Investigative: Buddhima Isharaka CL/HNDCVL/12/06

Investigative
Report
Buddhima Isharaka
CL/HNDCVL/12/06
Page 1 of 31
HND in Civil Engineering
Code Title Assessor / Examiner
CE 5003 Advanced Mathematics
Assessment - Assignment 01
Title : Weighting :
Apply graphical and numerical methods to solve engineering problems 30%
Submit to: Deadline
Office Blackboard Other
SIS
Late submissions will incur a penalty according to the regulations
Additional submission details:
OBJECTIVES OF THIS ASSESMENT IS TO LET THE STUDENT:

a) Apply graphical and numerical methods to model and solve engineering problems
ASSESSMENT STRATEGY AND METHODS

Assessment Assessmen Description Task Deadline
t
Weighting
Assessment 01 COURSE WORK Investigative Report 30% Week 04
Type %
(CW)
Assessment 02 EXAM Written Examination 70% Week 17
(Closed Book) - 3 HRS
Page 2 of 31
ASSESSMENT RECORD SHEET
Programme HND in Civil Engineering Learner name
Assignment title Assessor name
Targeted assessment
Unit no. & title
criteria
Issue date Submission deadline
Date submitted
Marks
Question Marks awarded
allocated
General comments
I certify that the evidence submitted for this assignment is the

Assessor
learner’s own. The learner has clearly referenced any sources used in
declaration
the work. I understand that false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Assessor signature Date
Learner comments
Learner signature Date
Page 3 of 31
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our guide
lecture Mrs Manori Perera who gave me valuable suggestion & kind
support to do this report in very successful.
Finally, I would also like to thank my parents & friends who support &
encourage me a lot in finalizing this report within the limited time frame.
Page 4 of 31
Table of Contents
Task 01 .......................................................................................................................................6
(a) ...........................................................................................................................................6
(b) ...........................................................................................................................................7
Task 02 .......................................................................................................................................8
(a) ...........................................................................................................................................8
(b) ...........................................................................................................................................9
Task 03 ..................................................................................................................................... 10
(a) ......................................................................................................................................... 10
(b) ......................................................................................................................................... 11
(c) ......................................................................................................................................... 14
(i) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
(ii) ..................................................................................................................................... 17
(iii) .................................................................................................................................... 20
(iv) .................................................................................................................................... 23
Task 04 ..................................................................................................................................... 25
(a) ......................................................................................................................................... 25
(b) ......................................................................................................................................... 26
( i ) .................................................................................................................................... 26
( i i ) .................................................................................................................................. 27
( iii ) .................................................................................................................................. 29
Page 5 of 31
Task 01
(a)
h is divide by 60 due to the use of Km/h as the unit of speed

n = 10
1
h=
60
n 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 (first and 𝑦𝑛 (odd) 𝑦𝑛 (Even)

last)
0 0 0
1 1 20
2 2 42
3 3 73
4 4 92
5 5 138
6 6 177
7 7 189
8 8 194
9 9 200
10 10 200
Sub Total 200 620 505
Multification ×4 ×2
Sub Total 200 2480 1010
Total = 3690
(h= 601 ) =
3690
180
= 20.50km
The train has covered 20.50 km in 10 minutes
Page 6 of 31
(b)
x Y = 2x
0.125 1.0905
0.375 1.2968
0.625 1.5422
0.875 1.8340
1.125 2.1810
1.375 2.5936
1.925 3.0844
1.1875 3.6680
Total 17.2905
h = 0.25
Therefore
0.25 ( 17.2905 ) = 4.3226
= 4.32
Page 7 of 31
Task 02
(a)
ℎ
tan 190 = 𝑥+120
ℎ = tan 19° (𝑥 + 120)

ℎ = 0 ⋅ 3443(𝑥 + 120) ----------------- (1)
h
tan 470 = x
h = tan 47° (x)

h = 1.0724(x) ----------------- (2)
(1) = (2)
0.3443 ( x + 120 ) = 1.0724 x

0.3443 x + 0.3443 × 120 = 1.0724 x
( 0.3443) (120) = ( 1.0724 – 0.3443 ) x
41.316 = 0.7281 x
41.316
x =
0⋅7281
x = 56.74 m
From Equation height is
h = 1.0724 x
h = 1.0724 x 56.74
h = 60.85 m
Page 8 of 31
(b)
using a step size of h= 0.1 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 2 −𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
x = 0 and y = 1
F1 = hf ( x , y )
5(0)2 −1
=0⋅1×[ ]
ⅇ0+1
= -0.03678
For F2 we have to know

