ANOVA - No.

of Errors

Cases Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p η²

Self-Esteem 100.042 1 100.042 25.929 < .001 0.317
Audience 108.375 1 108.375 28.089 < .001 0.343
Self-Esteem ✻ Audience 30.375 1 30.375 7.873 0.011 0.096
Residuals 77.167 20 3.858  

Note.  Type III Sum of Squares

 
Descriptive Statistics

Number of Errors
High Self-Esteem Low Self-Esteem With Audience Without Audience
M 5.167 9.250 9.333 5.083
SD 2.167 3.864 3.774 2.151

Descriptives - No. of Errors

Self-Esteem Audience Mean SD N

High With 6.167 2.041 6
  Without 4.167 1.941 6
Low With 12.500 1.761 6
  Without 6.000 2.098 6

Test for Equality of Variances (Levene's)

F df1 df2 p
0.055 3.000 20.000 0.982

Simple Main Effects - Self-Esteem

Level of Audience Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p

With 120.333 1 120.333 31.188 < .001
Without 10.083 1 10.083 2.613 0.122
Descriptives plot
 Results

The study aims to determine whether there is a significant effect on the levels of self-

esteem and the absence or presence of an audience on the number of errors committed in a

puzzle task. Moreover, the study intends to test the moderating role of audience in the

relationship between self-esteem and errors committed. It was hypothesized that those with high

self-esteem perform less errors on a puzzle when there is no audience. Additionally, the absence

of audience allows respondents to exhibit decreased errors. Testing the hypothesis required the

use of between-subjects two-way ANOVA.

Result reveals that participants with high self-esteem (M=5.167, SD=2.167) conduct less

errors compared to those with low self-esteem (M=9.250, SD=3.864), F(1,20)=25.929, p<.001.

Self-esteem accounts for 31.7% of the variance in the dependent variable. Furthermore, those

who completed the puzzle without an audience (M=5.083, SD=2.151) committed smaller errors

than those with an audience (M=9.333, SD=3.774), F(1,20)=28.089, p<.001. Variation in

audience record 34.3% of the disparity in the frequency of errors.

In testing the moderation, results show that there is significant interaction between self-

esteem and audience F(1,20)=7.873, p<0.011. This interaction explains 9.6% of the variance.

Upon examining the simple main effects, it reports that in the presence of an audience,

participants with low self-esteem (M=12.500, SD=1.761) have more errors than those with high

self-esteem (M=6.167, SD=2.041). However, in the absence of an audience, there is no

significant difference between those with high self-esteem (M=4.167, SD=1.941) and low self-

esteem (M=6.000, SD=2.098) in the number of errors made.

Findings indicate that individuals with increased confidence in oneself experience

heightened accomplishment of cognitive exercises when there is lack of spectators.