TRIGONOMETRY

By Faudhi Issack
Phone +255 655 413 177
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics
that deals with relationship (s) between
angles and sides of triangles.

Trigonometry helps us find angles and

distances, and is used a lot in science,
engineering, video games, and more!
The basic three trigonometric ratios are sine, cosine
and tangent (often shortened to sin, cos and tan).
They are each a ratio of sides of a right angled
triangle as shown below:
Also we can define the above trigonometric
ratios by using a Unit Circle centered at the
origin.
The "Unit Circle" is a circle with a radius of 1
as shown in the figure below:
The 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes divide the unit circle into
four Quadrants.
𝑦
90°

II I
180° 0°
𝑥
360°
III IV

270°

Now, we can define the trigonometric ratios

in this circle as follows:
First Quadrant: Acute angle (0°< θ < 90°)
Let θ be any acute angle and the point P(𝑥, 𝑦) is
the unit circle; then:
𝑦 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = = 𝑦
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
1
𝑦 𝑥
θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑥
2nd Quadrant: Obtuse angle (90°< θ < 180°)
In the figure below, θ is an obtuse angle. The
trigonometric ratios of θ are the same as the
trigonometric ratios of 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝛉
𝑦
𝑃(−𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = sin(180° − 𝜃)
𝑦
= =𝑦
1 𝜃
1
𝑦
-𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos(180° − 𝜃)
−𝑥
= = −𝑥
1

𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
−𝑥
3rd Quadrant: Reflex angle (180°< θ < 270°)
Let θ be a reflex angle (180°< θ < 270°). The
trigonometric ratios of θ are the same as the
trigonometric ratios of 𝛉 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = sin(𝜃 − 180°)
−𝑦
= = −𝑦
1
𝜃
-𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos(𝜃 − 180°)
𝑥 −𝑥
-𝑦 = = −𝑥
1 1

𝑃(−𝑥, −𝑦) −𝑦 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =
−𝑥 𝑥
4th Quadrant: Reflex angle (270°< θ < 360°)
If 𝜃 is a reflex angle (270° < 𝜃 < 360°), then the
trigonometric ratios of 𝜃 are the same as that of
𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = sin(360° − 𝜃)
−𝑦
= = −𝑦
1

𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos(360° − 𝜃)
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
-𝑦 = =𝑥
1
1
−𝑦
𝑃(𝑥, −𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑥
We have seen that trigonometric ratios are
positive or negative depending on the size
of the angle and the quadrant in which the
angle is found.
The results obtained will be a help in
determining whether sine, cosine and
tangent of an angle is positive or negative.
These results can be summarized by using
the following diagram:
 𝑦

STUDENTS ALL
QUADRANT II QUADRANT I
sin +ve sin +ve
cos -ve cos +ve
tan -ve tan +ve

QUADRANT III QUADRANT IV

𝑥
sin -ve sin -ve
cos -ve cos +ve
tan +ve tan -ve
TAKE
CIVICS
Example 1:
Write the signs of the following ratios.
(a) sin 170° (b) cos 240° (c) tan 310° (d) sin 300°
Solution:
(a) 170° is in the second quadrant hence sin 170°
is positive.
(b) 240° is in the third quadrant hence cos 240°
is negative.
(c) 310° is in the fourth quadrant hence tan 310°
is negative.
(d)300° is in the fourth quadrant hence sin 300°
is negative.
Example 2:
Express the following in terms of the sine,
cosine or tangent of an acute angle.
(a) cos 165° (b) sin 317° (c) tan 95° (d) tan 258°

Solution:
(a) 165° is in the second quadrant
cos 165° = - cos (180° − 165°)
= - cos 15°
(b) 317° is in the fourth quadrant
sin 317° = - sin (360° − 317°)
= - sin (43°)

(c) 95° is in the second quadrant

tan 95° = - tan (180° − 95°)
= - tan (85°)

(d) 258° is in the third quadrant

tan 258° = - tan (258° − 180°)
= - tan (78°)
Use of coordinates of a point in
determining trigonometric ratios.
Example 1:
Find sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 if the terminal side
of 𝜃 is the point (-4, 3).
Solution:
Given; Opposite = 3
Adjacent = -4
Now, Hypotenuse = −4 2 + 32

= 25 = 5
 3 4 3
∴ sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = − and tan 𝜃 = −
5 5 4

