Human values Assignment

Unit 1
Q1. What is Holistic Technology?Explain With Example.
Ans. Holistic (holistic technology) is an approach to IT management that is concerned with
viewing and treating a complex computer system as a single entity. Process-centric BPM - a
holistic approach to BPM that centers on business processes themselves, rather than individual
elements such as documents, workflow or people.
The definition of holistic is relating to the idea that things should be studied as a whole and not
just as a sum of their parts. An example of holistic is health care that focuses on the health of the
entire body and mind and not just parts of the body.
Q2. Universal Human values?Discuss In Detail.
Ans.Universal human values-this is one of the most frequently encountered phrases today; we
are constantly coming across it on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Its frequency creates
the illusion that its content is intuitively clear, attractive, and shared by everyone. However, the
various versions of what is understood by universal human values-the good, truth, beauty,
freedom, or civil society, a non-nuclear world, ecological protection, pluralism, etc.show that this
is by no means the case. We encounter universal human values not only in different contexts but
also in different systems of concepts as a kind of coded text, a marker for certain phenomena of
reality, or even as a fashion. The phenomenon before our eyes is by no means simple: having no
objective or concrete-historical meaning, it eludes rigorous definition. This undeveloped and
even enigmatic quality is by no means an accident. Treated (by definition!) in extremely abstract
form--as a phenomenon encountered in the most various epochs of mankinVuniversa1 human
values” are surrounded by a secret, sublimely beautiful aura. And people usually are disinclined
to intrude upon the boundaries of something for which they feel reverence. This formula of
universal, general human significance, as a ritual spell, has a magical effect on people’s minds,
often inducing them to accept it without thinking. Indeterminacy of meaning is an important
characteristic logically, pragmatically, psychologically, and scientifically. It widens the latitudes
of interpretation of a phenomenon, and an indeterminately broad addressee-the whole of
mankind-broadens the range of this interpretation many times over. Moreover, the question of

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values is generally one of the complex questions of philosophy and social science, around which
stormy discussions continue. The main difficulty is due to the ontological indeterminacy of
values in general and hence to the unclarity of the relationship between values and reality. How
can one conclusively explain that the ideal essence of value can be real, can relate to the will of
concrete individuals, can penetrate into that will, and can promote its realization? The source of
this difficulty lies in the “splitting off’ of value from real existence from visibly concrete,
variable, and transient existent-nd its transformation into a nonsensory, universal, eternal, and
unchanging abstraction. A vast literature has been devoted to this problem, although many
questions still await a satisfactory answer. The attempt to probe into the problem of value would
take us far afield. Here it is sufficient to give the most general definition. In the Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Philosophy, value is defined as a term used to refer to the human, social, and
cultural significance of specific phenomena in reality, objects, and social relations, all of which
can in their manifold diversity be assessed in terms of good and evil, truth or untruth, beauty or
ugliness, admissible or forbidden, just or unjust, and so forth. I The lack of a clearly set down
content or of objective criteria for what is being defmed gives rise to many disputes. Hence it is
natural that the question of universal human values can all the more not be simple and clear.
There is no elaborated conception of this subject either in Western philosophical and sociological
literature or in our own? although some analogues in the form of “the universally human,”
“eternal, universal principles,” “universal feeling,” and so forth, have a long tradition in the
history of philosophy
Q3. Write short note on :
1. Impact of Science and Technology.
Ans.As scientific advances improve our lives, they also complicate how we live and react to the
new technologies. More and more, human values come into conflict with scientific advancement
as we deal with important issues such as nuclear power, environmental degradation and
information technology.
2. Professional Accountability.
Ans.Professional accountability is an internally driven mindset. It’s a commitment that you make
to yourself and your career when you become a nurse to advance, grow, improve, and adapt to
your work. It’s also a pledge to apply your talents, energies, and gifts to improve patient
outcomes. According to the American Nurses Association’s (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses

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with Interpretive Statements, nurses are both “accountable and responsible for the quality of their
practice.” This means that nurses must take ownership of their actions and hold themselves
accountable not only individually but also as members of a collective team. Variations in
practice patterns of individual nurses who view professional accountability differently can result
in patient safety issues and medical errors.
3. Responsibility
Ans. Responsibility in a business context refers to “a sphere of duty or obligation assigned to a
person by the nature of that person’s position, function or work.”
The roles taken on by decision-makers imply a responsibility to perform certain functions
associated with those roles. To be more specific, responsibility refers to more than just the
primary function of a role; it refers to the multiple facets of that function, which includes both
processes and outcomes, and the consequences of the acts performed as part of that set of
obligations. A responsible actor may be seen as one whose job involves a predetermined set of
obligations that need to be met in order for the job to be accomplished.
4. Living in harmony with society and nature.
Ans.One of the most important aspects of rearticulating human development is to emphasize the
need for fairness to nature and other living beings. We cannot be developed unless our lives
become reconnected and in balance, cooperation and harmony with nature. A good balance
between indigenous knowledge and modern science and technology can take us a long way
towards this new vision of sustainable human development.
5. Indian pluralism.
Ans.India is a multicultural and a diverse nation with a flourishing history of pluralism that has
been thriving for thousands of years. Among the many faiths represented here are Hinduism,
Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. As the world’s largest democracy, India
presents a unique opportunity to understand a long and multifaceted heritage of religious
diversity. With this reality in mind, Columbia Global Centers | Mumbai hosted University
Chaplain, Jewelnel Davis, and four Kraft Global Fellows from May 24-June 3 for an intensive
field study on Religious Pluralism in India. Through visits to important sacred sites and
exhibitions, and interactions with experts, the team learned about the history, practices and
contemporary issues related to different religions in India and explored the relationship between
religious communities.

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6. Greek Culture
Ans. The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and
medicine.
● Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern
drama.
● The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.
● Greek culture influenced the Roman Empire and many other civilizations, and it
continues to influence modern cultures today.
7. Chinese Culture
Ans.The cultural values of a country influence its national psychology and identity. Citizens’
values and public opinions are conveyed to state leaders through the media and other information
channels, both directly and indirectly influencing decisions on foreign policy. The traditional
cultural values that influence the psyche of the Chinese people are harmony, benevolence,
righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, honesty, loyalty, and filial piety.
Of these, the core value is harmony. Harmony means “proper and balanced coordination between
things” and encompasses rationale, propriety, and compatibility. Rationale refers to acting
according to objective laws and truths. Propriety indicates suitability and appropriateness. The
value of harmony advocates “harmony but not uniformity.” Properly coordinating different
things by bringing them together in the appropriate manner allows them to develop from an
uncoordinated state to one of coordination; from asymmetry to symmetry; and from imbalance to
balance. Modern Chinese society tries to maintain harmony between humankind and nature;
between people and society; between members of different communities; and between mind and
body.
Q4. Four Noble truths and noble paths in Buddhism.
Ans.In Buddhism, the four noble truths are considered to be the first teaching of the Buddha and
one of his most important teachings.
They are called “Noble Truths” because, as the Buddha says, “they are real,infallible and do not
change (SN Tatha Sutta). It is because of the full understanding of these four noble truths as
they really are that the Buddha is called “Worthy” (Arahant), and “Perfectly Enlightened by
himself”. Furthermore, the word “Buddhism” is derived from the word “buddha”, which in turn
is derived from the words “buddhi” and “bodhi”. These words literally mean intellect”,

