Ix

Antenna f
- itis a transducer that converts electrical energy to electromagnetic energy and vi
- system that directs incoming and outgoing radio waves.
- a circuit element that providesetransition from a guided wave on a trans. line to
- it gener. io wave in the Tx, it serves as a signal source in the Rx.

INTRODUCTION
1” “tare space Lote

Basic Concepts of Antenna

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

Antenna

(1) It is a metallic conductor system capable

of radiating electromagnetic energy.

() Used to interface transmission lines to

the atmosphere and the atmosphere to
the transmission lines.

(J It can convert electrical energy into

electromagnetic waves and vice versa.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

Antenna Principles

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

ANTENNA PRINCIPLES

Antenna Reciprocity
[i States that the transmit and_ receive
characteristics and performance are identical
which includes the gain directivity, radiation
resistance, frequency of operation, bandwidth
and efficiency.

(1 Two types of antenna: passive_ (cannot

amplify) and active (with amplification).
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari
ANTENNA PRINCIPLES Gr “at.
A= YiTR (area

Isotropic Radiator |sre Jantesne

4 A(theoretical) point source of electromagnetic
energy. WIC rowlodes same mbensity of Nadiation
Uk drefiors.
O Use@rodivecbahea RaeuieiGiiediGks, FOr “€omparing. the
DPOBSFUISS OF etl al Shen systems.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

Antenna Properties and
Characteristics

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

Antenna Coordinate System
[1 The’ directional characteristics of aan
electromagnetic wave radiated or receive by an
antenna which is generally describe in terms of
spherical coordinate system.
Radiation Pattern
1) A polar diagram or graph representing field
strength or power densities at various angular
positions relative to an antenna.
11 Plots the measurement of the field strength at
every point on a surface of an imaginary
sphere having the antenna as its center.
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari
 Uni direction a2 ant. —amdhates FO gad wove iN be

Radiation Patterns ““'" ° ‘“==>)

OMnig rect on Teck, sh —reduartesresbartes Aime chens
[rec recuves ar
— ~ —"] on 4y
j

(tf. { f f ‘ 4
\

bidireed; alan. ant.

Radiation pattern of a half-wave dipgle antenna, Linear scale. Gain of a half-wave dipole. The scale is in dBi.
a-

i-

-B-

10-
-12-
180 135 30 45 oo 45 930 138 190
Angle [degrees]
3D Radiation pattem of a half-wave dipole antenna.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

 Absolute radiation pattern
Tithe radiauion pattern is plotted in
terms of electric field strength or
power density. ised Powen
Var) He distance

Relative radiation pattern

if its plot field strength or power
density with respect to the value ata
reference point. xed distanc
Vari eele Pi or

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS

O The main lobe, or main beam, of an antenna

radiation pattern is the lobe containing the
maximum power.

O Minor lobes represents undesired radiation or

reception which includes side lobes, that are
adjacent to the front lobe, and back lobes
which are exactly opposite of the front lobe. Wi onyg
MAIN lo
~ ai4 vel
§ront tot»

\
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari -
V7 Sback bbe
Std@ toben
 Near and Far Field

Ol Near Field refers to the field pattern that is

close to the antenna and sometimes called
induction field.
a _ aD?
fy= 2 BA
O Far field refers to the field pattern that is at
great distance and sometimes called radiation
field. 71
fF, =—
A
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari
 Radiation Resistance

O It is hypothetical ac resistance which if

replaced by an equivalent resistor, would
dissipate exactly the same amount of power
that the antenna radiates.
1) Mathematically, it is
Rrad P14

Where: i?
R..g = radiation resistance by the antenna
Pq = power radiated by the antenna
/ = antenna current at the feed point

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari SAMPLE PROBLEM

 Ohmic Resistance (Rd)
O It is otherwise called loss resistance

CO It represents the actual losses caused by the

conversion of electrical energy to heat as a
result of the resistivity of the various conducting
elements of the antenna.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

Antenna Efficiency
O Itis the ratio of the power radiated by an antenna to
the sum of the power radiated and the power
dissipated or the ratio of the of the power radiated by
the antenna to the total input power .

y= Prod xLOO or n=( Prod » 100

Pin Prad+Pd

Where:
lM = antenna efficiency (percentage)
Prad = radiated power (watts)
Pin = input power (watts)
Pd = power dissipated in the antenna (watts)
Pin = Prad + Pd

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari Sample Problems

Antenna Efficiency
C1 However, in terms of resistance and current, antenna
efficiency is

=
n=(- i°Rrad 00S; n-( Rrad } «100
i-(Rrad
+ Re) Rrad+ Re

Where:
r — antenna efficiency (percentage)
Rrad = Radiation resistance (ohms)
Re= Effective resistance (ohms)

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari Sample Problems

 Directive Gain

1 The ratio of the power density radiated in a particular

direction to the power density radiated to the same
point by the reference antenna.

P
Where: Pref
D = directive gain (unit less)
= power density at some point with a given
antenna (watts per meter squared)
Pref = power density at same point with a reference
antenna (watts per meter squared)

O Directivity is the maximum directive gain.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

_— = Sample Problems
 Power Gain

O Power Gain is the same as directive gain except that

the total power fed to the antenna is used. It is
assumed that the given antenna and the reference
antenna have the same input power and that the
reference antenna is lossless.

Ap = Dn
Ap(dB) = 10 log (Dn)
Where:
Ap = power gain (unit less)
D = directive gain (unit less)
nN = efficiency

Engr. Bernadeth 6. Zari

a Sample Problems
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
1 EIRP or ERP is the equivalent power that an
isotropic antenna would have to radiate to
achieve the same power density in the chosen
direction at a given point as another antenna.

EIRP = Prad x Dt ERP = Pin x Ap

Where:
Prad = total radiated power (watts)
Dt = transmit antenna directive gain (unit less)
Pin = total antenna input power (watts)
At = tranmit antenna power gain (unit less)

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

Sample Problems
EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER

The product of power input and the antenna

gain measured with respect to a half wave
dipole

EIRP,, = ERP, +2.14,,

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari

 Antenna Power Losses (Pd)
O It is the difference between the power delivered
to the antenna to the actual power it radiates.

(1 These losses can be caused by ground

resistance, corona effects, imperfect dielectric
near the antenna, energy losses due to eddy
currents in nearby metallic objects, and power
losses in the antenna itself.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari