PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS LECTURE

PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS AND NECESSITIES

Name: _Alinton, Hercy Jane Score: ______________

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Course/Year/Section: __BS- PHARMACY 4TH YEAR Date: _8/31/2021
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Class Schedule: __TUESDAY 7:30-10:30 AM
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Instructor: _MR. ALEXANDER N. ENRILE, RPh
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Questions:

1) When is a substance classified under pharmaceutical aid or necessity?

Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of
pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and
emulsifying agents.

2) What are the official acids? Give the advantages of using each of the acid.
1) Concentrated Sulphuric acid is used as a drying agent.

2) Nitric acid is used in preparation of fertilizers.

3) Sulphuric acid is used in domestic drainage cleaner.

4) Sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte in lead acid batteries.

5) HCl is used in food preservation by pickling.

6) Vinegar is used in food preparation.

7) acids help in neutralizing basic soils.

3) What acids are needed in the body? What concentration should be used in its administration?
There are nine essential amino acids, which you must get through your diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. They're vital for functions such as protein synthesis, tissue repair and nutrient
absorption.
Acids are also important in the human body. Stomach acid breaks down food in one of the first stages of digestion, and organic
acids are used for protein synthesis, tissue repair, and pH balancing in tissues.

4) Give the two commercial methods of preparing sulphuric acid. Cite the advantage and disadvantage of using each method.
Sulphuric acid is produced from sulphur. Sulphur dioxide is first obtained by the burning of the molten sulphur in presence of air.
Sulphur dioxide is then converted to sulphur trioxide in presence of vanadium pentoxide catalyst.

In various concentrations the acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pigments, dyes, drugs, explosives, detergents, and
inorganic salts and acids, as well as in petroleum refining and metallurgical processes.
5) How would you prepare a liter of 10% ammonia solution from the official strong ammonia solution?
Diluted Ammonia solution can be prepared by diluted strong ammonia solution with the appropriate quantity of purified water.

6) Give the advantages of sodium hydroxide over potassium hydroxide.

At the molecular level, potassium hydroxide is also slightly smaller than sodium hydroxide, therefore it can penetrate oil
molecules faster than sodium hydroxide thus breaking the oils hold on surfaces quicker and since they are also more soluble can
be rinsed away easier, especially when using hotter water or steam.

7) Differentiate deliquescent, efflorescent and hygroscopic salts. Give examples of each.

Efflorescent substances Deliquescent substances Hygroscopic

substances
They lose their water of They absorb moisture and They are amorphous
crystallisation wholly or water from the atmosphere solids or liquids.
partially when exposed to air. and dissolve in it.
They become powdery. The effect of these They absorb moisture
substances is maximum in from the air in the
dry conditions. atmosphere.

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 They get crystalline when They are crystalline water They do not change
hydrated. soluble substances. their original state.
(i) Efflorescent substances: The salts which lose water of crystallization either completely of partially on exposure to atmospheric
air are called efflorescent substances.
Ns2CO3⋅10H2O loses nine water molecules on exposure to air and the remaining one water molecule on heating.
(ii) Deliquescent substance: The substances which absorb moisture from the atmosphere on exposure to air. By absorbing
moisture they may dissolve in the water absorbed and change into solution. Such substances are called deliquescent
substances.
Examples: Calcium chloride.
(iii) Hygroscopic substances: The substances which do not undergo any change in physical state on the absorption of moisture
from the atmospheric air. These are called hygroscopic substance.
Examples: Calcium oxide, cobalt chloride.

8) How is the official sodium carbonate prepared using the Solvay process?
The Solvay Process is a continuous process using limestone (CaCO3) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) which reacts with
ammonia (NH3) dissolved in brine (concentrated NaCl(aq)) to produce sodium carbonate.

9) How does soda lime function as carbon dioxide adsorbent in the body? Write the equations involved.
Carbon dioxide and the water contained in the soda lime react to form carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3. In the second
intermediate step, the carbonic acid reacts exothermically with sodium hydroxide to form sodium carbonate and water: H2CO3 +
2 NaOH = Na2CO3 + 2 H2O + heat.

10) Give the mechanism involved on how buffers can control pH of a solution.
Buffers do so by being composed of certain pairs of solutes: either a weak acid plus a salt derived from that weak acid, or a weak
base plus a salt of that weak base. Rather than changing the pH dramatically and making the solution acidic, the added
hydrogen ions react to make molecules of a weak acid.

11) What chemical and pharmacological considerations should be taken in selecting a buffer system?

12) Why are antioxidants included in some pharmaceutical preparations? Give the rationale of its use.

13) What is the advantage of using sulphur dioxide as antioxidant in parenteral preparations?

14) Give the chemical property of nitrogen responsible for its antioxidant action.

15) Differentiate hard water from soft water and temporary hardness from permanent hardness.

16) Give some chemical agents used in removing hardness of water.

17) What is deionizer? Why can deionized water be classified under purified water?

18) Differentiate sterile water for injection from bacteriostatic water for injection based on storage and route of administration.

19) In what types of glass are parenterals usually stored?

20) What are the advantages of adding some additives to glass?

21) Why is amber-colored glass commonly used as containers in pharmaceutical preparations?

Due to its light-resistant properties, amber glass is ideal for storing products with unique chemical compositions that need to be
protected from photooxidation. From brewing to pharmaceuticals, amber glass is the perfect barrier between the world and your
delicate product.

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