Example 2:
Find sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 if OQ =13 and Q(a, 12)
Solution:
12
132 = 𝑎2 + 122 sin 𝜃 =
13
169 = 𝑎2 + 144 5
𝑎2 = 25 cos 𝜃 =
13
∴𝑎=5 12
tan 𝜃 =
5
Relationship between trigonometric ratios
Consider ∆ABC shown in the following figure:
Angles A and C are
C complementary angles, that
is, A+C=90°
b C= 90° − A
a 𝑎 𝑎
But sin A = 𝑏 and cos C= 𝑏
𝑎
A Then, sin A = cos C =
c B 𝑏
∴ sin A = cos (90° − A)
The above relationship shows that the sine of an
angle is equal to the cosine of its complement.
Also, from the same figure,
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎
sin A = , cos A= and tan A =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑐

sin A 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
Now, = ÷ = × =
cos A 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝐀
∴ tan A =
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝐀
Again using the ΔABC
𝑎2 𝑐2
(sin A)2 = sin2A = and cos2A =
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑎2 𝑐2
sin2A + cos2A = 2 + 2
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎2+𝑐2
sin2A + cos2A =
𝑏2

But 𝑎2 + 𝑐2 = 𝑏2 (Pythagoras theorem)

𝑏2
So; sin2A + cos2A =
𝑏2
∴ sin2A + cos2A = 𝟏
Example 1:
4
Given that sin θ = , find cos θ and tan θ. If
9
0 < θ < 90°
Solution:
From; sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 Also; tan 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
4 2 cos 𝜃
9
+ cos2 θ = 1
2 16
cos θ = 1 − 81 tan 𝜃 =
4
÷
65
9 9
cos2 θ = 65 4
81 tan 𝜃 =
65
65
cos θ = 9
∴ tan 𝜃 = 46565
Alternatively;
Sketch a right-angled triangle such that the
side opposite θ has 4 units and the hypotenuse
9 units as shown in the following figure:

Using Pythagoras theorem,

𝑥2 + 42 = 92
9 𝑥2 = 81−16
4 𝑥 = 65
𝑥 65
θ ∴ cos θ = 9 = 9 and
𝑥 4 4 4 65
tan θ = 𝑥 = 65 = 65
Example 2:
Given that 𝛼 and 𝛽 are complementary angles
5
and sin 𝛼 = , find tan 𝛽
13
144
Solution: sin2𝛽 =
169
sin 𝛼 = cos 90 − 𝛼 sin 𝛽 =
12
5 13
= cos 𝛽 =
13 sin 𝛽
from, Also, tan 𝛽 =
cos 𝛽
sin2𝛽 + cos2𝛽 = 1 12 5
tan 𝛽 = ÷
13 13
sin2𝛽 = 1 − cos2𝛽 12
25 ∴ tan 𝛽 =
=1− 5
169
Exercise
1. If A and B are complementary angles, find
1
cos B if sin A =
8
2. Given that 𝜃 and 𝛽 are acute angles such that
𝜃 + 𝛽 = 90° and sin 𝜃 = 0.6, find tan 𝛽.
3. If sin θ = 0.9397 and cos θ = 0.3420,
without using tables find tan θ.
𝑝 𝑟
4. If cos 𝑥 = and tan 𝑥 = , find sin 𝑥.
𝑞 𝑝
2
5. If tan 𝛼 = ; find sin (90° − 𝛼)
5
 Positive and Negative angles
Positive angle is an angle measured in
anticlockwise direction from the positive 𝑥-axis.
Negative angle is an angle measured in
clockwise direction from the positive 𝑥-axis.
𝑦 P

+𝜃

𝑥
-𝜃

Q
 90° -270°

0° -180° -360°
180° 360° 0°

270° -90°
 If 𝜃 is positive, the negative angle
corresponding to 𝜃 is (−360° + 𝜃)
 If 𝜃 is negative, the positive angle
corresponding to 𝜃 is (360° + 𝜃)
Example 1:
Find the positive or negative angles
corresponding to each of the following angles.
(a) 273° (b) -210° (c) 304° (d) -115°

Solution:
(a) 273° = (-360° + 273°) = -87°
(b)-210° = (360° − 210°) = 150°
(c) 304° = (-360° + 304°) = -56°
(d)-115° = (360° − 115°) = 245°
 Example 2:

Find the sine, cosine and tangent of each of the

following angles:
(a) 144° (b) -231° (c) -70° (d) 310°

Solution:
(a) sin 144° = sin (180° − 144°)
= sin 36°
= 0.5878
cos 144° (b) sin (-231°)
= - cos (180° − 144°) = sin (360° − 231°)
= - cos 36° = sin 129°
= - 0.8090 = sin (180° − 129°)
= sin 51°
tan 144° = 0.7771
= - tan (180° − 144°) cos (-231°) = - cos 51°
= - tan 36° = - 0.6293
= - 0.7265 tan (-231°) = - tan 51°
= - 1.2349
(c) sin(-70°) (d) sin 310°
= sin (360° − 70°) = - sin (360° − 310°)
= sin 290° = - sin 50°
= - sin (360° − 290°) = - 0.7660
= - sin 70°
= - 0.9397 cos 310° = cos 50°
cos (-70°) = cos 70° = 0.6428
= 0.3420
tan (-70°) = - tan 70° tan 310° = - tan 50°
= - 2.7475 = - 1.1918
Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
• The angles included in this group are 0°, 30°,
45°, 60°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°
• Referring to the Unit circle, the trigonometric
ratios of angles 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°
can be summarized as shown in the table below.

ANGLE 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

sine 0 1 0 -1 0
cosine 1 0 -1 0 1
tangent 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
For angles 30° and 60° consider the following
figure.
A

2 2
3

B 1 1 C

The ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2 units

From the above figure, the following
ratios can be obtained:

3 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° =
2 2

1 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° =
2 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛 60° = 3 3 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 30° = =
3 3
The trigonometric ratios of 45° can be obtained
by using an isosceles right-angled triangle as
shown below.
A ∆ABC has sides
AC = BC = 1 and AB = 2
45° ∴ The trigonometric ratios
2 of 45° are:
1 1 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° = =
2 2
45°
B 1 C 1 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° = =
2 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛 45° = 1
The following table summarizes the cosine,
sine and tangent of angles 30°, 45° and 60°

ANGLE 30° 45° 60°

sin 1 2 3
2 2 2
cos 3 2 1
2 2 2
tan 3 1 3
3
The following figure is helpful to remember
the trigonometric ratios of special angles from
0° to 90°

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 1 2 3 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 3 2 1 0
2
Example 1
Find the sin, cos and tan of each of the
following angles:
(a) -135° (b) 120° (c) 330°
Solution:
(a) -135° = 360° − 135° = 225°
Now;
2
sin(-135°) = - sin (225° − 180°) = - sin 45° = -
2
2
cos(-135°) = - cos (225° − 180°) = - cos 45° = -
2
tan(-135°) = tan (225° − 180°) = tan 45° = 1
 3
(b) sin 120° = sin (180° − 120°) = sin 60° = 2
1
cos 120° = -cos 60° = -
2
tan 120° = -tan 60° = - 3

1
(c) sin 330° = -sin (360° − 330°) = -sin 30° = -
2
3
cos 330° = cos 30° =
2
3
tan 330° = -tan 30° = -
3
Example 2
1
Find the value of θ if cos θ = - and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360°
2

Solution:
cos θ is negative in the second and third quadrants.
1
- cos(180° − θ) = - cos(θ +180°) = - = - cos 60°
2
∴ θ = 180° − 60° = 120°
Or θ = 180° + 60° = 240°
Example 3
Find the values of the following without using
tables:

tan 30° sin 60° tan 60° sin 30°

(a) (b)
cos 45° sin 45°

sin(−150°) cos(−315°)
(c)
tan 300°
Solution:
3 3
tan 30° sin 60° × 3 2 2
3 2
(a) = 2
= × =
cos 45° 6 2 2
2

1
tan 60° sin 30° 3× 6
2
(b) = 2
=
sin 45° 2
2

1 2
sin(−150°) cos(−315°) − × − 2 6
2 2
(c) = = =
tan 300° − 3 −4 3 12
EXERCISE
1. Find the sine, cosine and tangent of each of
the following angles
(a) 162° (b) 250° (c) 318°
(d) -72° (e) -157° (f) -245°
2. Find the angles whose trigonometric ratios
are given if they are between 0° and 360°
(a) sin θ = 0.3456 (b) cos θ = -0.8771
(c) tan θ = 0.4321
3. Find the value of 𝑦 if 2cos 𝑦 tan 30° = 1
and −360° ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 360°
 Applications of
Trigonometric Ratios

A man who is 172cm tall, notes that the length

of his shadow is 156cm. Find the angle of
elevation of the sun.
In the following figure; XZ
represents the man’s height, YZ X
the length of his shadow and 𝜃
is the sun’s angle of elevation.
172 cm
172𝑐𝑚
tan 𝜃 =
156𝑐𝑚
θ
= 1.1026 Y 156 cm Z

𝜃 = 47°47′
∴ The angle of elevation of the sun is 47°47′
Ibrahiym starts from a point P and cycles
19.8𝑘𝑚 to a point in a direction N 41°22’ W.
How far has he travelled West and North
respectively?

Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 be the distance in 𝑘𝑚 due West

and North of P respectively as shown in the
following figure:
 N
𝑥
sin 41°22’ =
19.8
𝑥 = 19.8 × 0.6609 Q 𝑥
= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝒌𝒎
𝑦
𝑦 19.8𝑘𝑚
41°22’
cos 41°22’ =
19.8
𝑦 = 19.8 × 0.7505 W E
P

= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟔𝒌𝒎
S
∴ Ibrahiym travelled 13.08𝑘𝑚 West of P and 14.86𝑘𝑚
North of P.
From a certain point A, Pendeza observes the
angle of elevation of the top of a church tower
to be 32°. Moving 30𝑚 further away to a point
B on the same horizontal level as the bottom of
the tower C, she observes the angle of
elevation to be 22°. Find the distance AC and
the height of the tower.

Let ℎ be the height of the tower and 𝑥 be the

distance AC as shown in the following figure:
Then; P

ℎ
= tan 32°
𝑥
ℎ
ℎ = 𝑥 tan 32°
ℎ 22° 32°
= tan 22° B 30𝑚 𝑥 C
𝑥 + 30
ℎ = (𝑥 + 30) tan 22°

= 𝑥 tan 22° + 30 tan 22°

∴ 𝑥 tan 32° = 𝑥 tan 22° + 30 tan 22°

𝑥 (tan 32° − tan 22°) = 30 tan 22°
30 tan 22° 30 × 0.4040
𝑥= =
tan 32° − tan 22° 0.6249 − 0.4040
12.012
= = 54.9𝑚
0.2209

The distance AC = 54.9𝑚

ℎ = 𝑥 tan 32°
= 54.9 × 0.6249
= 34.3𝑚
∴ The height of the tower is 34.3𝑚
 EXERCISE
1. To find the height of a tower a surveyor sets
up his theodolite 100m from the base of the
tower. He finds that the angle of elevation to
the top of the tower is 30°. If the instrument is
1.5m above the ground , What is the height of
the tower? (NECTA 2008)

2. An observer on the top of a cliff, 25m above

sea level, views a boat on the sea at an angle
of depression of 60°. How far is the boat from
the top of the cliff? (NECTA 2009)
3. The figure below represents plotting of two stations
A and B which are 4,000m apart. T is a stationary
target in the same vertical plane as A and B . When
the distance from station A is 10,000m, the angle of
elevation is 30°. Calculate
(a) The vertical height of the target, TX
(b) The distance AX , BX and TB
(c) The angle of elevation of the target, T , from B
(NECTA 2011)
4. A ladder reaches the top of a wall 18m high
when the other end on the ground is 8m from
the wall. Find the length of the ladder.
(NECTA 2012)
5. A ladder leans against a wall. If the ladder
reaches 12m up the wall and its foot is 9m
from the base of the wall, find the length of
the ladder (NECTA 2013)
6. A 4m ladder rests against a vertical wall with
its foot 2m from the wall. How far up the
wall does the ladder reach? Give your answer
in two decimal places. (NECTA 2014)
7. (a) A river with parallel banks is 20m wide.
If P and Q are two points on either side
of the river, as shown in the figure below,
find the distance PQ.

(b) In triangle LMN, LM=5m, LN=6m and

angle MLN=66°. Find MN (NECTA 2016)
8. In the figure below, AE = 20m, EB = 20√2m
and ​DAE = 45°.