h 0.1
x+ =0+
2 2
= 0.05
f1 1+(−0.3678)
y− =
2 2
= 0.9816
h f
F2 = hf (x + , y + 1 )
2 2
5(0.05)2 −0.9816
=
ⅇ0.05+0.9816
= -0.034542
h f
F3 = hf (x + , y + 1 )
2 2
5(0.05)2 −0.98272
=
ⅇ0.05+0.98272
= -0.034543
Page 9 of 31
For F4 we need to know
y + F3 = 1 – 0.034543
= 0.96545
Therefore
F4 = ( x + y , y + F3 )
= - 0.031543
Task 03
(a)
𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 0
f(x) = x − 2 sin2 x
f(0) = 0
f(1) = 1 − 2 × 0.01745
f(1) = 1 − 0.0349
f(1) = 0.9651
f(1) = 0.9651 > 0
f(2) = 2 − 2 × 0.0349
f(2) = 2 − 0.0698
f(2) = 1.9302 > 0
f(−1) = −1 − 2 × −0.01745
f(−1) = −1 − ( −0.0349 )
Page 10 of 31
(b)
3
x = √N
x3 = N
f(x) = x3 - N
f(xn ) = 𝑥𝑛3 − 𝑁
fʹ(xn ) = 3𝑥𝑛2
f(xn )
xn+1 = xn -
fʹ(xn )
x3n −N
= xn − { }
3x2n
xn × 3x2n − x3n + N
=
3x2n
𝟐𝐱𝐧𝟑 +𝐍
=
𝟑𝐱𝐧𝟐
3
x = √18
x3 = 18
f(x) = x3 - 18
f(xn ) = 𝑥𝑛3 − 18
fʹ(xn ) = 3𝑥𝑛2
Page 11 of 31
f(xn )
xn+1 = xn -
fʹ(xn )
x3n −18
= xn − { }
3x2n
xn × 3x2n − x3n + 18
=
3x2n
2x3n +18
=
3x2n
x0 = 2.5
2x3n +18
xn+1 =
3x2n
Put n = 0
2x30 +18
x1 =
3x20
2(2.5)3 +18
=
3(2.5)2
31.25+18
=
18.75
= 2.6267
Page 12 of 31
Put n = 1
2x31 +18
x2 =
3x21
2(2.6267)3+18
=
3(2.6267)2
36.25+18
=
20.70
= 2.6208
Put n = 2
2x32 +18
x3 =
3x22
2(2.6208)3+18
=
3(2.6208)2
36+18
=
20.61
= 2.6201
x3 = x3
Therefore Second root = 2.62
Page 13 of 31
(c)
(i)
x2 – 2x – 5 = 0, correct to 3 decimal places
f(x) = x2 – 2x – 5
fʹ(x) = 2x -2
f(xn )
xn+1 = xn −
fʹ(xn )
x2n − 2xn −5
= xn − { }
2x−2
xn × 2x − 2x − x2 + 2x +5
n n n n
=
2xn −2
x2n +5
=
2xn −2
f(x) = x2 – 2x – 5
f(0) = 0 – 0 – 5
= -5
f(4) = 16 – 8 – 5
=3
Therefore root of the f(x) is in between 0 and 4
Page 14 of 31
𝑥0 = 2
x2n +5
xn+1 =
2xn −2
Put n = 0
x20 +5
x1 =
2x0 −2
22 +5
=
2(2)−2
9
=
2
= 4.5
Put n = 1
x21 +5
x2 =
2x1 −2
(4.5)2+5
=
2(4.5)−2
25.25
=
7
= 3.607
Put n = 2
x22 +5
x3 =
2x2 −2
(3.607)2 +5
=
2(3.607)−2
18.01
=
5.214
= 3.454
Page 15 of 31
Put n = 3
x23 +5
x4 =
2x3 −2
(3.454)2 +5
=
2(3.454)−2
16.93
=
4.908
= 3.449
Put n = 4
x24 +5
x5 =
2x4 −2
(3.449)2 +5
=
2(3.449)−2
16.895
=
4.898
= 3.449
x4 = x5
Therefore fifth root = 3.449
Page 16 of 31
(ii)
3x2 – 4x2 – 4x = 7, correct to 4 significant figures
f(x) = 3x3 – 4x2 -4x -7

fʹ(x) = 9x2 – 8x – 4
f(xn )
xn+1 = xn −
fʹ(xn )
3x3n − 4x2n −4x−7

= xn −
9x2n −8x−4
xn × 9x2n − xn × 8xn − 4xn − 3x3n + 4x2n +4xn +7
=
9x2n −8x−4
6x3n − 4x2n +7
=
9x2n − 8xn −4
f(0) = 0 – 0 – 0 – 7
f(3) = 81 – 36 – 12 – 7
= 26
𝑥0 = 2
6x3n −4x2n +7
xn+1 =
9x2n − 8xn −4
Page 17 of 31
Put n = 0 to find out the 𝑥1
6x30 −4x20 +7
x1 =
9x20 − 8x0 −4
6(2)3 − 4(2)2 +7
=
9(2)2 −8(2)−4
39
=
16
= 2.438
Put n = 1
6x31 −4x21 +7
x2 =
9x21 − 8x1 −4
6(2.438)3 − 4(2.438)2 +7
=
9(2.438)2 −8(2.438)−4
70.17
=
29.99
= 2.339
Put n = 2
6x32 −4x22+7
x3 =
9x22 − 8x2 −4
6(2.339)3 − 4(2.339)2+7
=
9(2.339)2 −8(2.339)−4
61.975
=
26.56
= 2.333
Page 18 of 31
Put n = 3
6x33 −4x23+7
x4 =
9x23 − 8x3 −4
6(2.333)3 − 4(2.333)2+7
=
9(2.333)2−8(2.333)−4
61.418
=
26.322
= 2.333
x3 = x4
Therefore fourth root = 2.333
Page 19 of 31
(iii)
x4 – 3x3 + 7x – 12 = 0, correct to 3 decimal places
f(x) = x4 – 3x3 + 7x – 12
fʹ(x) = 4x3 – 9x2 + 7
f(xn )
xn+1 = xn −
fʹ(xn )
x4n − 3x3n + 7𝑥𝑛 −12

= xn −
4x3n −9𝑥𝑛
2 +7
xn × 4x3n − xn × 9x2n + 7xn − x4n + 3x3n − 7xn +12

=
4x3n − 9x2n +7
3x4n − 6x3n +12

=
4x3n − 9x2n +7
f(0) = 0 – 0 – 0 – 12
f(3) = 81 – 81 + 21 – 12
=9
𝑥0 = 2
3x4n − 6x3n +12
xn+1 =
4x3n − 9x2n +7
Page 20 of 31
3x40 − 6x30+12
x1 =
4x30 − 9x20 +7
3(2)4 − 6(2)3+12
=
4(2)3− 9(2)2+7
12
=
3
=4

3x41 − 6x31 +12
x2 =
4x31 − 9x21 +7
3(4)4 − 6(4)3 +12

=
4(4)3 − 9(4)2 +7
396
=
119
= 3.328

3x42 − 6x32 +12
x3 =
4x32 − 9x22 +7
3(3.328)4 − 6(3.328)3 +12

=
4(3.328)3 − 9(3.328)2 +7
158.848
=
54.758
= 2.901
Page 21 of 31
3x43 − 6x33 +12
x4 =
4x33 − 9x23 +7
3(2.901)4 − 6(2.901)3 +12

=
4(2.901)3 − 9(2.901)2 +7
77.992
=
28.915
= 2.697

3x44 − 6x34 +12
x5 =
4x34 − 9x24 +7
3(2.697)4 − 6(2.697)3 +12

=
4(2.697)3 − 9(2.697)2 +7
53.02
=
20.006
= 2.650

3x45 − 6x35 +12
x6 =
4x35 − 9x25 +7
3(2.650)4 − 6(2.650)3+12
=
4(2.650)3− 9(2.650)2+7
48.289
=
18.236
= 2.650
x5 = x6
Therefore sixth root = 2.650
Page 22 of 31
(iv)
x4 + x3 + 7x2 – x – 12 = 0, correct to 3 decimal places
f(x) = x4 + x3 + 7x2 – x – 12
fʹ(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 +14x – 1
f(xn )
xn+1 = xn −
fʹ(xn )
x4n + x3n + 7x2n − xn −12

= xn − { }
4x3n +3x2n +14xn −1
xn × 4x3n + xn × 3x2n + xn × 14xn − xn − x4n + x3n − 7x2n + xn +12