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“intelligence”, “wisdom” or “supreme knowledge”. More specifically, they refer to the
intelligence and the supreme knowledge that a Buddha possesses because of the understanding of
the four noble truths. Metaphorically, however, they are usually translated as “enlightenment” or
“awakening”, and the word “Buddha” as “enlightened” or “awakened”.
Whether a Buddha appears in the world or not, the four noble truths exist. But it is a Buddha that
reveals them, brings them to light and teaches them to the deceived people. As the Buddha
articulated them, the four noble truths are central and universal events regardless of time and
place. These are:
1) All beings experience pain and unhappiness (dukkha) during their lifetime.
“Birth is pain, old age is pain, sickness is pain, death is pain; sadness, grief, ache, sorrow and
anxiety are pain. Contact with the unpleasant is painful. Separation from pleasure is pain. Not
getting what one wants is pain. In short, the five aggregates of the mind and matter that are
subject to attachment are pain”.
2) The origin (samudaya) of pain and misery is due to a specific cause:
“It is desire that leads to rebirth, accompanied by pleasure and passion, seeking pleasure here and
there; that is, the desire for pleasure, the desire for existence, the desire for non-existence”.
3) The cessation (nirodha) of pain and suffering can be achieved as follows:
“By the complete non-passion and cessation of this very desire, by abandoning it and giving it
up, by being released and free from it”.
4) The method we must follow to stop pain and misery is that of the “Eightfold Path”, that is:
1. the right understanding
2. the right thought
3. the right speech
4. the right action
5. the right livelihood
6. the right effort
7. the right memory
8. the right mindfulness.

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Q5.Four different levels of living in harmony.
Ans.At the level of individual: Right understanding (resolution) is ensured in every human being. This
resolution inherently manifests in human talent as- knowledge (of self, existence and human conduct),
wisdom (identification of human goals) and science (process of achieving human goal) and in human
expression as- behavior, work and participation in the larger order. The possibility of an undivided
society, holistic natural order and human tradition becomes clear as one lives according to the right
understanding.

At the level of family: Resolution in each member of the family, mutually fulfilling relationships and
prosperity in family are ensured. It becomes possible to identify the physical needs of the family on the
basis of the right understanding and members of the family are able to produce (in a recyclable manner)
more than the family's requirements for physical facilities and experience the feeling of prosperity. There
is enough scope in nature for this kind of effort, and enough capacity and scope in the human being for
putting in these efforts. A prosperous family is able to fulfill the its physical needs of an and also help out
other families, hence, one establishes a relationship of mutual fulfillment, instead of exploitation of other
families in this manner.
At the level of society: Self-organization in society, emerging out of such families, has five dimensions-
education-right values (sanskar); health-restraint; production-work; exchangestorage; justice-security.
Such self- organization ensures the fulfillment of human goals of samadhan (complete resolution),
prosperity, fearlessness and co- existence. The possibility of realization of this holistic, all encompassing
self- organization from an individual to family to world family seems very natural.
At the level of nature: The human being, living with complete resolution, relationships and prosperity
lives in a mutually fulfilling manner with the remaining three orders (Material order = Soil, water, air, etc;
Plant Order = plants and shrubs, etc; Animal order = birds and animals) thus ensuring his prosperity and
the enrichment, protection and right utilization of the remaining three orders.

Q6.Concept of coexistence of self and body.

Ans.The human being is the coexistence of ‘I’ and the body, and there is exchange of
information between the two, i.e. ‘I’ and body exist together and are related. There is a flow of
information from ‘I’ to the body and from body to the ‘I’. We can make this distinction between
the self and the body in three ways in terms of the needs, activities and the types of these two
entities. All the needs of I, say respect, trust, etc., can be called as Happiness (such), while the
needs of the body are physical facilities (suvidha) like food. The two things are qualitatively

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different. There is no relevance of quantity for the needs of I as it is qualitative, while the needs
of the body are quantitative, and they are limited in quantity.
The activities of ‘I’ are activities like, desire, thinking, selection, while the activities of the body
are activities like eating, breathing etc. The mode of interaction of ‘I’ includes knowing,
assuming, recognizing and fulfilling. The fulfilment depends on recognition, depends on
assumptions and assumptions depends on knowing or not knowing (beliefs). If assumption is
based on knowledge, then recognition will be correct and fulfilment will be correct. If assuming
is not based on knowledge, then things may go wrong. The mode of interaction of the body is
only recognizing and fulfilling. Self is a conscious entity and the body is a material entity, or
physic-chemical in nature.

Q7.Describes the role of family, teachers and traditions in value development.

Ans.
The first school a child attends is his home and parents are the first teachers .With the help of
their conduct and behavior they induce an influence on their children. They play a major role in
inculcating values in their children. Values are essential for a sound character and personality.
But at times due to their sheer negligence a child lacks morally and ethically accepted values.
The second major role is that of a teacher. The teacher plays a very important role in the society
and they are considered as nation builders, personality developers, guides, etc. But in the modern
era, there are a number of factors which are responsible for degradation of the status of teachers,
for their poor performance and for the decline in teaching values.

Q8.Importance of values in human life. How do you do about live-in

harmonious life?
Ans.
Human values are most important in life—so important that people are and should be ready to
sacrifice almost anything to live with their values. Honesty, integrity, love, and happiness are
some of the end values or destination values that human beings seek to attain, practise and live
with. On the other hand, values such as health, money, fame, status, intelligence, and so on are
the means values or path values which help achieve the end values. The end values and the
means values are also known as terminal values and instrumental values respectively. While the

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end values are constant, and guide us to achieve the higher order goals, means values are
temporary in nature and help us achieve comparatively lower-order goals.
Living with harmony with others is easier said than done, especially in a world filled with
conflict, catastrophes, and differing opinions. You may struggle to feel in sync with people close
to you and with society at large. Start by connecting with friends, family, partners, and
neighbors. Focus on dealing with any disharmony in your life in a generous, compassionate way
and giving back to people in your community. Make sure you also maintain your own personal
sense of harmony, as this will help you feel in sync with others.

9.Explain in brief:
1. Collegiality.
Ans.Collegiality is the term that describes a work environment where responsibility and
authority are shared among the colleagues. When Engineering codes of ethics mention
collegiality, they generally cite acts that constitute disloyalty. The disloyalty of professionals
towards an organization, reflects the attitude they have towards the work environment for the
salaries they are paid and the trust the company has for them.
The National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code, for example, states that
“Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the
professional reputation, prospects, practice or employment of other engineers. Engineers who
believe others are guilty of unethical or illegal practice shall present such information to the
proper authority for action”.
The main factors that help in maintain harmony among members at a workplace are −
● Respect
● Commitment
● Connectedness
In detail, the colleagues are to be respected for their work and contribution towards the
organizational goals and should be valued for their professional expertise and their dedication
towards the social goods promoted by the profession. Commitment observed in the sense of
sharing a devotion to the moral ideals inherent in one’s profession. The coordination among all
the members at a workplace or the awareness of participating in cooperative projects based on
shared commitments and mutual support, also encourages the quality of the work.

