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Life 2ed British Advanced Students Book
Life 2ed British Advanced Students Book
ru
SECOND
EDITION
frenglish.ru
- --
- Contents
Unit Grammar Vocabulary Real life (functions) Pronunciation
1
time phrases personality and identity getting to know people linking in word pairs
the continuous aspect wordbuilding: binomial pairs merged words in
word focus: life everyday phrases
Lessons for
life
pages 9-20
2
perfect forms wordbuilding: phrasal verb presenting yourself word stress
passive forms get
idioms: safety
word focus: foot/feet
personal qualities
More than a
job
pages 21-32
VIDEO: Climbing Yosemite page 30 � REVIEW page 32
3
qualifiers describing towns expressing opinions quite, fairly and
intensifying adverbs adverb + adJective pretty
collocations stress in intensifying
word focus: ground adverbs
linking vowel sounds
Design for life (intrusion)
pages 33--44
VIDEO: A story of solutions page 42 � REVIEW page 44
4
future probability wordbuilding: -able making a short pitch weak forms in past
past modals phrasal verb come speaking skill: making key modals
word focus: give points word stress
Innovation
pages 45-56
5
emphatic structures repeated word pairs telling an anecdote do, does and did
avoiding repetition wordbuilding: synonyms speaking skill: linking stress in short
word focus: matter events responses
long sounds
The magic of
travel
pages 57-68
6
phrasal verbs wordbuilding: compound discussing proposals stress in two-syllable
verb patterns words speaking skill: proposing verbs
injuries and conceding a point toning down
idioms: health negative
word focus: face statements
Body matters
pages 69-80
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!..istening Reading Critical thinking Speaking Writing
-:.o speakers talk about an article about the purpose your favourite saying taking notes
'Tlportant lessons in life lessons we learn from situations in your life writing skill: using
a :alk by a sociologist about the past call my bluff abbreviations
understanding what makes an article about
oeople who they are the language of
Shakespeare
:a k about the livelihood of an article about the analysing language more than a job a covering letter or
azakh nomads Moken people of safety features email
- 'l:erview with a firefighter Myanmar your comfort zone writing skill: fixed
an article about rock expressions
climbing in Yosemite
�nption of a photograph an article about two summarizing your home town an opinion essay
-:erv1ew with an architect towns with individual a bit of luxury writing skill: discourse
a:iout small homes characters how spaces affect you markers
an article about the
architect Zaha Hadid
--::s report about bionic an article about the finding counter future solutions a proposal
bee, parts future of bendable arguments how people managed writing skill: making
-:e'V1ew about the technology in the past recommendations
-s:::: 'at1on for inventions an article about a social a social business
entrepreneur
e: -::·act from a talk by a travel a travel biog about evaluating sources how you travel a review
different approaches to a mystery tour writing skill: using
r-a "lterv1ew about holidays travelling knowing places descriptive words
ii..-<nown places an article about travel in
graphic novels
.2csat1on between two an article about different author influence exercise trends a formal report
cs about health and exercise regimes describing an injury writing skill: avoiding
-=-·
-'Se
ew with an ultrarunner
: sports injuries
an article about beauty does beauty sell? repetition
3
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Unit Grammar Vocabulary Real life (functions) Pronunciation
passive reporting verbs wordbuilding: verb prefix out making a podcast new words
nominalization idioms: business buzz words speaking skill: hedging
word focus: break language
Digital media
pages 81-92
8
the adverb just themes of songs your favourite music expressions with just
purpose and result idioms: music speaking skill: responding intonation to
word focus: hit to questions express uncertainty
The music in
us
pages 93-104
9
linking words wordbuilding: verb + checking, confirming and silent letters
present and perfect preposition clarifying
participles crime and punishment
word focus: board
Window on
the past
pages 105-116
VIDEO: Collecting the past page 114 II>- REVIEW page 116
10
adverbs and adverbial being a good member of making conversation sentence stress
phrases society speaking skill: showing intonation and
negative adverbials and having fun interest elision
inversion word focus: free
Social living
pages 117-128
VIDEO: Initiation with ants page 126 II>- REVIEW page 128
11
unreal past forms feelings recognizing feelings heteronyms
conditionals and inversion wordbuilding: heteronyms adjectives ending
word focus: beyond in-ed
Reason and
emotion
pages 129-140
VIDEO: Madeline the robot tamer page 138 .,. REVIEW page 140
12
approximation and vague wordbuilding: adverb+ a debate intonation in
language adjective collocations speaking skill: interrupting interruptions
would idioms: adjective collocations
word focus: move
Mother
nature
pages 141-152
VIDEO: Three years and 6,000 miles on a horse page 150 II>- REVIEW page 152
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES page 153 .,. GRAMMAR SUMMARY page 156 .,. AUDIOSCRIPTS page 180
4
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J Reading
II
Critical thinking Speaking Writing
a study of global facts identifying personal the impact of digital a news report
about selfies opinion media writing skill: cautious
an article about a day at brands language
a hackers' conference attitudes to security
an article about what unanswered questions an important past event describing a past
personal letters reveal a case of fraud event
about our past historical irony writing skill:
a story about hidden sequencing events
treasure
s -:-a radio an article about ant reading between the being a good member a discursive essay
-"' aoout ethnic society lines of society writing skill: referring
---5 an article about the social games to evidence
:::c�: the importance Hadza of Tanzania feeling free
=
-:-c:::igraphing people
.:XU: irrational
understanding
emotions
an article about artificial
mind games
technology and
occupations
writing skill: avoiding
misunderstandings
intelligence in the
future
frenglish.ru 5
- Unit 1 Arctic wisdom
Unit 8 A biopic
Unit 10 Initiation with ants
Learn about the inspiration behind the
making of the biopic Marley. Find out about an unusual ceremony
in the Amazonian jungle in Brazil.
--
6
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Unit 6 The art of parkour Unit 7 Talking dictionaries
_...
Unit 12 Three years and 6,000 miles
on a horse
•
I
\·
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Unit 1 Lessons for life
YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETTING TO KNOW PEOPLE 9
.ife TAKING NOTES frenglish.ru
reading lessons in life • grammar time phrases • speaking your favourite saying
who strive for peace lciiow that in the long term they will
have to begin a dialogue with their enemy. Yet few are able
to follow the example set by Mandela, because it requires
such a high degree of unselfishness. It seems that heeding
this warning - not to be selfish - is perhaps the hardest
lesson of all for people to learn.
10
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vocabulary and listening personality and identity • wordbuilding binomial pairs •
pronunciation linking in word pairs • grammar the continuous aspect • speaking situations in your life
Vocabulary and listening 3 Look at these factors which can give people information
about you. Which do you think are the most significant?
personality and identity Number them in order (1-8) of importance.
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and a your friends e your life experiences
caption. Discuss the questions. b your work f your interests/hobbies
c your age g your background
1 Why is the painter putting his
d your character h your beliefs and values
hands up?
2 What impression of the painter do 4 aJ1l Listen to a sociologist describing how we define ourselves.
you get from his self-portrait? Tick (.1) the factors in Exercise 3 that he mentions. Which is
the most important, according to him?
2 Look at the expressions to describe
people. Answer the questions. 5 IJD Listen to the talk again. Choose the correct option to
complete the sentences.
a control freak a dreamer
a driven person a family person 1 The speaker thinks the question 'What do you do?' can
a free spirit a joker sound aggressive I judgmental as a conversation starter.
the life and soul of the party 2 Sally has been defined by her background because she
an outgoing type didn't grow up in the city I a nonnal family.
3 Sarah has dedicated her life to helping people who are ill I
1 What do you think each expression live in poor countries.
means? 4 The most important thing for John about his work is the
2 Which expressions do you think are challenge I security.
positive, negative or neutral? 5 Jack hasn't been in a relationship since he was 34 I 25.
3 Give an example of someone you 6 Arme wants school children to eat better I more vegetarian
know who fits each description. food.
12
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reading the language of Shakespeare • critical thinking purpose • word focus life •
speaking call my bluff
1 c Immortal w·ords
Reading 6 Did the author state her purpose at any point?
In which of these writing types do you think it is
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. important for an author to begin by stating the
reason for writing?
1 Who are the most famous writers in your
country's history? What did they write? • a description • a business report
2 What Shakespeare plays or characters can you • a job application • a personal letter
name? What do you know about them?
7 Do you think the author achieved her purpose?
2 Read the article. According to the author, why are Why? / Why not?
Shakespeare's plays still so popular today?
3 Read the article again and answer the questions. Word focus life
1 What adjective describes what England was 8 Look at the article again. Find words or
like in Shakespeare's time? (para 1) expressions with the word life that mean:
2 What new element did Shakespeare bring to
1 realistic (para 2)
play writing, according to Bloom?
2 for all one's life (para 2)
3 Why does Hamlet find it difficult to make a
3 with a 'big' personality (para 3)
decision?
4 In Romeo and Juliet, what is the nurse's attitude 9 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions with life in
to relationships? bold. Discuss what they mean.
5 Which adverb means that Shakespeare was good
at expressing ideas in just a few words? (para 4) 1 I sold my old Citroen 2CV car last year for
6 What verb tells you that Shakespeare created £300. Now I've just read that they've become
new words and expressions? (para 4) really valuable! That's the story of my life.
2 Work stress is just a fact of life these days -
4 Look at the expressions in italics in paragraph 4. you have to learn to deal with it.
Use them to replace the words in bold below. 3 There were people at the conference from all
walks of life -writers, students, business people.
1 I need a new jacket. This one is past its best.
4 My son was worried about going to university,
2 I'm 24. I have money and a university degree. I
but now he's having the time of his life.
can do anything I want to.
5 Thanks for driving me to the station - it was a
3 He said that one of the shops in town would
real life-saver. I'd have missed my train.
have the right battery, but it turned out to be a
search for something that couldn't be found. 10 Work in groups. Each think of a personal example
4 What the critics say is not significant. What for two of the expressions in Exercises 8 and 9.
matters is whether the public like the film.
5 Everyone says it's an obvious result that Not doing well in exams has been the story of my life!
Johanna will win, but I'm not so certain.
6 There's no point telling her he's no good. You Speaking my life
can't see the faults in the person you love.
7 The teacher got us to play a game to help 11 Work in two groups of three. Play the game Call
people relax at the start. my bluff using words coined by Shakespeare.
8 After six different jobs, I'm with my first Group A: Turn to page 153.
company again. I've arrived back at the
starting point. Group B: Turn to page 154.
• For each word, rewrite the true definition in your
Critical thinking purpose own words, then write two false definitions.
Write example sentences for each definition.
5 Which option(s) (a--d) describes the author's main • Group A reads the three definitions of the first word.
purpose for writing this article? Underline the Group B must guess which is the true definition.
sentences in the article that tell you this. • Group B then reads the definitions of their first
a to review Harold Bloom's book word for Group A to guess the true one.
• Then repeat this procedure with the other words.
b to explain why Shakespeare is popular today
c to examine if Shakespeare's reputation is justified 12 Think of an aspect of your life. Choose a word
d to examine Shakespeare's contribution to related to this, and find the English word. Then
modem-day English play Call my bluff with that word.
14
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Unit 1 Lessons for life
YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING !Jo,, SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETIING TO KNOW PEOPLE 13
my life TAKING NOTES
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Grammar time phrases 7 Co:np:ete the com·ersations with the correct form
oi the ,·erbs. Use the time phrases to help you
� ilME PHRASES decide which form to use.
• J'),. ,j.
YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETIING TO KNOW PEOPLE
my life TAKING NOTES
11
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The sixteenth-century dramatist Ben Jonson generously
called his rival, Shakespeare, a writer 'not of an age,
Unit 1 Lessons for life
L
I..
,..
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real life getting to know people • pronunciation merged words in everyday phrases
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B taking notes • writing skill using abbreviations
-
:ting taking notes 5 Writing skill using abbreviations
. ·ou write notes sometimes on things you read or a Work in pairs. How many different
:o? In what situations do you write notes? What abbreviations can you find in the notes? Try
:..::e ::otes consist of? What do you do with them? to guess what each one means.
=..ook at the notes taken by a student at a university b Compare your answers in Exercise 5a
=:ion day. Then listen to an extract from the talk with another pair. Did you guess the same
rn=1plete the information where the student put??? meanings? Which abbreviations have the
:::· 1 and 2. following meanings?
Shortened words Latin abbreviations
a including e for example
b roughly f that is to say
=;.
<£-:'". -2;,..c.1AHtJ £.ibrn�1 11Lt\i1-1. £.ibrn�1 :r:T c.e.'}'.tre.. May at 3 o'clock. Please can you let me
know approximately how many people from
�;arrie.d t1.bo1At st1AdtJ or stka e.£se.) se.e. st1Ade.'}'.t your department will be attending and if
you need further information. Thanks.
'=-7..t�se.£.£.or. NB l?-1,\C.k crro1Ap V\./,\S 1'1./,\tive. spe./,\)(e.r
:....,...htse.£.£.or.
YOUR FAVOURITE SAYING SITUATIONS IN YOUR LIFE CALL MY BLUFF GETIING TO KNOW PEOPLE 17
--; life ., it·!SIU#IU•il=l-i frenglish.ru
1 f Arctic wisdom
CJ Nunavut
Alaska
(USA)
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Unit 1 Lessons for life
3efore you watch S [Jl!WJ Watch the second part of the video (2.25
to 3.39) and complete the summary.
..- Look at the photo and the map of where the Inuit
In the past, elders were 1 for the
people live. Discuss with your partner what you
others in the community. Each one was an
:hink this place is like. Talk about: 2
on a particular area, helping the
• Population (many/few, old/young, etc.) community to 3 : on the weather,
• Weather on the environment, on different kinds of
• Communications (transport, internet, 4 . Inuits were happy with the
speaking/writing, etc.) 5 • The woman's mother told her
• Way of life (traditional/modern/changing, daughter that she would see many 6
stressful/relaxed, etc.) but she said, 'Never 7 who you are.'
- Key vocabulary 6 Watch the third part of the video (3.40 to the end)
and answer the questions.
- Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in
1 What has happened to the Iqaluit population in
:.li.e video. Guess the meaning of the words.
recent times?Why?
-
They have asked the government to fund the 2 Name two things the woman mentions when
building of a new community centre. talking about the key to a happy life.
2 The elders of the tribe meet once a week to 3 Why does she have a communication problem
discuss any problems in the community. with the younger generation?
3 He has low self-esteem because as a child 4 What is significant about the number 23?
he was always criticized for not being clever 5 What was the main characteristic of the culture
enough. of the Iqaluit in the past?
' Thank you for all your comments on my essay. 6 What does the narrator say is the key to these
They have been invaluable. people's future?
-
A disproportionate number of the university's
students are from wealthy backgrounds. After you watch
... .\latch the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these
definitions.
7 Vocabulary in context
a extremely useful a I a00 Watch the clips from the video. Complete
o too large or small in comparison to something the collocations. Then discuss your answers.
else
b Complete the sentences in your own words.
c older members of a group
Then compare your sentences with a partner.
d finance, provide the money for
e how good you feel about yourself 1 I always seek advice when ...
2 The last time I experienced a communication
Jh i le you watch barrier was when ...
3 The key to living a happy life is ...
3 I O®] Watch the video and check your ideas
8 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
�om Exercise 1. What is your overall impression
of the place? 1 Is the advice and wisdom of elders highly
respected in your society?
- I QilUI Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to 2 Is this as it should be?Why?/ Why not?
2.24) again which features an interview with the
.\1ayor of Iqaluit. Answer the questions. 9 Think of a story that one of your grandparents (or
· an older person in your community) told you and
What has happened to the elders in a short
retell the story to your partner. Do the stories have
time?
a lesson that is still relevant today?Why?/ Why
2 What is important about the elders?
not?
3 What phrase is still relevant and is often used
in Iqaluit?
' How did these people's parents live? infant mortality (n) /'mfant m:i:(r)'trel;:iti/ the number of
children that die before they are two years old
5 How were traditions passed down between nomadic (adj) /n;:iu'mred1k/ with no fixed home, wandering
generations? from place to place
19
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UNIT 1 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article. What is a 'griot'? What lesson did 4 Complete the expressions.
the writer take away from his visit to Timbuktu?
1 a lifel painting
2 Choose the correct options to complete the article. 2 people from all w of life
3 to have the t of your life
4 a lifel passion
5 it's the s of my life
6 just a f of life
5 t>JM:1 Work in pairs. Which of these phrases
best describes these people: your best friend, your
mother, your sister or brother? Give reasons.
20
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Unit 2 More than a job
-----��--·
es
.your
nplete
n
�trates
ething
ethen
�
�you.
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an a job Unit 2 More than a job
- :..OOk at the wordbuilding box on page 22. Find the 7 Choose the correct options to complete the text.
=ean
:'::U-asal verb with get (line 20) in the article. Does it
'manage or survive' or 'eat or feed'?
Before 2004, few people in the West 1 heard I had
heard of the Moken people. But since then, their
�k at these other phrasal verbs with get. Try to way of life and their situation 2 have attracted I had
:piestions.
:-..:ess what they mean. attracted a lot of interest. People are amazed, for
!OW than example, that Moken children 3 learn I had learned to
_ Sorry I haven't got round to fixing the tap yet. swim before they can walk, and that they 4 became I
I know you were disappointed not to win, but have become experts at reading the ways of the sea.
you've just got to get over it and move on. This knowledge, which their ancestors 5 acquired I
j I won't be free by 5.30. I have a meeting at have acquired and then 6 passed I have passed down to
5 p.m. and I can't get out of it. them, is now in danger of being lost as more and
-: :-1:e just invents facts and no one contradicts more Moken 7 are forced I had been forced to settle on
rum. I don't know how he gets away with it. the land.
= -:=-hanks for sending me the details. I'll get back
Sadly, this is not the first time that people 8 try I
to you if I have any questions.
change have tried to interfere in the Moken's way of life
'ji, and it probably 9 won't be I won't have been the last.
- ammar perfect forms The Moken 10 just want/ have just wanted to be left
alone. The ones I met 11 were I have been proud of
::>gFECT FORMS their simple way of life. But I suspect in ten or
� perfect simple twenty years' time their situation 12 will change I
-->= -:umber of people who depend on the sea for their will have changed.
--=
= �ood has declined.
'/oken have been constantly pressured by the 8 affl Complete the description. Use the correct
Oi .._-�rities to settle on the land. perfect or non-perfect form of the verbs in
�St � perfect continuous brackets. Then listen and check.
-� have been living off the sea for just as long.
My grandfather was a forestry commissioner,
;!le ::e."iect: simp Ie which meant he 1 (be) responsible
0 - --'= had felt the tsunami coming long before others
for managing forests. I think he 2
......: .::Ed the danger.
(intend) originally to be a biologist, but then he
till = perfect simple 3
(get) a job looking after forests in
- ��:her ten years, these unique people will probably Wales. He 4 (retire) now, but he's
= disappeared from the sea completely
still fascinated by trees and plants. I guess his job
-...:-.:-:; information and practice, see page 158. was a way of life for him because it 5
s are (occupy) all his time and he 6 (spend)
:.ive, so much of his life living in or around forests.
.:1: the grammar box. Which sentence(s) in the Over the years, I 7 (often/ think)
---:a:- box describe(s) an event or action: about working outdoors too, but I don't think I
ents s
e-..::: started in the past and is not finished? (follow) in his footsteps.
-
:s
:..,g c.=: ;,·ill be completed at a point in the future?
1.:::2_: completed but might be repeated or Speaking my life
d c::-::'"':1ued and has a (strong) present connection?
ach - c.u:::?:eted before the main event in the past? 9 Work in groups. Look at these jobs and decide
rade which are a way of life (i.e. much more than a job)
:..-:. ?airs. Discuss the differences in meaning for the people who do them. Give reasons.
;gs,
� the pairs of sentences.
:a Have they chosen to work in an unusual environment?
ated 21 =\·e really enjoyed travelling around Laos. Is this a job that previous generations in their family
- : :-eally enjoyed travelling around Laos.
had done?
owell =··,e only met John once.
:e they : 0:1h- met John once. banker coal miner graphic designer
oth .a • ::e �eeting started when we arrived. IT consultant farmer firefighter
S SQ .::e meeting had started when we arrived. fisherman/woman lorry driver
:x:l a s _::e \·otes will all be counted on the physiotherapist teacher
-:-..'.i.:.usday after the election.
__e . ::e \·otes will all have been counted by the 10 Think of another job (from the past, present or
cities -:-::i-sday after the election. future) that is a way of life. Describe the job and
. ·o one has taught him how to hold his your reasons for adding this job to the list. Is your
ds .:-:ea:h underwater. job or studies a way of life for you?
. ·o one had taught him how to hold his
::--:ea:h underwater.
)I,- MORE THAN A JOB SAFETY FEATURES YOUR COMFORT ZONE PRESENTING YOURSELF 23
A COVERING LEITER OR EMAIL
frenglish.ru
grammar passive forms • speaking safe�y features
be on catch contain fight light . .. in this job you can't wrap people in cotton wool.
put out set ... to set on start
be become cut do err follow
be on fire: We could see smoke in the distance but we
The first rule of safety is always to 1 things by
couldn't see what was on fire.
the book Don't try to make up your own rules or to
2 Look at the photos and answer the questions. improvise or to 2 comers. You'll find that if you
3
the correct procedure each time, soon it will
1 What kind of fire is shown in the photo on 4 second nature to you -you won't even think
page 25? How does this kind of fire start? about it. If you're in any doubt about how something
How can they be stopped? should be done, always try to 5 on the side of
2 What qualities are needed to be a firefighter? caution. It's better to 6 safe than sorry.
Is it a job you could do?
6 Think of something you regularly do or have done
3 � Listen to an interview with smokejumper, that involves risk. What do/did you do to keep safe..
Kerry Franklin. Are the sentences true (T) or Use idioms from Exercise 5 in your description.
false (F)?
1 Smokejumpers are sent into places that are
difficult to reach.
Grammar passive forms
2 Their job is to evaluate a fire, not to fight it. � PASSIVE FORMS
3 Being a woman in this profession isn't easy. Tenses
4 IJ'.m Listen to the interview again and answer 1 Smokejumpers are firefighters with parachutes who are
dropped into inaccessible areas ...
the questions. 2 Kerry Franklin explained her career choice when she was
1 What are the consequences if a smokejumper interviewed by this programme.
is a) too heavy? b) too light? 3 That's been known to happen.
2 What is Kerry's view of her own personal 4 We get dropped in with tools.
safety? Modal verbs
3 When are smokejumpers sent to fight a fire? 5 If ... there's a strong wind, you might be carried a long way
4 How do they usually try to contain a bad 6 You can get injured when you hit the ground.
fire? Infinitives and gerunds
5 How do you become a smokejumper? 7 This information has to be relayed back to base ...
8 First, the fire needs to be assessed ...
9 The job involves being trained to a certain standard ...
···-·············-·-·----!
For further information and practice, see page 158.
24
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1
-
_--"·er the questions.
Unit 2 More than a job
MORE THAN A JOB Jl,, SAFETY FEATURES YOUR COMFORT ZONE PRESENTING YOURSELF 25
my life A COVERING LETTER OR EMAIL frenglish.ru
reading climbing Yosemite • critical thinking analysing language • word focus foot/feet •
speaking your comfort zone
26
frenglish.ru
Unit 2 More than a job
MORE THAN A JOB SAFETY FEATURES � YOUR COMFORT ZONE PRESENTING YOURSELF 27
my life A COVERING LElTER OR EMAIL frenglish.ru
vocabulary personal qualities • pronunciation word stress • real life presenting yourself
28 MORE THAN A JOB SAFETY FEATURES YOUR COMFORT ZONE � PRESENTING YOURSELF
� my life A COVERING LEITER OR EMAIL
frenglish.ru
L.a: 2 .:ore than a job
II
lf 2e A letter of application
·riting a covering letter
::;r email
Dear Mr Fairburn
I am writing in response to your advertisement in last
• �ad the letter of application. Find and Tuesday's Guardian newspaper for a Trainee Marketing
::...,derline the following key elements of Assistant. Please find attached my CV. The job attracted
� co,·ering letter. Then compare answers me because it emphasizes opportunities for people who
• -:th your partner.
are keen to learn and also because of your company's
·
,
the job applied for reputation for innovative and high-quality travel books. I
where and when it was advertised am currently doing some freelance travel writing .
:; the candidate's current situation
· ,vhy the writer is a good candidate As a recent graduate from university, I am well aware
� thanks for reading the letter that I still have much to learn and it is exactly this kind
,, how and when the candidate can be of challenging environment that I am seeking. You
contacted will see from my CV that I am someone who believes
in getting results. My two proudest achievements are
acarefrs ::...ook at the statements about a covering
raising over £15,000 for a local charity and organizing a
careers �'etter. Using the letter as a model, say if
oking highly successful student Arts Week.
:.'ie statements are true (T) or false (F).
Explain your answers. Regarding the requirements you mention:
,g Keep it short. The letter should • I have a degree in Business Studies with a
-uitable basically just refer the reader to specialization in marketing
�and your CV. • I am flexible about where in the south-east I work
2 Show interest in and knowledge of • I have good organizational skills, acquired as head of
the organization you are writing to. the Student Social Committee
3 Just mention your general
suitability for the job. The letter I am available for interview at any time. Thank you for
should not respond to specific taking time to consider this application and please do
alism ... requirements the company has not hesitate to contact me at any time by phone or in
listed. writing if you have questions about any of the above.
4 The letter should give a personal I look forward to hearing from you.
touch to your application.
Yours sincerely
r.tom
Pkiiip Morri.s.se:i
3 Writing skill fixed expressions
Philip Morrissey
The writer follows the conventions
of letter writing by using certain
fixed expressions. Find words and
expressions in the letter with the
following meanings. 4 Write a covering email to a company that you would like to
a I am looking for work for. Make sure you include the key elements mentioned
b I am sending in Exercise 1.
C a good person to consider
5 Exchange letters with your partner. Look at their letter as if
d I am free to come you were the employer. Use these questions to check your
,of
e the thin.gs you say you need partner's letter.
IRan
f I am answering
;:eps: • Is it well organized and does it include all the key elements?
0 £eel free to
0
MORE THAN A JOB SAFETY FEATURES YOUR COMFORT ZONE PRESENTING YOURSELF 29
my life � A COVERING LETTER OR EMAIL
frenglish.ru
frenglish.ru
Unit 2 More than a job
Before you watch 5 1 at1m Watch the second part of the video again
(1.04 to the end) and complete the notes about
:.ook at the photo. Write down two words or Jimmy Chin's career. Use one word in each space.
