Towards

a low-carbon
climate-resilient
future
Developing The Gambia’s
2050 Climate Vision

Case study
June 2021
About the authors
Isatou F Camara is deputy director of The Gambia’s Directorate of Development Planning, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs. Alpha
AK Jallow is Climate Change Secretariat director, and Bubacar Z Jallow is Project Coordination Unit director, both in The Gambia’s Ministry of
Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources. Gabrielle SA Swaby is a researcher in IIED's Climate Change Group.
Corresponding authors: Alpha AK Jallow, info@meccnar.gov.gm and Gabrielle SA Swaby, gabrielle.swaby@iied.org

More on this case study

This case study is part of an ongoing series where the Least Developed Countries share their experiences, successes and challenges in strengthening national policy and legislative
frameworks to take climate action. The series offers transferable lessons and an opportunity for mutual learning to support climate ambition through developing countries:
Ayalew, MM, Gebreyes, BY and Tenzing, J (2020) Transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Lessons from Ethiopia’s progressive climate policy. IIED, London. pubs.iied.org/17768IIED
Swaby, GSA and Sokolowski, A (2020) Long-term planning for climate and development. Ideas from and for the Least Developed Countries. IIED, London. pubs.iied.org/17759IIED
Namgyel, T, Gebreyes, BY and Tenzing, J (2018) From global ambition to country action. Low-carbon climate-resilient development in Bhutan. IIED, London. pubs.iied.org/17477IIED

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Hannah Caddick (independent editor) for her invaluable contributions to the development of this publication.

Produced by IIED’s Climate Change Group

Working in collaboration with partner organisations and individuals in developing countries, the Climate Change Group has
been leading the field on adaptation to climate change issues.

Published by IIED, June 2021

Camara, IF, Jallow, AAK, Jallow, BZ and Swaby, GSA (2021) Towards a low-carbon climate-resilient future. Developing The Gambia’s 2050 Climate Vision. IIED, London.
http://pubs.iied.org/20271IIED
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Cover image: community garden and farmer field school in Njoben, The Gambia. The solar panels are used to power the borehole that fills the water tank
Contents

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01. Introduction2

02. The Gambia’s climate profile 4

03. A track record of national and international leadership on climate action 6

An early and ambitious adopter of climate goals 6
Aligning national targets with international commitments 6
Leading by example 7

04. Developing The Gambia’s 2050 Climate Vision: challenges, opportunities and lessons 8
Designing an inclusive process 8
Securing resources and buy-in through high-level political commitment 9
Aligning timelines and mandates 9

05. What’s next for The Gambia’s long-term climate strategy? 10

From vision to strategy 10
From strategy to action 10

Notes 12

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 01
TOWARDS A LOW-CARBON CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE: DEVELOPING THE GAMBIA’S 2050 CLIMATE VISION

Introduction
Even if the world stopped emitting greenhouse gases from this moment onwards, the impacts of climate
change would continue to increase in intensity, frequency and duration for decades to come.1 Addressing
our changing climate is both a sprint and a marathon — it demands a two-pronged approach of urgent
short-term action combined with innovative planning for future risks. The Gambia is one country that’s
leading the way by building a strong policy landscape to achieve an ambitious climate vision for 2050.
The Gambia’s 2050 Climate Vision affirms This case study explores the process “We are committed to pursuing a
the country’s commitment to low-carbon, undertaken by The Gambia to develop its 2050
climate-resilient development (see Box 1) Climate Vision, published in 2021,2 and the
low-carbon and climate-resilient
and provides a blueprint for action, guided country’s preparations to respond to the Paris development pathway … and will
by four cross-cutting strategic priorities. Agreement’s invitation to elaborate a “long-term endeavour to put in place the
By prioritising climate-related development low greenhouse gas development strategy”3
necessary policies and institutions.
actions, The Gambia’s 2050 Climate Vision that defines how it will achieve this vision.
will also help the government to make the We will spare no efforts to position
In looking at the challenges and opportunities
right investment decisions for years to come,
that The Gambia has encountered, and how our country to tap the enormous
ensuring that hard-earned development gains
opportunities that a low-carbon
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it has overcome and taken advantage of these,

are not eroded or lost.
we offer lessons for other Least Developed economic growth pathway offers.”
Countries (LDCs) embarking on low-carbon
climate-resilient development pathways. The Gambia 2050 Climate Vision,
2 Government of The Gambia
 IIED CASE STUDY
BOX 1. THE GAMBIA 2050 CLIMATE VISION2
Our vision
By 2050, The Gambia aspires to be a climate-resilient, middle-income country through green economic growth supporting sustainable, low
emissions development, contributing its fair share to global efforts to address climate change.