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2. Loyalty.
Ans.Loyalty is the faithful adherence to an organization and the employer. Loyalty to an
employer can be either of the two types −
● Agency-loyalty − Agency-loyalty is acting to fulfil one’s contractual duties to an
employer. This is entirely a matter of actions, such as doing one’s job and not stealing
from one’s employer, irrespective of the motive behind it.
● Attitude-loyalty − Attitude-loyalty has a lot to do with attitudes, emotions and a sense of
personal identity as it does with actions. It can be understood that people who work
grudgingly and spitefully are not loyal; in spite of the fact they may adequately perform
all their work responsibilities and hence manifest agency loyalty.
3. Ethics living.
Ans.Ethical living is the philosophy of making decisions for daily life which take into account
ethics and moral values, particularly with regard to consumerism, sustainability,
environmentalism, wildlife and animal welfare. At present it is largely a personal choice, and not
an organized social movement. Ethical living is an offshoot of sustainable living, in which the
individual initially takes a series of small lifestyle changes in order to limit their effect on the
environment. Making the decision to start to live ethically, can be as easy as beginning to
recycle, switching off electric lights when leaving a room, buying local organic or fairtrade
produce. Though many people often go further by reusing/recycling wastewater, using renewable
resources in their homes, giving up the use of the family car in preference of greener modes of
transport. Though ethical living is growing in popularity, many in the environmental movement
believe that the responsibility of ethical practice should be enforced on "Big Business''. They
argue that the onus is being unfairly laid on the individual to change the way they live in order to
effect change, as these everyday changes are often insignificant in comparison to the level of
changes that large organizations or multinational corporations could make.
Q10. How engineers act as role models for civil society.
Ans.The engineering profession has a variety of ethical responsibilities to society and the
environment. This field of inquiry has recently been termed macroethics . But these professional
social responsibilities may be in tension with the business side of engineering . The majority of
engineers work for businesses, whose primary motivation is often profit and corporate
stockholders, rather than societal impacts. Luckily, this has begun to change based on movement

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toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) and realizations that companies can thrive
economically while considering social and environmental impacts (the triple bottom line). CSR
means that companies commit to principles of accountability to community stakeholders,
customers, suppliers, employees, and investors. CSR often embraces ideas of sustainability,
including human rights and environmental issues, as well as a chain of responsibility and duty of
care. Engineering-focused companies often make their commitments to CSR publicly available .
The characterization of engineering as a profession is also somewhat in tension. Individual
licensing of engineers promotes the notion of profession, but industrial exemptions in the
licensing laws somewhat erode this independence from employers . It becomes clear when
exploring the engineering profession that it should not be viewed as homogeneous, but rather
consider that there are distinct cultures in this regard among different sub-disciplines and among
countries.
Q11.Role of teacher in preservation of tradition and culture.
Ans.Now the teacher-student relationship is one of the most important traditions and an integral
part of our culture . In every one of our holy books like geetas it has been emphasised the
importance of a teacher in a person’s life . The teacher teaches us the things that we need to learn
to succeed in our lives . The relationship of student and teacher has been considered holy and
teacher has been referred to as having a place above the gods . such is the importance of teachers
in our culture . The teacher also has a duty to inculcate the values and morals of their traditions
and culture into the minds of younger generations . Teachers who are older than us also share
their experiences that they have faced in their lives to make us aware not to make the mistakes
they made and learn from them . The concept of a person as a teacher is our tradition so teachers
play an integral role in preserving one's traditions and cultures .
There has been debate for a long time about the development of technology .There have been
many new innovations which have been implemented in our education system like long distant
classes , virtual classrooms , internet courses/online courses etc that have decreased the necessity
of a physical teacher and a physical classroom . Now it has both advantages and disadvantages .
But the main disadvantage is the decreasing interaction between student and teacher . Our indian
society is based on morals and values so this does make us think that these are not good for our
society and these are degrading our culture and traditions . Though this is not entirely true it does
hold some truth behind it.

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UNIT -2
Q1. How does implementation of technology by engineers, influences the
human values?
Ans. There is universally no accepted definition of human values despite its importance to
human society and its strategic impact on engineering, science and advancement of human
civilization. It may best be defined as feelings and convictions‘ regarding what is of strong worth
in our individual and collective actions, values inherited in society. Ideologies and shared ethical
and moral beliefs, which are the binding forces for communities.
Science and technology always had a great impact on the survival and perishment of great
civilizations. The word ‗wisdom‘ is one of the pillars of human values and it includes the impact
of scientific and technological developments on society in long term and short term. The human
developments in science and technology when synergistically combined should strengthen
human values, if the technology is constructive. On the other hand, technology which weakens
the human values, which is disruptive. The success of scientific and technological advancement
and development depends on how deep the human values are embedded in technologies.
It is an amazing fact from history that technology was a major driver for dominance of great
powers. The Mongols, Romans, Britishers used advanced military and allied technologies in
materials, communication, navigation, transportation to colonize and inflict cumulative damage
on the helpless population. The U.S is a super power because of its edge in nuclear weapons,
aircraft carriers fleet, long range bombers and other hidden deadly device. The use of technology
can be exploited to the benefit or destruction of mankind. The point of views of techno-utopians
and techno-pragmatics differ on the use of emerging technologies. What isneeded is control of
technology and its exploitation to bring global peace by common sharing of their economic,
ethical and moral values.

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Q2. Describe the Bhopal gas tragedy and its effects.How victims were treated
and helped by the administrations?
Ans. The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred in 1984 at Bhopal. On Dec. 3, a dangerous chemical
reaction occurred in the plant. As a result, water entered into the tank containing methyl
isocyanate gas. This resulted in the increase of temperature and pressure inside the tank. This led
to the release of methyl isocyanate gas from the tank.
The gas spread within the radius of eight kilometers. The gas caused coughing, breathlessness,
stomach pain, and burning in the respiratory tract. By the morning, thousands of people had died.
Many people who survived this disaster, suffered from various diseases for the rest of their lives.
People still suffer from cancer, tuberculosis, gynecological disorders etc as the result of the
inhalation

Officially, most of the victims of the Bhopal tragedy died from suffocation. The gas was so
heavy and thick that it filled their lungs, essentially drowning them. However, methyl isocyanate
also reacts strongly with organic tissues, and many victims suffered severe chemical burns to
eyes and skin.
Unfortunately, the impacts were not limited to just that night. Researchers estimate that 500,000
to 600,000 people were impacted by the chemical gas, most of whom suffered long-term
illnesses. Few studies have been done on the effects of methyl isocyanate, but researchers
suggest that this chemical can lead to numerous chronic diseases as well as higher rates of
spontaneous abortion and birth defects. It's worth noting that the rates of stillborn babies in the
region rose by 300% following the disaster, and the rates of neonatal mortality rose by 200%.

Q3. Describe various testing methods for safety?

Ans. Some commonly used testing methods: Using the past experience in checking the design
and performance. Prototype testing. Here the one product tested may not be representative of the
population of products. Tests simulated under approximately actual conditions to know the
performance flaws on safety. Routine quality assurance tests on production runs. The above
testing procedures are not always carried out properly. Hence we cannot trust the testing
procedures uncritically. Some tests are also destructive and obviously it is impossible to do
destructive testing and improve safety. In such cases, a simulation that traces hypothetical risky
outcomes could be applied. Scenario Analysis (Event ->Consequences) Failure Modes &
Effects Analysis (Failure modes of each component) Fault Tree Analysis (System Failure ->
Possible Causes at component level) What if there is a combination of factors? All Analysis
pre-suppose a thorough understanding of the physical system.

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Failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) : This approach systematically examines the failure
modes of each component, without however, focusing on relationships among the elements of a
complex system.

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) : A system failure is proposed and then events are traced back to
possible causes at the component level. The reverse of the fault-tree analysis is ‘event – tree
analysis’. This method most effectively illustrates the disciplined approach required to capture as
much as possible of everything that affects proper functioning and safety of a complex system.

Q4. Discuss case study on space shuttle” Challenger “disaster in detail.

Ans. The Challenger disaster occurred on the 28th January of 1986, when the NASA Space
Shuttle orbiter Challenger broke apart and disintegrated at 73 seconds into its flight, leading
to the deaths of its seven crew members. The accident had serious consequences for the
NASA credibility and resulted in an interruption of 32 months in the shuttle program. The
Presidential Rogers Commission (formed by astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and Nobel laureate
Richard P. Feynman141, among others) was created in order to investigate the causes of the
disaster.

The Rogers Commission elaborated a report (Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
Challenger Accident 1986) with all the findings. The commission determined that the
disintegration began with the failure of an O-ring seal in the solid rocket booster due to the
unusually cold temperature (−0.6−0.6 Celsius degrees; 30.9230.92 Fahrenheit degrees) during
the launch. This failure produced a breach of burning gas through the solid rocket booster that
compromised the whole shuttle structure, resulting in its disintegration due to the extreme
aerodynamic forces.
The problem with O-rings was something known. The night before the launch, there was a
three-hour teleconference between rocket engineers at Thiokol, the manufacturer company of
the solid rocket boosters, and NASA. In the teleconference it was discussed the effect on the
O-rings performance of the low temperature forecasted for the launch, and eventually a launch
decision was attained.

Q5. Traditional method for safety analysis.

Ans. The two most common fault modeling techniques are called failure mode and effects
analysis and fault tree analysis. These techniques are just ways of finding problems and of
making plans to cope with failures, as in probabilistic risk assessment. One of the earliest
complete studies using this technique on a commercial nuclear plant was the WASH-1400 study,
also known as the Reactor Safety Study or the Rasmussen Report.

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 Human values Assignment
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a bottom-up, inductive analytical method which
may be performed at either the functional or piece-part level. For functional FMEA, failure
modes are identified for each function in a system or equipment item, usually with the help of a
functional block diagram. For piece-part FMEA, failure modes are identified for each piece-part
component (such as a valve, connector, resistor, or diode). The effects of the failure mode are
described, and assigned a probability based on the failure rate and failure mode ratio of the
function or component. This quantiazation is difficult for software ---a bug exists or not, and the
failure models used for hardware components do not apply. Temperature and age and
manufacturing variability affect a resistor; they do not affect software.
Failure modes with identical effects can be combined and summarized in a Failure Mode Effects
Summary. When combined with criticality analysis, FMEA is known as Failure Mode, Effects,
and Criticality Analysis or FMECA,
Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top-down, deductive analytical method. In FTA, initiating
primary events such as component failures, human errors, and external events are traced
through Boolean logic gates to an undesired top event such as an aircraft crash or nuclear reactor
core melt. The intent is to identify ways to make top events less probable, and verify that safety
goals have been achieved.
Fault trees are a logical inverse of success trees, and may be obtained by applying de Morgan's
theorem to success trees (which are directly related to reliability block diagrams).FTA may be
qualitative or quantitative. When failure and event probabilities are unknown, qualitative fault
trees may be analyzed for minimal cut sets.
Q6. Elaborate Engineer’s responsibility for safety and risk management.
Ans. One of the main duties of an engineer is to ensure the safety of the people who will be
affected by the products that he designs.

• The code of ethics of the professional engineering societies make it clear that safety is of
paramount importance to the engineer.

• The engineering codes of ethics show that engineers have a responsibility to society to
produce products that are safe.

• Nothing can be 100% safe, but engineers are required to make products as safe as
reasonably possible.

• Safety should be integral part of any engineering design.In order to ensure safety
following criteria should meet

o Design follow legal standards

o Alternate designs that are potentially safer should be explored.

o All possible misuse by the consumer should be identified, and that is to be

avoided

o Designed product should be tested using prototypes

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Q7. Factors responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy.
Ans. The plant in Bhopal where the disaster happened started to produce 'Carbaryl' in 1977.
Carbaryl is mainly used as an insecticide. At first, the production was 2,500 tonnes per year.
There was no problem, as the plant had been designed for an output of 5,000 tonnes. At the
beginning of the 1980s, Carbaryl did not sell very well. For this reason, the owners of the plant
started to cut the costs. This included employing fewer people, doing maintenance less
frequently, and using parts that were made of lower-grade steel. Closing the plant was being
considered as well. When the disaster happened, there was no production at the plant because
there was a surplus amount of material on the market.
There is also a theory related to this which says that the owner of the Union Carbide Company
(UCC) did this on purpose to just challenge the government to punish him. However, as we all
know, he had escaped long ago using the corruption in the Indian government at that time to his
advantage.
The disaster happened because water entered a tank containing Methyl isocyanate. This caused a
chemical reaction which resulted in the buildup of much Carbon dioxide, among other things.
The resulting reaction increased the temperature inside the tank to reach over 200 °C (392 °F).
The pressure was more than the tank was built to withstand. The tank had valves to control
the pressure. These were triggered in an emergency, which reduced the pressure. As a result,
large amounts of toxic gases were released into the environment. The pipes were rusty. The rust
in the iron pipes made the reaction faster. All the contents of the tank were released within a
period of about two hours. The water had entered the tank because of a sequence of events. The
tank had been maintained badly. When cleaning work was done, water entered the tank.
Factors leading to this gas leak include:

 The use of hazardous chemicals (MIC) instead of less dangerous ones

 Storing these chemicals in large tanks instead of over 200 steel drums.
 Possible corroding material in pipelines
 Poor maintenance after the plant ceased production in the early 1980s
 Failure of several safety systems (due to poor maintenance and regulations).
 Safety systems shut down to save money - including the MIC tank refrigeration
system which alone would have prevented the disaster.
 Plant design modifications by Indian engineers to abide by government regulations
and economic pressures to reduce expenses.

Q8 Write short notes on:

1) Nuclear power plant disaster : What happens when there is a nuclear power plant accident? A
nuclear power plant uses uranium fuel to produce steam for generating electricity. If a nuclear power
plant accident occurs, heat and pressure build up, and the steam, along with the radioactive materials.
Nuclear explosions produce air-blast effects similar to those produced by conventional explosives. The
shock wave can directly injure humans by rupturing eardrums or lungs or by hurling people at high speed,
but most casualties occur because of collapsing structures and flying debri.

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2) Three Mile Island Incident: In 1979 at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in USA a cooling
malfunction caused part of the core to melt in the #2 reactor. The TMI-2 reactor was destroyed. Some
radioactive gas was released a couple of days after the accident, but not enough to cause any dose above
background levels to local residents. hree Mile Island is so named because it is located three miles
downriver from Middletown, Pennsylvania. The plant was originally built by General Public Utilities
Corporation, later renamed GPU Incorporated. The plant was operated by Metropolitan Edison Company
(Met-Ed), a subsidiary of the GPU Energy division.