4
=�
name in the office!
8 Yosemite is a special place for him because it
latch the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these helped to his career.
.::efinitions.
3 shrink back in embarrassment
_ work or study task 6 Do you think Jimmy Chin made a good career
� involving great thought and concentration choice? Why?/ vVhy not? How do you think his
d going through something slowly and carefully career will develop?
(often in a certain order)
e move with a large spade
After you watch
1hile you watch 7 Vocabulary in context
frenglish.ru 31
UNIT 2 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Complete the article. Use the correct tense and 4 f>i\!11:1 Choose the correct option to complete the
form (active or passive) of the verbs. questions about work. Then discuss the questions
with your partner.
1 What do you consider a reasonable monthly
salary to get along I ln; on?
2 In their careers, have any of your family
followed in their parents' footsteps I shoes?
3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
being in the teaching trade I profession?
4 In a new work environment, how long does it
take you to find I set your feet?
5 Is getting on I forward in life and moving up th
career ladder important to you?
6 Would you rather do a challenging job or stay
on the safe road I side and do something easy?
What would be your dream job? Tommy Lynch believes 5 t>JM:1 What are these people talking about, do
that he 1 (find) his. Two years you think? Discuss with your partner.
ago, he 2 (employ) as a waiter in a 1 'You need to get over it and move on.'
restaurant, but more recently he 3 2 'Sorry, I haven't got round to it, but I will.'
(travel) around the world testing water slides at holiday 3 'I'd like to get out of it, but I can't.'
resorts. That's because Tommy 4
(give) the job by holiday operator First Choice of helping ICAN
them to include the best water parks in their holiday talk about jobs and careers
brochures. So far, he 5 (test) over use phrasal verbs with get
fifty water slides and pools.
After the company 6 (create) their
own selection of 'Splash Resorts', they soon realized that Real life
they would need the quality of the facilities
(check) regularly. A First Choice 6 Match the questions (1-4) with the beginnings
spokesperson said, 'We knew that to offer the best, we (a-g) of the answers someone might give.
would have to appoint a full-time tester. Tommy 1 So can you tell me a bit about your
s (be) great.' background?
He was chosen from hundreds of applicants and 2 Where do you hope to be in five years' time?
9
(put) straight to work. 3 What are your strengths?
·1 10 (have) the time of my life,' he 4 And your weaknesses?
says, 'but it's hard work. New resorts
11
(add) to the list all the time. a My ambition is to .. .
So I spend a lot of my time travelling and doing b I graduated from ...
paperwork. But if customers have had a great time on c I have a tendency to ...
holiday, then all my work 12 (be) d When it comes to ... , I ...
worthwhile!' e I'm working towards ...
f I'm conscientious ...
g I've recently been ...
2 f>i�1j:1 Work in pairs. Find five passive forms in
the article. Discuss the reason the passive has been 7 f>JefJj:1 Look at these adjectives. Can you think
used in each case. (Refer to the reasons (a-c) in of a job for which each quality is especially
Exercise 10 on page 25, if necessary.) important? Give reasons.
32
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R
Unit 3 Design for life
mlete the
"Uestions
onthly
(lt'S?
:1tages of
5 does it
ng up the
, or stay
1g easy?
out, do
i\ill.'
'llngs
YOUR HOME TOWN A BIT OF LUXURY HOW SPACES AFFECT YOU EXPRESSING OPINIONS
my life AN OPINION ESSAY frenglish.ru
33
vocabulary describing towns • reading the character of towns • grammar qualifiers •
pronunciation quite, fairly and pretty • speaking and writing your home town
frenglish.ru
Unit 3 Design for life
3b Compact liVing
Listening 3 ll:m Read the sentences. Then listen to the
interview again and choose the best option to
1 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. complete the sentences.
1 How many different rooms are there in your home? 1 Jonas Wilfstrand specializes in designing
2 Do any of the rooms have more than one function? compact holiday homes I small homes in genera.'
3 If you had more space, what would you use it for? 2 There's a demand for compact living spac�
because they are cheaper I more practical.
2 � Look at the photos. Then listen to an interview
with an architect who specializes in compact designs. 3 Dolgan homes consist of one room I a shared
Answer the questions.
space and a bedroom.
4 The Dolgan need to move house regularly
1 Where are these two homes? because of the weather I their animals.
l
2 Why is the architect inspired by them? 5 In the ten-square metre cabin in California
there is little room for belongings I domestic
appliances.
6 In Gary Chang's apartment you can move I
remove the walls.
Grammar intensifying
adverbs
4 Look at these adjectives. Match each gradable
adjective (i.e. not with a strong meaning) with
an ungradable adjective (i.e. with a strong
meaning) that expresses a similar idea.
Gradable Ungradable
-
__, ' 1 cold a tiny
2 surprising b stunning
3 important C delighted
4 small d brilliant
5 original e freezing
6 pleased f amazing
7 clever g essential
8 attractive h unique
5 Work with a partner. Take turns to ask
questions using a gradable adjective. The oth
student should answer using the equivalent
ungradable adjective.
A: Is your apartment cold?
B: Yes, it's absolutely freezing.
6 Look at these common spoken phrases. WhiCP
underlined words mean 'very' and which
mean 'completely'?
1 Yes, you're absolutely right.
2 That's really kind of you.
3 Thanks. I'd be very grateful.
4 I'm sorry. It's� out of the question.
5 Yes, I'm quite certain.
6 That's a completely different matter.
36
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Unit 3 Design for life
YOUR HOME TOWN liJ, A BIT OF LUXURY HOW SPACES AFFECT YOU EXPRESSING OPINIONS 37
my life AN OPINION ESSAY frenglish.ru
reading Zaha Hadid • critical thinking summarizing • word focus ground • speaking how spaces affect you
r
�
7 What is interesting about the inside of the
Evelyn Grace Academy?
8 How does the author conclude that Hadid will Speaking my life
be remembered? 8 Public buildings or spaces can sometimes have
'
bad associations for people. Look at these places
Critical thinking summarizing which people in a survey said they didn't like
being in. How do you feel in each of them? Why?
4 In order to check you have understood the main
points of an article, it is useful to be able to 1 a dentist's surgery
summarize its message or arguments accurately. 2 a lift
To help you summarize this article, underline 3 an airport departure lounge
adjectives or nouns that describe the following: 4 a classroom or lecture hall
5 a large open plan office
• Zaha Hadid's designs
• her character 9 Work in small groups. Choose one of the public
• her buildings spaces in Exercise 8. Discuss how the design of th·
• her position in the world of architecture space could be improved to make people feel mo
• the effect of her buildings on the user comfortable. Think about the following:
5 Compare the words you underlined with your • shape and size of the space
partner. Then together compose a short summary • lighting
of Zaha Hadid's life and her contribution to • arrangement of furniture
architecture. • other additions (music, plants, etc.)
38
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ou Unit 3 Design for life
T H E p A p E R
A R C H I T E C T
oold from =or a long time, Iraqi-born Zaha Hadid was known as'the
::ieans. ::cper architect'. That was because very few of her bold
n in bold =."ld daring designs, though frequently praised for their
-.agination and originality, ever left the page to become
-::al buildings. Between 1978, when she graduated, and
Jround, it
998, just four of her 27 projects were actually realized.
-"OWever, following the successful completion of two art
1ess idea ;,:::leries in Cincinnati and Denmark and a commission
, they get -=· BMW in Leipzig in 2005, Hadid's buildings began to
she had designed a building just so that they could stare 40
::.eoear everywhere. Within ten years, she had become
:�e of the most sought-after architects in the world. So and admire its beauty from the outside. 'Architecture;
.:ning she said, 'is not a medium of personal expression for
:...<mg ny did Hadid's architecture take so long to be accepted?
me. It facilitates everyday life: In other words, her aim
-rstly, she was one of the few women in a profession was to create buildings that were not just innovative,
ot of
:: minated by men. Today in Britain less than fifteen per but practical too. The internal space and how people 45
:x;c1t of practising architects are women. A lot more enter interacted with it were the keys for her.
TV, -e profession, but over half leave, either because of slow
on the 2:eer progress or because they become disillusioned For this reason, she was attracted particularly to public
o, projects: for example, the Aquatics Centre for the
:h the conservatism of most British architectural
'Cl work, ::e;ign. But in Hadid's case, this seems to have been a 2012 Olympics and the Evelyn Grace Academy, a large
-otivator. From an early stage, she was determined to secondary school in south London. For the latter, Hadid 50
:::"allenge the establishment with her own new ideas. But designed a building with lots of natural light and dramatic
.ample of angles, so that pupils could view the activity of other
- 11as never going to be an easy fight.
students from different perspectives within the structure.
on the :CCondly, even during her student days, Hadid was Right in the middle of the site, between buildings, she
--:erested in pushing boundaries and in creating placed a 100-metre running track to celebrate the school's 55
iespite =-Jdings that were new and different. She felt that emphasis on sports. The idea of offering the viewer
:· st-century developments in materials science and multiple viewpoints inside a building is a common theme
tew :.:Jinputer modelling tools provided an opportunity in Hadid's work. Internal spaces interconnect cleverly so
- experiment with more complex curved forms than that the visitor is surprised and charmed at every turn.
�chitects had attempted in the past. She would initially
;:.•.etch out her ideas in the form of an artist's drawing. Zaha Hadid died of a heart attack in 2016 aged 65, leaving 60
� as with anyone who tries to break new ground, it behind a groundbreaking body of work. She remained
ras not easy to convince people to follow - to believe all her life something of an outsider; or, if not completely
rtave outside, then on the edges of the architectural
at these sketches could be translated into functional
olaces establishment. Yet her impact on architecture was
!wllctures. However, once people began to see the results
like enormous: it will never be the same again. 65
- n buildings such as the Guangzhou Opera House in
t? Why?
:_,ina and the MAXXI art museum in Rome - they began
-ot only to believe, but also to start shouting her name.
,e idea of the architect as an artist was something Hadid
-erself rejected. She did not want people to think that
)Ublic
gn of this
feel more
\.
YOUR HOME TOWN A BIT OF LUXURY 111'- HOW SPACES AFFECT YOU EXPRESSING OPINIONS 39
my life AN OPINION ESSAY frenglish.ru
real life expressing opinions • pronunciation linking vowel sounds (intrusion)
3d A lot to recommend it
Real life expressing opinions
1 Work in pairs. Think about a public work
of art in your town or area. Describe it to
your partner, saying what you like or dislike
about it.
2 Look at the photo and the caption and
discuss the questions.
1 Do you like these public works of art?
Why? / Why not?
2 What benefits do you think they might
bring to the city (for both locals and
visitors)?
3 � Listen to two people discussing a
proposal for a public work of art in a city.
6 Look at the expressions for expressing opinions. Say
Answer the questions.
which expressions are used to agree, disagree politel1�
1 What piece of work is being proposed? disagree or give an opinion.
2 Are the speakers in favour of or against it?
... EXPRESSING OPINIONS
4 Work in pairs. Read the short text below.
I think ... / I reckon ...
Then discuss which way of expressing I have to say, ...
opinions you most commonly encounter. Personally, I .. .
How much does this depend on the person For me, .../ If you ask me, ...
you are talking to? It seems a bit ... to me.
It's pretty obvious that ... / It's fairly clear that ...
Different people express their opinions I'm (all) in favour of ...
in different ways. Some people disagree I'm against ...
briefly and bluntly, e.g. 'I don't agree,' I agree completely. I Absolutely.
or 'That's not correct.' Others disagree I disagree./ I don't agree.
openly but politely, e.g. 'I'm afraid I don't I don't think you should underestimate ...
share your opinion.' In some cultures, it is I can see that, but ...
considered rude to disagree openly and I'm not (entirely) convinced that ...
people express disagreement by keeping
silent or even by saying the opposite, e.g.
'Yes, I agree.' 7 Pronunciation linking vowel sounds (intrusion
a � Listen to these phrases. Which consonant soun ·
5 � Listen to the discussion again. (/w/ or /j/) are used to link the vowel sounds in each o
Complete the arguments that each speaker these sentences (1-6)?
gives in favour of or against the idea. 1 Have you seen the�artwork?
1 Speaker A: I think it's 2 It's more likely to�attract people.
3 If you�ask me, ...
2 Speaker B: Personally; I'd rather have 4 I disagree�about the cost of it.
something 5 Cexpect you're right.
3 Speaker B: I'm also not convinced that it 6 I'm not so�interested in architecture.
will b Work in pairs. Practise saying the sentences in Exercis
4 Speaker A: I reckon people ... will really 7a, linking the vowel sounds with /w/ and /j/.
like the fact that it
8 Work in pairs or small groups. Look at the two
5 Speaker B: I'm all in favour of something proposals for a public work of art on page 154. Ask
that's relevant ... , but I'm afraid it just each other for your opinion of each proposal. Use
seems expressions to agree or disagree.
6 Speaker A: Well, for me, it's very important
What do you think of the LED screen idea?
that it's
Personally, I think . . .
40 YOUR HOME TOWN A BIT OF LUXURY HOW SPACES AFFECT YOU IJ,- EXPRESSING OPINIONS
my life AN OPINION ESSAY
frenglish.ru
· .g an opinion essay • writing skill discourse markers Unit 3 Design for life
II
3e Old and new
·riting an opinion essay
Should we allow modern
:..OOk at the photo of two buildings. Do these two buildings to be built next to
::uildings go well together? Why? / Why not? older buildings in a historic
area of a city?
Read the essay question and the essay. Answer the
01estions. In order to answer this question
• properly, first we need to ask
What is the writer's opinion?
.., whether people actually want to
What arguments does he give to support this?
3 What points against his own argument does he preserve the historic character of
mention? an area. Not all historic buildings
are attractive, but they may
:..OOk at the four key elements of an opinion essay. contribute to an overall feeling
fmd each element in the essay. What is the correct that makes the area attractive to
::-der? people. What should we do then if
a new building is needed?
a deal with opposing arguments
:is.Say :> give your opinion and present the arguments In my view. modern architecture
� politely, supporting it can fit perfectly well with buildings
� make your conclusion from another period. Indeed, there
ci analyse the question and set out your starting are many examples in my own
point home town of Tours where radical modern designs
sit comfortably next to old buildings. As long as the
Writing skill discourse markers new building is pleasing and does not dominate
its surroundings too much, it should enhance the
2. The writer uses certain phrases to present his attractiveness of the area. Having said that, there
:deas. Look at the underlined discourse markers must also be a limit to the number of new buildings
:n the essay and match the discourse markers with if people want to preserve the area's historic feel.
the function (1-5). Admittedly. there are examples of modern buildings
1 introduce an opinion (1 adverbial phrase, 2 which have spoilt an area, but this is not an argument
verb phrases) against putting new buildings among historic
2 qualify or make a concession to an opinion or ones in principle. I suspect that the main reason
argument (2 adverbial phrases) for objections to such buildings is that people are
3 reinforce a point or argument (2 adverbial conservative: in other words, they do not like change.
phrases) In conclusion, I believe that while we must respect
-l: express the same point in another way (1 the views of others, it is the duty of architects and
:trusion) phrase) planners to move things forward. After all, if we only
5 sum up the argument (1 adverbial phrase) reproduced what was there before, we would all still
�t sounds be living in caves.
:1 each of D Complete this text. Use discourse markers from
Exercise 4a.
, modem buildings that S Write an opinion essay about this question (200-
try to imitate older architectural styles do not 250 words).
work. 2 , they sometimes
Should we create more socially mixed residential areas,
look worse than an unimaginative modern where rich people live next to poorer people, instead of
design. Despite this, some architects and in separate communities?
planners insist on building in a 'traditional'
style. 3 , their intentions are 6 Exchange essays with your partner. Use these
'. Exercise good: they do not want to spoil the overall look questions to check your essays.
of an area, but 4 they are • Is their opinion clear and have they presented
mistaken. It would be much better if architects
[} both sides of the argument?
�Ask and planners considered a range of new designs. • Have they followed the structure suggested in
, they need to be more
5
L"se Exercise 3?
adventurous. • Have they used discourse markers correctly to
present the ideas?
YOUR HOME TOWN A BIT OF LUXURY HOW SPACES AFFECT YOU EXPRESSING OPINIONS 41
my life AN OPINION ESSAY
frenglish.ru
3f A story of s·olutions
I
•
frenglish.ru
Unit 3 Design for life
43
frenglish.ru
UNI r 3 l{hV lbW ANO MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Look at the photo. What do you think this building 4 Complete the phrases. Then put the phrases into
is for? Read the text and check your ideas. three categories: a feature of a house, a feature of
town and an adverb+ adjective collocation.
2 Choose the correct options to complete the text .
1 a two-b flat
2 b ly disappointed
3 ab wall
4 ab -up area
5 as ing suburb
6 a ten-s block of flats
7 an en-s bathroom
8 w ly optimistic
9 aw -in wardrobe
5 Which of these adjectives would you use to
describe these places from Unit 3?
ICAN ICAN
use adverbs to modify or intensify meaning express my opinions
agree and disagree politely
44
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6eS bto
a::ue of a
-- --- --- ------
nnovat1on
-- --
,! y
smart
"()ffi
�EATURES 1 Look at the photo and caption. What do you think 'cyborg'
and 'bionic' mean? Is this science fiction or something real?
46 Shrink it, bend it,
2 � Listen to a news report about bionic body parts. Answer
fold it the questions.
The future of bendable 1 How badly damaged was the woman's sight before her
technology operation?
1e
2 What could she see after the operation?
48 The mother of 3 Who are the ear buds designed for and what can they do?
·ks. invention 4 What question does this new technology raise?
What drives new
discoveries
3 aiEl Work in pairs. Try to replace the verbs in bold with the
more scientific verbs used in the news report. Then listen to
:idea. the news report again and check.
me.
50 The shoe giver
The story of a successful 1 Surgeons put an electronic chip into her right eye.
's too
social entrepreneur 2 It'll probably take months for Lewis to teach her brain to
see again.
bout 54 This man risked it all 3 She can already see nearby objects ...
4 They can cut out the background noise ...
A video about a social 5 ... or make surrounding sounds louder .. .
;.
enterprise in Uganda
4 Discuss how bionic body parts (e.g. bionic legs, a bionic
hand, a bionic eye, bionic skin) could be more 'effective' than
biological body parts. What advantages or abilities could
they have?
FUTURE SOLUTIONS HOW PEOPLE MANAGED IN THE PAST A SOCIAL BUSINESS MAKING A SHORT PITCH 45
my life A PROPOSAL
frenglish.ru
reading bendable technology • wordbuilding -able • grammar future probability • speaking future solutions
I
new, but we may well be about to see a revolution in pace, although it will almost certainly raise difficult
the construction of solar cells which will allow them to ethical questions along the way. The other area in
15 be incorporated into an ultra-thin transparent film. So which materials science is making huge progress is i
instead of expensive solar panels on roofs or in solar how drugs are delivered into the body. New types d
farms, in future they could form part of the windows on coating around pills mean each pill needs to be take
our buildings. just once and then the drug inside can be released
Communications: Using screens as thin as a sheet of over weeks and months, even
20 paper, bendable technology is already here, but the years. It's likely that such 'super
chances are that it will become very widespread in the pills' will in future be inserted
coming years: phones that wrap around your wrist, directly into the area needing
foldable computers that fit into your jacket pocket. treatment, such as cancer
Perhaps one day soon we will see lY screens that can be cells, increasing the drug's
25 rolled up and carried with us. effectiveness enormously.
46
frenglish.ru
ordbuilding -able 6 Look at the expressions of probability again
in the cr0rammar box. Discuss which words or
DiDBUILDING -able phrases mean the following:
c.dd the suffix -able to many verbs to form an
� 2::- 1 something is possible (about 50% chance)
o-.;.estions. �.e meaning something is possible. The prefixes 2 something is probable (about 70% chance)
:L'es phone:, -- or non- can also be added to say that something 3 something is not probable (about 20% chance)
::-:x:ssible. 4 something is very sure or almost certain
�e, removable, unbreakable, non-negotiable
�r cells (about 90% chance)
- :-:her practice, see Workbook page 29.
bendable 7 Look at the description of innovations. Rewrite
the phrases in bold using the words in brackets.
il their ov.r ,:;. at the wordbuilding box. Then rewrite the
:c1ces (1-6) using adjectives ending in -able. You Smart textiles are already here but 1 we will
:::.eed to change other words in the sentence. probably see (chances) a lot more of them in
ecially
the coming years. Some innovations will just be
-..ou can't reuse those cups: you're supposed to cosmetic but others 2 are likely to have (may well)
ciispose of them. practical uses. For example, scientists at Penn State
�-.•se cups aren't reusable; they're disposable. University have created a self-repairing fabric.
-
-:-"""ey said this camera couldn't be broken. I hope They believe that within the next ten years people
�e,· refund me the money. 3 will probably be wearing (likely) clothes that
-
eu=i I wash this jacket or does it have to go to the mend themselves. 4 It's possible this will mean
.i.,· cleaners? (could) the end of sewing as we know it.
- _ ;e car can be repaired. It's just a question of Meanwhile, researchers in China have made a
-.•-hether I can afford the repair. fabric that generates electricity as you move. It
= = can't excuse his behaviour. All I asked was that I 5 is unlikely to produce (probably) large amounts
could rely on him. of power but 6 it will probably be (should) enough
'fou can't imagine how painful it was. to recharge a phone.
FUTURE SOLUTIONS HOW PEOPLE MANAGED IN THE PAST A SOCIAL BUSINESS MAKING A SHORT PITCH 47
my life A PROPOSAL
frenglish.ru
11stenmg the inspiration for innovations • vocabulary phrasal verb come • grammar past modals •
pronunciation weak forms in past modals • speaking how people managed in the past
I
politicians said the telephone was too 1 But how do such inventions come about?
expensive I of little use.
i
a succeed b happen C work
4 The presenter uses the telephone as
I
2 Entrepreneurs often come up with ideas to make our lives
an example of a case where a need a little more convenient.
was filled I didn't exist before. a think of b ignore C search for
Most innovations make our lives 3 Over time, we come to rely on them.
more satisfying I easier. a start to b try to C have to
6 The presenter suggests that women 4 A researcher came across the material for post-it notes
in the 1960s liked going out to shop I when looking for a new kind of glue.
staying in the house. a thought of b found by chance c stole
7 The mobile phone and the 5 Early experiments with flying didn't really come off.
personal computer are examples of a succeed b get noticed C get taken serioUSi,
innovations that were very expensive 6 Perrelet was so respected that when other watchmakers
at first I seen as unnecessary. came up against a problem, they would consult him.
8 Literary Digest predicted that the a solved b encountered C analysed
motor car would remain a luxury I go
out of fashion. 6 Work in pairs. Write three sentences using the phrasal verb
from Exercise 5. Then read your sentences to your partner
omitting the verb and see if they can guess the missing verb
48
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•
Unit 4 Innovation
--------------···--- -
They probably should have been more open-minded. 7 The inventor of 'cats eyes' in the road
(receive) more recognition.
=or further information and practice, see page 162. They've saved a huge number of lives.
8 I think when Tim Berners-Lee invented the
internet, he (realize) that it
Look at the grammar box. Match the past modal
would have negative as well as positive effects.
verb forms (1-4) with the uses (a-d).
a to speculate on past events 11 Pronunciation weak forms in past modals
b to talk about an obligation
c to say what was expected or advisable a Cl[� Circle the weak forms (words not stressed,
d to talk about a lack of necessity including 'to') in these past modal verbs. Then
listen and check.
- Work in pairs. Complete the sentences with the
1 It should have worked, but it didn't.
correct past modal verb form.
2 I had to wait half an hour.
1 needn't have didn't need to 3 He must have forgotten.
4 You needn't have worried.
a We use to say something 5 She may have left already.
wasn't necessary but it was done anyway. 6 I didn't need to be there.
b We use , to say something
H::) wasn't necessary whether it was done or not. b Practise saying the sentences in Exercise lla.
imthe
1 may/might/could have must have can't have
Speaking my life
a When we use , it means
12 Work in groups. Use a range of past modals to
we are almost certain that something
Jur lives speculate on the answers to these questions.
happened/ was true.
b When we use , it means How did people:
we are almost certain it didn't happen/ • wake up on time before there were alarm clocks?
wasn't true. • keep money safe before savings banks existed?
c When we use , it means • entertain themselves in the evenings before we
otes we think it possibly happened/ was true. had electricity in our homes?
• deal with aches and pains without medicines?
... Choose the correct options to complete the • contact each other in an emergency before the
tff. conversation. telephone existed?
seriously A: I didn't hear you leave this morning. I 1 must I • clean their teeth without toothbrushes?
iakers might have been asleep. • detect broken bones before x-rays existed?
lm. B: I left for work very early, actually. But I 2 didn't
need to bother I needn't have bothered. There was 13 Work in pairs. Think of two commonly used
no traffic. inventions: one that you couldn't live without
al verbs A: I think it was a school holiday. That 3 could I should and one that you find unnecessary. Discuss the
utner have been the reason. But you 4 had to wake I should inventions and the reasons you chose them.
ng verb. have woken me. I got to work late in the end.
I couldn't live without my electric kettle because I drink
3: Sorry. I was really focused on leaving in good
so much tea. I know in the past people used to boil water
time. I 5 must have been I had to be sure of getting
on the cooker, but it must have taken a long time.
to my meeting.