Our mission
We will endeavour to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, with enhanced adaptive capacities and resilience, and play our part to address
climate change through vigorous public agency, backed by the full engagement of our citizens from all walks of life.

We recognise that while The Gambia’s contribution to climate change has always been marginal, our country faces extraordinary challenges
due to the impacts of climate change. We are therefore committed to act with the necessary sense of urgency.

We commit to transforming The Gambia into a country with an environmentally conscious and educated population for the sustainable
development and management of our natural resources, cities and habitats. This includes transport and other infrastructure, tourism, sustainable
agriculture and forestation, all of which leads to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, less pollution and clean air and water, all contributing
towards high standards of living.

Our core values

Our values and culture, including our concept of ‘tesito’ (self-reliance) that defines and unites us as Gambians, will inform and underpin all our
efforts in this important journey we embark upon.

We are committed to working with all parties in the spirit of multilateralism and international solidarity. We regard climate change as an
existential global threat against which all of humanity must play their part.

Our strategic priorities

• Climate-resilient food and landscapes: agriculture, food security, forestry and natural resources (including water, biodiversity and wildlife)
• Low emissions and resilient economy: energy, transport, infrastructure and the key economic sectors of tourism and financial services

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• Climate-resilient people: health, education, equitable social development and human settlements
• Managing our coasts in a changing environment: climate-aware Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
3
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TOWARDS A LOW-CARBON CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE: DEVELOPING THE GAMBIA’S 2050 CLIMATE VISION

The Gambia’s climate profile

The smallest country on the African mainland, The Gambia has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean and
occupies a long narrow strip of land that is enveloped by Senegal (see Figure 1) — a geography that
has inspired its moniker, the ‘smiling coast of West Africa’.

The Gambia is situated within the Sudan-
Sahel zone. Its climate is characterised by
a long dry season (November to May), with
temperatures between 18°C and 30°C, and a
short wet season, with temperatures between
23°C and 33°C.4 Rainfall in July, August
and September accounts for 80–85% of
annual precipitation.5 Since 1960, minimum
temperatures across The Gambia have risen
and rainfall has decreased, with significant
inter-annual and regional variability.4
The Gambia is low-lying: its highest point, in
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prone to flooding, including Banjul, its capital
city, which is located on the coast and has an
elevation of between 0.5m and 2.0m.4,5 This is a
major concern given that Banjul is a significant
economic hub for the country and that sea
levels are projected to rise between 0.19m and
0.43m by 2050.5
The impact of such climate variability and The
Gambia’s exposure to sea level rise includes land
degradation, reduced crop yields, salt intrusion,
human and livestock migration to neighbouring
countries and increased poverty, all of which
productive base — including agriculture (mostly
rain-fed), tourism, fisheries and livestock — are
vulnerable to extreme climate events, such as
droughts and prolonged dry spells, windstorms,
flooding (riverine and flash floods), intense heat
and coastal erosion.
Although The Gambia’s greenhouse gas
emissions have been increasing steadily
(see Figure 2), it contributes just 0.016% of
global emissions. Given the country’s climate
variability but low overall emissions contribution,
The Gambia’s long-term response to climate

the southeast, is 53 metres above sea level. hinder progress on socioeconomic development. change must focus on adaptation and
Between 10% and 20% of the country is Indeed, most of the country’s economic resilience, as well as low-emissions growth.