=
4x3n + 3x2n +14xn −1
3x4n + 2x3n + 7x2n +12

=
4x3n + 3x2n +14xn −1
f(0) = 0 + 0 + 0 – 0 – 12
= -12
f(2) = 16 + 8 + 28 – 2 – 12
= 38

𝑥0 = 1
3x4n + 2x3n + 7x2n +12
xn+1 =
4x3n + 3x2n +14xn −1
Page 23 of 31
3x40 + 2x30+ 7x20+12
x1 =
4x30 + 3x20+14x0−1
3(1)4 + 2(1)3 +7(1)2 +12

=
4(1)3 + 3(1)2+14(1)−1
24
=
20
= 1.2

3x41 + 2x31 + 7x21 +12
x2 =
4x31 + 3x21 +14x1 −1
3(1.2)4+ 2(1.2)3 +7(1.2)2+12

=
4(1.2)3 + 3(1.2)2+14(1.2)−1
31.7568
=
27.032
= 1.175

3x42 + 2x32 + 7x22 +12
x3 =
4x32 + 3x22 +14x2 −1
3(1.175)4 + 2(1.175)3 +7(1.175)2 +12

=
4(1.175)3+ 3(1.175)2+14(1.175)−1
30.63
=
26.08
= 1.175
x2 = x3
Therefore second root = 1.175
Page 24 of 31
Task 04
(a)
Page 25 of 31
(b)
(i)
d2 y dy
-3 − 4y = 3e−x
dx2 dx
d2 y 3 dy
2
− − 4y = 3e−2 D is in operator form
dx dx
𝑑
Where D =
𝑑𝑥
(D2 − 3D − 4)y = 3e−x
Substituting m for D ( auxiliary equation )
m2 − 3m − 4 = 0
Factorizing
m2 − 3m − 4 = 0
m2 − 4m + 1m − 4 = 0
m (m − 4) + 1(m − 4) = 0
(m − 4)(m − 1) = 0
m = 4 and m = -1
roots are real and different , Where C. F
y = Aeαx + Beβx
y = Ae−x + Beβ4
3ⅇ−x
P⋅I =
D2 −3D−4
Where , d=a
a = -1
so put d= -1 in to the equation
3ⅇ−x
P.I=
(−1)2 −3(−1)−4
3ⅇ−x
P.I=
0
Page 26 of 31
Therefore general equation is CF + PI
3e−x
y = Ae−x + Beβ4 − 0
(ii)
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝑑𝑦
2 - − 3y = 25 sin 2𝑥
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥
This is in d operator form
𝑑
Where =D
𝑑𝑥
( 2D2 – D – 3 ) y = 25 sin 2x
( 2m2 – m – 3 ) = 0
Factorizing
2m2 – m – 3 =0
2m2 – 3m + 2m – 3 = 0.
m ( 2m – 3 ) + ( 2m – 3 ) =0
( m + 1 ) ( 2m – 3 ) =0
3
m = -1 and m =
2
y = Aeαx + Beβx
3
y = Ae−x + Be2x
Assume
y = A sin 2x + B cos 2x
dy
= 2A cos 2x + 2B sin 2x
dx
d2 y
= −4A sin 2x − 4B cos 2x
dx2
Page 27 of 31
Substitute in to the full equation
2 - − 3y = 25 sin 2𝑥
2(-4Asin2x-4Bcos2x)-(2Acos2x-2Bcos2x)-3(Asin2x+Bcos2x) = 25 sin 2x
-8Asin2x-8Bcos2x-2Acos2x+2Bsin2x-3Asin2x-3Bcos2x = 25 sin 2x
-11Asin2x - 13Bcos2x - 2Acos2x + 2Bsin2x = 25 sin 2x
Sin 2x ( -11A + 2B ) + Cos 2x ( -11B – 2A ) = 25 sin 2x
Equating coefficient of Sin 2x gives
-11A + 2B = 25---------------------(1)
Equating coefficient of Cos 2x gives
-11B - 2A = 0
-11B = 2A
−11𝐵
= 𝐴 ------------------------(2)
2
Page 28 of 31
( iii )
-6 + 9𝑦 = 4𝑒 3𝑡
𝑑𝑦
when t = 0, y = 2 and =0
𝑑𝑥
-6 + 9𝑦 = 4𝑒 3𝑡 This is in d operator form
𝑑
Where =D
𝑑𝑥
( D2 – 6D + 9 ) y = 4e3t
( m2 – 6m + 9 ) = 0
Factorizing
m2 – 6m + 9 =0
m2 – 3m – 3m + 9 = 0.
m ( m – 3 ) -3 ( m – 3 ) =0
(m–3 )(m–3) =0
m=3
y = ( At + B ) eαt
y = ( At + B ) e3t
4ⅇ3t
P⋅I=
D2 −6D−9
Where , d=a
a=3
so put d= 3 in to the equation
Page 29 of 31
4e3t
P.I=
D2 −6D−9
4ⅇ3t
P.I=
32 −6×3+9
4e3t
P.I=
9−18+9
4e3t
P.I=
0
F(0) = 4e3t but e3t occurs in the CF, thus we can’t try a PI
In this situation we ave to try with
y = Lt e3t
dy
= Le3t (3t + 1)
dt
dy
= L(t3e3t + e3ⅇ )
dt
d2 y 3t
= L{e3t 3 + (3t + 1)3ⅇ }
dt2
d2 y
= L{3e3t + 9te3t + 3e3t }
dt2
d2 y
= L{6e3t + 9te3t }
dt2
d2 y
= 3Le3t{2 + 3t}
dt2
This substitute into the full equation