3) Risk Benefit Analysis : Risk–benefit analysis is analysis that seeks to quantify the risk and
benefits and hence their ratio. ... For example, driving an automobile is a risk most people take daily,
also since it is mitigated by the controlling factor of their perception of their individual ability to manage
the risk-creating situation. Risk Benefit Assessment (RBA) is an approach to risk assessment that
focuses not just on the risks of the activity, but on the benefits of the activity. ... Using a RBA approach
still means you need to consider how to mitigate risk and clarify how you will deal with risk.

4) Engineer’s responsibility for safety & social and value dimension of technology:
Engineers should take a critical attitude toward technology, appreciating and taking pride in its benefits
while being aware of the problems it can create. ... Engineering design often raises social and ethical
issues that engineers must address and shows how engineering is a kind of social experimentation. The
social responsibilities of engineers include human safety and environmental protection in engineering
designs. But it may extend further to include pro bono work and considerations of social justice issues.

5) Computer Technology privacy: Technology thus does not only influence privacy by changing
the accessibility of information, but also by changing the privacy norms themselves. For example, social
networking sites invite users to share more information than they otherwise might. This “oversharing”
becomes accepted practice within certain groups. echnological innovation has outpaced our privacy
protections. As a result, our digital footprint can be tracked by the government and corporations in ways
that were once unthinkable. ... When the government has easy access to this information, we lose more
than just privacy and control over our information.

6) Perils of technological optimism: Pioneering environmentalists such as Paul Ehrlich argued

strongly against 'Technological Optimism'. ... Broadly speaking, this is the belief that technological
improvements will meet unlimited human demand for resources, including energy. Technological
progress creates unpredictable devastating effects. TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIMISM This view is
strongly supported by technologists and engineers and also by ordinary people who believe that
technology can alleviate all the difficulties and provide solutions for problems that may come.
Enframing means the gathering together of the setting-upon that sets upon man, i.e., challenges him
forth, to reveal the actual, in the mode of ordering, as standing-reserve. Enframing means the way of
revealing that holds sway in the essence of modern technology and that is itself nothing technological.

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Unit-3
Q1. Discuss commandments of computer ethics created by the computer ethics institute.
AnsThe Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics were created in 1992 by the Washington, D.C. based
Computer Ethics Institute.[1] The commandments were introduced in the paper "In Pursuit of a 'Ten
Commandments' for Computer Ethics" by Ramon C. Barquin as a means to create "a set of standards to
guide and instruct people in the ethical use of computers.
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid (without
permission).
7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper
compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the
system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for other
humans.

Q2.What is the ozone layer depletion? Explain the causes, effects and remedies of ozone
depletion.
Ans. The ozone layer is found in the lower portion of the earth’s atmosphere. It has the potential to absorb
around 97-99% of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun that can damage life on earth. If
the ozone layer was absent, millions of people would develop skin diseases and may have weakened
immune systems.
Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere. This happens
when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the
ozone molecules. One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. It is destroyed more quickly than
it is created.

Some compounds release chlorine and bromine on exposure to high ultraviolet light, which then
contributes to the ozone layer depletion. Such compounds are known as Ozone Depleting Substances
(ODS).

The ozone-depleting substances that contain chlorine include chlorofluorocarbon, carbon tetrachloride,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and methyl chloroform. Whereas, the ozone-depleting substances that contain
bromine are halons, methyl bromide, and hydro bromofluorocarbons.

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Chlorofluorocarbons are the most abundant ozone-depleting substance. It is only when the chlorine atom
reacts with some other molecule, it does not react with ozone.

Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer depletion is a major concern and is associated with a number of factors. The main causes
responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are listed below:

Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer depletion. These are released by solvents,
spray aerosols, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the
stratosphere are broken down by the ultraviolet radiation and release chlorine atoms. These atoms react
with ozone and destroy it.

Unregulated Rocket Launches

Researchers say that the unregulated launching of rockets results in much more depletion of ozone layer
than the CFCs do. If not controlled, this might result in a huge loss of the ozone layer by the year 2050.

Nitrogenous Compounds
The nitrogenous compounds such as NO2, NO, N2O are highly responsible for the depletion of the ozone
layer.

Natural Causes
The ozone layer has been found to be depleted by certain natural processes such as Sun-spots and
stratospheric winds. But it does not cause more than 1-2% of the ozone layer depletion.

The volcanic eruptions are also responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.

Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion

The depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on the environment. Let us see the major effects of
ozone layer depletion on man and environment.

Effects on Human Health

The humans will be directly exposed to the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun due to the depletion
of the ozone layer. This might result in serious health issues among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer,
sunburns, cataract, quick ageing and an weakened immune system.

Effects on Animals
Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.

Effects on the Environment

Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in plants. The forests
also have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.

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Effects on Marine Life

Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. These are higher in the aquatic
food chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms present in the lower food chain are also affected.

Solutions to Ozone Layer Depletion

The depletion of the ozone layer is a serious issue and various programmes have been launched by the
governments of various countries to prevent it. However, steps should be taken at the individual level as
well to prevent the depletion of the ozone layer.

Following are some points that would help in preventing this problem at a global level:

 Avoid Using Pesticides: Natural methods should be implemented to get rid of pests and weeds
instead of using chemicals. One can use eco-friendly chemicals to remove the pests or remove the
weeds manually.

 Minimize the Use of Vehicles:The vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that
lead to global warming as well as ozone depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should
be minimized as much as possible.
 Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products :Most of the cleaning products have chlorine and
bromine releasing chemicals that find a way into the atmosphere and affect the ozone
layer. These should be substituted with natural products to protect the environment.
 Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited: The government should take actions and prohibit
the use of harmful nitrous oxide that is adversely affecting the ozone layer. People should
be made aware of the harmful effects of nitrous oxide and the products emitting the gas
so that its use is minimized at the individual level as well.

Q3. Discuss various kinds of pollution in our environment. Give example

Ans. When you think of environmental pollution, it typically comes in seven different types. These
include air, water, land, radioactive, thermal, light, and sound pollution. Explore the definition and causes
of each type of pollution.

Air Pollution-When you think of environmental pollution, it typically comes in seven different types.
These include air, water, land, radioactive, thermal, light, and sound pollution. Explore the definition and
causes of each type of pollution.

Water Pollution-Humans need water to survive. That is a fact. However, trash and chemicals can get
thrown into the ocean and lakes. This is called water pollution. Not only can they affect fish and other
marine life, when pollutants get into the water, they have a devastating effect on the water cycle. Natural
causes of water pollution include algae blooms and volcanos. However, humans also cause water
pollution through trash and wastewater from factories.

Land Pollution- It is another one of the big three pollution types affecting the human population. Land
pollution happens when the soil gets contaminated by fertilizers or chemicals being dumped. The

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pollution in the land can seep into the ground water or run into lakes and streams creating a vicious
pollution cycle.

Radioactive Pollution-When you think of radioactive pollution, you might think of Chernobyl or
Fukushima. Both of these nuclear power plants used fission of radioactive materials, uranium and
plutonium, to create electricity, and both failed. Their failure led to toxic chemicals and radiation being
leaked out into the environment, which is radioactive pollution.