4
Figure 1. Administrative map of The Gambia and its location on the West Coast of Africa

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THE GAMBIA
Banjul
North bank Central river

Lower river Upper river

West coast SENEGAL

Climate4 Figure 2. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions over time6

Mean annual temperature is 28°C (1991–2020)
An increase of 1.0°C since 1960 at an
average rate of 0.21°C per decade
Projected to increase by between 1.1°C and
3.1°C by the 2060s and by between 1.8°C and
5.0°C by the 2090s
Greenhouse gas emissions — from carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and F-gases —
are summed up and measured in tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalents (CO2e), where
‘equivalent’ means ‘having the same warming effect as CO2 over a period of 100 years’.
Emissions from land use change — which can be positive or negative — are taken into account.
The
0.1 t
Gambia
0.05 t

Rainfall 0t

Mean annual precipitation is 949mm (1991–2020)

-0.05 t
A decrease in wet season rainfall at an average
rate of 8.8mm per month per decade (1960–2006) -0.1 t
Projected annual precipitation changes
-23 to +18% by the 2090s and high risk -0.15 t
of rainfall variability
-0.2 t

Vulnerability -0.25 t

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High risk of river flooding
High risk of coastal flooding, erosion and salt intrusion 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
High risk of water scarcity Source: CAIT Climate Data Explorer via. Climate Watch. Redrawn from: Ritchie, H and Roser, M (2020) CO2 and
High risk of windstorms Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions, CC BY 4.0
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TOWARDS A LOW-CARBON CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE: DEVELOPING THE GAMBIA’S 2050 CLIMATE VISION

A track record of national and

international leadership on
climate action
The Gambian government had a solid foundation from which to build its long-term vision, having already set
some of the most ambitious goals of any LDC and taken practical steps to advance progressive policy and
programmes for low-carbon and climate-resilient development (see Table 1).

An early and ambitious adopter of
climate goals
The Gambia has been a party to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) since 1994. In 2015,
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a business-as-usual scenario).7 The Climate
Action Tracker has rated the country’s
unconditional NDC targets as being among
the most ambitious and affirmed that they are
compatible with the Paris Agreement target of
keeping global warming below 1.5°C by 2050.8
economy actions. This is in line with the 2050
Climate Vision and the already ambitious
mitigation targets set by the Master Plan for
Renewable Energy.
Aligning national targets with