FUTURE SOLUTIONS � HOW PEOPLE MANAGED IN THE PAST A SOCIAL BUSINESS MAKING A SHORT PITCH 49
:ny life A PROPOSAL frenglish.ru
reading a social entrepreneur • critical thinking finding counter arguments • word focus give •
speaking a social business
so
frenglish.ru
Unit 4 Innovation
.a.ke Mycoskie is a self-confessed serial entrepreneur. Mycoskie knew nothing about manufacturing, let alone
e set up his first business, EZ Laundry, a laundry service shoe manufacturing, but he understood that he had to
� students, when he was still at college. Having built up learn fast. At first, by his own admission, he made'a poor
company to serve seven colleges in the south-west job of making shoes', so he brought in help from people
:he USA, he sold his share to his business partner and with experience in the industry and soon his product was 45
-.·ed on to a media advertising business in Nashville. getting high satisfaction ratings from customers. The vital
again he sold on to Clear Channel, one of the element that Mycoskie added was his own passion. It is
_ustry's leading companies. a passion he wants others to share. TOMS encourages
customers to become more involved by volunteering to
ree more businesses later, still only 29 years old, and
hand-deUver the shoes to the children in need. It's an so
.;.ng a bit 'burned out' from work, Mycoskie decided to
5. intimate giving experience and Mycoskie hopes it might
c it a break for a while and headed down to Argentina
inspire volunteers to develop similar projects.
some rest and relaxation. But rest isn't really part of
�::i.trepreneur's make-up and it Ten years on and with revenues of
,sn't long before Mycoskie had $392 million a year, the business
::i. another idea, one that would
� to define him as perhaps the
The is thriving, supplying shoes not 55
only to children in Argentina
d's best-known social but also other parts of the world
""epreneur. where foot diseases are a problem.
s In southern Ethiopia, where a high
a visit to a village outside
concentration of silicone in the 60
.os Aires, he was shocked to
1ejob soil causes podoconiosis, a disease
::hat many of the children didn't
1ing. that swells the feet, 300,000 people
� any shoes; or if they did, the shoes were ill-fitting
it suffer simply because they have no shoes. The same type
badly worn. Since shoes - particularly the local
of soil exists in parts of France and Hawait but people
ers' canvas shoe, the alpargata - are relatively cheap
elf is there are unaffected. 65
-rgentina, Mycoskie's first instinct was to set up a
:y to donate shoes to the children. But after giving But is the one-for-one model repeatable with other
n "Ile thought, he realized that this probably wouldn't products? TOMS is a for-profit business, but for a
n _ the shoes would quickly wear out and if he asked long time it didn't show a profit. Mycoskie says it is
"'.e to donate repeatedly every time more shoes were not like a sales promotion you can just add to your
.:.ed, their sympathy for the cause might also wear out existing business model; you have to build it in from the 70
quickly. beginning. He now diverts a lot of his profits into other
innovative social ventures. He is conscious that'giving'
e came up with the idea of'TOMS: one-for-
alone is not the answer and that educating people to
� oes'. He would take the alpargata to America,
improve their own lives is the real key. Yet he still loves
- ..Eacture it and sell it as a high-end fashion item
'TOMS: one-for-one', calling it his' greatest hit'. And 75
- und US$50 a pair. Quite a lot for a canvas shoe
why shouldn't he? It has made a difference to millions of
1you '!light say, but for each pair he sold, another pair
poor children around the world and brought him great
,es d be donated to village children. That way he could
entrepreneurial satisfaction.
ich -"1.tee a continuing supply and also run the project as
:...11ess rather than as a charity, which was something
.:d no experience of.
te it
ey
ork
es in
3de
4d An elevator pitch
Real life making a short pitch
1 Read the definition of an elevator pitch. Then
work in pairs. What information do you think
you should include? What don't you need to
talk about?
frenglish.ru I
I
-------�--------
�g a proposal • writing skill making recommendations Unit 4 Innovation
�
4e Problem or solution?
·riting a proposal 2 Look at how the proposal is organized. Answer
the questions.
brk in pairs. Read the proposal and answer the
•..:estions. 1 How is it divided into different sections? How
are different points listed?
• Does the author think the rise in the use of 2 Underline the sentences in the proposal which
digital devices is a negative trend? How do you do the following.
know? a state the proposal's aim
-
Why does the author think the declining trend b state the problem that needs addressing
in book reading needs to be reversed? c summarize the writer's opinion
-
Do you think the author 's suggestions are good
ones? Why? / Why not? 3 Writing skill making recommendations
a Look at the forms used with the verbs suggest and
recommend. W hich forms are used in the proposal?
�troduction
s c:iroposal suggests ways teachers can use 1 recommend I suggest (that) someone (should) do
�"'ology to get children reading. something
2 recommend I suggest something or doing
something
verbs ::::arrent situation 3 recommend+ someone to do something
� "act that children are now spending more
e on digital devices, browsing on the internet, b Complete these recommendations using
_5cging friends, etc. It is also a fact that they are appropriate verb forms.
- "9 fewer books. This matters because reading
·.Sis known to help your ability to: 1 I strongly recommend that
(people/ follow) this advice.
• focus and remember 2 We suggest that (people/
• expand your vocabulary save) their money.
• improve communication skills 3 He recommends you (wait)
• develop analytical thinking. until after the summer.
"OW can we use students' enthusiasm for digital 4 We are not suggesting that
• ces to encourage them to read more? (teachers/ always teach) this way.
in each 5 I recommend that (the
t listen Possible solutions company/ look) into these options.
� _: of all, we suggest that teachers actively encourage 4 Write a proposal that each school child should be
ds with - �::ents to use the internet in class: either to research given a tablet computer at the age of five. Include
id check. "'•'· subjects or to compare their conclusions with the following points.
"e· people's. Secondly, we recommend using • different uses for these tablet computers
ur own �cent biogs or learning diaries as a way of sharing • the benefits they could bring
,!low Fas. Lastly, we think technology could help make • why this is an opportunity not to be missed
-::-aaing a pleasure rather than a duty. One idea would
ites. �
0
:0 put interesting short stories with visuals on 5 Exchange proposals with your partner. Use these
-·eens in a quiet part of the classroom that students questions to check your proposals.
tes. =.uld read as a reward for finishing other work.
• Is your partner's proposal organized in the
tes.
same way as the proposal in Exercise 1 (with
Recommendations sub-headings and bullet points)?
55ions
more "ese are just a few examples of how technology • Has your partner used the language to make
..,Id be an aid to reading. We strongly recommend recommendations correctly?
eachers to explore similar ideas. Unless we begin Jo • Is it a persuasive proposal? Does your partner's
eh and :.ee technology as part of the solution, rather than part proposal include any points you wish you'd
:- me problem, we are unlikely to reverse the trend. included?
uasive
FUTURE SOLUTIONS HOW PEOPLE MANAGED IN THE PAST A SOCIAL BUSINESS MAKING A SHORT PITCH 53
my life frenglish.ru
frenglish.ru
Unit 4 Innovation
:�fore you watch 6 tl[�J.1 Watch the second part of the video (1.51
to the end) again. Complete the facts and figures.
...nok at the photo and caption. How do you think
_-;_ activity affects:
:he children's lives? b the environment? • Eco Fuel Africa turns farm 1 into
clean cooking fuel.
• The fuels burns cleaner and 2 , and
=Y vocabulary
is 3 cheaper.
.nd the sentences. The words in bold are used in • Eco Fuel Africa has a network of 2,500 farmers
-.i! ,-ideo. Guess the meaning of the words. and 4 women retailers.
• It supplies 5 households.
= was on the verge of giving up my university • Its ambition is to supply 16.6 million households
course, but my parents persuaded me to carry in the next 6 years.
on. • Eco Fuel Africa prevents 7 and
-
= don't know why I continued to believe him. It 8
air pollution.
,ms as if I was under a spell. • It provides a living for farmers and 9
-
·,\'e sell some products direct, but mostly, they and makes sure children get an 10
are sold through high street retailers.
- · Ve supply over ten million households in the
=
CK with gas and electricity. After you watch
The island has experienced terrible
deforestation because the construction 7 I OOO Watch the clips from the video. Choose
industry needs wood as a building material. the correct meaning of the words.
�tch the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these 8 Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
-=efinitions. compare your sentences with a partner.
.z shops that sell to individual customers 1 The news that ... hit people hard .
= large-scale cutting down of trees 2 It's important to have a good network of
_ just about to friends because ...
- influenced by a powerful (often magical) force 3 I have an idea to ... but I don't know if I should
c homes act on it.
9 Work in pairs. First summarize the benefits of Eco
!1ile you watch Fuel Africa's service and then discuss if you see
any potential drawbacks of this system.
__"""" Watch the video and check your ideas
=nm Exercise 1.What benefits did Sanga Moses' 10 Sanga Moses described himself as an 'everyday
:-..:.-:,-iness bring to the community? community guy', meaning that he had identified
a problem in his community and tried to solve it.
:::Jescribe the following things you saw in the
What problem have you seen in your community
�deo.
and what could be done about it, do you think?
• the tool used to cut wood Think about these areas or one of your own. Then
• the buildings in the villages prepare a short talk to describe the problem and
• the 'clean' cooking fuel he produced possible solution.
• the transport farmers were using
• Crime/safety
_-...,.....,Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to • Transport
:....30) again. Answer the questions. • Pollution
• Lack of shops
What part of his sister's situation particularly • Noise
inspired Sanga Moses to act? • Lack of public/recreation space
-
What did his boss think about his decision to • Jobs
quit his job?
... , -
How many of the university students wanted husk (n) lhAskf the outer shell of an edible seed, e.g. in
to help him with his new business venture? wheat or coffee
..,, How did he raise the funds for his new sugar cane (n) /'Jug�(r) kem/ a tall thkk grass from which
business? sugar is extracted
� \Vhat was his girlfriend.,s reaction?
55
frenglish.ru
UNIT 4 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article and complete it using these words. 3 Replace the underlined parts of each phrase wit!
There are four extra words. an adjective ending in -able. Some of the adjectiv
need to use the negative form.
can't certainly chances had likelihood
likely might must needn't possible 1 A table that can be extended.
probably unlikely 2 A coat that can't be washed.
3 A mistake that can be forgiven.
4 A car that can't be relied on.
5 A cover that can be removed.
6 A deposit that can't be refunded.
7 A bag that can be used again.
8 A cost that can't be avoided.
'I
2 'Give her a break.'
3 'Sure. I'll give it a go.'
The problem of knowing what information to
4 'We came up against a lot of opposition.'
trust 1 just have got harder.
That's because a Canadian company has recently ICAN
developed a computer program that can mimic use words with the -able ending
people's voices. The program does not just copy
use expressions with give and phrasal verbs with
words, it analyses speech patterns to create new come
sentences in the same voice. So, the person whose
voice is being imitated 2
actually have said the words. The program is already Real life
very good at doing this and the
are that it wil I get better 5 Look at the statements from a short product pitc
very quickly. Although the company developed the Complete the rhetorical questions.
program for good reasons - for use in games and 1 So, what ? It's a vacuum
audio books - it is now worried that, in the wrong cleaner that can clean any type of floor surfac
hands, the program is 4 to be 2 Why ? Because there's
used for identity theft. For example, it's no other machine that can perform all these
5 that someone could pretend functions.
to be a politician or a diplomat and use this ability 3 How ? At the base, there'
to learn important secrets. The company felt it a rotary brush which cleans as it sucks up thE
6
to inform people about dirt.
how powerful the technology is, because it thinks 4 Won't ? Despite its
others 7 have developed similar sophistication, we're hoping to keep the cost
programs. Their spokesperson said the development down.
of these programs means that we will almost 5 How ? By making it in
8
not be able to trust audio China, where manufacturing costs are much
evidence in future. lower.
6 mM=J Think of a product that you use
2 NM:J What is the probability (on a scale of 1-10) frequently. Then work in pairs. Take turns to
of these things happening, according to the article?
present your product as if it was a new product.
1 people using voice software to steal other Use at least three rhetorical questions.
people's identities
/CAN
2 similar programmes already existing elsewhere
3 audio evidence no longer being useable give a short presentation for a new product
use rhetorical questions in a presentation
JCAN
talk about future probability
use past moda/s to express obligation or necess)ty
56
frenglish.ru
Un it 5 The magic of travel
lSe with
idjectives
of a
ese
rutner.
iuct pitch.
·acuum
FEATURES 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo. Discuss what you know
about this place (its character, its landmarks, its people, etc.).
:>r surface.
tere's
58 How we travel 2 � Look at the questions and discuss them with your
� these Different approaches to partner. Then listen to a travel writer 's opinion and compare
travelling your answers.
e, there's
60 Magical mystery tour 1 What different factors (time of year, reason for travel, etc.)
cs up the
influence how .ve experience a place when we travel?
1
Sa How we travel
Reading 2 Look at the blog post about how we travel. Answer the question
1 How was the writer's experience of travel as a young boy
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the
typical of his culture?
questions about travel.
2 What is his father's attitude to travel? In what ways does the
1 Why do you think most people writer agree with him?
travel? 3 What does the writer want from travel?
2 Where and when do you 4 Which of these attitudes (the writer 's and his father's) is dos
travel? What is your reason for to your own?
travelling?
3 What do you enjoy / not enjoy 3 Find words or expressions in the second paragraph of the blog
about travelling? with these meanings.
4 Do you think the concept of 1 without worries 4 very still and shiny
travel and holidays differs from 2 a fixed list of places to visit 5 bordered
culture to culture? If so, how? 3 burning slowly with smoke 6 a steep valley
but no flame
oing on holiday when I was a young boy In some ways I understand his point of view. The thing we
meant going to spend the summer all value as travellers is that feeling of being carefree and
with my grandparents in my parents' open to experiences as they happen, just taking life day
home town in the north of India. For by day. But in other ways I disagree with him. Because it's
many Indians who live or work in a big exciting and unusual experiences that I want. Last month
city, that is still what travel is. For my I had the trip of a lifetime in Chile. It was a guided trip
father it was the same: escaping the heat of Kolkata to with a strict itinerary, but it did fulfil my expectations of
visit uncles and aunts in the cooler hills of Darjeeling. what travel should be, and more. We explored a volcanic
He is well off now and can afford to travel abroad to cave under the smouldering Villarrica Volcano. We
see the world, but instead he prefers to stay at home. hiked through a forest of 1,000-year old monkey-puzzle
On the few occasions he does travel, it's to visit my sister trees and found ourselves looking down on the glassy
in Delhi or me in San Francisco, because he'd rather see Huinfuica Lagoon, flanked by majestic mountains. We
us face to face than on a computer screen. But he doesn't stayed at a lodge in the Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve, a
behave like other tourists and visit the sights. What he sustainable-tourism playground complete with walking
enjoys is sitting and reading the newspaper with a good trails, mountain-biking and kayaking. And we zip-wired
cup of coffee and wandering down to the local market to across a 100-metre deep gorge called El Abismo.
buy some food. Most people are pretending when they I know what I like about travel; my father does too.
travel, he says, doing things they don't really want to do It's just how we travel that's different.
because they are o? the :raveller's checklist.
•
frenglish.ru
•
Unit 5 The magic of travel
/ocabulary repeated word pairs 8 Rewrite the parts of these sentences in italics using
.
� Work in pairs. Look at the expressions in bold (a-b)
emphatic forms. Use the words given in brackets .
from the blog. Discuss what they mean. Then 1 The destination is not important. The journey
�ons. discuss the meanings of the other expressions in matters. (it)
bold (1-6). 2 I didn't miss my home town. I missed my friends
and family. (what)
a He'd rather see us face to face. 3 Colombia was full of surprises. I read up a lot
�the b ... just taking life day by day. about it before I went, but nothing really prepares
1 I saw Layla last night. She's just back from you for it. (did)
holiday. She went on and on about how terrible 4 When I went to Bali, I was really struck by how
closest relaxed the people were. (what)
the hotel was.
2 A country's success in sport goes hand in hand 5 People always talk about how fascinating
with how much it invests in promoting it. travel is. But they never tell you how boring it can
�!og be too. (the thing)
3 I couldn't predict the winner of the election.
They've been neck and neck all the way. 6 He's not normally a food lover, but he likes to eat
-! We both recognized the problem, but we don't well when he's on holiday. (does)
really see eye to eye on the solution. 7 Our family holidays were hilarious. I'll never
.5 They started their travel website in 2015 and forget the seven of us travelling through France in a
it's just gone from strength to strength. tiny car. (thing)
6 Writing is a process that you need to approach 8 I didn't mind the disruption; it was the fact that
step by step.
they didn't apologize for it. (it)
1ingwe
:;e and - �ink of examples of the following things. Then 9 Pronunciation do, does and did
:e day
.use it's
,,·ork in small groups and compare your ideas.
• an experience that went on and on
a am Listen to these sentences and write in
the missing emphatic auxiliaries. Note how the
month • a subject you don't see eye to eye with your auxiliary verbs are stressed.
:rip parents (or someone you know) about
>ns of • a person whose career has gone from strength 1 I regret not stopping there.
olcanic to strength 2 She travel a lot.
• something that you (or someone else) are taking 3 We miss home sometimes.
ouzzle 4 I spend a lot of time at the beach.
assy step by step (or day by day) to reach a goal
-..We b Practise saying the sentences in Exercise 9a with
;erve, a --='l!'ammar emphatic structures the same stress.
ralking
-wired ,._ EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
Speaking my life
�ft sentences
It's relaxation that I want. 10 Work in small groups. Make a list of statements
: What I enjoy is sitting and reading the newspaper. about how to travel (what's important, what you
: The thing we really value is being carefree. like, how you feel, etc.). Use emphatic structures
::o, does, did (in affirmative sentences) in your ideas. Then compare your statements with
- :!hen I do travel now, I avoid the 'sights'. your partner. Are your views similar or different?
·-------
:: did take my laptop on my last holiday too. How?
�- further information and practice, see page 164. • planning your journey
• things you always take with you
• avoiding stress when travelling (esp. flying)
- ::...ook at the grammar box. Notice the word order
• eating when travelling
� the sentences. Rewrite the sentences (1-5) using
• getting around from place to place
2. non-emphatic form.
• holiday activities
: J want relaxation. • language and culture
Rewrite this sentence in four different ways. Try not to plan too much, because it's always the
:.:-se emphatic forms, starting with the words given. unexpected things that happen on a holiday that are the
most memorable.
: love the unpredictability of travel.'
- It's ...
, What ...
3 The thing ...
" I love ...
frenglish.ru
��---
;�mar avoiding repetition 8 Put an appropriate word L, ... �
111111
sentence to avoid repetition.
1 He said he wasn't going to ta..'se:.
-:. it, so car, but I think he , because !
= rr.agicaf experience . . . definitely one I'd recommend. can't see it outside.
_ blow how far you would have to swim? Yes, I did ask that. 2 She said, 'Good things come to those
>:=-;� on one of the trips and talked to me afterwards about it. who wait.' What do you think she
- ;;Jr island? I don't think so. meant by ?
--.itting words) 3 We need to set off early. So, shall we
-=-:about asking . . . but then I decided not to. at 7.30 a.m.?
=eople were screaming and gasping - I know I was.
4 I'm so tired that I might fall asleep
--.s during the film, but I'll h-y
�!' tour -+ a journey to an unknown destination
--
5 Sorry, this pen isn't working. Do you
� nformation and practice, see page 164. have that Ican borrow?
6 Ihad an amazing childhood. I'm
going to wri\:e a bool<. about
5 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. one day.
1 What do the words in bold refer to in sentences 1--4?
_ Which of the words in bold in sentences 1--4 substitutes for: 9 Pronunciation stress in short
a a thing (i.e. a noun)? b a phrase, clause or sentence? responses
3 What verbs have been omitted after the words in bold in
sentences 5 and 6? a Work in pairs. We often use substitution
in spoken exchanges. Complete the
: _nok at the audioscript on page 183-184 (track 37). answers to each question using one word
-.....swer the questions. in each case.
• 1 A: You have to be careful not to get
What synonym of 'idea' is used (para 1) and of 'track'?
- What does 'that' refer to in the sentence 'And that gave us overcharged in the local markets.
the chance ... '? B: Yes, I know
3 What does 'it' refer to in the sentence ' ... but it was fine'? 2 A: Would you like to drive?
4 What verb phrase has been omitted after 'had' in 'actually B: No, I'd rather you
it had'? 3 A: Did he take warm clothes with
:, What does 'one' refer to in the sentence 'it depends which him?
·not
one'? B: Ihope
What verb phrase has been omitted after 'to' in 'you really 4 A: Do you mind travelling alone?
don't need to'? B: No, I actually prefer
5 A: Are there many good guidebooks
Read the review of a Secret Adventures holiday. Rephrase about this region?
:he words in bold in the review to avoid repetition. Use B: Yes, there are some excellent
appropriate forms from the grammar box, including
5ynonyms where necessary. 6 A: Did she enjoy visiting Russia?
B: Yes, she loved
�ur days in the freezing wilderness with no electricity.
ou might ask why you would do 1 four days in the freezing b IJm Listen and check your answers.
:'ilderness with no electricity. Well, I just returned from an Underline the stressed words in each
:-nazing holiday with Secret Adventures Arctic and it's the response. Then work with a partner and
:>est 2 holiday I've been on. 3 Returning to work after such read the exchanges aloud using the same
an amazing adventure is really hard. We spent four days in pronunciation patterns.
�rthern Sweden and each 5 day was magical. We rode on
eds pulled by dogs - we had to 6 ride on sleds because it's Speaking my life
--e only way to get around. We stayed in a simple log cabin,
=-ank hot lingonberry juice and we went cross-country skiing. 10 Work in small groups. Design your
Cross-country skiing was great fun too. Often it was dark and own mystery tour. The tour should be
:hought I'd hate 8 that it was dark, but I 9 didn't hate it. The a reasonable price, take participants to
- ,ghlight was seeing the Northern lights. 10 Seeing the Northern an unknown destination and involve
.ghts is an experience everyone should have once in their lives - activities that bring people together.
a: least I think 11 they should have that experience. Then present it to the class. When you
present the tour, try to use at least three
expressions for avoiding repetition.
62
frenglish.ru
1g places Unit 5 The magic of travel
�nted
·,·ou think
hy? /
:he article.
Jgraphic for
rusing
partner E ADVENTURES OF HERGE
e time _e-: a lot of my childhood travelling to Actually, I can personally attest to the incredible
_-:places and learning about their history accuracy of Herge's representations of foreign 50
:: ;eography. I went to Peru and saw the places because a few years ago, I visited Petra
�111uaman fortress of the Incas and the citadel with my family. We rode on horses down the
tly a matte:
'achu Picchu. I visited the ancient rose-red city of long narrow passage called the Siq, just as Tintin
aking � ·n Jordan and marvelled at the grand buildings and his companion Captain Haddock do in
:ngrooms. 'ECi out of the rock. I journeyed on a ship to the The Red Sea Sharks. At the end, we came out from 55
'.l like
- : Ocean with a scientific expedition that was between the tall rock walls that frame the passage
.0 �Jgating a meteorite that had fallen to Earth. and caught our first sight of the magnificent
�to you. _ =--i travelled to the Moon and learned what it forty-metre tall Treasury, sculpted from the pink
discomfor. ·;ce to experience gravity six times weaker than sandstone. I was looking at a view straight from the
ll.estion of 3used to. pages of the book: the colours, the play of the sun 60
all these things not in person, of course, but on the walls, the dusty earth, the Bedouin guides
sport as a with their keffiyehs wrapped around their mouths.
__ gh the eyes of the investigative journalist,
,er much It was uncanny.
-..- ,, in the pages of the graphic novels of Herge,
: �lgian author and cartoonist. I was not the Perhaps Herge's greatest triumph is the two-part
1 look at it one. In the days before full-colour television story Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon 65
'"untry you -nentaries, Herge's Adventures of Tintin, which, considering the books were written in 1955,
1;-:y-three books written between 1929 and 1976, gave, according to commentators at the time, an
-? a kind of National Geographic for children - extraordinarily realistic account of what would
1 pollution ::: 2dults, for that matter. These were not just great be involved in sending a manned rocket to the
�ive stories; they were learning adventures. Moon. As well as the smaller drawings that carry 70
- � 2mazing thing about the books is that their the narrative, from time to time the reader turns
the page to discover a stunning full-page image: a
:::or never travelled to these places either. They
fou r places � all the result of painstaking research done rocket on its launch-pad, complete with gantry, a
;the ways -- his studio. Herge and his team of illustrators mountainous moonscape, the Earth below as the
•::npare rocket leaves the atmosphere. Few people in those 75
::: -esearchers scoured libraries, museums and
�you days could imagine what it was like to be looking
-=:ographic archives to provide as accurate a
:>uld you down at our planet from outer space. But that was
::-esentation, both in the drawings and the
Herge's true gift: to understand and communicate
-..-�;ines, as they could. This included examining
what a place was like without ever having
-: ogues of cars and planes, and technical
travelled there. 80
rold you "? •.ings of ships and bridges. Herge made
. news or :-€rous sketches of these objects seen from
-dent angles and sometimes created models of archives (npl) /'a:(r)karvzl historic records or documents
e ::haracters and other items so as to be able to citadel (n) /'srt:id(;i)l/ a fortress or castle, usually on a hill
;c,zine, gantry (n) /'grentri/ a bridge-like metal supporting structure
"o:ruct a particular scene and capture it more
--:fully- a technique that has since been used by meteorite (n) /'mi:ti:itatt/ a piece of rock or metal that falls
from outer space
� film animators, such as Pixar.
scour (v) /'skau;i(r)/ to search intensively
Sd To my amazement
Real life telling an anecdote
1 Look at the photo. Answer the questions.
1 Where do you think the photo was taken?
2 Can you name four things in the photo that you
associate with a beach holiday?
3 Would you choose to go on a beach holiday
somewhere like this? Why? / Why not?
2 D::� Listen to a travel story. Make notes about the
main details of the story.
1 Issue that the story highlights
2 The speaker's background and setting for the story
3 Main events
4 The speaker's conclusion
3 Work in pairs. Retell the story to each other using your 6 Pronunciation long sounds
notes from Exercise 2.
Jl'm Look at these expressions. How do
4 Jl� Look at the expressions for telling an anecdote. you think the underlined vowel sounds are
Tick (.t) the expressions the speaker uses in the travel pronounced? Then listen and check. Which
story. Then listen again and write dovm what followed two are NOT long vowel sounds?
the expressions the speaker used. 1 to my 5 to my dism£y
am£zement 6 to my delight
� TELLING AN ANECDOTE
2 to my relief 7 to my frustr£ti
It's a (well-known) fact that ... 3 to my surprise 8 to my
We all know that ... 4 to my hQrror emb£rrassmen-
These days, ...
It's famous for having beautiful beaches ... 7 Work in pairs You are going to develop a
Consequently / Because of that ... story. Follow these steps.
A few years ago, ... / Last summer, ... • Look at the main elements of the story.
The following day/morning ... • Discuss what extra details could be add
As luck would have it, ...
By chance, I happened to ... and how you can link the ideas and even
By coincidence, ...
• When you have finished, work with a n
To my amazement/surprise/horror/delight/relief, ... partner and retell your stories.
I
b Work in pairs. You are going to link events in a story. hand but a huge insect
Start with the sentence below. Take turns to suggest a 4 The speaker's Eleni still laughs
linking phrase to continue the next sentence in the story. conclusion
A few years ago, I was travelling on my own in Australia.
A: By sheer luck, . . . 8 Work in small groups. Tell a story of your
B: By sheer luck, I bumped into a friend in Sydney, whom I own using the same structure as in Exercise
hadn't seen for years.
