X E R C I S ES
1. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in simple present:
33
SIMPLE PAST
USES:
1. Describing activities that already happened.
Aux + S + V + C ?
DID INF
Did they watch the movie? Did Jim brush his teeth?
Yes, they did Yes, he did
No, they didn‟t No, he didn‟t
Yes, they watched it on TV Yes, he brushed them this morning
No, they watched the soccer game No, he didn‟t have toothpaste
TIME EXPRESSSIONS
٠ Two / three… hours / days… ago
٠ Last night / week / Summer / Christmas…
٠ In 2.017 / the 80’s…
٠ Yesterday
٠ Stages of life: youth / high school…
٠ Moments of the day: today / this
morning… ٠ When + S + V + C
PAST
34
3. Irregular verbs don’t follow these rules. Their conjugation in simple past or past participle can
be totally different to their base form.
▪ Peter broke some glasses (the verb is break)
4. The variation between infinitive form, simple past and past participle in irregular verbs may
be like any of these combinations:
NOTE: There’s neither clue nor rule for identifying irregular verbs, we must memorize them.
IW + Aux + S + V + C ? -What/who + V + C ?
DID INF PAST
PLUS: Used to
When we need to express that an action was performed many times (as a habit, instead of
something that occurred just once), we’ll add used to before the verb in its base form:
35
Chloe used to get late to class but now she‟s more responsible*
*Things that were common in the past but they have changed.
E X E R C I S ES
1. Convert these sentences into simple past. Pay attention to conjugations and time expressions.
36
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USES:
1. Describing actions that are happening at the moment we’re talking.
2. Talking about activities in progress during the present (currently).
S+V+V+C
BE ING
V+ S + V + C ?
BE ING
▪ These nurses are assisting me in this moment ▪ We‟re currently training hard
▪ The water is boiling now ▪ Victor is acting strange these days
RULES OF CONJUGATION
The suffix ing is added at the end of the verbs in present progressive.
▪ That cat is crossing the street
In verbs that end in e, we delete it and add ing instead. Exceptions: seeing, fleeing, agreeing.
▪ Things are changing in the world (the verb is change)
In verbs that end in ie, we delete it and add ying instead (only three cases: die, tie, lie).
▪ That thief is lying
37
In verbs that end by consonant-vowel-consonant we double the last letter and then add ing.
Exception: verbs that end in w, x, y.
▪ Her father is cutting the grass
▪ Karina and her boyfriend are swimming in the pool
IW + V+ S + V + C ? What/who + V + V + C ?
BE ING BE ING
E X E R C I S ES
1. Convert these sentences into present continuous. Pay attention to conjugations and time
expressions.
cleaning?
38
SIMPLE FUTURE
USES
GOING TO WILL
1. Indicating concrete plans. 1. Making promises and offers.
2. Predicting something certain or evident. 2. Expressing predictions and opinions.
3. Talking about intentions.
S + V + going to + V + C S + will + V + C
BE INF INF
V+ S + going to + V + C ? Will + S + V + C
BE INF INF
Are the Evans going to eat with us? Will Nancy sign the document?
Yes, they are Yes, she will
No, they‟re not No, she won‟t
Yes, they have reservation Yes, she agrees with the terms
No, they aren‟t coming No, she refuses to do it
TIME EXPRESSSIONS
٠ Next week / year / Carnival…
٠ In four / six… hours / months
٠ In December / 2.021
٠ Within two… weeks…
٠ Tomorrow
IW + V + S + going to + V + C ? IW + will + S + V + C ?
BE INF INF
39
-What is going to happen? -What will happen?
-Who is going to open the gate? -Who will open the gate?
NOTE: The difference between going to and will is often a matter of esthetics at writing/talking.
With simple present: it’s used to talk about scheduled future events.
▪ The conference starts tomorrow morning
▪ We fly to Paris on Monday
▪ Classes begin next week
E X E R C I S ES
1. Make three sentences (positive or negative) and two yes/no questions with will.
• .
• .
• .
• ?
• ?
• ?
• ?
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OBJECT PRONOUNS (or Complement Pronouns)
They are pronouns that work as direct objects in a sentence.
A direct object is the part of the sentence (a person, animal or thing) that receives the action
performed by the subject.
Personal Object
pronouns pronouns Alex enjoys Marvel movies / Alex enjoys
them Ilan bought that pretty dog / Ilan
I Me bought it Jane loves swimming / She loves it
You You Penny and Sheldon study here, do you know
them? Sarah is our best friend, we really like her
She Her
You don‟t know
He Him me! Can you
It Its believe it? Patrick
We Us hates him Did they
see us?
They Them I love you
E X E R C I S ES
1. Rewrite the following sentences replacing the direct object noun with an object pronoun:
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Similar to object pronouns, they must be in the complement. Use them when the subject and
object of a sentence refer to the same people or thing.
We don’t use reflexive pronouns for actions that people usually make to themselves (comb,
dress, wear…).
E X E R C I S ES
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VOCABULARY
TRANSPORTATION
LAND AIR
Ambulance Ambulancia Airplane Avión
Bike Bicicleta Airship Barco aéreo
Bus Bus Cargo aircraft Avión de carga
Car Carro Helicopter Helicóptero
Fire truck Camión de bomberos Plane Avioneta
Limo Limusina Private plane Avión privado
Minivan Minivan Rocket Cohete
Motorcycle Motocicleta War plane Avión de combate
School bus Autobús escolar WATE
R
Subway Subterráneo Boat Barco
Taxi Taxi Ferryboat Transbordador
Tractor Tractor Hovercraft Aerodeslizador
Train Tren Ship Embarcación
Trolley Tranvía Submarine Submarino
Van Camioneta Yacht Yate
OBJECTS
Kitchen Office
Spoon Cuchara Toaster Tostador Calculator Calculadora
Fork Tenedor Cookware Utensilios Eraser Borrador
Knife Cuchillo Grater Rallador Clips Clips
Dish Plato Potato peeler Pela-papas Stapler Engrapadora
Kettle Olla Tableware Vajilla Pencil Lápiz
Tureen Sopera Colander Escurridor Notebook Cuaderno
Pot Pote Refrigerator Nevera Ruler Regla
Jar Jarra Frying pan Sartén Glue Pega
Mug Taza Microwave oven Microondas Hole puncher Perforadora
Cup Copa Dishwasher Lavavajillas Scotch tape Cinta adhesiva
Glass Vaso Pan Cacerola Ballpoint Bolígrafo
Blender Batidora Kitchen Cocina Desk Escritorio
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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Before advancing to the next two topics it’s important to know the difference between these
types of nouns!
COUNTABLE NOUNS
We call them count nouns as well, and it’s easy to identify them because they obviously may be
counted! Objects, animals, plants, among others…
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
These nouns (also known as mass nouns or non-count nouns) can’t be pluralized.
CATEGORIES
Abstract concepts Help, luck, fun, health, happiness, beauty, imagination
Sports Tennis, golf, basketball, soccer, baseball, hockey
Academy subjects English, art, mathematics, chemistry, physics
Liquids Milk, soup, oil, water, petrol
Powder Sand, dust, salt, sugar, coffee
Grains Rice, beans
Materials Iron, plastic, wood, steel, gold, glass
The following units will help us to quantify both count and mass nouns.
In case you may get confused, some extra mass nouns:
Cheese / Meat / Jeans / Furniture / Butter / Cash / Rain / Weather / Smoke / Bread
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VOCABULARY (Food)
Butter
Apple Orange Broccoli Potato Mutton
Sausage
Cherry Watermelon Eggplant Coffee beans Chicken
Mango Tuna
Carrot Onion Bread Fillet steak
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THERE IS / THERE ARE
This verb is employed for indicating the existence of people or things.
*We don't use "any" with the singular. We use it with plural and uncountable nouns.
This verb can be conjugated in several verb tenses (not only simple present!):
▪ There was a boy crying
▪ There were* many women in the mall
▪ There will be a big party
▪ There have been a lot of troubles lately
*We employ there was with singular nouns and there were with plural nouns.
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E X E R C I S ES
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HOW MANY and HOW MUCH
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
How many + N + Aux + S + V+ C ? How much + N + Aux + S + V+ C ?
PLURAL
NOTE: The auxiliary will depend of the verb tense you’re working in.
How many pets do you have? How much sugar do you want in your coffee?
How many apples did Caroline eat? How much money did we receive?
How many cookies will they bring? How much juice are they saving?