ahead of the signing of the Paris Agreement,

the country submitted its Intended Nationally The Gambia’s second NDC is set to improve international commitments
Determined Contribution (INDC). Finalised upon this further by increasing its emissions To achieve the conditional and unconditional
in 2015, The Gambia’s NDC aims to reduce reduction target to 49.7% by 2030, given targets set out in The Gambia’s NDCs and
6 emissions by 45.4% by 2030 (compared to strong mitigation potential through circular to give confidence to international investors,
the government has proposed specific
renewable energy and energy efficiency
targets for the period 2020 to 2030, set out
in its Sustainable Energy Action Plan (2015).
These targets are further detailed in The
Gambia’s Low Emission Climate Resilient
Development Strategy (LECRDS)9 and the
Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience,10
both of which include activities that are in
line with NDC targets around afforestation,
renewable energy and energy efficiency
measures. In 2016, the government brought
these commitments together with its National
Climate Change Policy (NCCP), which
establishes institutional mechanisms and
enhanced resources to mainstream climate
into national planning, budgeting, decision
making and programme implementation.
The NCCP is designed around four policy
clusters, which inspired the four strategic
priorities in the 2050 Climate Vision.
Leading by example
The Gambia is also one of six LDC ‘front
runners’ for the LDC Initiative for Effective
Adaptation and Resilience (LIFE-AR). Through
LIFE-AR, LDCs aim to lead a “historic shift
away from business as usual towards a more
effective, ambitious and equitable global
response to the climate crisis”.11 In its role
as a LIFE-AR front runner, The Gambia will
further step up its efforts to build resilience and
adaptive capacity and address poverty so as to
serve as an example to other countries and will
help support the initiative with fundraising.
Table 1. How The Gambia is meeting UNFCCC expectations
Area UNFCCC-related actions
National Communication submitted to
UNFCCC (first, second and third in 2003,
2012 and 2020, respectively)
Mitigation National Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(national version and agriculture version)
Nationally Determined Contribution in 2015
and updated version forthcoming 2021.
National Adaptation Programme of Action
Adaptation and (NAPA) submitted in 2007
resilience
National Adaptation Plan (underway, 2021)
Technology needs assessment (TN-
Means of
adaptation and mitigation) report submitted
implementation
to UNFCCC
2050 Climate Vision (2021) and long-term,
Cross-cutting low-carbon climate-resilient development
strategy (forthcoming)
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Additional national actions
Low Emission Climate Resilient
Development Strategy
Renewable Energy Act (2013)
Sustainable Energy Action Plan (2015)
Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience
(SPCR) (2017)
National Disaster Preparedness and Response
Plan (2019–2030)
The Gambia National Contingency Plan (July 2011)
The Gambia Multi-hazard Risk Profile (2015–2017)
National Disaster Management Act (2008)
LIFE-AR front runner
Final Forest Policy (2010–2019)
Green Climate Fund (GCF) Country Programme
Framework to consolidate adaptation priorities
UNCDF Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility
(LoCAL) Job Skills Finance Climate Change
Adaptation Mechanism
GCF Readiness Programme (National Designated
Authority Strengthening and Country Programming
support for The Gambia through the Ministry of
Finance and Economic Affairs)
National Climate Change Policy (2016)
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National Environment Management Act (1994)
Gambia Environmental Action Plan III
Biodiversity Act (2003)
Gender Action Plan (2013-2015) 7
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TOWARDS A LOW-CARBON CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE: DEVELOPING THE GAMBIA’S 2050 CLIMATE VISION
Developing The Gambia’s 2050
Climate Vision: challenges,
opportunities and lessons
Designing an inclusive process
The Gambia undertook a year-long process of
participatory consultation, jointly coordinated
by the Ministry of Environment, Climate
Change and Natural Resources (MECCNAR)
and the Ministry of Finance and Economic
Affairs (MoFEA), to inform the development of
its 2050 Climate Vision. The process aimed to
engage people on specific issues relating to
their fields of expertise and their lived realities
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— both to generate contributions to the vision
itself and to address differences that emerged
between stakeholders.
Between January 2020 and February 2021,
8
more than 100 stakeholders took part in
visioning workshops, several small and virtual
consultations, email surveys, questionnaires
and key informant interviews (see Box 2).
Participants included representatives from
national government ministries, departments
and agencies, local government authorities
and regional councils, civil society, youth
and academic groups, industry and trade
associations, development partners, the media
and the private sector.
The Gambia also collaborated closely with
its development partners, bringing them in to
various stages of the visioning process. This
not only added value to the end product but
also helped to ensure that government and
development partner climate interventions are in
alignment for the foreseeable future.
Valuable insights and ideas were brought
forward, leading to a more nuanced and robust
vision statement. It also created a rich national
dialogue on climate change and development
and helped to build national buy-in for the vision
and its implementation.
Some stakeholder groups contributed more
than others to the process. Government
ministries, departments and agencies were
very engaged, more so than subnational actors
and community groups as well as businesses
and the private sector. This is in part due to
ease of access and resource constraints. The
core team plans to convene these groups more
actively during the long-term strategy (LTS)
elaboration process.
Fishing in the sea, The Gambia
Securing resources and buy-in through
high-level political commitment
Creating a national vision demands significant
resources, which is why high-level political
leadership is important. A significant level of
effort and resources went into The Gambia’s
visioning process, which was a direct result
of the high-level political leadership from the
Ministers of both MECCNAR and MoFEA.
A joint ministerial mandate set the stage for
national acceptance of and engagement
in the climate vision formulation process.
Moreover, to ensure the vision is fully
‘owned’ by the national government, the
Ministers will present the vision to Cabinet for
approval. Different ministries (including the
ministries of energy and agriculture) provided
feedback, helping to foster cross-government
support for the 2050 Climate Vision — and
subsequent LTS — at the highest levels.
Aligning timelines and mandates
The joint ministerial mandate offered a basis
for the creation of a core team of technocrats
from MECCNAR and MoFEA to support The
Gambia’s climate vision and strategy. The
two ministries were then able to align the
timelines of the long-term climate vision (and
forthcoming LTS) with the upcoming long- term
national development vision and second NDC,
currently in draft stage to be submitted later
in 2021. This alignment and collaboration
represents a significant step towards more
coordinated implementation of the Paris
Agreement, and lays the foundations for
whole-of-government approaches to addressing
the climate crisis facing the country. This will be
necessary for fully integrating climate within The
Gambia’s domestic strategies and policies in
a way that better supports the needs, priorities
and adaptive capacities of communities most
affected by climate change.
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BOX 2. PROGRESS IN A
PANDEMIC
The COVID-19 pandemic led to
substantial adjustments and delays
in developing the climate vision.
The inception meeting, held in late
January 2020, was due to be followed
by stakeholder engagement and
consultation. However, this coincided
with the emergence of the novel
coronavirus and the government had to
pause activities while it redirected focus
and energies to pandemic response.
The Gambia, like other countries,
quickly closed borders and introduced
movement restrictions, social distancing
and localised states of emergency. This
meant that in-person consultations
on the climate vision were no longer
possible. To maintain momentum, the
core team shared surveys via email
and conducted informant interviews via
phone so as to include those who have
limited or no digital access as much as
possible. Nevertheless, the pandemic
led to a scale-back of the stakeholder
consultation process. The core team
intends to make up for this in the LTS
elaboration process.
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 05
TOWARDS A LOW-CARBON CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE: DEVELOPING THE GAMBIA’S 2050 CLIMATE VISION