64 HOW YOU TRAVEL A MYSTERY TOUR KNOWING PLACES � TELLING AN ANECDOTE
.. my life A REVIEW
frenglish.ru
•
_,g a review • writing skill using descriptive words Unit 5 The magic of travel
frenglish.ru
Unit 5 The magic of travel
- e you watch 6 I b'M Watch the third part of the interview (3.11
to the end) again and answer the questions.
::-.e photo and answer the questions.
1 What makes McCarthy unsure about going
-� do you think this p\ace is? again with his children?
- :: ;Jnd of trip do you think these travellers 2 How long was the trip?
3 Where did he stay?
4 Complete this description of himself: 'a
ocabulary pilgrim'. What does he mean?
5 How did he justify not being this kind of
:..le:e sentences. The colloquial expressions in traveller on this occasion?
.:...-e used in the video. Guess the meaning of
:-ds. 7 Complete the summary of Andrew McCarthy's
story using one word in each space.
-=-: sort of went ... 'that's kind of weird'.
-<e.:!d \·our book. It was so cool. About eighteen years ago, I was in a 1
-.:i he was like: 'You read my book?' and I picked up a book by a guy who had
2
£ed him pretty much every day. the Camino de Santiago in
=uth be told, I was a gold-card traveller. 3
• It sat on my bookshelf for months
and one day I 4
it when I was looking
:.'le words in bold in Exercise 2a with these for something to read on the plane. And having
.:.ons. read it, I decided I wanted to do that. There was no
, to research places in those days so I
d said
e really good called the 6 up and said, 'Hey, I read
f to be honest your book,' and I asked him questions about how
to go about doing this trip.
e you watch I went to Spain for a month and I had a
7
experience. I felt 8
__......,.._ You are going to watch an interview with and frightened but then something happened
_ ·,·,riter Andrew McCarthy. Watch the video that 9 my life. And for the first time
.a...--,,·er the questions. I felt 10 in the world. I stayed in
little pilgrim 11 and to be truthful it
1-2:: was the trip that changed Andrew wasn't very comfortable, so I sometimes stayed in
;:Carthy's life? pensiones instead and I justified it by saying that
!lat way did it change him? this is the way to meet the 12
_-.,......,\fork in pairs. Watch the first part of the
.e;,· (0.00 to 2.09) again, where McCarthy After you watch
-� how he became interested in this trip.
.!: the words (a-e) and note why they are 8 Vocabulary in context
_ �a..,t in the story. Then, with your partner,
--:met the story. a I a� Watch the clips from the video. Choose
the correct meaning of the words and phrases.
� _ �kstore
.?J :-:..me b Complete these sentences in your own words .
:.e :...,temet Then compare your sentences with a partner.
H.:....7er's magazine 1 Often for lunch I just grab ...
=:-te phone number 2 Sometimes I feel like I can't take ... anymore
.--.....a.a Watch the second part of the interview 3 I didn't mind .... It was just one of those
:o 3.10) again and answer the questions. things.
�at adjectives does McCarthy use to describe: 9 Work in small groups. Discuss the questions.
a this travel experience? 1 What things do you think made Andrew
- his feelings while on the trip?
McCarthy uncertain about travelling alone?
what the experience was not? 2 yVhat do you think the event was that changed
c what he felt for the first time when this (when he said 'then something happened
:ravelling? and I had, sort of, one of those experiences that
�at was the reason for the trip that he didn't you have')?
-;.ow at the time but now realizes? 3 Make a list of five things that make people
nervous about travelling abroad. Which things
make you nervous? W hat could you do to
overcome this feeling?
67
frenglish.ru
UNIT 5 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read a travel writer 's description of the Fiji islands 4 Make repeated word pairs using the words in
in the South Pacific. Answer the questions. brackets. Then rewrite the underlined words us·
the repeated word pairs. Sometimes you need to
1 In what ways is Fiji an exclusive destination? In
change the verb. Then use the word pairs in your
what ways is it not?
own sentences.
2 Why does the writer suggest you might prefer
to visit the main island? 1 We met for the first time yesterday. (face)
2 We don't really agree on many issues. (eye)
3· He talked a lot about his new car. (on)
4 I'm just taking things as they come. (day)
5 Hard work and success go together. (hand)
5 Complete the words using the synonyms in
brackets to help you.
1 It was a mag experience.
(wonderful)
2 We found a co restaurant. (warm
and comfortable)
3 The coast has been rui . (spoiled
4 It's a very scenic sp . (location)
5 The buildings are very gr
Fiji is a collection of over a hundred islands in the (large and impressive)
South Pacific. Most are the image of what a perfect 6 I was wa of travelling alone.
desert island should be like. So it's no surprise to (cautious)
find upmarket hotels catering for rich tourists and 7 The doorman was offi
s honeymooners. I went there hoping to experience this (self-important)
paradise more simply and wondering if it was possible 8 Wehea for the mountains.
to do so on a limited budget. (went towards)
I shouldn't have worried. The Fijian's experience of 6 f>JL'Jj:1 Use each of the words in Exercise 5 to
dealing with different types of tourists means they describe a travel experience you have had.
10 have provided for this by offering less expensive
youth hostel-style accommodation for backpackers ICAN
like me in places like Yasawa. Here, hospitable locals use repeated word pairs
will help you to feel part of their lives, inviting you to
describe places and journeys
see their fishing villages - and even take you fishing
1s with them, if you want to.
But beautiful and relaxing though these islands are, Real life
the feeling of being a tourist remains. It's not an
uncomfortable sensation, but if what you value is 7 Match the words (1-8) with words (a-h) to make'
seeing the country's true way of life, then perhaps phrases for telling anecdotes.
20 you should visit the main island of Viti Levu. This is the 1 It's a well-known fact a ago ...
cultural hub of Fiji, where most of the population live: 2 Because b luck ....
it's here that you can experience real Fijian culture. 3 Well, a few years C day ...
4 By chance, I happened d relief ...
2 Look at the description again. W hat do these 5 Just at that e to ...
words refer to? 6 So the following f that ...
a most (line 2) d Here (line 12) 7 By sheer g of that ...
b do so (line 7) e want to (line 15) 8 To my h moment ...
c this (line 10) f sensation (line 18) 8 f>J{ij:1 Use the phrases in Exercise 7 to make a
3 t>JM:1 Find two emphatic structures in the third story about finding something you wanted to b
paragraph (with 'what' and 'it'). Rewrite them as thinking you had missed your opportunity and
non-emphatic structures. then finding you could get it after all. Tell the sto
to your partner.
-
ICAN
ICAN
use substitution to avoid repetition
use expressions for telling an anecdote
recognize emphasis to statements
68
frenglish.ru
Unit 6 Body matters
!Sing
to
our
l)
·arm
iled)
m)
ito
70 Exercise around the 2 (l"_m Listen to a woman discussing health and exercise with
her friend, Rashmi, who is a doctor. What does Rashmi say
world about the following?
Different exercise regimes 1 intensive exercise versus gentle exercise
2 the kinds of exercise that she does
>make 72 No pain, no gain
How to avoid sports 3 � Look at the expressions to do with exercise and health.
injuries Four of the expressions need a preposition to complete them.
Write in the prepositions. Then listen and check your answers.
74 The enigma of 1 keep shape 5 go a diet
beauty 2 take exercise 6 stay fit
What is beauty and why is 3 go a walk/run/ 7 work at the gym
it important to us? ride 8 stretch your legs
watch your weight 9 keep active
�t ... 78 The art of parkour 4 Work in groups. Ask each other questions about your fitness.
make a A video about the history Use the expressions in Exercise 3.
ed to buy, of free running
A: What do you do to stay fit?
:.ty and B: I walk a lot and I go swimming a couple of times a week.
] the sto0 C: Don't you find swimming boring?
B: Just doing lengths is a bit dull, but it keeps me in reasonable
shape.
2 Read the sentences (1--6). Then quickly read the article. We form certain nouns and adjectives using verb/
noun/adjective+ preposition. The combination can
Match the sentences with the exercise routine it
be a whole word or a hyphenated word.
describes: Radio Taiso (RT), swogging (S) or yoga (Y). breakdown, follow-up
--·----
I
1 It's a fashionable form of exercise. For further practice, see Workbook page 51.
2 It benefits the mind and the body.
3 It doesn't need a lot of effort or practice.
,, 4
5
Your body feels as if it is under attack.
People have been doing this form of exercise for
4 Look at the wordbuilding box. Find one
similar compound adjective and compound
centuries. noun in the article.
6 It's an enjoyable way to exercise.
Not many people outside Japan have come across Radio Taiso.
Each day at 6.30 in the morning you hear this tinkly piano sound
coming from the radio and everywhere people start doing callisthenics - gen
warm-up exercises - to get ready for the day ahead. They're group exercises t
everyone can join in with - at home, in the park. The group principle is a very
Japanese thing. People say the idea was copied from US factories in the 1920s.
It's fantastic, because it's good fun and it's not too strenuous: they're simple
movements that anyone can do, old or young. Also, they get the brain working
as well as the body.
frenglish.ru
•
Unit 6 Body matters
tg for eacr �ff Sickness as a child left Joseph Pilates, born in Germany
·of these in 1880, frail and weak. To 1 get over (this), he
reasons. of computer files developed exercises to build core muscle strength.
- a on the way to Australia Some of his early students then opened studios using
a house his methods, 2 setting up (them) in various cities.
,d - a land Pilates is now practised by millions all over the world.
:: a restaurant The idea for Zumba came about by accident in the
1990s. Alberto Perez 3 hit on (it) when he was taking
::.mmar phrasal verbs an aerobics class in his native Colombia. Having
g verb/ forgotten his usual music for the class, he 4 fell back
,tion can ;_ at these two verb+ preposition(s) on (some Salsa dance music) he had with him. Zumba,
-::::binations (a-b) from the article. Which is a a routine combining aerobics with Latin dance moves,
-:::asal verb? Which isn't? Give reasons. was born. Since then it has taken off and become an
1. .:ome across b coming from international exercise craze.
Most people think Tai Chi is a form of meditation. In
�-�SAL VERBS fact, it's an old Chinese martial art based on the idea
:me of 5 getting out of (dangerous situations) by turning
-=:ansitive phrasal verbs
tpound rnrted out in India. an attacker's force against him. The most common
form of Tai Chi today is a routine of slow movements.
--=
i.E?arable phrasal verbs
idea of freezing cold water might put a lot of You often see people 6 trying out (them) in parks and
•
;:e::;o/e off. public spaces.
-c idea of freezing cold water might put off a Jot of
:SC;Jle.
10 Put the words in the correct order to make
- � idea of freezing cold water might put them off.
sentences using phrasal verbs.
":'Separable phrasal verbs
&
.;: many people have come across Radio Taiso. 1 I'm thinking/ of/ up/ Pilates/ taking
-z many people have come across it. 2 I hurt my back playing tennis. It took/ it/ me/
--:.ee-part phrasal verbs over/ ages/ to get
ics- gentle ;;,ga practitioners came up with their own version. 3 At school we had to exercise twice a week. We/
�rcises tha: �a practitioners came up with it. of I it/ get/ couldn't/ out
is a very --:ree--part phrasal verbs with two objects 4 The doctor/ out/ some tests/ is going/ to
:he 1920s. -�e book puts this fact down to their practice of carry/ on my knee
simple dking ... 5 How I come I that idea/ with / did you/ up ?
nworking
-----·--··-----·--··------------
�e book puts this down to their practice of walking ... 6 She/ hard work/ puts / to/ down/ her success
7 Playing hockey/ me/ takes/ back/
:,- =urther information and practice, see page 166.
my childhood/ to
9.•
lty and
:.OOk at the grammar box. Notice the position of
::::-:e noun and pronoun objects for each type of
Speaking my life
r.vn steep
?::u-asal verb. When do we have to put the object 11 Work in pairs. Read the questionnaire and check
doing for
.:etween the verb and the preposition? you know the meanings of the phrasal verbs.
idea of
Interview your partner using the questionnaire.
proven to Xead the sentences. Identify the words that make
gers your ::p the phrasal verbs in both options (a and b). ,,,....
--------
where I live
:o go before
�en say whether the position of the object(s) is
.:orrect or not. Sometimes both options are correct.
[,,''[ 0 How much time do you set aside for exercise each
week?
''
_ a When did you set up the company? ::8 What kind of exercise do you go in for mainly?
!\
Hitift b When did you set the company up? C) Have you taken up any new forms of exercise in the last
:: a I'll catch you up with in a moment. :: twelve months?
·1ersion of
omething, 3 a
b I'll catch up with you in a moment.
I think you should definitely go for the job.
ii\ \ O
0
Do you keep up with trends in exercise routines?
Do you prefer to exercise alone or to join in with others?
xercise, it b I think you should definitely go the job for.
, with menta. � a l_[_ {!) What puts you off exercising more?
A lot of children look up to sport stars.
.-ement b A lot of children look up sport stars to . ' ..':== ==:: =::::= - _- --=--=::::= - _- _- _- _- ----...-..-::..-.:..-:..- -- ------_-_-___________________.._-_-_-_-_-_-_-__________________ ____ _____ ___�
===::
�ively :, a I'd like to take up on you your offer. 12 Compare your findings with another pair. What
:West, it's b I'd like to take you up on your offer. conclusions can you draw about attitudes to exercise?
:hat the
�inal form. EXERCISE TRENDS DESCRIBING AN INJURY DOES BEAUTY SELL? DISCUSSING PROPOSALS 71
my life A FORMAL REPORT frenglish.ru
vocabulary injuries • listening sports injuries • idioms health • grammar verb patterns •
pronunciation stress in two-syllable verbs • speaking describing an injury
6b No pain, no gain
-
Then with a partner mime each injury to
2 A lot of sports people try to ignore a small mu
explain its meaning.
or in a joint.
graze your knee 3 Minor problems can develop into more
IH·l111ll
injuries.
4 His exercises have prevented him from getting
break bruise your ankle your arm ankle , lower pain an::
bump chip your back your head runner's
graze lose your knee a muscle
pull sprain your ribs your toe Idioms health
strain stub your tooth your voice
5 Work in pairs. The ultrarunner used this idiom in th
2 Answer the questions. Use the collocations interview. What do you think it means?
from Exercise 1. I'm not talking about when they're in a really bad way
1 What injuries do you think the runner in the
photo risks?
6 il:m Complete the idioms using these preposition;,
Then listen and check your answers. Discuss the
2 Which injuries in general are: meanings of the idioms with your partner.
a the most common?
b the most painful? down in off on out under up
:I
Ben Newborn about sports injuries. Answer the though.
questions. 2 A: Is it true that Jack nearly cut his finger off?
I
B: Yes, he practically passed when he saw
1 How does Ben define ultrarunning?
what he'd done ... but he's the mend
2 What was his main concern about doing the
now, I think.
Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc?
3 A: You look a bit colour. Are you feeling
3 What mistake do many sports people make?
the weather?
4 How does Ben avoid getting sports injuries?
B: No, I'm not ill. I'm just run from
working too much.
72
frenglish.ru
Unit 6 Body matters
74
frenglish.ru
Unit 6 Body matters
ll�
Shelijeffry is searching for beauty. As a scout for Ford, perfect body shape is also difforent from 200 years ago.
,ne of the world's top model agencies,Jeffry scans up In almost all cultures a little fat was formerly seen as a 45
:v 200 young women every Thursday afternoon. Th ey positive trait, a sign of wealth and well-being. Nowadays,
.ueuc up and one by one the line shrinks. Tears roll a very different imag;e stares out au us from the pages 0f
�'1d there are long faces as the conclusion 'You're not fashion mag,-azines: that of a long-limbed, impossibly slim
\·hat we're looking for right now' puts an end to the figure. \¥hatever the perception of ideal beauty may be,
onversation - and to hope. Confronted with this, one the search for it has preoccupied peopfo of all cultures so
"lr hopeful, Rebecca from Rhode Island, asks: "What for centuries, from ancient Egypt to modern China.
c you looking for? Can you tell mt exaGtly?' Jeffry Is it a shallow quest? We say chat beauty is only skin
-'"· replies, 'It's hard to say. I'll know it when I see it.' deep; that personality and charm contribute m.ore to
out the fine beauty? Some say you rnight as well analyse attractiveness than superficial beauty. Certainly, as \Ve
influence -vap bubble; that beauty is only in the eye of the grow older, the more generous our definition of beauty ss
,·? holder. Yet it does seem that across different cultures seems to become. Experience teaches us to look for the
can agree on certain points. Psychologists have beauty within, rather than what is on the outside.
ven this by testing the attractiveness of cliffereut faces But let's (ace it, most of us still care how we look. Until
. children. Symmetry is one characteristic tha:t wins she was a hundred years old, my grandmother had a
the article .eral approval; averageness is another: we seem to regular appointment at the beauty salon down the street. 60
fer features that are not �xtreme. Things that suggest A month before she died, I took her there in my car. I
cngth and good health - a glowing complexion stayed and watched as sh<! was greeted and fussed over
' full lips in women, a strong jaw in men - are also by the hairdresser and manicurist. Afterwards, I drove
:ons _·:ersal qualities. Scientists say that this is the true her back to the nursing home. She admired her bright
olain the :nition of beauty, because ultimately we are influenced red nails every few minutes, patted her eloud of curls 65
• by aesthetic but by biological considerations: the and radiated happiness. She is not alone in getting
J to produce healthy children. satisfaction from looking nice. It seems the quest for
mg.He
nt of the .he same time, we can also observe cultural beauty goes deeper tl1an vanity - maybe it fulfils a deep
-erences in how beauty is defined. The women of need in all of us.
�picked for � Padaung tribe in Myanmar put copper coils around 70
ace on it. :r necks to extend them because in their culture, ve1y
value. I .g necks are considered beautiful. In China and Japan
'l1 motive. ...ill feet are admired in women, though thankfully the
1g a
ient practice of foot-binding has now disappeared. In
the stage.
:ratched _:ures where people's skin is of a dark complexion, it
ryou will ften seen as desirable to have a fair skin. Conversely,
die northern hemisphere among the naturally fair
a good -'1Iled, people want a tanned skin.
making a .::rceptions of beauty also change over time. Historically,
::1orthern Europe, a tanned skin belonged to those
JSing -O were forced to work outside - agricultural workers
�6and 7. r other poorer members of society - and so a white
..m was a symbol of status and beauty. But in the
..:e 20th century, a tan reflected status of a different
..:!d: those that could afford beach holidays in the
sign an •editerranean or the Caribbean. Our idea of the
role cards
te meeting
l will run.
ENIGM
�
our own.
6d A bold initiative
Real life discussing proposals 3 Speaking skill proposing and conceding c.
point
1 Work in pairs. Read about the different methods
governments around the world use to encourage a:n'ill Look at the expressions for proposing ana.
their populations to keep fit and healthy. Answer conceding a point. Then listen to the discussior.
the questions. again and say which phrases are used to prop
and concede these points.
1 What do you think are the pros and cons of each
method? 1 Spending money on a workplace gym - ma:
2 Which initiative would work best, do you think? not be a budget for this
Why? 2 Dance classes - people do these things in fu..
3 Are there any similar initiatives in your country? free time
3 Group exercises in the morning - not an
1 JAPAN: Broadcast a daily exercise original idea
routine on national radio each day. 4 Give people incentives to do things on their
ovvn - don't know the details
2 WASHINGTON STATE, USA: Fast-food
.... PROPOSING and CONCEDING A POINT
chains must publish the number of
calories in each item on the menu. Proposing points
One possibility is / would be to ...
3 QATAR: Get companies to install gyms Another alternative/idea is / might be ...
at work so workers can exercise before or You could ...
after work or during breaks. It would be better to ...
What about ...?
4 UK: Run public health campaigns Conceding points
promoting exercise activities that are Having said that, ...
quick and easy to do. I realize/admit that ...
1 Admittedly, ...
� a't, 1 5 SOUTH KOREA: Make good grades in I know that isn't really ...
W Physical Education a qualification for It's not (a) particularly ... , I admit./ I'll grant you.
�� ,::, university entrance. I haven't thought it through exactly, but ...
6 PHILIPPINES: Promote sports like karate
in school that combine exercise with
self-defence skills. 4 Pronunciation toning down negative
statements
a am Listen to these statements where an ad·
is used to tone down (reduce the impact of) a
negative statement. Underline the words mo_
strongly stressed in each sentence.
1 It's not a particularly original idea.
2 It wouldn't be so easy to monitor ...
3 I know that isn't really the intention ...
b IJ:m Work in pairs. Practise saying these
sentences where a negative sentiment has bee:
toned down. Then listen and compare your
pronunciation.
2 12m Listen to a discussion at a large insurance 1 I know it's not a very practical solution.
company about ideas to promote health and fitness 2 It wouldn't be so simple to convince peop
among their employees. Answer the questions. 3 I'm not entirely confident about the result
1 Why is promoting health and fitness among 5 Work in groups. Each person should think of
their employees important to the company? another idea to promote the health and well
2 What different ideas are proposed? Are any of being of company employees. Then present a:
them similar to the ideas in Exercise 1? discuss your ideas. Concede any points agai�
3 Which idea got approval from another member your proposal.
of the group? Which idea was rejected?
6e A controversial plan
ding a ._'riting a formal report
Read the report about a public This report examines a proposal to make smokers pay higher
1g and health issue and look at the health insurance premiums. Over 100 people of different ages
,-ion questions. Underline the parts of the and social backgrounds were interviewed about the proposal,
:0pose report that answer the questions. which was bc1sed on a straightforward evaluation of risk: that if a
person smokes, their chances of becoming ill increase.
1 What is the aim of the report?
-may 2 What is the main finding? RESUtTS
3 What action is proposed? 30% of the interviewees objected to the proposal on the
:.., thei:- grounds that it was discriminatory. One common argument was
Read the description of reports that, according to this principle, higher premiums should also be
1 :n general. Which of the features paid by people who overeat.
:n bold appear in the report in 18% of those questioned agreed that the habit of smoking was
their Exercise 1? often beyond an individual's control. However, 55% took the
opposite view: that smokers make a personal choice to smoke
Formal reports present the and therefore should pay for the consequences. With regard to
findings of an investigation and assistance to quit smoking., 74% of respondents believed free
make recommendations based help should be given to smokers.
on these findings. The reader ' ;:;Frnr.,11\iiF:\lDATIO�J
should be able to scan a report
Overall, interviewees were in favour of some change to insurance
quickly for key information, so companies' current practice of treating smokers and non-smokers
bullet points, subheadings, and similarly. Accordingly, we recommend that a pilot scheme should
short paragraphs are all useful. be set up where smokers are given free help by their insurer to
Reports present objective facts, stop smoking over a six-month period. During this time, they will
often using passive verb forms, be offered various solutions to give up. If they succeed, they will
but some internal reports can also be rewarded with a discount of 5% on theif insurance premiums
offer more subjective comments. for as long as they remain non-smokers. Conversely, if they fail,
their insurnnce premiums will rise by 20%.
)U.
3 Find formal phrases in the report
that mean the following:
b Replace the words in bold in these sentences to avoid repetition.
1 because (para 2) 1 This report examines the results of a survey on
2 if you follow (para 2) health, describing the main results and making some
3 so (para 3) recommendations.
-! concerning (para 3)
1dverb 2 260 members of staff were asked for their views on the
5 in general (para 4)
a proposal and they responded with a range of views.
6 in view of this (para 4)
ost 3 87% agreed that more exercise would be good for their
7 on the other hand (para 4)
physical health, while 54% said it would be good for their
mental health.
� Writing skill avoiding 4 We recommend that a fact-finding team should be set up. We
repetition also recommend that the leader of this team is someone from
outside the company.
a When writing reports, you often
have to find ways of repeating the 5 Write a short report on a survey of employees about how a
een same idea using different words. company can help to improve employees' health. Use your own
Find these words (1-6) and then find ideas or the ideas you discussed in Exercise 5 on page 76. Write
the different ways that the writer 200-250 words.
used to describe these things.
1ple. 6 Exchange reports with your partner. Use these questions to check
lt. 1 the interviewees (two ways)
your reports.
those questioned
>f 2 took ... the view (that) • Have they presented their aims, findings and
l 3 assistance recommendations?
and 4 quit smoking (two ways) • Does the report use formal language, including passive
:.nst 5 insurance company forms?
6 period • Is the report divided into clear sections?
• Is the overall result a clear, concise and easy-to-read report?
frenglish.ru
Unit 6 Body matters
Before you watch 6 t....:mMiJ Look at the questions. Then watch the
second part of the video (0.51 to 1.26) again.
1 Work in pairs. Look at the categories (a-e).Try Discuss the answers with your partner.
:-;ame a different sport for each category. Then
1 Where and when did the modern craze for
compare your ideas with the rest of the class.
parkour start?
A sport that is: 2 What is a better description than 'sport' for
a very dangerous parkour, according to the speaker?
b creative 3 What is the essence or fundamental principle
c very expensive of parkour?
d urban / played in the street 4 Why has it been especially popular in places
e growing in popularity where opportunities are limited?
2 Look at the photo and the caption on page 78. What 7 I Q!:$}'.l Watch the last part of the video (from 1.27
does this sport involve? Which of the categories in to the end) again.Then complete this description.
Exercise 1 does it fall into, do you think?
These two young men from Khan Younis in Gaza
both practise parkour. In this part of the world,
3 Key vocabulary for example, 1 is over 40 per cent and
-=. Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in 35 per cent live in poverty. But there is no sense
the video. Guess the meaning of the words. of 2 amongst the young: they are
focused on staying 3 and they like
1 The documentary contains some footage of the 4 themselves.
two climbers reaching the summit.
2 He went into the army when he was eighteen. Abed' s mother feels 5 of him,
He had to - it was the official draft age. even though he has had injuries like a broken
6
3 I think some birds have made a nest on the • Injuries, like sprains, are common
Jhile you watch 1 I don't think ... will ever really catch on.
2 I have a friend who has an uncanny ability to ...
� CJ:IOO Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 3 Once I fell awkwardly when I was ... and hurt
Then watch the video and compare your answers. my ...
1 What is parkour? 9 Work in groups. Discuss these questions and give
2 Who does parkour and why do they do it? reasons for your answers
3 What kind of moves do parkour artists do?
1 Do you think parkour should become an
-! Can you make a career out of parkour, do
official Olympic sport?
you think?
2 Do you think more sports should be just
- [I[� Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to amateur sports, like parkour, and not
0.50) again. Complete the facts about the footage professional sports?
of John Ciampa. 3 Do you think street sports like parkour should be
regulated (i.e. rules about where you are allowed
1 Date of film: to do it, what you are allowed to do, etc.)?
2 His job: 4 Would you like to try parkour yourself?
3 His age: Why? / Why not?
4 His abilities:
79
frenglish.ru
UNIT 6 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the blog. Who in the world suffers from back 5 Complete the sentences with the missing verbs.
pain? What can be done about it? You have been given the first letter.
1 Shall we g o for a quick walk?
I need to s my legs.
2 How do you k in such good
shape? Do you t a lot of exercise'
3 I think I p a muscle when I was
w out at the gym.
4 I wasn't badly hurt. I just g my
knee and b my ribs.
5 She only c her tooth, but she w�
s up by the experience.
6 I try to s aside a couple of hours
a week for exercise.
6 f>J1'11:1 Work in pairs. When did you last do th
Back pain is an extremely common health problem, which
things? Describe what happened.
affects eighty per cent of Americans at some time in their
lives. It prevents people 1 (work), causes a passed out e went on a diet
people 2 (become) depressed and b felt off colour f sprained your
affects general wellbeing. c stubbed your toe ankle
You could be forgiven 3 (think) that d lost your voice
lower back pain is a result of our sedentary habits: working
ICAN
at computers, etc. But in fact, back pain is something that
everyone around the world seems 4 talk about exercise, health and injuries
(suffer) from, whether they spend their days
6
(sit) at a desk or
(work) in the fields.
Real life
Scientists believe that back pain is an inevitable result of 7 Look at the proposal for workplace gyms.
being bipedal - standing up on two feet. So, unless you Complete the proposal with these words.
7 go in for regular posture training or are not susceptible to
it, you will suffer from back pain at some point. admittedly alternative having grant OU:
What to do about it is another question. You can 8 look into particularly possibility through
exercise classes such as yoga or Pilates, which help to build
core muscle strength, but these are mainly preventive. Most
Workplace gyms are not a 1 ongma.
treatment for chronic pain consists of taking painkillers,
idea, I'll 2 you, but I think they co�
either synthetic or natural, as in Madagascar, where Baobab
be very popular with our employees. I haven't
tree bark is used. Another possibility is manipulation, but it
thought 3 all the details but the ba
can be months before the practitioner can 9 turn around the
idea is to get people exercising during the worki:
situation. It seems that for the time being, we will just have
day. 4 , it's not a cheap option, but,
80
frenglish.ru
Unit 7 Digital media
'Tcise?
was
ewas
tours
to these
iet
ur
out FEATURES 1 Look at the photo. VVhat are these people doing and why?
Would you do the same? Why? / Why not?
82 Selfie world
-riginal 2 ll�lfj Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Then listen to a
'.V could A study of global facts journalist talking about digital technology and compare your
.-en't about selfies answers. Do you agree with him?
he basic 1 How do digital media change the way we experience the
workin£ 84 Creating a buzz
<..
world?
:, but, How companies use social 2 How do audiences use digital media at concerts, festivals
�essen media marketing and conferences?
�ke 3 Do you think digital media enhance our experiences or
:her 86 A hacker's life spoil them?
•ublic.
;:irked it
A day at the DefCon
annual conference 3 a·� What different digital media did the journalist mention?
Listen again and check your answers.
ts. After 90 Talking dictionaries 4 Categorize the activities (a--c) according to how you use them.
des an A video about how digital Then discuss your answers.
media is preserving dying
languages a things that you do yourself
b things you benefit from others doing
c things you never do
7a Selfie world
Reading Wordbuilding verb prefix out
1 Look at this caption that accompanied a 'selfie'. .... WORDBUILDING verb prefix out
What are the names for the symbols used? What When out is used as a prefix to a v erb, it often means
expression has the caption been adapted from? doing something 'more than' or 'better than'.
outweigh, outperform, outstay
'�·,, Believe in your #selfie! For further practice, see Workbook page 59.
The basic idea of a selfie is simple: flip the view on your First of all, it's a young person's game: the average selfie taker's a,
phone so that you are looking at the image you are taking; is around 24, although that age is thought to have risen slightly
hold the phone away from you - usually at a high angle to since the initial research was done. Secondly, women selfie-take1>
make your eyes look bigger and slightly right or left to show outnumber men, making up 55 per cent in Bangkok, 65 per cen�
s off your 'best' side; and then click. Sao Paulo and 82 per cent in Moscow. Further analysis showed tr
Selfies have only been around since 2011, but it is said that London selfies have the most poses 'straight to camera' - in othei
in 2015 an incredible 24 billion such images were uploaded cities people take pictures from more of an angle - while Bangka
using Google's photo app. And that is only Google's app; it selfies are the most smiley (London and Moscow are the least).
does not include Facebook, lnstagram or Apple applications, Sao Paulo boasts the most expressive selfies. But perhaps the mm
10 which are believed to account for a far greater proportion of surprising thing is how long they take to produce.
'selfie' traffic. People were reported to be spending on average seven minutes
Lev Manovich, professor at City University of New York and each selfie. That is not just the time needed to take the picture; r.
expert in digital media, was keen to get more data on this also includes editing, deciding on a caption and perhaps adding a
cultural phenomenon and so set up the project 'Selfiecity'. hashtag or emoji.
1s Taking six world cities as examples- London, New York, Manovich's study does not provide reasons for these global
Bangkok, Sao Paulo, Berlin and Moscow - his study looked variations or for the phenomenon as a whole, but it has been
at who was posting these images and what the main observed by other researchers that in an age where online image
characteristics of the images were. This is what it found. matters, the selfie is now an indispensable tool.
frenglish.ru
-�-------�------�-----
Unit 7 Digital media
3rammar passive reporting 7 Complete the headlines from the radio news. Use
\.\:\e c.orrec.\. 1mm a1 fue \)a.'S<s\'Je 1:e\)m\.mi -v�.1:'D<s.
'J�'{\)S
1 Two men (report / be
� PASSIVE REPORTING VERBS arrested) earlier today in connection with a
Jt It+ passive reporting verb + that robbery in the town centre.
1 It is said that in 2015, 24 billion such images were 2 Builders (say/ work)
uploaded. around the clock to finish the new stadium in
ns 2 It has been observed by other researchers that the time for the official opening on 12th July.
selfie is now an indispensable tool. 3 The Prime Minister (expect/
subject+ passive reporting verb + to + infinitive announce) big tax cuts in a speech later today.
3 Other applications are believed to account for a far 4 Three climbers, who (fear/
greater proportion of 'selfie' traffic. die), have turned up at their base camp six
4 That age is thought to have risen slightly since the days after they went missing.
e initial research was done. 5 A portrait, which (claim/
bs. The :i People were reported to be spending seven minutes on be) Picasso's last ever painting, will go on sale
each selfie. later today.
i'or further information and practice, see page 168. 6 It (suggest) that a photo
showing water on the surface of Mars is a fake.
5 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 8 Work in pairs. Write three sentences announcing a
n. piece of news using passive reporting verbs. Use
1 What is the tense of each underlined passive the words in the boxes to help you, if you like. Then
quickly.
mtages. reporting verb? read your sentences to another pair and question
2 Does the tense of the underlined passive each other about further details of the story.
3gain.
ent. reporting verb always match the time of the
event which is reported? Two walkers are reported to have gone missing
. years.
3 In which sentence(s) is the agent included? during their round-the-world trip.
Why is it included here? People or things
4 Why do we often find this type of verb in news
a dog two walkers a famous celebrity
reports and in academic writing?
round-the-world trip a fireman
6 Rewrite the underlined words. Start with the the US president a photo an app
cer's age words in brackets and use passive reporting verbs. $100 million an old coin three sisters
lhtly a four-year-old boy
-�kers 1 We don't really know why women take more
selfies than men. (It) Pas.sive reporting verbs
er cent in
.ved that 2 Many have said that the social pressure on believe claim expect fear know
"other women to look good is an important factor. (It) report say suggest suppose think
angkok 3 People also believe that the proportion of men
ast). taking selfies is increasing. (The proportion)
fie most -1 People think that another reason for the Speaking my life
popularity of selfies is their democratic nature. 9 Work in small groups. Read the statements and
nutes on (Another reason for the popularity of selfies)
:aire; it discuss if you agree with them.
.3 Someone reported that last year pictures
ading a of 'ordinary' people ounumbered those of 1 Taking selfies is thought by many to be a sign
celebrities by a million to one. of vanity.
(Last year, pictures of 'ordinary' people) 2 The obsession with self-image is feared to be
�n 6 No one expects that the selfie phenomenon will causing an increase in insecurity among young
mage people.
end soon. (The selfie phenomenon)
7 People think that it will begin to decrease in the 3 It's said that overuse of digital media has
coming years. (It) given us 'grasshopper minds' (i.e. a very short
At the same time, people report that banks attention span).
have started looking at selfies as a possible 4 The huge volume of information that we now
replacement for passwords and PIN numbers. have to process is believed to have made us
(At the same time, banks) more critical thinkers, not less.
5 The fact that you can make comments
anonymously and from a distance is often said
to be the reason why a lot of online comments
are angry and aggressive.
7b Creating a buzz
Listening 4 IJ:m Listen to the interview again. Are the
statements true (T) or false (F), according to Sara},
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. Then
1 Good marketing means getting customers to
discuss your answers.
share their enthusiasm about your company
1 What kind of advertising do you take most with others.
notice of: TY, magazine, online, other? 2 Customers aren't really interested in the story
2 Has any new company or product attracted behind the products they are buying.
your interest recently? How did they do this? 3 National Geographic uses competitions to invol·
visitors to their website.
2 Look at the photo and answer the questions. 4 National Geographic does not use special offers
1 What are the children selling? sell its products.
2 What benefits are they offering the buyer? 5 It is difficult to involve the customer if you are
3 What advertising tools do they use to selling a more everyday product.
communicate these benefits? 6 The interactive tour of the teas of China on the
tea company's website is a bit serious, but ver:
worthy (a) /'w3:oi/ admirable, deserving respect informative.
84
frenglish.ru
Grammar nominalization
� NOMINALIZATION
Unit 7 Digital media
my life
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MEDIA .._ 1:)$.ui•a
frenglish.ru
ATIITUDES TO SECURITY MAKING A PODCAST 85
A NEWS REPORT
reading a day at a hackers' conference • critical thinking identifying personal opinion • word focus break •
speaking attitudes to security
7c A hacker's life
Reading Critical thinking identifying
1 Work in pairs. How careful are you about your personal opinion
online security? Discuss what you do to keep your
6 Work in pairs. Underline the adjectives and
data safe and what more you could do.
adverbs in the article that the writer uses to
2 Look at the two definitions of a 'hacker'. Which express his personal opinion about hackers and
definition fits your idea of a hacker? Then read the what they do for us.
article about a hackers' conference on page 87 and Every year passionate hackers meet ... (para 2)
say what the author's view is.
7 Summarize the author's views about the follo"v\:.
things.
hacker (n) /'hreb/ a hackers
1 an enthusiastic and skilful computer programmer b the DefCon convention
or user c the situation of most internet users
2 a person who uses computers to gain
unauthorized access to data
Word focus break
8 Work in pairs. Find an expression with break in
3 Read the article again and answer the questions. paragraph 1 and discuss what it means. Then lOC'
Compare your answers with your partner. at these expressions (1-6) and discuss what you
think they mean.
1 What do DefCon hackers do to help improve
internet security? 1 The manager called everyone together to br
2 What are most hackers not? the news about the company closing.
3 What do hackers look at apart from online 2 During the first lesson, the teacher got us to
security? play a couple of games to break the ice.
4 What do they do with the information they 3 Once you get into playing computer games
find? every night, it's very difficult to break the
5 What does the writer like about the people at habit.
DefCon? 4 You really should buy a new pair of shoes. It
6 What phrase sums up what Capture the Flag is? won't break the bank.
7 What does the writer say about the majority of 5 It's a very big job but I think we've broken tb,;
people who use the internet? back of it now.
8 What really motivates the hackers at DefCon? 6 We didn't make a profit but I think at least,,
broke even.
4 Has your opinion of hackers changed after reading
this article? How? Discuss with your partner. 9 Write a sentence using one of the expressions w:
break. Read it to your partner, omitting the phras..
S Find collocations in the article that mean the and ask them to guess what the missing phrase:.
following:
a a very false description (para 2)
b fix the gaps in something that could leak
Speaking my life
86
frenglish.ru
,
and
?)
Uowing
kin
en look There are government agents here, as well as video
Have you ever locked yourself out of your home
you game enthusiasts. But no one asks where you work -
and had to break in? First, you get a sense of
accomplishment in succeeding. But then comes the that would be bad manners.
o break worrying realization that if yolJ, an amateur, can break DefCon runs various competitions during the conference, 40
s into your own home, a professional could do it five the most famous of which is Capture the Flag. Capture
to times faster. So you look for the weak points in your the Flag is a cyber game of attack and defence between
security and fix them. Well, that's more or less how the the best hackers that goes on 24 hours a day. In a dimly-
nes DefCon hackers' conference works. lit conference hall, small groups of hackers sit five
b.e Every year passionate hackers meet at the DefCon metres from each other, intensely trying either to break 45
:; convention in Las Vegas to present their knowledge and into or to protect the system. There are huge video
es. It capabilities. Mention the word 'hacker' and many of us projections on the walls, pizza boxes and coffee cups are
picture a seventeen-year-old in their bedroom, illegally strewn everywhere. It's mesmerizing.
,en the hacking into the US's defence secrets in the Pentagon. In another room, participants compete against the
Or we just think 'criminals'. But that is actually a gross clock: they have five minutes to free themselves from so
�twe ·s misrepresentation of what most hackers do. handcuffs, escape from their 'cell', get past a guard,
The experiments that take place at DefCon have an retrieve their pc;1ssport from a locked filing cabinet,
enormous impact on our daily lives. These are computer leave through another locked door, and make their
flSwith
addicts who love the challenge of finding security gaps. escape to freedom.
c>hrase,
rase is. They examine all kinds of systems, from the internet to If you're someone who dismisses the DefCon attendees 55
mobile communications to household door locks. And as a group of computer geeks, then you are probably
then they try to hack them. Their findings are dutifully also someone who has the same password for ninety
passed on to the industries that design these systems so per cent of your online transactions. Which means you
that they can plug the holes. are doomed. Because even if you think you're being
Then I saw a great example of this when I attended a clever by using your grandmother's birth date backwards 60
1 a scale :s presentation on electronic door locks. The presenters as a secure key, you're no match for the dedicated people
and showed us significant weaknesses in several brands that I met. There is no greater ignorance to be found
osed). of electro-mechanical locks. A bio-lock that uses a online than that of an average internet user. I'm happy
fingerprint scan for entry was easily defeated by a now to admit that I'm one of them.
paper clip. Although all the manufacturers of the But it isn't just criminals that we need to protect our 65
'llO insecure locks were then contacted by the hackers, not data from. Big business is also trying to get more and
all of them responded. more information about our personal online habits.
DefCon is a vast mix of cultures as well as a culture in Sadly, we have few tools to protect ourselves. But there
itself. People in dark clothes and ripped jeans talk to is a group of people who are fanatical about online
people irt golf shirts and suit trousers. Social status here freedom and safety and have the means to help us 70
l5 is based on knowledge and accomplishment, not on vulnerable users protect our privacy. Many of them can
clothirtg labels or what car you drive. It's refreshing. be found at DefCon.
my life
THE IMPACT OF 01.GITAL MEDIA BRANDS i,i,. ATIITUDES TO SECURITY MAKING A PODCAST s:
A NEWS REPORT frenglish.ru
Real life making a podcast b IJml Listen and check your answers
to Exercise 4a.
1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 How do you prefer to access news stories 5 Speaking skill hedging language
and reports? Which do you think is the most
trustworthy source? Why?
IJffl When we aren't absolutely certain of facts
we commonly use 'hedging' language. Listen
a print c video to the podcast again and match the hedging
b internet d audio expressions the speakers use with each fact (1-6)
2 What kind of news stories and reports interest
you particularly? Explain why. 1 glowing blue waves are one of the most
spectacular sights in nature
arts and culture business politics 2 there are a lot of sea creatures that are
science and environment bioluminescent
sport travel other 3 most of these creatures live in the deep ocean
4 or just lighting your way as you move arounci
2 � Look at the photo. Describe it and say what 5 an electrical force in the phytoplankton's bod�
you think is happening. What kind of news report causes a chemical reaction
is this going to be? Listen to the podcast and check 6 the electricity is generated by motion in the
your answer. water
3 IJ£01 Listen to the news report again and answer ... HEDGING LANGUAGE
the questions. It seems/appears that ...
1 What did scientists already know about these ... tend(s) to ...
blue lights in the waves? This suggests that ...
It's reasonable to assume that ...
2 What more do thev , know now? We can probably conclude that .. .
There are estimated to be ...
4 Pronunciation new words There are thought to be ...
Arguably...
a With new words, try to look for clues to their Probably/ Possibly/ Most likely/ Perhaps ...
pronunciation. For example:
• Is there a familiar prefix or suffix?
• Is a vowel followed by a single or a double 6 You are going to make a news podcast about a
consonant? new discovery. Work in two groups of three.
• Does the length or type of word tell you where Group A: Turn to page 154. Read the information.
the stress is likely to be?
Group B: Turn to page 155. Read the information
Work in pairs and try to guess the pronunciation • Discuss what you are going to say and prepaI'f:
of these words from the podcast. the story. Remember to use hedging language
• Practise reading the story aloud, concentrati.�
glowing phytoplankton Martin Roddick
on pace and clear pronunciation.
bioluminescent predators emitted
3. >Jews reports (and academic reports) use cautious studio, Chinese artist Liu Bolin blends into a background
language when the information given cannot be of a supermarket soft drinks display. When his assistants
verified 100%. Find an example of each of the had finished painting him in, he seemed to have
1eean following types of cautious language in the report. disappeared. Entitled 'Plasticizer', the piece expresses
round 1 the verbs seem or appear Bolin's shock at the discovery of plasticizer in food
;body 2 passive reporting verbs products. Plasticizer is normally used to make materials
3 adverbs that make generalizations like cement more flexible.
the -1: adverbs that speculate about a fact Such pictures have made Bolin internationally famous,
S modal verbs that express possibility which is ironic because it is said he used them originally to
b Rewrite these sentences using the words given make a statement about feeling ignored by society. Bolin
to express more caution about each of the facts loves the challenge of blending into any surroundings: a
presented. building site, a telephone box, a natfonal monument. No
trick photography or photo-shopping is used and careful
1 His pictures carry a strong social message.
planning is needed for each image. First, before entering
(generally)
the scene, he tells the photographer how he would like
2 He became internationally famous when a
New York art dealer bought some of his works. the picture to look. Then he asks his assistant to paint
(apparently) him in. This process can take up to ten hours while Bolin
3 His work makes people think more about their stands completely still, presumably in some discomfort.
surroundings. (might) The pictures may be unusual, but they appear to have
4 He wants to draw our attention to what we appealed to people all over the world because more
:t a cannot see in a picture. (seems) recently, Bolin has received commis$ions to do similar
5 Bolin used friends at first to help him paint his paintings in New York, Paris, Venice, Rome and London.
tation. pictures. (believed)
tation. 5 Write a short news report about something that 6 Exchange news reports with your partner. Use
repare happened in your town or school recently. Use the these questions to check your reports.
�age. five 'W's and the 'H' to know what information
• Does the report answer the six basic questions?
:rating you should include and follow the structure in
• Does it follow the paragraph structure in
Exercise 3. Write around 150 words.
Exercise 3?
• Does it use cautious language appropriately?
3efore you watch 6 I Q-mil Watch the second part of the video (1.03
to 2.29) again. Then complete the summary of the
Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Talking Dictionaries project using one word per space.
1 Can you think of three languages which are The aim of Talking Dictionaries is to give endangered
spoken in more than one country? Which is languages a first-ever 1 on the
the most widespread? 2
• An example is Siletz Dee-ni from
2 Is your language spoken in another country? Oregon, USA, which has only one 3
If so, where? speaker. Words are recorded and made into a talking
3 Is another language, such as English, dictionary. The rich vocabulary helps you appreciate
replacing or influencing your language or the cultural 4 • The dictionary can then
other languages in your country? be used to 5 the language.
: How can we save lesser-spoken languages
from being dominated or replaced by 'world'
7 I nm:D Watch the last part of the video (2.30 to the
end) again. Answer the questions.
languages? Is it important to do this? Why? /
1 What did the Papuan New Guinea villagers ask
Why not?
the Enduring Voices team?
2 What message did seeing the Matukar talking
� Key vocabulary dictionary on the internet send to people?
- Read the sentences. The words in bold are used 3 What is special about the Tuvan talking dictionary?
in the video. Guess the meaning of the words. 4 W ho do the Talking Dictionaries team want to
spread the message of the importance of linguistic
1 Because so many have been killed for their diversity to?
ivory, the elephant is now an endangered
species. 8 Which words do you remember from the two talking
2 He said that he would not have won the dictionaries that you saw? What did they tell you
award without the collaboration of his about those particular cultures?
university colleagues. 1 Siletz Dee-ni (Oregon, USA)
3 They published a lexicon of terms used in 2 Martuka Panau (Papua New Guinea)
the digital media field.
-! Swallows are migratory birds which travel
from northern Europe to North Africa each After you watch
autumn.
3 There are very few indigenous people left on 9 Vocabulary in context
the islands: most are foreign settlers.
a I OOO Watch the clips from the video. Choose the
- �latch the words in bold in Exercise 3a with correct meaning of the words and phrases.
these definitions.
b Complete the sentences in your own words. Then
a a dictionary or word list compare your sentences with a partner.
b regularly travelling from one place to
another 1 I always feel revitalized after ...
c native 2 Talking to ... gave me a real insight into ...
d at risk (of dying out) 3 We mustn't devalue ... because it/they play a
e working together really important role.
10 Work in groups of three or four. You are going to
Vhile you watch make your own small talking dictionary.
� l QilJ Watch the video and compare your • Think of words or short phrases which are typical
of your language and culture (e.g. social life, food,
answers from Exercise 2 with what the speaker
says. geography, weather).
• Make a list of five or six of these and write an
5 I OW Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to English translation for each.
1.02) again. Answer the questions.
Read your phrases and their translations to your
1 How many of the world's languages are group. Then ask each other questions about why you
endangered? chose these particular phrases.
2 Why are these languages dying out?
3 What are the more technologically aware 11 Do you think that the internet helps promote cultural
communities doing to preserve their diversity or does it make cultures more similar
languages? and homogenous? Give examples to support your
arguments.
91
frenglish.ru
UNIT 7 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar ICAN
report what has been said (using passive reporting
1 Read the article. W hat is the Mariana Trench and verbs)
what was Cameron's aim in visiting it? form nouns from other parts of speech
2 Complete the article by making passive reporting
verbs from the words in italics. You will need to
use the correct verb form and tense.
Vocabulary
4 Complete these sentences using the correct ver�
You have been given the first letter.
1 I've u the wedding photos onto th:.
website. Just c on the link here.
2 I think RT were the first channel to b
the news.
3 I've never met him, but he's always
p comments on my social
networking page.
4 Don't you know her? She w
funny blog about life in Ireland.
5 Before you buy a new laptop, you should see
which ones have been favourably r
1
It I say I be one of the greatest achievements in 6 Readers of online newspapers o
exploration since we put a man on the Moon. In readers of print newspapers by ten to one.
March 2012, James Cameron piloted a one-person 5 f>j(tmj Match the two parts of these business buzz
submersible to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. words. Then discuss the meanings with your parb
The trench, which 2 know I be the deepest part of the 1 ballpark a practice
ocean, is 120 times larger than the Grand Canyon. 2 rocket b check
Although 3 it I already I know how the Mariana 3 best c science
Trench was formed, Cameron hoped that he would 4 reality d figure
learn more about what was living in the deep ocean. 5 �ing e win
A famous Hollywood director (Titanic and Avatar), 6 win f forward
Cameron 4 say I have this ambition since he was a
child. In achieving it, he became one of only three ICAN
people to have dived to Earth's deepest point, and the talk about different digital media
only one to stay long enough to look around.
understand business buzz words
In 1960, Swiss engineer Jacques Piccard and US navy
captain Don Walsh 5 report I spend twenty minutes
in the Mariana depths, but without discovering Real life
much. Their submarine disturbed a lot of mud,
making it difficult to see anything clearly. Cameron's 6 Rewrite the sentences using the words in bracket
submersible was equipped with a large bank of LED so that the speaker sounds less certain of the fac:
lights and stereo digital cameras to take 3D shots. But
I Gorillas are shy creatures. (tend)
it was not a comfortable expedition. The cabin of the
2 There are around 340 different breeds of dog.
submersible was so small that Cameron 6 say I not be
(estimated)
able even to stretch out his arms.
3 We can conclude that this is the main cause o.
the problem. (reasonable)
3 mM:1 Rewrite these sentences from the article 4 No one knows the real reason. (appears)
using nominalization. Then discuss why we 5 This demonstrates that the current regulation:
sometimes use nominalization in writing. are ineffective. (suggests)
6 She is the greatest actor of her generation.
I Cameron hoped that he would learn more (arguably)
about what was living in the deep ocean.
Cameron's was to gain greater 7 f>J1fJj:1 Work in pairs. Use the hedging phrases
about in the deep in Exercise 6 to make four statements about
ocean. exploration of the deep sea and James Cameron.
2 The submarine disturbed a lot of mud, making Then compare statements with another pair.
it difficult to observe the seabed.
of mud they disturbed ICAN
The large
made of the seabed difficult. use hedging language
92
frenglish.ru
Unit 8 The music in us
FEATURES 1 Look at the photo. What is a busker and what kind of music do
they play? Is it common to see buskers in your country?
94 World music
2 ll:ffl Listen to a busker talking about her experiences. Make
A musician talks about notes on the following points.
cultural influences
1 why she started busking
96 Healing music 2 how her career developed
�
3 what the future holds for her
:-ad.::: The power of music
3 Complete the pairs of expressions (1-7) using these words.
-- 98 One love Discuss the differences in meaning between each pair.
Bob Marley
acoustic amateur gifted hum live lyrics solo
e
102 A biopic
1 recorded music and music
A video about a film 2 an electric guitar and a(n) guitar
documentary of the life of 3 to sing a song and to a tune
Bob Marley 4 a professional musician and a(n) musician
5 to write the music and to write the
6 a trained musician and a naturally- musician
7 a band and a(n) artist
4 Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
1 How important is music to you? When do you listen to music?
2 What kind of music do you like? Who are your favourite
singers/musicians?
3 Do you often sing or hum to yourself? What kind of tunes?
Sa World music
WM: But for many people, those different styles aren.
very accessible, are they?