How many pencils is she using? How much water have you
collected? How many caps are there in the shop? How much salt is there at home?
Are there any shirts in the bin? Is there any butter in the fridge?
Are there any toothbrushes here? Isn‟t there any dust under the beds?
Aren‟t there any mirrors in the parlor? Is there any good pop music
online?
E X E R C I S ES
1. Fill the blanks with how many, how much, is there any or are there any (pay attention to the
context!):
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QUANTIFIERS
They are used to indicate the amount or quantity of something referred to by a noun.
Any For both countable and uncountable nouns (negative and questions).
Wilson doesn‟t have any
plates Samuel didn‟t drink
any wine Does she practice
any sports?
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E X E R C I S ES
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REGULAR VERBS
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Carry Carried Llevar Realize Realized Darse cuenta
Change Changed Cambiar Register Registered Matricularse, registrar
Check Checked Chequear Receive Received Recibir
Charge Charged Cargar, cobrar Remain Remained Quedar, sobrar
Clean Cleaned Limpiar Remember Remembered Recordar
Climb Climbed Escalar, subir Rent Rented Rentar, alquilar
Comb Combed Peinar Repair Repaired Reparar
Cover Covered Cubrir Require Required Requerir
Cry Cried Llorar Reserve Reserved Reservar, guardar
Crawl Crawled Gatear, arrastrarse Row Rowed Remar
Dance Danced Bailar Resolve Resolved Resolver
Dress Dressed Vestir Return Returned Retornar, volver
Drop Dropped Dejar caer Search Searched Buscar, registrar
Dial Dialed Sintonizar, marcar Save Saved Salvar
Die Died Morir Serve Served Servir
Declare Declared Declarar Settle Settled Arreglar, establecer
Delay Delayed Demorar Sign Signed Firmar
Deliver Delivered Entregar Smile Smiled Sonreír
Deny Denied Negar Snow Snowed Nevar
Dine Dined Cenar Spill Spilled Derramar
Dry Dried Secar Stay Stayed Permanecer, quedarse
Enclose Enclosed Incluir, encerrar Study Studied Estudiar
Enjoy Enjoyed Disfrutar Suffer Suffered Sufrir
Engage Engaged Comprometer Swallow Swallowed Tragar
Envy Envied Envidiar Slip Slipped Resbalar
Express Expressed Expresar Smoke Smoked Fumar
Exclaim Exclaimed Exclamar Start Started Iniciar
Explain Explained Explicar Stop Stopped Detener, parar
Fail Failed Fracasar, fallar Switch Switched Conectar, accionar
Fasten Fastened Abrochar Stretch Stretched Estirar
File Filed Archivar Talk Talked Conversar
Fill Filled Llenar Taste Tasted Probar, saborear
Fire Fired Despedir, disparar Thank Thanked Agradecer
Follow Followed Seguir Touch Touched Tocar, palpar
Frighten Frightened Espantar Trap Trapped Atrapar
Fry Fried Freír Tire Tired Cansar, fatigar
Finish Finished Terminar Train Trained Entrenar
Fish Fished Pescar Travel Traveled Viajar
Fix Fixed Reparar Trouble Troubled Molestar
Gain Gained Ganar Try Tried Tratar, intentar
Graduate Graduated Graduarse Turn Turned Girar, voltear
Guess Guessed Adivinar Unpack Unpacked Desempacar
Help Helped Ayudar Use Used Usar
Hope Hoped Esperar, desear Visit Visited Visitar
Happen Happened Suceder Wait Waited Esperar
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Hurry Hurried Apurar (se) Want Wanted Querer, requerir
Imagine Imagined Imaginar Walk Walked Caminar
Iron Ironed Planchar Wash Washed Lavar
Judge Judged Juzgar Watch Watched Observar, mirar
Kiss Kissed Besar Wish Wished Desear, anhelar
Kill Killed Matar Work Worked Trabajar
Laugh Laughed Reir Wreck Wrecked Naufragar
Leak Leaked Gotear Warm Warmed Calentar
Like Liked Gustar Warn Warned Advertir
Lock Locked Cerrar con llave Water Watered Regar
Weigh Weighed Pesar
Whistle Whistled Silbar
IRREGULAR VERBS
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Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Impulsar, conducir, llevar, inducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer, disminuir
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar, nutrir
Feel Felt Felt Sentir, percibir, tocar
Fight Fought Fought Pelear, combatir
Find Found Found Encontrar, descubrir
Flee Fled Fled Escapar, huir, evitar
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Prever, prevenir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar (se)
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Congelar
Get Got Got(ten) Lograr, obtener, conseguir
Give Gave Given Dar, conceder
Go Went Gone Ir (se), funcionar, resultar