What’s next for The Gambia’s

long-term climate strategy?
From vision to strategy
The next step for The Gambia is to elaborate a
full LTS to translate the Climate Vision’s strategic
priorities into more concrete actions, initiatives,
policies and programmes. This will mean:
• Continuing stakeholder consultations to
ensure a whole-of-society approach
• Detailing an implementation plan through
sectoral strategies and measures
• Undertaking possible follow-up quantification
exercises (eg economic or emissions
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Based on the four strategic priority areas
identified in the Climate Vision, The Gambia
will need to detail key national targets and
milestones. Given the country’s already
relatively low contribution to global emissions
but high levels of exposure to climate variability,
actions to enhance adaptive capacity,
strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability
will be just as important as low- emissions
economic growth.
From strategy to action
Working vertically and
This will be vital, not only to ensuring that the
people and groups who are key to reaching
net-zero emissions are helping to shape the
process of how to get there, but also critically
that no one is left behind.
Successfully implementing the LTS will also
rely on having a policy environment that is
conducive to climate-resilient development.
This will need to include new and revised rules
and regulations, and subsidies and incentives
to leverage private sector investment in key
sectors to ‘green’ the economy while also
expanding trade.

modelling)
horizontally across society.
• Developing an investment roadmap, and The successful implementation of the LTS
will demand strong leadership and political
• Examining other institutional arrangements,
commitment at the highest level as well as
10 such as review mechanisms.
involvement from stakeholders across society.
 Agricultural land that is part of a project to restore and rehabilitate land to build climate resilience
Boosting climate finance at the

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local level. To achieve the aspirations
of The Gambia’s 2050 Climate Vision,
the government needs to ensure that a significant
amount of climate finance reaches the local
level. It should explore innovative and additional
climate finance mechanisms or instruments,
such as those through LIFE-AR and particularly
those that leverage private sector investments.
Work is currently underway to develop a National
Climate Change Fund as identified by the NCCP.
This could boost the volume of climate finance
mobilised for the successful implementation of
the long-term strategy. It is also important to
maintain the strong coordination between the
Ministries of Finance and Environment during the
implementation period, particularly in identifying
and designing financial instruments to finance
climate actions.
A moment to rethink business as
usual. As The Gambia pushes forward
with COVID-19 response and recovery,
it is a moment to reflect on how best
to address limitations in existing systems and,
in rebuilding, to reimagine approaches to debt
distress, biodiversity loss and climate change. This
means supporting whole-of-society climate action,
locally driven adaptation, mitigation governance,
planning, financing and accountability, and learning
from what works. The Gambia’s 2050 Climate