d2 y dy
−6 + 9y = 4e3t
dt2 dt
3Le3t (2 + 3t) − 6Le3t (3t + 1) + 9Lte3t = 4e3t

6Le3t + aLte3t − 18Lte3t − 6Le3t + aLte3t = 4e3t
0 = 4e3t
Page 30 of 31
General equation
y = ( At + B ) e3t
When y = 2 and t = 0
2=B
Page 31 of 31

Investigative: Buddhima Isharaka CL/HNDCVL/12/06

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Investigative

OBJECTIVES OF THIS ASSESMENT IS TO LET THE STUDENT:

ASSESSMENT STRATEGY AND METHODS

Programme HND in Civil Engineering Learner name

Assignment title Assessor name

Issue date Submission deadline

I certify that the evidence submitted for this assignment is the

Assessor signature Date

Learner signature Date

h is divide by 60 due to the use of Km/h as the unit of speed

n 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 (first and 𝑦𝑛 (odd) 𝑦𝑛 (Even)

ℎ = tan 19° (𝑥 + 120)

h = tan 47° (x)

0.3443 ( x + 120 ) = 1.0724 x

using a step size of h= 0.1 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

For F2 we have to know

f(1) = 0.9651 > 0

f(2) = 1.9302 > 0

Therefore Second root = 2.62

x2 – 2x – 5 = 0, correct to 3 decimal places

Therefore root of the f(x) is in between 0 and 4

Therefore fifth root = 3.449

3x2 – 4x2 – 4x = 7, correct to 4 significant figures

f(x) = 3x3 – 4x2 -4x -7

3x3n − 4x2n −4x−7

Therefore root of the f(x) is in between 0 and 3

Therefore fourth root = 2.333

x4 – 3x3 + 7x – 12 = 0, correct to 3 decimal places

x4n − 3x3n + 7𝑥𝑛 −12

xn × 4x3n − xn × 9x2n + 7xn − x4n + 3x3n − 7xn +12

3x4n − 6x3n +12

Therefore root of the f(x) is in between 0 and 3

Put n = 1 to find out the 𝑥2

3(4)4 − 6(4)3 +12

Put n = 2 to find out the 𝑥3

3(3.328)4 − 6(3.328)3 +12

3(2.901)4 − 6(2.901)3 +12

Put n = 4 to find out the 𝑥5

3(2.697)4 − 6(2.697)3 +12

Put n = 5 to find out the 𝑥6

x4 + x3 + 7x2 – x – 12 = 0, correct to 3 decimal places

x4n + x3n + 7x2n − xn −12

xn × 4x3n + xn × 3x2n + xn × 14xn − xn − x4n + x3n − 7x2n + xn +12

3x4n + 2x3n + 7x2n +12

Therefore root of the f(x) is in between 0 and 2

3(1)4 + 2(1)3 +7(1)2 +12

Put n = 1 to find out the 𝑥2

3(1.2)4+ 2(1.2)3 +7(1.2)2+12

Put n = 2 to find out the 𝑥3

3(1.175)4 + 2(1.175)3 +7(1.175)2 +12

Therefore second root = 1.175

This substitute into the full equation

3Le3t (2 + 3t) − 6Le3t (3t + 1) + 9Lte3t = 4e3t

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