Grind Ground Ground Moler, triturar
Grow Grew Grown Crecer, cultivar
Hang Hung Hung Colgar, suspender
Have Had Had Tener, haber
Hear Heard Heard Oír, escuchar
Hide Hid Hid(den) Ocultar, encubrir
Hit Hit Hit Pegar, golpear, acertar
Hold Held Held Sostener, mantener, contener
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir, dañar, lastimar
Keep Kept Kept Mantener, guardar, conservar
Know Knew Known Conocer, saber
Lay Laid Laid Poner, colocar
Lead Led Led Guiar, llevar, conducir
Lean Leant Leant Inclinar(se), apoyarse
Learn Learnt Learnt Aprender, saber
Leave Left Left Partir, irse, abandonar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir, conceder
Lie Lay Lain Tenderse, descansar
Light Lit Lit Alumbrar, iluminar, encender (se)
Lose Lost Lost Perder, malgastar
Make Made Made Hacer, confeccionar, producir
Mean Meant Meant Significar, querer decir, pretender
Meet Met Met Encontrarse, satisfacer
Melt Melted Molten(old) Derretir(se), fundir(se)
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocarse, errar
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Entender mal
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Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer, superar, sobreponerse
Pay Paid Paid Pagar, recompensar
Put Put Put Poner, colocar, exponer
Read Read Read Leer, descifrar, marcar
Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt Reconstruir
Rid Rid Rid Librarse, zafarse
Ride Rode Ridden Rodar, tener juego, funcionar
Ring Rang Rung Tocar, sonar
Rise Rose Risen Ascender, levantarse, surgir
Run Ran Run Correr, funcionar
Saw Sawed Sawn Cortar con sierra, aserrar
Say Said Said Decir, afirmar
See Saw Seen Ver, observar
Seek Sought Sought Buscar, solicitar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Instalar, establecer, colocar, fijar
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir, lanzar, agitar
Shed Shed Shed Derramar, esparcir, dejar caer
Shine Shone Shone Brillar, relumbrar, sobresalir
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar, emitir, lanzar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar, exhibir, probar, demostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse, disminuir, desaparecer
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar, impedir, excluir
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir, sumergir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse, reunirse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid(den) Resbalar, deslizarse, escabullirse
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler, percibir
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar, decir
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar, apresurarse
Spend Spent Spent Gastar, consumir, emplear (tiempo)
Spill Spilt Spilt Derramar, verter, divulgar
Spin Spun Spun Tornear, hilar, hacer girar
Split Split Split Partir, dividir, separar, reventar
Spoil Spoilt Spoilt Deteriorar, dañar, inutilizar
Spread Spread Spread Extender, esparcir, propagar
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar, soltar, brotar, surgir
Stand Stood Stood Pararse, tolerar, estar (de pié)
Steal Stole Stolen Robar, escabullirse
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar, adherirse, prender, fijar
Stink Stank Stunk Oler mal, apestar
Strike Struck Struck Golpear, pegar, estallar
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar, inflamar, engrosar
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Swim Swam Swum Nadar, flotar
Swing Swung Swung Balancear(se), hacer girar
Take Took Taken Tomar, llevar
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Romper, despedazar, rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir, contar, narrar
Think Thought Thought Pensar, creer
Throw Threw Thrown Lanzar, tirar, impeler, arrojar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir con violencia, empujar
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir, experimentar, pasar por
Understand Understood Understood Comprender
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender, comenzar algo
Undo Undid Undone Desarmar, deshacer
Wake Woke Woke (n) Despertar, excitar
Wear Wore Worn Gastar(se), consumirse, usar
Win Won Won Ganar, conquistar
Wind Wound Wound Enroscar(se), serpentear, girar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirar, retractarse, quitar
Withstand Withstood Withstood Resistir, oponerse, soportar
Write Wrote Written Escribir
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