Noise Pollution-Have you ever needed to wear earphones for loud noises? If so, you were experiencing
noise pollution. Noise pollution is caused by loud noises that can hurt the human ears. Types of noise
pollution can include explosions, jet engines, and even concerts (if you are close to the speakers). Noise
pollution is dangerous because it can cause hearing loss.

Light Pollution-Have you ever noticed that in a big city with a lot of lights, it is impossible to see the
stars and galaxies? Light pollution, using electric lights to light up the sky, is the cause. While lights are
great for helping us to see at night, too many lights cause light pollution blocking out the night sky. Light
pollution can also be harmful to animals. For example, the lights of big cities can confuse migrating birds.

Q4. Explain both modern and old term of globalisation.

Ans.It is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments
worldwide.Globalization has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in transportation and
communication technology. This increase in global interactions has caused a growth in international trade
and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of
interaction and integration that is associated with social and cultural aspects.

Old Globalisation-An early form of globalized economics and culture, known as archaic globalization,
existed during the Hellenistic Age, when commercialized urban centers were focused around the axis of
Greek culture over a wide range that stretched from India to Spain, with such cities as Alexandria,
Athens, and Antioch at its center. Trade was widespread during that period, and it is the first time the idea
of a cosmopolitan culture (from Greek "Cosmopolis", meaning "world city") emerged. Others have
perceived an early form of globalization in the trade links between the Roman Empire, the Parthian
Empire, and the Han Dynasty. The increasing articulation of commercial links between these powers
inspired the development of the Silk Road, which started in western China, reached the boundaries of the
Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards RomeTheIslamic Golden Age was also an important
early stage of globalization, when Jewish and Muslim traders and explorers established a sustained
economy across the Old World resulting in a globalization of crops, trade, knowledge and technology.
Globally significant crops such as sugar and cotton became widely cultivated across the Muslim world in
this period, while the necessity of learning Arabic and completing the Hajj created a cosmopolitan
culture.

Modern Globalisation-The 19th century witnessed the advent of globalization approaching its modern
form. Industrialization allowed cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while
rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities. Globalization in this period was
decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism. After the First and Second Opium Wars, which
opened up China to foreign trade, and the completion of the British conquest of India, the vast
populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. It was in this period that areas

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of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system. Meanwhile, the
conquest of parts of the globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by Europeans yielded valuable natural
resources such as rubber, diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European
imperial powers, their colonies, and the United States.

The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the
whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of
racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an
extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August
1914.

Between the globalization in the 19th and in the 20th there are significant differences. There are two main
points on which the differences can be seen. One point is the global trade in this centuries as well as the
capital, investment and the economy.

Q5. Give a short note on:

A.Computer ethics: It is a part of practical philosophy concerned with how computing professionals
should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct] Margaret Anne Pierce, a professor in
the Department of Mathematics and Computers at Georgia Southern University has categorized the
ethical decisions related to computer technology and usage into three primary influences:
1. The individual's own personal code.
2. Any informal code of ethical conduct that exists in the work place.
3. Exposure to formal codes of ethics.
Computer ethics was first coined by Walter Maner,[1] a professor at Bowling Green State University.
Maner noticed ethical concerns that were brought up during his Medical Ethics course at Old Dominion
University became more complex and difficult when the use of technology and computers became
involved.[3] The conceptual foundations of computer ethics are investigated by information ethics, a
branch of philosophical ethics promoted, among others, by Luciano Floridi.
B.Hacking : It is the activity of identifying weaknesses in a computer system or a network to exploit the
security to gain access to personal data or business data. An example of computer hacking can be: using a
password cracking algorithm to gain access to a computer system.
Computers have become mandatory to run successful businesses. It is not enough to have isolated
computer systems; they need to be networked to facilitate communication with external businesses. This
exposes them to the outside world and hacking. System hacking means using computers to commit
fraudulent acts such as fraud, privacy invasion, stealing corporate/personal data, etc. Cyber crimes cost
many organizations millions of dollars every year. Businesses need to protect themselves against such
attacks.A Hacker is a person who finds and exploits the weakness in computer systems and/or networks to
gain access. Hackers are usually skilled computer programmers with knowledge of computer security.

C. Whistleblowing: Itis the term used when a person passes on information concerning wrongdoing,
such as corruption, sexual harassment... This can be referred to as "blowing the whistle", "making a
disclosure", "making a whistleblowing report", or otherwise. The person is usually closely associated with

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the organisation, often an employee, but also sometimes a supplier or a customer. They become a
whistleblower when they observe behaviour or actions that they believe to be misconduct, illegal and not
in line with the company's Code of Conduct, and report that suspicion as a whistleblowing matter.

Whistleblowing can take place either within an organisation, or publicly.

Organisational whistleblowing: is a preventive tool for organisations to reduce the risks of malpractice
and irregularities. Empowering employees and other relevant stakeholders to blow the whistle increases
the chances of managers obtaining information on irregularities that should be acted upon at an early
stage. Organisations that take their Code of Conduct seriously will therefore put in place mechanisms to
enable organisational whistleblowing, such as a secure corporate whistleblowing system or hotline and a
whistleblowing policy or guidelines.

Public whistleblowing: In organisations where trust is low, the above mechanisms are not in place, or
there is no possibility to be an anonymous whistleblower, the person may be more inclined to blow the
whistle publicly. This may include reporting to the police, media or through online social channels, which
of course brings a greater risk of reputational damage for organisations. In some instances, though, there
is a duty to blow the whistle to a professional body or regulator.

D.Perils of technological optimism :Today there are high hopes for technological progress. Techno-
optimists expect massive benefits for humankind from the invention of new technologies. Peter
Diamandis is the founder of the X-prize foundation, whose purpose is to arrange competitions for
breakthrough inventions. His aim is “a world of nine billion people with clean water, nutritious food,
affordable housing, personalized education, top-tier medical care, and nonpolluting, ubiquitous energy”.
The Internet is a special focus for techno-optimists.Some of the shininess of these forecasts depends on a
mistake about the well-being of people living at different times from us. When determining how happy
people were in the past or will be in a technologically enhanced future, we imaginatively project
ourselves into their times. We expect that we would feel miserable if sent on a one-way time travel trip
back to the 13th century and therefore suppose that that misery must have been experienced by the people
who lived then.Our rush toward a technologically enhanced future is likely to expose us to many threats
of extinction of similar or greater magnitude to those imposed by climate change or nuclear weapons.

E.Embezzlement: It is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion of such assets, by one
or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.[1]
Embezzlement is a type of financial fraud. For example, a lawyer might embezzle funds from the trust
accounts of their clients; a financial advisor might embezzle the funds of investors; and a husband or a
wife might embezzle funds from a bank account jointly held with the spouse.The term "embezzlement" is
often used in informal speech to mean theft of money, usually from an organization or company such as
an employer.Embezzlement is usually a premeditated crime, performed methodically, with precautions
that conceal the criminal conversion of the property, which occurs without the knowledge or consent of
the affected person. Often it involves the trusted individual embezzling only a small proportion of the
total of the funds or resources they receive or control, in an attempt to minimize the risk of the detection

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of the misallocation of the funds or resources. When successful, embezzlements may continue for many
years without detection. The victims often realize that the funds, savings, assets, or other resources, are
missing and that they have been duped by the embezzler, only when a relatively large proportion of the
funds are needed at one time; or the funds are called upon for another use; or when a major institutional
reorganization (the closing or moving of a plant or business office, or a merger/acquisition of a firm)
requires the complete and independent accounting of all real and liquid assets, prior to or concurrent with
the reorganization.