JC: No, they can be difficult to appreciate, but I don't -
that's so surprising. Tastes are often just a question of ha�
like the food you eat. Not many American teenagers lista
to Indian sitar music, in just the same way that not man)
Indians eat hamburgers and fries. But I think if you get OI"
that initial strangeness, discovering new musical styles Ci!
incredibly rewarding.
WM: So, what music is 'exciting' you at the moment?
JC: I've been listening to a lot of music from Mali,
particularly a group called Tinariwen, who play an upbea
of Middle Eastern and African music. Actually, I'm just wa
on a song that incorporates those influences. I've also be.
listening to a collection of Mexican-Irish songs producea
by Ry Cooder. He's also a bit of a musical nomad with p
eclectic tastes. You probably know him already from his
collaborations with African and Cuban artists.
WM: Yes, I do. And do you find the things people sing
He has been travelling around the world for just under two years, about vary a lot from culture to culture?
collecting ideas for his new album, so we thought it was time to JC: Not really.Themes are pretty universal: love,
catch up with Justin Cape. heartbreak, hopes for the future, nostalgia, challenging
WM: Justin, you've just spent a lot of time studying rules and often just daily life . But themes are also linked
s and experimenting with musical styles in other countries. to the times: western rock music in the sixties was ofter
What's your aim? Are you trying to make music with a more about independence and breaking out, whereas music -
universal appeal? the naughties was more introspective and about person..
feelings. What I do find, though, wherever I go, is that e
JC: No, that's not my goal really. International, that's to say
new generation feels that 'their' music is speaking just tc
commercial, pop music already has mass global appeal. I just
them, as if the same feelings hadn't been experienced l:>l'l
10 get very excited when I hear new types of music and that's an
excitement I'd like to share with others. noughties (n) /'n:i:liz/ the years from 2000 to-::
a International pop music has damaged 4 Find adjectives in the interview with these meaning-
musical diversity.
1 involving a large number of people
b It's fascinating to study music from other
2 easy to relate to or understand
cultures.
3 satisfying
c You find out a lot about people from what
4 positive or cheerful
they are singing about.
5 varied and diverse
6 looking inwards, analysing yourself
94
frenglish.ru
Unit 8 The music in us
THE ADVERB JUST a Work in pairs. Look at the phrases and discuss in what
situations would people say them. What was each phrase a
..:s! + verb response to, do you think?
:.:i've just spent a lot of time studying musical
- es. 1 Just a minute. I'll get my coat.
-5t + preposition 2 Phew! Just in time.
-c has been travelling around the world for 3 It's OK. It's just one of those things.
..s: under two years. 4 Thanks. That's just the job.
..S:+ noun 5 No, thanks. I'm just looking .
sjust a question of habit. 6 Oh, I was just about to call you.
7 No, we're just good friends.
::- further information and practice, see
:;e 170.
8 No particular reason. I just wondered.
9 Yes, do bring some, just in case.
10 It just goes to show no one's perfect.
:...OOk at the grammar box. Find at least one
:::ore example of each use of just in the b � Listen to the conversations and compare your
:ext. Then answer the questions. answers. Then practise saying the phrases in Exercise 8a
with the same pronunciation.
• What is the position of just when the
word it adds meaning to is: C Work in pairs. Choose five of the phrases and make new
a a verb? short conversations using the phrases.
b a preposition?
- l"J:S
-
c a noun? Speaking my life
In which sentences (from the article)
does just have the following meaning: 9 Work in groups. The list below contains the hundred most
a a little d exactly used words in pop song titles in the last 100 years (with
b simply e recently common words like the, to, I, you, my, don't1 etc. filtered
c only f right at the out). First check you know what the words mean. Then
moment follow this procedure.
:f:en 1 Each person should think of five of their favourite pop
JSic - ?ut just in the most appropriate place
=i these sentences. There is sometimes song titles (including any you know in English).
�'"so.."
::iore than one possible answer. Work in 2 Check if the song titles contain one or more of these
·.a:eac-
?airs. Discuss the meaning of just in each words.
::€11tence. 3 Discuss what the most common themes are in the songs
- that you thought of.
If you took the time to listen to Ry
Cooder, you'd definitely like him.
-
I've been listening to a live concert on ain't alone angel arms around away baby
the radio. bad beautiful believe blue boy change
- It's over five years since they performed
in New York. christmas comes crazy cry dance days dear
-= Hearing her sing gives me goosebumps. dream ever everybody everything eyes fall
= The concert is in an old theatre behind
feel fire fool forever girl gone gonna
the bank in the High Street.
- If you like Stevie Wonder1 I have goodbye happy heart heaven hey hold kiss
the thing for you: a CD of his early la lady leave life light lonely love lover
recorded songs. mama man mind mine miss moon moonlight
- I don't listen to the lyrics; I like the
music. morning mr music night nobody oh people
It's an idea1 but why don't you try to play please rain red remember river rock
get the tickets on eBay? roll rose sing smile somebody something
�omplete these sentences with just in your song soul star stay stop street summer sun
-.n1 words. Then compare your sentences sweet sweetheart talk tears theme things
-:th your partner.
think tonight town true walk wanna wish
- If you don't mind, I'll just ...
- woman wonderful world young
Don't worry. It's just (a) ...
-
Yiy home is just ...
-:: I'll call you back. I'm just ...
= rve just ...
THEMES OF SONGS HOW TO RELAX A CHARITY CON<:;ERT YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC 95
my life A DESCRIPTION
frenglish.ru
listening music therapy • idioms music • grammar purpose and result • speaking how to relax
8b Healing mlisic
Listening
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
1 How do different types of music affect your
mood?
2 Think of examples of when you use music to
affect your mood (e.g. when driving a car).
2 ll:m W hich of the following therapeutic benefits
do you think music has? Explain your reasons.
Then listen to a talk by a neuroscientist and say
which properties she mentions.
a relieving stress
b relieving pain
c helping sleep
d preventing heart disease
e increasing well-being
f improving memory
g helping with speech difficulties
3 IJm1 Work in pairs. Complete the notes. Then 5 Match the music idioms (1-6) with the correct
listen to the neuroscientist again and check your meaning (a-f).
answers.
1 You've changed your tune. You've always sai..
you don't like foreign holidays.
2 Her talk about working unsociable hours
struck a chord with the audience of nurses.
2. Tue. bod re.£e.().se.s e.111.dorp£.1.i1-1.s to 3 It's a mistake to plan what you are going to
1j
l\111.d prod1Ace. at a job interview. Just play it by ear.
4 I don't want to blow my own trumpet, but
actually, I think I did an excellent job.
3 Tue. Si;t� pi;trfs o-P brni111. 1Ase.d to prnoce.ss 5 Sooner or later someone will find out that he
l\1,1.(J cheated and he'll have to face the music.
4- M1Asic co1A£d kdp pe.op£e. wit/A 6 In the end he did help us to clear up, but he
made a big song and dance about it.
().M ot/Ae.r
s &ott-Prie.d Sc1Afa1A/)' fre.()..te.d pe.oph w/Ao a accept the consequences
b give a different opinion from your original o
c seemed very relevant to
d made a fuss or protested loudly
e shout about one's achievements
1 "'\1Asic tke.r-l\P)t -Par de.t11-e.111.fi().. C\111.d t11,e,t11,� toss f take things as they come
is it11,porfo111.t be.ei>..1Ase. 6 Think of examples of the following. Then work�
pairs and compare your ideas.
1 a person who likes to blow their own trump�
Idioms music 2 a time when you (or someone you know) ma
a mistake and had to face the music
4 Look at the idiom in bold from the talk. What do
I 3 something you read that really struck a chorci
you think it means?
with you
11
'This news should be music to our ears.' 4 a situation where it is best to play it by ear
96
frenglish.ru
-
•
Unit 8 The music in us
Grammar purpose and result 9 Work in pairs. Write three tips of your own about
learning English. Use expressions of purpose.
... EXPRESSING PURPOSE Then share your ideas with the class.
to, in order (not) to, so as (not) to 10 Rewrite these sentences using a result clause with so
1 If you're not having to strain in order to hear what
or such ... that. Write two versions of each sentence
others are saying
2 We clearly need to find a solution so as not to let it get
(one with so and one with such) where possible.
any worse. 1 The queue for taxis was very long. For that
for reason we decided to walk.
3 It's used in hospitals now for the relief of* pain after an 2 I've worked there for over fifteen years. I really
operation. need to move on.
" or for relieving 3 I feel really nervous about this trip because I
so that I in order that have very little experience of travelling.
.: I'm not saying you should take up a musical instrument 4 She's very determined. So I think she's bound
so that you can hear people better at parties ... to succeed.
� EXPRESSING RESULT 5 I don't think we'll ever agree because there are
big differences between us.
so ... that
6 He has a lot of good ideas. That's why he never
3 power to relax us is so strong that it's commonly used
'l hospitals now.
knows which ones to develop.
such ... that 11 Complete these sentences in your own words
ne therapy produced such a dramatic improvement that using a clause with so or such. Then compare your
Even sceptics were impressed. answers with your parh1er.
so much, so many, so little, so few .... that
riere's so much noise that it's difficult to hear the person 1 ... that I can't stop listening to it.
'1<]ht next to you. 2 ... that I can't wait to go there again.
3 ... that I felt better almost immediately.
':or further information and practice, see page 170.
4 ... that I've decided to find out more about it.
Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 12 Read this example of a musical therapy game for
elderly people. Explain what its purpose is and
What grammatical form follows: what results you could expect from it.
a to I in order to I so as to?
b for?
C SO that?
In two teams, the group hears an extract of
2 Which sentence describes the function or use of
a thing? a well-known song from the past. The first
3 What type of words follow a) so and b) such in a team must try to name the song to win one
result clause? point. If they cannot name it, the other team
-! Do we use so or such when the word before the has the chance to answer. For an extra point,
noun is much, many, little or few? the team which has named the song can sing
ih.e Cse the words in brackets to rewrite the clauses or say the next line in the song.
expressing purpose.
....
en pronouncing words in a new language, we Speaking my life
r-..en use sounds that are similar to those in our own
or.e guage 1 because we don't want to sound silly 13 What do you do to: a) relieve stress; b) feel better
� as). But 2 if we want to pronounce (order) the when you're down; c) generally relax; or d) help
•: sounds properly, we must overcome this fear. yourself remember things? Discuss with a partner
=-e are a few ideas 3 so that you can improve (for) and try to use expressions of purpose and result in
- 'pronunciation. your answers.
h, try to get the sounds right from the very I get so stressed by my work sometimes that I can't
;·nning 4 because otherwise you will develop
think about anything else. I find the best thing to get it
'Oid) bad habits. Secondly, exaggerate the sounds off my mind is just to chat and joke with friends.
:he new language 5 because then you get (so that)
- ose to native pronunciation as you can. Thirdly,
songs in the target language 6 because it will
:::i you lose (to) your inhibitions.
• !G
['
THEMES OF SONGS ... HOW TO RELAX A CHARITY CONCERT YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC 97
my life A DESCRIPTION
frenglish.ru
reading Bob Marley • critical thinking identifying key points • word focus hit • speaking a charity concert
Sc One love
Critical thinking identifying key
points
4 Work in pairs. Identify in the text at least five key event:.
or factors in Bob Marley's .life that you think contributoo
to making him the person he was and the superstar he
now is.
5 Work with another pair. Compare your ideas. Did you
identify the same key points? Is there one thing that
makes Bob Marley stand out as a pop artist? Does the
author think so?
Reading
1 Work in pairs. Think of four famous pop Word focus hit
artists. What do you know about them? 6 Look at this sentence from the review. What does the
Discuss these points with your partner.
word hit mean in this context?
• nationality/background
His first hit came when he was only eighteen years old.'
• type of music / names of songs
• other things they are known for 7 Look at the sentences using expressions with hit. Mate},
the expressions in bold with the correct definition (a-f}
2 Read the review. Then look at the headlines
about Bob Marley. Do you think the writer 1 The recruitment process is a bit hit and miss, I tlliTu
of the review agrees, partly agrees or doesn't guarantee that we're going to get good peo!='
disagrees with them? 2 They took a big hit when the stock market crashed.
3 The video game that you bought was a real hit wilt
Luis; he hasn't stopped playing it.
0 THE MAN WHO BROUGHT 0
R GG E:o:� soCIAL DISADVANTAGES
4 I think you hit a nerve when you told Pedro that he
needed to study harder. Did you see his expression
INSPIRE s You hit the nail on the head there, Kirsten. Darnier..
EJ MILLIONS IN THIRD really is just a kid in a grown-up's body.
WORLD LOOK TO MARLEY 6 The joke he told didn't really hit the right note witt-
MARLEY AS A HERO SONGS the audience. In fact, I think they were a bit offendel
El MARLEY WAS a be appropriate d mention a sensitive pain:
AN ABSENT FATHER
b a big success e not consistently successfa..
c suffer a financial loss f sum up something exace--
l1 NEW FILM REVEALS 0 SINGERWHO 8 Make sentences of your own using two of the expressi.::
SPREAD
MUCH ABOUT REGGAE MESSAGE OF from Exercise 7. Then read the sentences to your partna
STAR'S LIFE HARMONY missing out the phrase with hit. Can your partner gues.
which phrase is missing?
1 someone who rescues or saves people 9 Work in groups. In 1976, Bob Marley organized a con
(para 1) for peace called 'Smile Jamaica'. You are going to orga.
2 sections of film or a short film (para 2) a charity concert to raise money for children in povert:
3 a poor, neglected area of a city, often Decide on the following elements.
with high crime (para 3) • the name and venue
4 a person who doesn't fit in to a group • what age group you want to attract
(para 3) • which artists you will invite to perform
5 taken from your home or homeland • how it will raise money
(para 5) • how you will link the event to the theme of childrer
6 suffering from lack of money (para 6) poverty
7 different sides in a dispute (para 6)
8 in a state of great happiness (para 7)
98
frenglish.ru
Why is Bob Marley such an important figure in popular Marley's duty was first and foremost to music and its power
music? Globally, perhaps only Elvis, the Beatles and to effect change.
Michael Jackson are bigger names. Marley was not the Shortly after his marriage to Rita Anderson in 1966, Marley
first person to introduce reggae to a wider audience became a Rastafarian, a faith that champions the right 40
outside the West Indies, but he remains the only global of black Africans taken into slavery in the West Indies to
reggae superstar. Yet, unlike the artists above, Marley return one day to Africa. So while themes of social injustice
and his music represent more than just great pop . and hardship in the shanty towns of Kingston, Jamaica
Indeed, in many developing countries, he is celebrated characterize early songs like Trenchtown Rock and I Shot
as some kind of saviour, a symbol of hope. To the Sheriff, it is the theme of a displaced people that is 45
understand why this is, one needs to know more about dominant in later songs: Exodus and Redemption Song.
the man and his background.
But whether the songs deal with injustice or with
This is where the documentary, Marley, fascinates, dislocation, they still contain the sentiments of unity and
even if it does not provide all the answers. Containing love that run through all his work. Marley himself maintained
a lot of previously unseen footage - interviews, that, 'People want to listen to a message. This could be so
performances, recording sessions - the film provides passed through me or anybody. I am not a leader, but
c.:: an insight into the mind and motivation of a musician a messenger.' This is too modest. Marley experienced
whose life was cut tragically short: Marley died of genuine hardship and even put his life on the line for justice.
cancer in 1981 aged 36. In 1976, he took great risks to organize a free concert in
Born in a poor ghetto of Kingston, Jamaica, Martey his home town of Kingston called 'Smile Jamaica'. The 55
_ had a passion for music and began recording at a concert was intended to unite the warring political factions
young age, his first hit coming when he was only in Jamaica, but while preparing for it, he was the victim of
eighteen. His difficult environment instilled in him an assassination attempt that left him wounded.
a keen sense of social justice, which came to be A heartfelt message and an appeal to people in hardship
expressed in his music. His mixed race origins taught are certainly a key to Marley's enduring status as a 60
.:'= him what it felt like to be an outsider: his father was a songwriter. But what really strikes you watching this film is
white Jamaican who worked as a British marine officer; the magic of his performances. The music sounds as fresh
his mother a black Jamaican who married at eighteen. as it was when it was first recorded and Marley himself is
His father was rarely present, travelling as he did for his lost in it, living each note as he spins and jumps ecstatically
work, and died when Bob was only ten years old. Did around the stage. 65
this absence have any bearing on Marley's behaviour Even after two and a half hours of this documentary, you
towards his own children, of whom there were eleven still feel there are many unanswered questions about the
in all? In the film, his daughter, Cedella, talks about her man who became the first Third World superstar. But isn't
difficulty in getting her father to notice her. But neither that the nature of great people who die young? They leave
ren i:- she, nor any others in the family, has a bad word to us wanting more. Kevin Macdonald's Marley is in selected 70
:s say about him. There is no sense that he did not have cinemas from 3rd May.
time for them; simply that he was prioritizing, because
THEMES OF SONGS HOW TO RELAX Ill- A CHARITY CONCERT YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC 99
my life A DESCRIPTION frenglish.ru
Real life your favourite music 4 Work in pairs. Think of three questions to ask ye.
partner about their life (e.g. about their choice
1 Work in pairs. Read the description of a popular career, their favourite things, their hobbies, thei.:"
radio show in the UK. Do you have a similar lifestyle). Try to make questions that really makt
programme in your country? What is it? Discuss your partner think. Then answer each question
with your partner. using one of the phrases in the box.
100 THEMES OF SONGS HOW TO RELAX A CHARITY CONCERT IJJ,,- YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC.
.t. my life A DESCRIPTION
frenglish.ru
:riting a description • writing skill parallel structures Unit 8 The music in us
Be Fado
/riting a description
. Work in pairs, Describe a traditional form of
music in your country to your partner, giving
a few details: its style, its themes, its history, its
popular appeal now.
- Read the description of Fado, a traditional
style of music from Portugal, and answer the
questions.
1 How would you sum up what this style of
music is? THE FADO OF LISBON by Jay Rowsell
2 With whom is it popular? People say about Facio that either you'll love it or
you'll hate it. One thing is certain: you can't ignore it.
3 Look at the elements of a description and find an It has been compared to the 'blues', because the songs
example of each one in the text. are sad, but with Facio the intensity of the emotion is
1 It uses powerful adjectives. greater, piercing the listener's body like a knife. Like the
2 It describes feelings. blues, Facio songs tell of pain and hardship, but unlike
3 It tries to convey an atmosphere. the blues, the songs focus on the pain of separation: of
-! It uses similes. being separated from either a loved one or your home,
3 The author speaks to his audience as one of or something you can never regain. Perhaps that is not
them. surprising when you consider that Portugal is a country
with a long tradition of sailors and voyagers.
Writing skill parallel structures When I first saw a fadista perform in a dimly lit cafe
one sultry evening in Lisbon twenty years ago, I was
3. Look at the sentences from the description. ignorant both of the Fado music tradition and of the
'.\Totice how the words that follow the phrases in Portuguese language. But that didn't matter, because
bold balance. For example, in 1, either and or are the sheer drama of the music told its own story. In
followed by a pronoun + verb. What parallel those days, Fado was a style of music that was known
structures are used in the other sentences (2-4)? only in Portugal and a few of its former colonies: Brazil,
1 ... either you'll love it or you'll hate it. Angola and Mozambique. Now, with the help of stars
2 Like the blues, Fado songs tell of ... , like Mariza, it has an international following. Mariza
but unlike the blues, the songs focus on ... has broadened Fado's appeal by fusing it with other
3 ... of being separated from either a loved one musical traditions - Spanish flamenco and Brazilian
or your home, or something you can never jazz, for example - and by touring the world with her
regain. music. But to hear traditional Facio, you should go
-! Mariza has broadened Fado's appeal by where its roots are - the Alfama district of Lisbon. You
fusing it with other musical traditions ... and may hate it, but I suspect you will love it.
by touring the world with her music.
5 Write a description of a traditional type of music or
0 fr..:.. :, Rewrite these sentences using parallel structures. music and dance. Write 150-200 words and include
'WO_ 1 Mariza is young, talented and she has lots of the following details.
�res� energy. • information about the history of this tradition
Mariza is young, talented and energetic. • a description of.how it is performed, what its
eh
2 She sings both traditional songs and she sings appeal is and the feelings it arouses
more modem songs. • where you can still find it being performed
3 You can either book in advance or it's
possible to pay on the door. 6 Exchange descriptions with your partner. Use these
-! You can spend hours wandering around the questions to check your descriptions.
op!:_.
old town, visiting cafes and you can listen to • Does the description give a sense of the
live music. atmosphere?
3 The music fuses traditional Spanish folk • Does it include strong descriptive language?
music and there are elements of north African • Does it speak to the reader personally?
music. • Does it use parallel structures correctly?
• Would you want to listen to this kind of music?
THEMES OF SONGS HOW TO RELAX A CHARITY CONCERT YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC 101
my life
..,. ti•J#lti;U4it•l�I frenglish.ru
-�· "'; -
"-wi,�!" �>..c;�......-
....
..>� A..:;..-l_;:.. --..""�::...:,,,,,
'
frenglish.ru ' .
Unit 8 The music in us
3efore you watch 5 Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to 0.55) again.
Answer the questions.
" Work in pairs or groups. Each pair/ group
1 W hat aspect of Marley's life did Kevin Macdonald
takes a different quotation (a-f) by the singer
feel had not been covered yet?
Bob Marley and discuss what it means. Then
2 How does he describe the way we react to his
explain your quotation to the rest of the class.
music?
a 'Just because you are happy it does not 3 W hat does he hope the film will achieve?
mean that the day is perfect but that you
have looked beyond its imperfections.' 6 I am Watch the second part of the video (0.56 to
b 'The truth is, everyone is going to hurt you. 1.51). Underline the adjectives and expressions Kevin
You just got to find the ones worth suffering Macdonald uses when he describes Bob Marley's life.
for.'
c 'Some people feel the rain. Others just get touching fascinating extraordinary
wet.' tough rags to riches family troubles
d 'Love the life you live. Live the life you racial issues personal suffering crime
love.' violence gangsters political activity amazing
e 'The day you stop racing is the day you win
the race.' 7 I Ql:Jjn Watch the third part of the video (1.52 to the
f 'Better to die fighting for freedom than be a end). Complete the sentences about Bob Marley.
prisoner all the days of your life.' 1 The first thing people like about him is that he is
103
frenglish.ru
UNIT 8 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article. Then complete the article with 4 Complete the text about music. Use one word i.
clauses of purpose and result. each space.
2 What three things did the 1971 Concert for I'm still an 1 musician, but I hope to
Bangladesh achieve? be professional one day. I play piano, and also the
2
guitar - never electric. I write my
songs, both the music and the 3
I'm basically a 4 artist, but when Ip:...
5
(at local music venues) then I get a
band together. I don't want to blow my own
6
but I think I am a naturally-
7
musician. Whether that means I'll
make a living out of it is another question.
5 t>iM:1 Work in pairs. Discuss the difference
behveen these pairs of words.
1 sing and hum 5 a busker and ar
2 gig and concert amateur music:?:
3 song and tune 6 title and lyrics
4 pop and folk music 7 chord and note
ICAN
talk about music
The Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 was the first large use music idioms
concert organized 1 help victims of a disaster.
It was staged at Madison Square Garden in New York
and the organizers, George Harrison and Ravi Shankar,
Real life
were 2 well-known that it attracted an audience 6 Read the conversation and complete the respo;:-
of 40,000 people and raised over US$250,000. Further to the questions.
income was gained from the live album of the concert A: How often do you actively listen to music�
_u.,....-t-...._..l,l_s then made. The money was used 3 the day?
relief of the fugee crisis following the war and the B: I've never really 1 about it. Urr.
cyclone that hit e country in 1970, and was passed to probably three or four times a day, I
the charity UNICEF _ _ that they could distribute 2
think.
it to where it was. most eeded. Other famous music A: Do you use music when doing certain thing,,
artists of the day, such as b Dylan, Billy Preston and like doing housework or working at your
Eric Clapton, also performed s 5 to ensure as computer?
wide an audience as possible fort music. B: That's an 3 question. I guess I ci
But the wider aim of the Concert for B often listen to music when I'm working.
wasn't to raise money. The organizers felt p le were A: And does it help you work: make you more
not aware enough of Bangladesh and its proble , productive?
Ravi Shankar later said that in this sense the response � B: I couldn't 4 you really. I suspea
to the concert had been amazing. It also proved to be that it's more of a distraction, actually.
the start of a new movement in benefit concerts. Under A: How do you think you would feel without
fifteen years later, Live Aid, a response to the Ethiopian music in your life?
famine, was staged in London and Philadelphia, B: That's difficult to 5 . I imagine
attracting a global TV audience of almost two billion. would be less fun, but I 6 don':
know.
3 t>J1�1:1 Read the last paragraph of the article 7 t>JM:1 Work in pairs. Act out a similar
again. Put the word just in an appropriate place in conversation by asking each other the questior,=,
each sentence. Then compare answers with your Exercise 6.
partner. Explain what just means in each case.
ICAN
ICAN
-
talk about (my favourite) music and why I like it
use purpose and result clauses accurately
give myself time to think when responding to
use the adverb just with different meanings difficult questions
104
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Unit 9 Window on the past
- ,.....
FEATURES 1 Look at the photo. How old do you think these stones are and
what was their purpose?
106 Dear little daughter
2 Dm Listen to an archaeologist talking about these stones.
What personal letters Make notes about the stones (age, location, purpose, who built
reveal about our past them, etc.).
i 08 The story of Martin 3 D"'� What objects did archaeologists find that helped them
Guerre understand more about the stones? Listen again and check.
The story of an unusual 4 Use these words related to discovery to complete the summary.
crime in medieval France
clues deduced determine find out evidence
110 Diamond shipwreck indicated uncovered
A story of hidden treasure
Archaeologists say it's not what you find that matters, but
and mystery on the
what you 1 • They couldn't
2
Namibian coast
the purpose of these stones until they 3 other
objects that gave them valuable 4 • The rich soil
114 Collecting the past 5 that this was a wealthy farming community,
A video about how while pieces of flint and glass were 6 of a trading
Chinese people are society. From this the archaeologists 7 that the
preserving their cultural stones were monuments of great cultural importance.
heritage
S Work in pairs. What ancient historical sites or monuments are
there in your counh-y? What do these sites tell you about the
people who built them?
AN IMPORTANT PAST EVENT A CASE OF FRAUD HIST ORICAL IRONY CONFIRMATION AND CLARIFICATION 105
my life DESCRIBING A PAST EVENT
frenglish.ru
reading a father's letter • wordbuilding verb + preposition • grammar linking words •
speaking an important past event
.jrammar linking words 3 Dubois did not see his daughter again for two
years because he had such a busy schedule.