D E B

A
F
Find:
(a) The length: DE, AD and AB.
(b) The area of triangle ABE, leaving the
answer in surd form. (NECTA 2017)
The relationship between an angle and its
trigonometric ratio defines a function.
For example if sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 then the ordered
pair (𝜃, 𝑦) define a sine function.
Similarly the ordered pair (𝜃, 𝑥) define a
cosine function.
Examples of such ordered pairs are:
a) (45°, sin 45°) = (45°, 0.71)
b) (120°, cos 120°) = (120°, -0.5)
Ordered pairs of sine and cosine for angles
-720° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 720°
Even and Odd Functions
A function 𝑓 is said to be even if 𝒇(-𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
and odd if 𝒇(-𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙).
Cosine function is an even function while sine
and tangent functions are odd functions.
For example:
sin (-45°) = -sin 45°
cos (-45°) = cos 45°
tan (-45°) = -tan 45°
The sine rule states that “In any triangle,
the sides are proportional to the sines of
the opposite angles”.
Now consider the A
following triangle;
The sine rule is written as c b
follows:
B a C
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Proof:
Consider △ABC shown below. The area of a triangle
can be obtained when given two sides and an
included angle.
A

c b

B a C
1
Therefore the area of △ABC can be 𝑎𝑏 sin C or
2
1 1
𝑏𝑐 sin A or 𝑎𝑐 sin B.
2 2
Since the area does not change, then:
1 1 1
𝑎𝑏 sin C = 𝑏𝑐 sin A = 𝑎𝑐 sin B
2 2 2

2
Multiply each expression by to obtain:
𝑎𝑏𝑐

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪

= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
1. Find the length AC from the figure below:

26°
𝑐 𝑏

86°
B C
22.2 𝑐𝑚

(NECTA 2012)
2. In triangle 𝑀𝑁𝐿, ∠𝐿 = 38° , ∠𝑀 = 59°
and 𝑀𝐿 = 9.23𝑐𝑚. Find 𝑁𝐿.

3. Find the unknown sides and the angles in

triangle ABC, given that 𝑎 = 7.5cm,
c = 8.6cm and 𝐶መ = 80°

4. Points X and Y lie east of a stationary kite P

and are 60m apart. The angles of elevation
of the kite from X and Y are 40° and 35°
respectively. Find the distance of the kite
above the ground level.
֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎

Note that the sine rule only applies for

triangles in which the following are given:
a) Two angles and a side,
b) Two sides and an angle which is not
included.

֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎
Consider the following triangle.
The cosine rule is written as follows:

𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 A
or c b
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
or B a C
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
Proof:
Consider triangle ABC below drawn on a
coordinate plane with vertex A at the origin.
𝑦
C(𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴, 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)

𝑏 𝑎

𝑥
A(0, 0) 𝑐 B(𝑐, 0)

The coordinates of A, B and C are (0, 0), (c, 0)

and (𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴, 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) respectively.
By using the distance formula, the distance BC
can be written as follows:
𝑎= (𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐)2 +(𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)2

𝑎2 = 𝑏2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐2 + 𝑏2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴

𝑎2 = 𝑏2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

But 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 1

∴ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
This is the cosine rule.
By fixing the remaining vertices at the
origin in turn, the following equations can
be obtained:

𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
The cosine rule can also be used in solving
problems concerning trigonometric ratios.
1. Find the unknown side and angle in △ABC
given that 𝑎 = 3𝑐𝑚, 𝑐 = 4𝑐𝑚 and ∠B = 30°.
2. In triangle LMN, LM=5m, LN=6m and angle
MLN=66°. Find MN (NECTA 2016)
3. Calculate the angles of a triangle which has
sides 4m, 5m and 7m (NECTA 2015)
4. In a parallelogram, the adjacent sides
measures 40cm and 22cm. If the largest angle
of the parallelogram measures 116°, find the
length of the larger diagonal, to the nearest
integer.
֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎

Note that the cosine rule only applies for

triangles in which the following are given:
a) Two sides and an included angle,
b) Three sides.

֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎ ֍ ֎
The algebraic sum or difference of two or
more angles is called a compound angle.

For example,
If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are three given angles then each
of the angles (𝐴 + 𝐵), (𝐶 − 𝐵), (𝐵 + 𝐶),
(𝐵 − 𝐶), (𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶) and (𝐴 − 𝐶 − 𝐵) is
called a compound angle.
Compound angle formulae
This is a trigonometric identity which expresses a
trigonometric function of (𝐴 + 𝐵) or (𝐴 − 𝐵) in
terms of trigonometric functions of 𝐴 and 𝐵.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 ± 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 ∓ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 ± 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 ± 𝑩 =
𝟏 ∓ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
1. Find cos 135° from cos(90° + 45°)

2. Find the value of cos 105° without using

mathematical tables

3. Find sin 15° from sin(315° − 300°)

4. Find the exact value of tan 15° without

using tables.
THE END