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Vision — and forthcoming LTS — will be important
tools to help guide the socioeconomic changes
needed to achieve this and, in turn, The Gambia's
national development goals. 11
 Notes
TOWARDS A LOW-CARBON CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE: DEVELOPING THE GAMBIA’S 2050 CLIMATE VISION
1 UK Committee on Climate Change (2020)
The Sixth Caron Budget: The UK’s path to
Net Zero. www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/
uploads/2020/12/The-Sixth-Carbon-
Budget-The-UKs-path-to-Net-Zero.pdf
2 MECCNAR (2021) The Gambia 2050
Climate Vision. Government of The Gambia,
Banjul. www.meccnar.gov.gm/long-term-
climate-change-vision-strategy countries-sign-support-of-least-
3 UNFCCC (2015) Paris Agreement, Article
4.19 and Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 35.
https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/
cop21/eng/10a01.pdf
World Bank, The Gambia. Climate
4
Knowledge Portal. https://
climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/
country/gambia/climate-data-historical
5 Government of The Gambia (2020) Third
National Communication 2020. https://
unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/
The%20Gambia%20Third%20National%20
Communication.pdf
6 Ritchie, H and Roser, M (2020) CO2 and
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greenhouse gas emissions.
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-
greenhouse-gas-emissions
12
7 This emissions reduction includes The sites/default/files/2021-04/SPCR%20
Gambia’s conditional and unconditional Report%20Vol%20I%20Final.pdf
targets. According to the Climate Action 11 Wangdi, SP (2019) Countries sign
Tracker, the total expected mitigation from
support of Least Developed Countries’
The Gambia’s conditional and unconditional
Initiative for Effective Adaptation and
NDC targets would result in an emissions
Resilience. Press release, 11 December
reduction equivalent to 55% below the
2019. LDC Group on Climate Change.
business-as-usual scenario. An update to
www.ldc-climate.org/press_release/
these NDC targets is forthcoming in 2021.
Government of The Gambia (2015) The
developed-countries-initiative-for-effective-
Gambia: Intended Nationally Determined
adaptation-and-resilience
Contribution. www4.unfccc.int/sites/
NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx
8 Climate Action Tracker, The Gambia.
https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/
Image credits
gambia. Accessed 22 May 2021.
9 MECCNAR (2017) Low Emissions Cover: © FAO/Freya Morales via Flickr,
Climate Resilient Development Strategy CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
of The Gambia 2018-2030. Government
Page 9: jpoelen@gmail.com via Flickr,
of The Gambia. www.meccnar.gov.gm/
CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
sites/default/files/2021-04/LOW%20
EMISSION%20CLIMATE%20 Page 11: UNEP & Climate Adaptation via Flickr,
RESILIENCE%20DS%20FINAL%20 CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
REPORT.pdf
Page 13: © Ollivier Girard/Enhanced Integrated
10 AGRER (2017) The Gambia Strategic Framework via Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Programme for Climate Resilience Volume
1: Main Report. www.meccnar.gov.gm/
Farmer on his cashew farm, The Gambia

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13
Addressing the challenges of our changing climate is both a sprint Climate change;
Policy and planning
and a marathon — it demands a two-pronged approach of urgent
Keywords:
short-term actions combined with innovative planning to manage The Gambia, Least
future risk. Building on its strong climate policy landscape and having Developed Countries
(LDCs), low carbon
Knowledge
Products
already set some of the most ambitious goals of any Least Developed resilient development,
climate change adaptation,
Country, in 2021 The Gambia has published its 2050 Climate Vision Paris Agreement,
long-term low-carbon
for low-carbon and climate-resilient development. strategies

In this case study, we explore lessons from the process undertaken by The Gambia
to develop its 2050 Climate Vision, which may aid other countries on their journey.
We look at how the country is preparing to elaborate a 'long-term low greenhouse
gas development strategy' in response to the Paris Agreement’s invitation.

IIED is an international policy and action research organisation, working across the globe with
local, national and international partners. We find innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing Funded by:
sustainable development challenges — solutions that improve livelihoods and protect the
environments on which they depend. We specialise in linking local priorities to global challenges,
working with marginalised people to ensure their voices are heard in the decision-making arenas
that affect them — from village councils to international conventions.

This publication was

produced with the
generous support of
International Institute for Environment and Development the 2050 Pathways
Platform. However, the
235 High Holborn, Holborn, London WC1V 7DN, UK views expressed do not
Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 necessarily represent
www.iied.org those of the Platform.