F. Job satisfaction: It is defined as the extent to which an employee feels self-motivated, content &
satisfied with his/her job. Job satisfaction happens when an employee feels he or she is having job
stability, career growth and a comfortable work life balance. This implies that the employee is having
satisfaction at job as the work meets the expectations of the individual.A satisfied employee is always
important for an organization as he/she aims to deliver the best of their capability. Every employee wants
a strong career growth and work life balance at workplace. If an employee feels happy with their
company & work, they look to give back to the company with all their efforts. Importance of job
satisfaction can be seen from two perspectives i.e. from employee and employer perspective:

For Employees: Job satisfaction from an employee perspective is to earn a good gross salary, have job
stability, have a steady career growth, get rewards & recognition and constantly have new opportunities.

Q6.List the various problem in environmental ethics. As an individual list the steps that you can
take to save the environment.
Ans.Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings and the
environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that humans are a part of
society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals. These items are a very
important part of the world and are considered to be a functional part of human life.
There are several environmental issues that have created havoc on our environment and human life. If
ignored today, these ill effects are sure to curb human existence in the near future.

The major environmental issues include Pollution, Overpopulation, Industrial and Household Waste, Acid
Rain, Climate change, Ozone Layer Depletion, Urban Sprawl, Genetic Engineering, Deforestation and
Global Warming. These environmental issues have taken a toll on our environment and we’ve already
started seeing some disastrous effects in the form of the effect of health on humans, rise in sea level,
depletion of non-renewable resources, melting of glaciers, extinction of species, polluted landfills, toxic
dust, decreasing soil fertility, rise in air and water pollution and many more.

Steps to save Environment-

1. Recycle!
2. Don’t use electrical appliances if you can do it by hand.

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3. Use cold water in the washer.
4. Re-use brown paper bags to line your trash can.
5. Re-use bread bags and produce bags.
6. Store food in re-usable containers.
7. Return hangers to the dry cleaners.
8. Donate unwanted goods.
9. Don’t leave water running needlessly.
10. Turn your heat down and wear a sweater.
11. Turn off the lights and electrical appliances.
12. Flush the toilet less often.
13. Turn down the heat before you go on vacation.
14. Recycle your Christmas tree.
15. Start a compost pile.

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Unit 4
Q1. Discuss the broad categories of computer crime.

Ans.There are three general categories of computer crime: targets, means, and incidentals”, however
these three are not necessarily mutually exclusive of one another. Many computer crimes “involve a
multiplicity of intentions”

Targets: The computer is the intended target of a criminal, as may (or may not) be the case with hacking.
The category of computer crime varies depending on the intention of the criminal. A hacker bringing
down a website or network or destroying a corporation’s operating systems as a vengeful means for
retribution or payback would fall under targeting, as would the covert installation of malware (computer
virus, computer worm, Trojan horse). Additionally, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are
used to jam websites causing them to lose money through the loss of sales, and can often be used as a tool
for extortion

Means: In this instance, the computer is the means through which the criminal can gain access to stored
information. Again using hacking as an example, one computer provides the “means” with which to gain
access, while the other computer system or network would be considered the target (Britz, 2009, p. 51).
Crimes have occurred in both instances: the use of the computer by the criminal and the targeted theft of
information from the hacked computer system. Theft, fraud, and extortion are crimes used by computer
criminals in order to gain some advantage. As an example, if I create a phony Amazon webpage and
“sell” a product that I do not have, I have not hacked into Amazon’s database, but I have committed
criminal acts: I have stolen Amazon’s logo and trademark, and I have committed fraud if I have accepted
an online payment for a product I do not intend to sell. In this way, the computer was my “means” or
“tool” for committing a crime. In crimes involving harassing, stalking, and crimes against persons—
including physical and psychological harm—the computer is seen as the means with which the crime was
committed

Incidentals: Computer crimes dealing with incidentals exist when a computer has played a minor role in
an offense. For example, in the case of malware, a Trojan horse would involve the use of an unspecified
number of computers and the computer operators may not even be aware they have passed on the
malware to other users

Q2. Explain the work culture and its different types. Also Give the rules for creating the right
conditions for a good organisation culture.
Ans.Workplace culture is an important factor to all workplaces. It determines how pleasant or toxic your
work environment is. It has a direct influence on how your employee fits into the organisation and your
organisation’s ability to attract and retain employees because it shapes the environment that they work in.
From the time of initial application, through to the hiring process and finally through to the few weeks on
the new job, both the hirer and new employee attempt to confirm whether they are the right cultural fit for
one another. This is a lengthy process, and is often viewed as a time-consuming process and a waste of

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company resources. However, the outcome shows how large of an influence workplace culture has for the
employer and employee.

Hierarchical Culture
 Rational analysis and decision making
 Policies and procedures
 Accuracy and precision in work details
 Consistent processes to ensure quality, service and cost management
 Measurement systems with regular reporting
Market Driven Culture
 Competitiveness and success over competition
 Strong customer relationships
 Speed of responsiveness
 Intensity for world-class performance
 Results focused to drive high performance
Clan Culture
 Teamwork
 Strong relationships based on trust and openness
 People development through coaching, feedback, learning and development
 Collaboration with colleagues and the community at large
 Caring for others in a compassionate and empathic way
Adaptable/Flexible Culture
 Innovation
 Creativity in new ideas and problem solving
 Entrepreneurial spirit
 Future-focused vision
 Change and continuous improvements
 Flexibility and agility to changing priorities and business needs
Market Driven Culture
 Competitiveness and success over competition
 Strong customer relationships
 Speed of responsiveness
 Intensity for world-class performance
 Results focused to drive high performance

Creating A Healthy Workplace Culture

– It attracts and keeps talented staff. When you spend more time per week at work than at home, it’s
natural to want to work in an environment you enjoy spending time in. This means that if you want the
best staff for your team, you’ll have to invest in creating a strong workplace culture. In a study from the
Deloitte Global Human Capital Trends 2015, ‘culture and engagement’ was the highest priority on the

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corporate agenda and companies with the strongest cultures were much more able to attract and keep
talent.
– It drives engagement and retention. You can successfully recruit employees but it becomes a cost
to your business if they leave. A good workplace culture is proven to keep your employees engaged in
their work. It’ll allow your employees to better understand what is expected of them and how they can
achieve their professional goals. This will then allow you to keep them onboard for longer.
– It creates an environment for healthy development. A good workplace culture provides everyone
with the opportunity to initiate change and to grow on a professional and personal aspect. It also promotes
openness and encourages your employees to voice their opinions and chase after the values they believe
in.
– It creates satisfied employees and increases productivity. A healthy workplace culture will make
your employees feel happy to come to work day-in and day-out. A happy work environment increases
your employees’ concentration, thus, this leads to increases in their productivity levels.
– It drives financial performance. 92% of leaders from successful companies believe that workplace
culture and financial performance are closely interrelated. Workplace culture directly influences the way
your employees perform, which subsequently has a direct impact on your business’ financial profit.

Q3. Explain ethical audit.

Ans.An Ethical Audit assesses a company’s systems, its documentation and facilities against the Ethical
Trading Initiative (ETI) Base Code, as well as local laws.The ETI Base Code is designed to help protect
workers from poor and unsafe working conditions, overwork, discrimination, low pay and forced working
conditions. It is founded on the conventions of the International LabourOrganisation. It is an
internationally recognised code of labour practice.

So it is these main areas that interest the ethical auditor:

 Wages
 Working hours
 Health & Safety
 Temporary workers
 Right to Work
 Provision of breaks and rest days

Six Steps to Highly Effective Ethics Audits:

These tips can help companies conduct effective ethics audits:

 Start with a detailed foundation. An ethics audit is a comparison between actual employee
behavior and the guidance for employee behavior provided in policies and procedures. The more

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descriptive and specific ethics-related policies and procedures are, the easier it is to make these
comparisons.
 Develop metrics. Ethics audits may not be as black-and-white as financial or operational audits,
but they run more smoothly when tangible ethics measures are in place. Consider adding ethics
goals to annual performance reviews and, where possible, tying compensation to ethical behavior.
 Create a cross-functional team. Include an HR professional familiar with people in the business
unit being audited. Most ethics audit teams include an ethics and compliance manager where
possible as well as an internal auditor and legal managers.
 Audit efficiently. Audits frequently disrupt normal operations in business areas subjected to
review. Before scheduling an audit, find out if internal auditors or the finance team may be
conducting reviews of the same area. If so, combine these efforts to limit disruptions. Once the
audit has been scheduled, create a plan that spells out employees to be interviewed, information
that requires review and any processes that require observation.
 Look for other issues. Keep an eye out for other improvement opportunities, and share those
with relevant colleagues. For example, ethics issues in a sales area may have revenue-recognition
implications from a financial reporting perspective.
 Respond consistently and communicate. Discipline ethics violations in complete accord with
policies and procedures and the code of conduct every time. Also, use ethics issues, when
possible, as grist for "lessons learned" in ethics-related communications and training.
There have been numerous news reports about (often migrant) workers being treated unfairly by
employers. These are typically in clothing sweatshops, pick and pack organisations and factories with
staff supplied by unscrupulous agencies or gang masters. For obvious reasons retailers do not want to be
associated with such activities. Therefore, auditing each stage of their supply chain is a way of ensuring
their suppliers are complying with ethical trading standards and fair employment practices.

Q4. What do you mean by utilization of capacity in industrial production?

Ans.Capacity utilization refers to the manufacturing and production capabilities that are being utilized by
a nation or enterprise at any given time. It is the relationship between the output produced with the given
resources and the potential output that can be produced if capacity was fully used.

Capacity utilization can also be defined as the metric used to calculate the rate at which the prospective
levels of output are being met or used. The rate is displayed as a percentage and provides an insight into
the total utilization of resources and how a company can increase its output without increasing the costs
associated with production. The capacity utilization rate is also called the operating rate.
● The capacity utilization rate is useful to companies as it provides an insight into the value of
production and the resources being utilized at any given time.
● It determines the company’s ability to cope with a rise in the production of output without
increasing costs.
● A reduction in the rate indicates an economic slowdown while an increase signifies economic
expansion.

Formula for Capacity Utilization

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The mathematical formula for calculating capacity utilization is:

Economic Significance of Capacity Utilization

 If demand in the market increases, it will raise the capacity utilization rate, but if demand
decreases, the rate will fall. Economists use the rate as an indicator of inflation pressures. A low
capacity utilization rate will result in a decrease in price because there are excess capacity and
insufficient demand for the output produced.
 Economies with a capacity ratio of much less than 100% can significantly boost production
without affecting the associated costs.
 Many capitalist economies face high excess capacity rates, and economists use the rate as an
argument against capitalism, stating that resources are not as well allocated as they could be.
However, regardless of economic conditions, there will never be full capacity utilization as
inefficiencies in resource allocation always exist in an economy.

Q5. Why is there a need for an ethical code? Explain with the help of case study of computer
Society of India
Ans. The terms ‘morals’ and ‘ethics’ are often used interchangeably, but they relate to different contexts.
Morals are personal values whereas ethics guide values within professions and groups. To be ‘ethical’ is
to conform to the norms and standards of a group. Let’s investigate the difference further.
Morals refer to your own beliefs and standards about what is right, fair and reasonable.
A code of ethics sets out the ground rules for decision making for people who belong to a group. It is a
form of self regulation. The expectation is that you understand and agree to abide by the code of ethics as
a condition of belonging to a profession or community of practice.
The aim of a code of ethics is to provide guidance for group members to avoid situations where people
who are in a position of power can mistreat others. This may be power over a client, a patient, an
employee or in the case of your research, the participant.
Think about ways that researchers could purposely or inadvertently make decisions that:
 take advantage of a vulnerable research participant
 use confidential information unethically
 manipulate research data
 discriminate against certain research participants.
All members are required to give an undertaking to the effect that they would abide by the CSI Code of
Ethics. The Code of Ethics will also specify the procedure for the action to be taken against concerned
members for any breach of this Code.

Code of ethics for CSI members (all categories)

A member of the Computer Society of India (CSI) shall :

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 Organise the resources available to him and optimise these in attaining the objectives of
organisation.
 Not misuse his authority or office for personal gains.

● Comply with the Indian laws relating to the management of his organisation and operate within
the spirit of these laws.
● Conduct his affairs so as to uphold, project and further the image and reputation of the CSI.
● Maintain integrity in research and publications.

As regards his ORGANISATION CSI member should :

 Act with integrity in carrying out the lawful policy and instructions of his organisation and
uphold its image and reputation. Plan, establish and review objectives and tasks for himself and
his subordinates which are compatible with the Codes of practice of other professionals in the
enterprise, and direct all available effort towards the success of the enterprise rather than of
himself.
 Fully respect the confidentiality of information which comes to him in the course of his duties,
and not use confidential information for personal gain or in a manner which may be detrimental
to this organisation or his clients.
 Not snoop around in other people’s computer files.
 In his contacts and dealings with other people, demonstrate his personal integrity and humanity
and when called to give an opinion in his professional capacity, shall, to the best of his ability,
give an opinion that is objective and reliable.

As regards the EMPLOYEES, CSI member should :

 Set an example to his subordinates through his own work and performance, through his
leadership and by taking
 Account of the needs and problems of his subordinates.
 Develop people under him to become qualified for higher duties.
 Pay proper regard to the safety and well being of the personnel for whom he is responsible.
 Share his experience with fellow professionals.

As regards the CLIENTS, CSI member should :

 Ensure that the terms of all contracts and terms of business be stated clearly and unambiguously.
 Not use the computer to harm other people or to bear false witness.
 Be objective and impartial when giving independent advice.

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As regards the COMMUNITY, CSI member should :

 Make the most effective use of all natural resources employed.

 Be ready to give professional assistance in community affairs.
 Not appropriate for other people’s intellectual output.
 Always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for fellow humans.

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