,.. LINKING WORDS a Owing to . . . b Since ...
4 Dubois went off travelling himself when
:inking word + clause
on and, after, although, as, because, but, since, when, while,
Yolande and her mother returned to America.
...,hen a Following . . . b .... Soon afterwards ...
!�ough letters do not always represent mainstream
9 Read this informal letter. Link the sentences, as
, ews, they often provide a fascinating ...
::>ubois was concerned because Yolande was not doing indicated by the words in brackets. Sometimes you
•;ell at school. will need to rewrite the sentences.
king word + -ing form or noun
:ft.er, as well as, despite, in addition to, in spite of,
Dear Jana
:in account of, because of, as a result of
� we/I as having poor marks, she seemed unmotivated. Thanks for your letter and news.I was very
king word + noun / noun phrase glad to hear that you're well. 1 (contrast) I was
�flowing, owing to really disappointed to read about Nathan's job.
-·e wrote it following his daughter's departure ... I do hope he's able to find another one soon.
king word + new sentence
It would be great if you could visit us here.
:fterwards, consequently, however, moreover,
-.everthe/ess, subsequently, what's more, yet The weather's quite cold at the moment.
2 (contrast) It's often sunny and there's so much
. window on people's values and behaviour. Moreover,
::neir subject is generally something we can easily relate to. to see. Berlin has some fantastic museums
and galleries. 3 (addition) It has some amazing
=.nr further information and practice, see page 172. shops. It's also just a great place to walk
around. 4 (reason) It's not heavily populated -
� unlike London, which always feels too crowded
: Look at the grammar box. Which linking words in
the box have the following functions? and hectic. 5 (addition) There are loads of
interesting places to eat and drink.
a to contrast ideas
b to make an additional point If you don't make it here, I'll probably come
c to state a reason or result back to England in the summer. 6 (sequence)
d to show the sequence of events My exams are at the end of May. I've made
.. Complete the sentences with these linking words. some good friends here. 7 (contrast) I really
miss my old friends. Anyway, have a think
There are three extra words. about it. 8 (sequence) Write and let me know.
Much love
after although and also as well as despite
following moreover on account of since Harriet
AN IMPORTANT PAST EVENT A CASE OF FRAUD HISTORICAL IRONY CONFIRMATION AND CLARIFICATION 107
my life DESCRIBING A PAST EVENT
frenglish.ru
vocabulary crime and punishment • listening an unusual crime • grammar present and pertect part1c1ples •
speaking a case of fraud
2 Put these steps in the criminal justice process in 5 ilm Look at the events in the story. Put them
the correct order. What is the next step if a person order. Then listen to the interview again and c�
is found to be not guilty of a crime? your answers.
a They are found (to be) guilty or not guilty. a Martin's uncle, Pierre, took Arnaud to court
b They are sentenced or they are acquitted. prove he was an impostor.
c The case is heard or they go on trial. b Martin was wounded in battle and lost his le_
d Someone is accused of the crime. c Martin got married and had a son.
e They go (or are taken) to court. d Martin appeared in the high court and told �
f They appeal against the conviction. true story.
g A crime is committed. 1 e Martin escaped to Spain and joined the Spar.
h They are arrested and charged with the crime army.
f Arnaud arrived in Artigat, saying he was
Martin to claim the family estate.
Listening g Arnaud lost the case but appealed against th..
3 Look at the photo and caption. What kind of decision.
h Martin was caught stealing from his father'�
crimes (from Exercise 1) do you think were
grain store.
common here in medieval times?
frenglish.ru
3rammar present and perfect
Jarticiples
Unit 9 Window on the past
AN IMPORTANT PAST EVENT � A CASE OF FRAUD HISTORICAL IRONY CONFIRMATION AND CLARIFICATION 109
my life DESCRIBING A PAST EVENT
frenglish.ru
reading hidden treasure • critical thinking unanswered questions • word focus board • speaking historical iro�
9c Diamond shipwreck
Reading
1 Look at the map showing shipping routes in the 16th
century from Portugal to the East. Answer the questions.
1 Why did ships make these voyages?
2 What dangers did sailors face on a voyage like this?
2 Read the article about the voyage of one of these ships.
Summarize the main events. What happened to the
ship and crew on its voyage? Why was this ironic?
3 Read the article again. Choose the word (a-c) that does
NOT fit in each sentence, according to the text. Word focus board
1 Among the objects on the Born Jesus were ... and ....
a spices b weapons c treasure 7 What does this expression with board from
2 The ships themselves were ... . article (line 30) mean? Discuss the meanin_
a up-to-date b well-built c much travelled of the other phrases with board.
3 This part of the Namibian coast is very ... . She had on board a fortune in gold and ivory
a unwelcoming b hot c unpopulated
1 The new design is great. They've clear::
4 If anyone survived the shipwreck, they would
certainly have been .... listened to their customers and taken tl
a injured views on board.
b tired c cold
2 I changed the plug, but it still doesn't
5 The striking thing about the diamonds in this area is
work. Well, back to the drawing board
how ... they are.
3 We'll need some food, but don't go
a big b easy to find c numerous
overboard - just a few snacks is fine.
6 The voyage of the Born Jesus ended in disaster
because it was unable to resist the strong .... 4 The deal was completely above board. T;
a tides b currents c winds agent always takes ten per cent of the pre:.
5 The government is raising taxes not jus.:
4 Find words in the article with the following meanings. big houses but across the board.
1 incredible (para 1) 8 Think of examples of the following. Then
2 extremely beautiful (para 1) work in pairs and tell your partner.
3 good at their job (para 3)
4 incomplete (para 4) 1 a time when a plan didn't work and yoc.
5 piece (para 4) had to go back to the drawing board
6 depressing and unwelcoming (para 5) 2 a time when someone you know went
overboard in organizing a special occas:
3 a time when you had to take different
Critical thinking unanswered people's views on board
questions
5 It's important to analyse what articles say; it's also
Speaking my life
important to think about what they haven't said. Look 9 Work in groups. You are each going to reaci
at the areas below. Do you have any questions about two historical facts. Then ask each other to
them that the article did not answer? guess what the irony of each situation was.
• the treasure from the ship Student A: Read the facts on page 153.
• the geologist who found it
• the wreck of the ship Student B: Read the facts on page 154.
• the sailors' bodies Student C: Read the facts on page 155.
• the diamonds
10 Think about a subject you know a lot
6 Work in pairs. Ask each other your questions from about. Prepare to talk about a specific poin::
Exercise 5. Did the article give any clues at all to the of interest in this subject. Then work in
answers or not? Summarize what we know and don't pairs. Describe the point to your partner.
know about this event. Your partner should ask questions to get
clarification or confirmation about it.
110
frenglish.ru
Unit 9 Windew on the past
.s remarkable story would have been lost And the sailors? 'In a storm, getting a,shore
..ever if a comwany geologist bad not made an would have been just about impossible,' says th<s
onishing discovery in 2008 in the beach sands archaeologist Dieter Noli. 'On the other han.d,
'\amibia. While he was working in the area, he if thts weather had calmed, the ship might have 50
�e across a copper ing@t. The ingot was the drifted ashore.' And then what? This is one of the
pe traded for spices in the East Indies in the most inhospitable places on Earth, an uninhabited
teenth century. Archaeologists would later find wasteland of sand and scn,1b. It was wintet. Any
:aggering 22 te:ms of these ingots beneath the survivors would have been wet, freezing and
:d, as well as cannons, swords, ivory, muskets, e'.X'.hausted. No ship was Iikely to pass, since they 55
ain mail and ex:quisite gold <coins bearing the were far away from the trade routes. As for getting
at of arms of Kiag Joao III of Portugal. From this back to Portugal - they might as well have been
idence, historians have pieeed together the shipwrecked on Mars.
]owing story. Yet, in spite of its bleak environment, this place
:e bright spring day in 1533, the great held an extraordinary secret. It was a 60
ps of the Portuguese India fleet sailed desert rich in high-quality diamonds;
�'1dly down the Tagus River and out so rich, in fact, that in the 1900s,
the Atlantic, flags flying. These the explorer Ernst Reuning made
ps were the pride of Portugal, a bet with a companion about
.! on a fifteen-month missiGn to how long it would take to fill a 65
ring back pepper and spices from tin cup with gems found in the
Jistant places such as Goa, Cochin sand. The job took ten minutes.
and Zanzibar, places that were Over many centuries, millions
fami1iar ports of call thanks to of diamonds had been washed
Portuguese navigating skills. down to the shore from deposits 70
The ships were strong and capable; in the mountains far inland. Only
two of them were brand-new and the hardest gems, some weighing
owned by the king himself. One was the hundreds of carats, survived the
Born Jesus, captained by Dom Francisco journey. They spilled into the Atlantic
de Noronha and carr ying 300 crew, soldiers at the river's mouth and were washed up 75
and merchants. She had on board a fortune in the coast, carried by the same cold current that
gold and ivory to trade at a spice port on the coast would one day sweep the Born Jesus to its end.
of India. None of the sailors of the Born Jesus ever returned
But four months after its departure from Lisbon, home. They died somewhere near this my sterious
the fleet was struck and scattered by a huge storm. coast, unaware that beneath their feet were more so
DetaHs are sketchy, because the fleet commander's than a hundred million carats of diamonds. They had
report has been lost. All we know is that it no idea of the irony of it. They had set off on a great
mentioned that the Born Jesus had disappeared journey in search of riches, and now here they were,
in wild weather somewhere off the Cape of Good on a shore ol unimaginable wealth.
Hope. We can guess what happened next: the
ship was caught in powerful winds and currents carat (n) /'krernt/ a unit of weight for precious stones 1
and driven helplessly northwards for hundreds of carat= 200 milligrams
fleet (n) /fli:t! a group of ships
miles. Somewhere near the Namib Desert, it struck
ingot (n) /'TIJg;it/ a bar of a precious metal such as gold or
rocks 150 metres from shore. The blow broke off
copper
a big chunk of the ship's stern, spilling tons of
musket (n) /'mAskrt/ an old-fashioned rifle
copper ingots into the sea and sending the Born
stern (n) /st3:n/ the rear end of a ship
Jesus down.
frenglish.ru
real life checking, confirming and clarifying • pronunciation silent letters
3 Work in pairs. Look at the expressions for b amJ Practise saying the words in Exercise Sa.
checking, confirming and clarifying. Choose an Then practise pronouncing these other words. 1
appropriate phrase to complete each sentence. silent letters have been underlined for you. List
and check.
1 'control the weather'?
2 It describes the kind of things people have asthma cas1le chaos disg_yise
traditionally done to get the weather they want environment kneel musrle plum.12er
, things like praying for e.sychology receiQ.t sangwich sign su.12t
sunshine ...
3 What kind of experiments? 6 Work in pairs. You are going to talk about an
. In the 1950s ... historical event which was affected by weather.
4 But when people did these
experiments, they didn't see it as interfering Student A: Turn to page 155.
with nature. Student B: Turn to page 155.
5 Hang on,
6 the government Look at the summary of the article and prepare
experimented with making rain ...? to speak about it. Then explain the story. Your
7 But actually, that it could partner should check their understanding and
be quite useful technology now? ask for clarification if they do not understand
8 We should also be aware of the history of these something. Use the expressions for checking,
techniques. , we shouldn't confirming and clarifying to help you.
just jump into things.
AN IMPORTANT PAST EVENT A CASE OF FRAUD HISTORICAL IRONY � CONFIRMATION AND CLARIFICATION
112
� my life DESCRIBING A PAST EVENT
frenglish.ru
iting describing a past event • writing skill sequencing events
9e Krakatoa
Unit 9 Window on the past
-
Vriting describing a past event 3 Writing skill sequencing events
: Look at the photo. What kind of island is this? Do a Work in pairs. How does the writer sequence
you know any others like it? the different facts surrounding the eruption of
Krakatoa? Put these events in the order they
2 Work in pairs. Read the short historical account appear in the text.
about Krakatoa and answer the questions. Then
discuss your answers with your partner. a events following the eruption of 1883
b the events leading up to the eruption of 1883
1 What were the immediate effects of the c the eruption itself
eruption of the Krakatoa?
2 What were the long-term effects and how was b Read the account again and find time phrases
this unusual? about the past which correspond to each of the
present time phrases (a-d).
188 3
r the volcano on the island Present Past
... � I of Krakatoa erupted with a up to now 1
·h force that the explosion sent ash six kilometres b in recent months 2
:.o the atmosphere and could be heard 160 c next year 3
metres away. Until then, few people had heard of d nowadays 4
-.!.katoa. It was just a small island passed by ships
C Complete the sentences with the correct time
:hey crossed the straits between Java and Sumatra.
phrases. Use the words given.
:e eruption took place on Monday 27th August,
.:sing the deaths of thousands of people on
Viewed from Viewed from a point in
ghbouring islands, and destroying two-thirds
the present the past
�akatoa itself. But the long-term climate effects some days ago They had met
-."'!'C just as dramatic. In the preceding months 1
Before you watch 5 rn·ID,..:Wl Watch the second part of the video (1.07
to the end) again. Answer the questions.
Look at the photo and answer the questions.
1 Who is competing for these objects?
1 What do you think this object is and why is it 2 What is happening to the price of this kind of
important? item?
2 What kind of objects do you like to look at in 3 Where has the world seen this phenomenon
museums? Are they from your own country or happen?
from other countries? 4 What kind of items were bought as the
3 Do you or your parents own any historical or phenomenon evolved?
old objects? What are they? 5 What are the two reasons people buy?
Vhile you watch 8 Work in pairs. Watch the video again with the
sound turned off and try to supply the narration,
3 [Jl:m] Watch the video. Who is collecting objects taking turns to speak.
like the one in the photo and why?
9 Work in groups. Think of three important objects
,. I aw Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to in your country (monuments, works of art,
artefacts in a museum, etc.) that best reflect your
1.06) again. Choose the correct options to complete
the table. country's heritage. Describe them to your group
and explain why they are significant.
1 Period of objects in exhibition: Qing dynasty I
Ming dynasty embroidered (adj) /Jm'br:>1dod/ decorated with patterns
or images sewn onto it
2 Owner of objects: Chinese state I private finery (n) /'fain(;i)ri/ expensive and beautiful objects
collector scroll (n) /skr;,ul/ a roll of paper with writing on it
3 Where items were bought: foreign auctions I
foreign antique shops
115
frenglish.ru
UNIT 9 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the article about a historical discovery. Then 4 Complete the conversation. Use verbs to describe
choose the correct options to complete the article. the criminal justice process.
2 Read the article again. Answer the questions. A: Did you hear that Stefania 1 the
local newspaper to court last week?
1 Why did historians think children in the B: No. What crime had they 2 ?
Middle Ages had no childhood? A: She 3 them of using one of her
2 What new evidence did the archaeologists find photos without permission.
and how did they find it? B: And what happened? Were they 4
guilty?
A: Yes, they were ordered to pay compensation,
but they've 5 against the ruling.
5 Put these verbs into five groups according to the
preposition that usually follows them. What is th..
preposition in each group?
116
frenglish.ru
Unit 10 Social living
FEATURES 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and caption. What festivals or
public holidays in your country celebrate particular groups or
118 A co-operative communities? What form do the celebrations take? Discuss.
society 2 lJ.m Listen to an extract from a radio programme talking
How ant society works about ethnic communities. Answer the questions.
1 Which cities are mentioned and what large ethnic
120 The power of play populations do they have?
i Why playing is important 2 What do the communities have in common, apart from the
one in London?
122 Living free? 3 What values define Alejandra's ethnic community?
The Hadza people of
Tanzania
3 IJ....� Listen to the radio programme again. Which adjectives
are used with these words to talk about communities?
126 Initiation with ants groups migrants immigrant community family values
A video about an unusual community gatherings heritage
initiation ceremony in
Brazil 4 Look at the questions and discuss with your partner.
1 Is there a strong sense of community where you live? What
kind of social gatherings take place, e.g. street parties,
meals with friends, dances?
2 Do you think it's confusing to have two cultures like
Alejandra, or is it a positive thing? Why?
BEING A GOOD MEMBER OF SOCIETY SOCIAL GAMES FEELING FREE MAKING CONVERSATION 117
my life A DISCURSIVE ESSAY frenglish.ru
reading ant society • grammar adverbs and adverbial phrases • vocabulary and speaking being a good member of
Ants number approximately ten thousand trillion communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones,
worldwide. Each individual ant weighs almost chemical signals emitted by individuals and picked up
nothing, but together they weigh about the same by the group. Each species produces just ten to twenty
as all of mankind. They are also ubiquitous, such signals. For example, a foraging ant leaves a
s thriving everywhere except on icy mountain peaks pheromone trail that leads others straight to where tht:
and around the Poles. No one knows precisely how food is. When an individual ant comes under attack o�
many species there are, but it is estimated to be is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to alert the
over 20,000. For an animal of its size, ants have colony, which then mobilizes fast as a defence unit.
been incredibly successful and this success is
In fact, in the art of war, ants are probably unrivalled.
10 largely due to the fact that, socially, they are such
They are completely fearless and will take on bigger
sophisticated creatures.
predators readily, attacking in large groups and
In colonies that vary in size from a few hundred to overwhelming their target. They are so committed to
tens of millions, each ant plays a clearly defined the common good of the colony that workers regularl�
role: there is a queen or queens whose job it is to sacrifice their own lives to help defeat the enemy.
1s reproduce, and some fertile males who die shortly
Behaving in this unselfish and community-minded
after mating with the queen. The rest are sterile
way, these little creatures have flourished on Earth for
females who make up the main population of workers
more than 140 million years. And because they think
(nest builders and food gatherers) and soldiers, all
as one, they have a collective intelligence greater than
beavering away in an organized manner.
the sum of its individual parts. Unfortunately, this is P.
20 How they achieve this level of organization is even something you can always say of people.
more amazing. Where we use sound and sight to
118
frenglish.ru
Unit 10 Social living
Srammar adverbs and 4 Many brown ants don't work at all, with 72 per
cent being inactive half the time. (hard)
adverbial phrases 5 Different species of ant vary. (physical /
enormous)
ADVERBS and ADVERBIAL PHRASES 6 Ants do not act towards each other. (necessary /
• No one is entirely sure how many species there are. friendly)
: Workers regularly sacrifice their own lives to help 7 Some species of ants attack other ant colonies.
defeat the enemy. (surprising / aggressive)
! They will take on bigger predators readily.
� Ants have been incredibly successful. 9 Write three sentences about your own social group
:i Socially, they are such sophisticated creatures. (e.g. friends or family). Use these adverbs/adverbial
: In the art of war, ants are probably unrivalled. phrases (or your o·wn choice) in each sentence.
- Unfortunately, this is not something you can always say
of people. fast financially generally healthily highly
� The colony then mobilizes fast. in a relaxed way incredibly interestingly
: ... all beavering away in an organized manner.
late socially
�r further information and practice. see page 174.
y life
... BEING A GOOD MEMBER OF SOCIETYfrenglish.ru
SOCIAL GAMES FEELING FREE MAKING CONVERSATION 119
A DISCURSIVE ESSAY
Listening 6 A lot of the time, our minds
and we find ourselves thinking about
1 Work in pairs. Match the games in list A with the things in the past.
categories in list B. Then think of other examples for 7 But when we're engaged in play, ... we
each category. Discuss which games are: ourselves in the present.
a) the most social b) the most international 8 Play doesn't have to be a specific actiY:..
c) the most enjoyable d) ones you play yourself it's also a of mind.
A B
1 Minecraft a outdoor games Vocabulary having fun
2 sudoku b board games
3 basketball C team sports
5 Complete the expressions with these
4 frisbee d party games prepositions. Discuss what you think each
5 chess e puzzles expression means.
6 charades f computer/video games
about against of on on out of
2 Look at the photo and in sixty seconds, list as many
benefits of this kind of play as you can. Then compare 1 Try to see the funny side
your list with another pair. At least you didn't lose any money.
2 I love watching TV quizzes and seeing
3 ll:i.ZJ Listen to a podcast about the importance of play. contestants pit their wits
Note down the four main benefits that the speaker each other.
mentions. 3 They played a joke him b:
swapping his jacket with Gino's which
4 il:m Try to complete these expressions that the was identical but two sizes smaller.
speaker uses in the podcast. Then listen again and 4 Don't tell me the answer. It takes the fu:'
check. doing the crossword.
1 Play seems more like a to indulge in 5 Shop owners love making a play
when we have spare time. words. My local bike sho;
2 Play increases our ability to solve problems and to called 'Cycloanalysts'.
think outside the 6 I had a great evening with Eman. We ha;,
3 Laughter improves blood circulation and increases such a laugh the old day
the body's to disease.
6 Work in pairs. Describe a time when
4 With play, there's just a shared feeling of enjoyment
someone:
and of letting
5 Play has the power to break down • played a joke on you
between people. • didn't see the funny side of something
• made a funny play on words
120
frenglish.ru
Unit 10 Social living
�rammar negative adverbials and sounds like him too. (Not only)
7 We don't really go out dancing at all
!iversion anymore. (hardly ever)
8 You couldn't find such a spectacular view
NEGATIVE ADVERBIALS and INVERSION anywhere else in America. (Nowhere else
:2.ldom, rarely, hardly ever in America)
In fact, we seldom think of play as something necessary.
::erely, scarcely, hardly 10 Complete the text about being playful as an
: In many ways, it scarcely matters what kind of play it is. adult using these words. Then compare your
: In casual play, there's hardly any formality. answers with a partner.
:-.verted negative adverbials*
- No sooner have we started to relax than our minds also
do hardly never not only seldom
begin to think differently. should when will you
: Not only does it relieve tension, studies have also shown that
laughter improves blood circulation. Children are naturally playful. They
1
�er inverted negative adverbials include:
seldom worry about the reactions of
;arely!Scarcely!Hardly ... when/before; others. Only 2 we reach adulthood
3
_ nder no circumstances ... ; In no way ...; we become self-conscious about
Aly when I Only if I Only by ...; Never ... ; Little ... what others think and stop playing so much.
'.Ve use inversion in slightly more formal speech or writing. Sadly, some adults 4 play any
games at all. But it's 5 too late to
�r further information and practice, see page 174. develop your playful side. Begin by setting
aside time to play. Then think of something that
Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. you'd like to do. On no account 6
you feel under pressure - just pick a game you
1 What is the position of the adverbs in sentences 1-3? used to play as a child. And then just enjoy
2 How would you express the same idea in sentences it. 7 by letting go 8
2 and 3 using almost instead of the adverbs in bold? you experience the benefits of play. If you
3 What do you notice about the word order in keep doing this, 9 only will
sentences 4 and 5? 10 enjoy it, you will find the more
-± How would you write sentences 4 and 5 without you play, the more you will laugh.
inversion (use as soon as and not only)?
3 W hat effect does inverting the word order like this
have on each sentence?
Speaking my life
BEING A GOOD MEMBER OF SOCIETY ... JMii@fflMIH FEELING FREE MAKING CONVERSATION 121
my life A DISCURSIVE ESSAY frenglish.ru
reading the Hadza of Tanzania • critical thinking reading between the lines • word focus free •
speaking feeling free
5 Work in pairs. Explain what these phrases from 1 Feel free to make yourself a cup of coffee.
the article mean. 2 Did you really think he wouldn't want to be
paid for his help? There's no such thing as z.
1 Agriculture's rise, however, came at a price free lunch, you know.
(para 2) 3 It was supposed to be a civilized debate but
2 social divisions between haves and have nots chair lost control and it became a free-for-aI:.
(para 2) 4 They were very particular about the text, bti:
3 they have scarcely left a footprint on the land they gave us a free hand with the design.
(para 3) 5 Although there was a lot of evidence to su&,.
4 the Hadza are such gentle stewards of the land he was guilty, he got off scot-free.
(para 5)
5 what was once their exclusive territory (para 5) 10 Choose two of the following and talk about the:;
6 Their entire life is one insanely committed from your own experience.
camping trip. (para 6) • a discussion that became a free-for-all
• a time you were given a free hand in a task
Critical thinking reading •
•
a time you got off scot-free
someone who is a free spirit
between the lines
6 Sometimes in articles, an author's views are not Speaking my life
explicitly stated and have to be inferred. Underline
the sentences in the article that help you to infer 11 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
the answers to these questions. 1 What aspects of the Hadza lifestyle appeal ::::
1 Does the author admire the Hadza and their you? Which don't appeal?
way of life? 2 In which area(s) of your life do you feel 'free
2 Does the author have particular views about In which area(s) would you like to have m
what should happen to the land the Hadza live freedom?
on?
122
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:nr-------------------------!-1
Unit 10 Social living
· -ladza hunter-gatherers ofTanzania live a life that has The chief reason the Hadza have been able to maintain this
:hanged much in 10,000 years. They have no crops, no lifestyle is that their homeland is not an inviting place. The soil
I
-s;:ock, no permanent shelters. In spite of long exposure to is poor, fresh water is scarce and the bugs can be intolerable.
':by communities who farm both crops and animals, the For tens of thousands of years, it seems no one else wanted
:za have maintained a nomadic, foraging lifestyle. to live here. Recently, however, the pressure of a rising 45
59read of agriculture is linked to the growth of population. population has brought a flood of people into Hadza lands.
tillages formed, then cities, then nations. In a relatively The fact that the Hadza are such gentle stewards of the land
· period, the hunter-gatherer lifestyle disappeared in all but has, in a way, hurt them, as the region is generally viewed by
places. Agriculture's rise, however, came at a price: social outsiders as an unused place badly in need of development.
:ons between haves and have nots, the spread of disease, Up to now, the Hadza, who are by nature peaceful, have 50
�€s and even war. Professor Jared Diamond of UCLA simply moved on rather than fight for the land. But now there
:.alled the adoption of agriculture 'the worst mistake in is nowhere else to go and they are being forced to share what
-,an history'- a mistake, he says, from which we have never was once their exclusive territory.
iered. Looking at people like the There are many things to envy
.::a, you can see why he came to about the Hadza - principally, SS
:onclusion. They do not engage what free spirits they appear to
=fare. They are too few and
.:read out to be threatened by
r::;;ous disease. And they have no
/f'v Living be. Free from schedules, jobs,
bosses, bills, traffic, taxes, laws,
social duties and money. Free
·of famine because their diet is to grab food and run shirtless 60
� taried and adaptable than that through the bush. But who of us
;is: of the world's citizens. could live like them? Their entire
-adza also have hardly any life is one insanely committed
esions. The things they camping trip. It's incredibly risky.
- a cooking pot, a water Medical help is far away. One bad fall from a tree, one bite 65
...-.er, an axe- can be from a snake, and you're dead. Women give birth in the bush
-Ded in a blanket and carried over a shoulder. They enjoy and nearly half of all children do not make it to the age of
"':!2ordinary amount of leisure time, because their'work' fifteen. They have to cope with extreme heat and swarming
-ering food - takes only four to six hours a day. Hadza tsetse flies. The fact is that it's too late for us to go back to
gather berries and baobab fruit and dig for tubers. a Hadza lifestyle. Of greater concern is that soon it may be 70
:::lllect honey and hunt. They will eat almost anything impossible for them to remain in it.
a, kill, from small birds to zebras. What is more,
::iousands of years they have followed this lifestyle,
.=Ve scarcely left a footprint on the land.
a-e no official leaders in Hadza society. No Hadza adult
·1'Qrity over any other and none accumulates personal
'for are there social obligations - no birthdays,
• ic holidays, no anniversaries. People sleep when
"'"It, generally staying up late at night and dozing
Jnistically during the heat of the day.
frenglish.ru
real life making conversation • speaking skill showing interest • pronunciation intonation and elision
1 Od Showing interest
Real life making conversation � SHOWING INTEREST
Showing interest
1 Work in pairs. Discuss which of the following
points are characteristic of a good listener. I got a 'B' for my essay. -+ Really?
I'm going to Spain next
a trying to predict what you will hear
month. -+ Are you?
b waiting before giving your view I've got to go to London
c asking questions / check understanding tomorrow. ..... Have you? Why's th.r
d relating what you hear to your experience Lovely concert. -+ Yes, it was, wasn't ir
e maintaining eye contact The weather doesn't look
f showing appreciation great. ..... No, it doesn't, does -
g keeping the conversation moving He's quit his job. ..... He hasn't, has he?
I'll give you a call some
2 Are you a good listener? Which of the points in time. ..... Yes, please do. I Yes.
Exercise 1 are you good or bad at doing? do please.
-
riting a discursive essay
:..Ook at the items (a-h).Choose the four items
Is social background
:hat you think most help people to achieve an important factor in
:;rofessional success in life. success in life?
-wealthy parents It is generally thought that to have a good chance of
::-
a strong work ethic succeeding in life, you need certain social advantages: wealthy
-good social connections parents, a high social status and a good-quality education.
.....
supportive friends or community There is truth in this, but it is "
e ambitious parents
not the whole story. I would
good education argue that provided a child
J high social status has the basic necessities of life
� something else? - food, clothes, a warm bed,
- Work in groups. Discuss your answers from parental love and care - then
Exercise 1. Does social background (e.g. their prospects are determined
upbringing, education, parents' jobs) play a only by their own opinion of
big part in determining a child's prospects in what is possible. And that
::rte? opinion can be changed.
A recent study in Baltimore,
- Read the essay and answer the questions. USA, where children were
interviewed about their
1 What is the main argument?
prospects, supports this view.
2 What evidence is it based on?
Their ambitions reflected their
3 Are you convinced by the argument?
own experience. Those from high-income families wanted
Why? / Why not?
to be lawyers or doctors, the typical professions of their
parents' friends. Those from poorer backgrounds hoped to be
- Writing skill referring to evidence professional sports people or music artists, because those were
i Work in pairs. Look at this sentence from the the people who had succeeded in their communities. However,
essay and discuss how the meaning would they expected to become electricians or hairdressers. The
be affected if you replaced the phrase in bold children from higher-income families performed well at school,
with each of the phrases below. because they could see the connection between good grades
and realizing their professional ambitions, while the children
This suggests that children's prospects are from poorer backgrounds performed much worse.
connected to their expectations. This suggests that children's prospects are connected to their
1 This demonstrates that expectations. As long as children have only modest ambitions,
2 This illustrates the fact that they will see no benefit in working hard at school and, as a
3 From this we can infer that result, will not succeed. In summary, we can say that some
4 This implies that people always start life worse off than others, but where they
5 This indicates that end up is a question of what they believe is possible.
6 This points to (+ -ing)
7 This proves that 5 Work in pairs and discuss what you think is the answer to
8 This shows that this question: Does it help students if parents pay for their
;J Complete these sentences in your own words. university education? Then write an essay of 200-250
words on the topic. Use the evidence on page 190, if
1 Their excellent exam results prove that ... necessary.
2 The fact that no one passed the exam
points to the exam ... 6 Exchange essays with your partner. Use these questions
3 From the age of the paper we can infer to check each other's essays.
that the documents ... • Is the main argument clear?
4 His popularity with the students • Is the essay well structured?
illustrates the fact that ... • What conclusions does the essay draw from the
5 The high quality of her writing indicates evidence?
that she ... • Is the main argument outlined at the beginning and
end of the essay?
BEING A GOOD MEMBER OF SOCIETY SOCIAL GAMES FEELING FREE MAKING CONVERSATION 125
my life .... A DISCURSIVE ESSAY frenglish.ru
frenglish.ru
Before you watch While you watch
1 Work in pairs. Look at the definition of initiation. 4 CJ[mKil Watch the video and check your answers
ITien thillk oran example o/a ce.re070.ny.for rhe,;e frmn Exercise 2.
occasions (a-f).
5 [JIT(il.iji Watch the first part of the video (0.00 to
0.51) a�ain. Comt'lete the table about the initiation
initiation (n) /J ,mJi 'e1J(:>)n/ a ceremony or mk that ritual.
gives a person formal admission or acceptance into a dub,
organization, community or family r1 The signal for the start of the initiation:
127
frenglish.ru
UNIT 10 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTEl{
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Read the interview about a National Marine Park in 4 Complete the descriptions. You have been giYer
Mexico. What was the key to saving the cora1 reef? the first letter.
1 We're lucky. Our community has a r
cultural heritage. There are quite a few diffe
e groups; most are second or thi:-
g migrants who all play their
p in society. People s
concern for one another and are always read:
1 a helping hand.
2 I don't have a big e family, so"'
don't have big family g .But we
are a close-k family and we ah,·
have a good 1 when we get toga
1 = Interviewer, E = Environmentalist
I: Cabo Pulmo National Marine Park is a great example of 5 mM:1 Give a similar description of your owr.
community and fami1y.
citizens acting to effect change ( 1 concerted). Was the
main purpose of this project to protect the coral reef? 6 f>i1+d:1 Look at the idioms in bold. Which idi
E: Absolutely. The reef was deteriorating (2 fast). We express positive ideas? Which negative? And
needed to save it. which could be either? Give reasons.
I: And did you get the help of the government?
E: Yes. It was they who set up the conservation area. 1 The discussion became a free-for-all.
Basically, by campaigning, we managed to get fishing 2 Knowing the answers takes the fun out of:
banned (3 hard). After all the intensive fishing of the 3 My parents gave me a completely free hand
last 25 years, any fish were left (4 hard). And they're an choice of school.
important part of the fragile ecosystem that supports 4 He's always playing jokes on people.
the coral. 5 She saw the funny side of it.
I: And has that changed? 6 He got off scot-free.
E: Yes. The project has been successful (5 incredible). ICAN
Stocks of fish have risen by 450 per cent. It's a real
victory for the environment and the community. talk about family and community life
I: So can you relax now that you've won the battle? use idioms about humour and idioms with free
E: No, we can't relax! There's a new proposal to build
an enormous tourist complex with hotels and shops
right next to the marine park (6 sadly). So we finished Real life
one campaign and we had to begin another. We're 7 Match these responses with the statements and
negotiating with the developers to reach a solution questions (1-6). There are two responses for ea
(7 currently). The negotiations are being conducted statement or question.
(8 friendly), but if they fail, we're very worried about
the negative impact on the marine park. Yes, please do. Definitely. Working, mostly.
Yes, it was, wasn't it? Thanks, I'd appreciate it.
2 Transform the adjectives (1-8) in the interview into Really? That's a shame. Me neither.
adverbs or adverbial phrases. Then put them in Not much. You enjoyed it, did you? Have YO'-
the correct place in each sentence. What about? I hope so.
3 f>JM:1 Rewrite these sentences using the words 1 I'm afraid I can't make it to the party on Fri
given. Then discuss how the new sentences differ 2 Are you going to visit Eva when you're in Pe:!
in meaning. 3 What are you doing these days?
4 Great show.
1 No, we can't relax!
5 I'll let you know as soon as I hear any news.
In no way !
6 I've got a meeting with the mayor on Friday
2 We finished one campaign and we had to begin
another. 8 f>iM:1 Work in pairs. Act out the conversatiofu
No sooner Exercise 7. Add one or two more lines to contin·
ICAN
each conversation.
use adverbs and adverbial forms correctly ICAN
use inversion with negative adverbials for emphasis use short responses in conversation and show interest
128
frenglish.ru
Unit 11 Reason and emotion
-------
'
�
� �.
FEATURES 1 ll:m Look at the photo and describe the boy's feelings. Then
listen to a photographer who specializes in photographing
130 Emotional people and compare your answer.
intelligence 2 a:mf Work in pairs. What does the photographer say about
Training people to the following things? Then listen again and check your
recognize feelings answers.
1 the ingredients of a good photo
132 Thinking fast and 2 the types of emotion that work in photos
slow 3 photographing children
Rational and irrational
thinking
3 Look at the adjectives for describing emotions. Put two
adjectives under each heading. Which word in each pair has
134 Who's working for the stronger meaning?
who? astonished content cross ecstatic livid low
Artificial intelligence in the miserable petrified scared taken aback
future
Surprise Happiness Sadness
138 Madeline the robot 4 Choose two of the adjectives from Exercise 3 and talk about
tamer the last time or a memorable time when you felt this emotion.
A video about bringing I was really cross when I turned up for a concert the other week and
humans and robots closer they told me it had been cancelled. They offered me a refund, but they
together should have contacted people beforehand!
MODERN LIFE MIND GAMES TECHNOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONS RECOGNIZING FEELINGS 129
my life AN EMAIL MESSAGE frenglish.ru
reading understanding emotions • vocabulary feelings • grammar unreal past forms • speaking modern life
11 a Emotional intelligence
Reading Vocabulary feelings
1 What do you think emotional intelligence means? 3 The expression on edge (line 6) was used to
How might it be helpful in life? describe people who feel tense in the modern
world. Match the expressions in bold in the
2 Read the extract from an article about emotional sentences (1-6) with the feelings they describe.
intelligence. Are these sentences true (T), false (F)
or is the information not given in the article (NG)? confused and disorganized exhausted
1 The author says EI training is mainly useful for optimistic sad very happy very surprised
people in stressful jobs.
2 EI training helps people to know which 1 Don't worry about Paolo. He's just a bit do1r
emotions they should listen to. after failing his driving test.
3 Our level of emotional intelligence is 2 I think I sent you the wrong document. Sarr:
determined by our childhood experiences. I'm all over the place today.
4 It is not only negative emotions that can 3 They are very upbeat about their prospects oc
influence key decisions. winning.
4 I can't come out tonight. I've been travelling
5 We can learn to control and prevent the micro
expressions we make. day and I'm completely done in.
6 The writer says that El training will enable you 5 I was speechless when she said it wouldn't
to read others' micro-expressions. work. It was her idea in the first place!
6 A: Did he like his present?
B: Yes, he was thrilled to bits with it.
Your IQ, or intellectual intelligence, will get you through emotions better. You can control negative feelings:
exams, into university and also help you solve all sorts of gloomy predictions ('I know I'm going to mess this
problems in your working life. But it is your emotional up') and nagging regrets ('If only I had done more
intelligence (El) that will help manage the stress in those preparation'). You can also learn to recognize when
s situations. So, if you are someone who often feels anxious stress, anger or excitement might be influencing an
and on edge in the modern world - and a lot of people important dedsion.
increasingly do - and wish you were more in control of El training will also reveal what emotions you betra,
things, perhaps it's time you looked into El training. to others non-verbally through what are called micr
Put simply, El traioiog is about )eaming to understand expressions. These are unconscious facial expressions
10 your feelings and to distinguish constructive emotions that appear for only a fraction of a second and expr
from harmful ones. In this way, you get to know when to a concealed emotion or an emotion that has been t
follow your head and when to follow your gut feeling. rapidly processed. For example, if you wish someone
At the same time, you develop a better understanding of would stop talking to you because you are bored, y
how others feel, which in turn helps communication and might look away momentarily. Even if you did not
1s relationship-building. want to send this signal of boredom, the other per
Our attitude to our emotions - whether we are sensitive will almost certainly pick up on it. Understanging t
to them, or whether we would just as soon they remained micro-expressions is very useful for managing
unexplored - is often formed in the early part of our lives. relationships. Supposing you were in a negotiation,
The first step in El training is to make people aware of example, and were trying to decide whether to trust
20 what this attitude to their emotions is. Once you are more the other person; an ability to read such signals cou
aware of your attitude, you can begin to manage your be invaluable.
130
frenglish.ru
Unit 11 Reason and emotion
4 Work in pairs. Talk about times when you last had each of the 8 Complete the statements from a
feelings in Exercise 3. survey on emotional intelligence
, When I didn't get the job I applied for, it was obviously disappointing, using the correct form of these verbs.
but J fried Jo sfny upbent nbout it. be can I show find not I get
not/ talk teach
Grammar unreal past forms
1 I'd just as soon people
.... UNREAL PAST FORMS to me openly
would rather I would just as soon about their feelings. I find it
1 We would just as soon they remained unexplored. awkward.
I wish I if only 2 I wish I so
2 You wish you were more in control of things. irritated when small things go
3 If only I had done more preparation. wrong.
4 You wish someone would stop talking to you. 3 I wish I more
it's (high) time enthusiasm when people tell me
5 It's time you looked into El training. their good news.
4 Supposing I
____ ...............--
Supposing I What if
1 It's high time/ he/ sort out/ his life. 10 Work in groups. Discuss the list of
2 I wish/ I / not/ have to / commute to work every day. things that irritate people about
3 If only/ I / listen/ to his advice, none of this would have modern life. Think of two more
happened. things each and explain why they
-1 I'd rather/ you/ show/ me the letter before/ you/ send/ it. irritate you. Agree on the two you
5 Modern life is too hectic. I wish/ people / just / slow down / find most irritating.
a bit. It really annoys me when people jump
6 It's time we/ leave./ In fact, I wish/ we/ leave a while ago. queues. Supposing someone did the
Complete this funny story by putting the verbs in the correct same to them? I bet the:i/d be the first to
form. complain.
3 Look at the three questions the lecturer puts on the 1 a Was that a deliberate mistake?
screen. You have one minute to answer them. Then b Don't deliberate for too long.
discuss your answers with your partner. 2 a We need to separate my books from you:
b That's a separate issue.
3 a He couldn't articulate what he meant.
Roughly how many United Nations states are African? b He's very articulate.
4 a I have a duplicate copy.
Linda is a single 31-year-old, bright and concerned b Let's not duplicate the work.
with issues of social justice. Which statement is more 5 a That's an interesting idea. Can you elabora:.
probable? a} Linda works in a bank, b) Linda is a b The dress has a very elaborate design.
feminist and works for a bank.
b Write two sentences using words from ExerciSt
You can either have £500 for certain, or have a 50% 7a. Then ask your partner to read them using e
chance of winning £1,000. Which would you choose? correct stress pattern.
132
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-=rammar conditionals and
�version
Unit 11 Reason and emotion
·-------- __..____
happened.
�if you should get= if you by chance get using these sentence stems.
=or further information and practice, see page 176. 1 Were it not for my parents, I ...
2 Had it not been so expensive, I ...
3 Were I not such a ... person, I think I would ...
3 Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 4 I would have become a ... , ...
5 Had I not been so young at the time, ...
a Which sentences refer to i) real situations; ii)
hypothetical situations? 12 Work in pairs. Take turns to read one of your
b How has the word order been 'inverted' in the sentences from Exercise 11. Your partner should
inverted conditional sentences? What word has ask follow-up questions to get more information.
been left out?
c v\lhat does the expression were it not for mean?
What type of word follows it? Speaking my life
d Do you think inverted conditionals are more or 13 Work in pairs. Look at these Kahneman puzzles,
less formal than non-inverted ones? but take no more than 30 seconds to answer each
3 Rewrite these conditional sentences using an one. Then check the answers on page 155. What do
appropriate inverted conditional form. you think the point of each puzzle is?
1 If anyone should ask, please don't tell them it 1 A bat and ball cost $1.10. The bat costs one
was me who told you. dollar more than the ball. How much does the
2 If I had thought about it for longer, I think I bat cost?
would have got the answer right. 2 Imagine that you bought a $30 ticket to see a
3 They wouldn't be in this situation now if they play. As you enter the theatre, you discover
had taken my advice. you've lost the ticket. The theatre keeps no
4 If you took the job, I am sure you wouldn't record of purchases. How likely are you to pay
regret it. another $30 to see the play?
5 I'd probably make fewer bad decisions if I 14 Think of one of the most difficult decisions you
analysed the part my emotions played. have had to make. Describe it to your partner.
6 I hope you will feel able to call me and ask if Think about:
you need any help.
• what you had to decide
• how you came to a decision
• how big a part your emotions played in this
• whether, on reflection, you made the right
decision
my life
MODERN LIFE � •MW•RMIH TECHNOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONS
frenglish.ru
RECOGNIZING FEELINGS 133
AN EMAIL MESSAGE
reading artificial intelligence • critical thinking analysing structure • word focus beyond •
speaking technology and occupations
2 Read the article and make brief notes on the following. 1 I couldn't believe it when I went backs
Then compare notes with your partner. years later. The city had changed beyo::...
• Sarah O'Connor 's story
• what Sarah's story tells us 2 AI is beyond one
• what other jobs are done by machines and people the most significant areas of technol�
these days in the 21st century.
3 It's completely beyond
3 Read the article again. Answer the questions. how they manage
make create such intelligent machines.
1 How did Sarah O'Connor feel her job would be 4 I had to take a serious look at my
affected by intelligent machines? lifestyle, because I was living beyond c:
2 What human ability was 'Emma' incapable of? and my debts were
3 When do experts in artificial intelligence believe growing.
machines will replace humans? 5 I was prepared to accept a few days
4 When does 'Technological unemployment' occur and delay, but I've now been waiting two
where has it not yet occurred? weeks for the delivery. It's got beyond
5 What does 'machine learning' mean?
6 Why are 'crowdworking' jobs done by people rather 6 Staying on a little to help them out is or.:
than machines? thing, but working until 10 p.m. is bey
4 Find words or expressions in the article that mean the
following: 8 Work in pairs. Tell your partner about
1 in danger (para 1) something that:
2 was lacking (para 2) 1 has changed beyond recognition
3 delicacy or sensitivity (para 2) 2 is beyond your means
4 out of date and of no use (para 3) 3 seems beyond the call of duty
5 repetitive and boring (para 5)
4 is beyond a joke
6 strange or out of the ordinary (para 5)
134
frenglish.ru
- increasing number of people are feeling that their jobs are, For many employees this could be a great advantage.
�ot already, then soon to be, under threat from intelligent Machines could take over the boring parts of the work,
::'11puters or robots. Financial Times journalist Sarah O'Connor leaving them more time to be creative. Or so the logic 35
d not really think she was one, but decided anyway to pit goes. Unfortunately, there are three fundamental problems
e• writing skills against the artificial intelligence of a piece of with this idea. The first is what is called 'technological
.:-'tware called 'Emma', created by the tech company Stealth. unemployment', which means that technology might
:�ah was fairly sure that her artificial intelligence (Al) rival well replace jobs faster than we can create new types of
ould be quicker than her, but at the same time felt confident job. Technology has already largely replaced people in 40
·.at she would be able to produce a better-crafted report manufacturing. If it does the same in the services sector -
-an Emma. The subject they had to write about was the official banks, restaurants, shops - no one has really worked out
I( employment statistics which had been released some what all the employees will do. The second is 'machine
oors earlier. T he judge, as with all stories submitted to the learning', the idea that machines can learn to do tasks
oE"Nspaper, was the paper's editor. for which they have not been specifically programmed. 45
When this happens, machines and not people begin to
.a•ah was right about Emma's speed: the program produced
determine the future of employment. This is already the
-e story in about twelve minutes, a third of the time it took
case in stock market trading, where over three quarters
a <ah. Emma also included all the right facts, gave relevant
of trades are now done by machines which have 'learned'
-()text and even ventured an opinion: that the UK economy
the most effective strategies. so
ould see a period of growth. Where Emma fell short was
tl1e area which actually separates accurate reporting from The third is 'crowdwork', boring tasks that machines are
"OOd reporting: the program was unable to make a distinction not good at but can be done by an army of independent
"e�een significant facts and facts that readers would find human workers from their home computers. Rather than
--
-..eresting. Such subtlety was beyond it. being creative high-end jobs, these are monotonous,
extremely low-paid jobs which often involve checking the 55
-::..Orn a job security point of view, this seems reassuring.
work done by computers, for example, checking online
:ells us what most people who work in the field of artificial
reviews for inappropriate content, or scanning medical
-:elligence will freely admit: that Al is intelligent but not
photos for brown dots that could indicate a disease.
-.elligent enough to make humans obsolete just yet. But it
The bizarre thing about this fast-growing sector is that
ISO tells us that there are more and more parts of our work
people are doing work you would expect a machine to 60
-at can and will be done by machines in future. Sarah doesn' t
do. And that perhaps is the real question about Al in the
w:ually need to do all the collecting and synthesizing of data to
future: will you be one of those lucky enough to have
"'"Oduce such a report. She could let Emma do it and then edit
machines working for you, or will you be working for them?
and polish the information to make a more interesting piece
.ournalism.
MODERN LIFE MIND GAMES � TECHNOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONS RECOGNIZING FEELINGS 135
my life AN EMAIL MESSAGE frenglish.ru
real life recognizing feelings • pronunciation adjectives ending in -ed
136 MODERN LIFE MIND GAMES TECHNOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONS )> RECOGNIZING FEELINGS
L my life A.t-t tN\f\\l MtSSA.GE
frenglish.ru
iting an email message • writing skill avoiding misunderstandings
-
Vriting an email message
. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Thanks for your suggestions, but we're going
to stick to the original plan.
1 It's said that up to forty per cent of all emails
are misinterpreted in some way. Why do you
think this happens? l:l Fergus can't come with us to the races next
2 When was the last time you had a week and everyone else seems to have made
misunderstanding in an email exchange with other arrangements already. Would you like
someone?What happened? to come?
MODERN LIFE MIND GAMES TECHNOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONS RECOGNIZING FEELINGS 137
my life AN EMAIL MESSAGE
frenglish.ru
'Mimus' is a robot featured in the Design Museul'Y! ?017,
a$ part ot the Fear and Lov�: Reaction$ to a Complex
"
Wortd·exhibition-, t-0ndon, ·
frenglish.ru
Unit 11 Reason and emotion
Before you watch 6 t...:tl.iiiw! Watch the second part of the video (2.20
to the end) again. Then answer the questions.
Work in pairs. Look at the list (a--e) of machines
and programs that are 'intelligent', i.e. they make 1 What kind of experience between robot and
decisions for themselves. Which do you find human is Madeline trying to create?
useful and which do you find annoying? 2 Why would people who've seen industrial
robots be surprised at Mimus?
a a parking sensor on a car 3 Madeline describes two sides to the project:
b a warning system in a car that tells you when one is working at the computer ten hours a day.
you are not wearing a seatbelt What is the other?
c an automatic spelling checker on a computer 4 Why did Madeline say it was important
d speech recognition systems (e.g. in a car) to experiment with and 'misuse' existing
technologies?
Look at the photo. What kind of robot is this - 5 W ho does she hope to inspire to be more
domestic, industrial, a toy? What kind of things do interested in robots?
you think it can do?
frenglish.ru 139
UNIT 11 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar ICAN
talk about hypothetical or 'unreal' situations in the
1 Complete the article by putting the verbs in the present/future using the past tense (unreal past)
correct form. Note that the 7th and 8th verbs are use inversion in conditional sentences
examples of inversion in conditional sentences.
2 Answer these questions about the article. Vocabulary
1 W hat is the problem with this type of test?
2 W hat information are we least likely to give 4 Choose the correct option to complete the
away? sentences about feelings.
1 I'm not panicking. I just feel a bit on edge I
a bit down.
2 I wasn't just cross. I was absolutely all over ti:..
place I livid.
3 Was I surprised? Well, I was a bit done in I
taken aback.
4 I felt thrilled to bits I upbeat when I got the job
It's what I've always dreamed of.
5 Don't be speechless I down. Second place is a
fantastic achievement.
6 I hate heights. I was absolutely petrified I
scared that I would fall.
5 f>i1M:1 Make sentences with the words that yoc
didn't underline in Exercise 4.
Look at these statements from a test of Emotional ICAN
Intelligence and choose one of the following answers:
talk about feelings
certainly true, probably true, probably untrue
or certainly untrue.
I'd rather not (give) my Real life
opinion if it risks offending someone.
2 I'd rather others (tell) me the 6 Work in pairs. Read the situations and complete
truth even if it is sometimes painful. the phrases that recognize other people's feeling.
3 I wish I (can) control some of
l The other person is looking anxious.
my bad habits, but I can't.
concerned. Are you OK?
4 I wish people (not/ ask) me
2 The other person is laughing and you don't
personal questions.
(have) to list my main understand why.
5 If I
strengths, I'd have no trouble thinking of them. Sorry. Did I ?
6 Unless someone (praise) my 3 You are aware that what you said was quite direc
work, I am not happy with it. Sorry, perhaps that a bit
7 (I/ be asked) to do something
unethical, I would refuse. 4 You want to decline an offer politely.
I don't mean to , but I thz-
Now ask yourself: 'Did you answer them honestly?' The
I can manage.
answer is probably 'not altogether'.
5 The other person looks a little hurt by what you �
8 (you/ be instructed) to be as
honest as possible before you started, your responses Sorry, I hope I
might have been more truthful, but only a little. 6 You said something that you didn't intend to sa�
Why is this? Like other personality tests, the problem Sorry, that came
with measuring emotional intelligence is that it relies 7 f>j\'11:J Act out a short conversation where ther"'
on the respondent a) knowing their own feelings, been a misunderstanding. Use this situation or
and b) being truthful in their responses. Most of us your own ideas.
are inclined to give untruthful responses about our
weaknesses, because we would just as soon other You borrowed your friend's laptop and now
people 9 . . _ ........ (not/ know) them. you've left it at someone else's flat. They speak
you about it.
ICAN
3 f>#M:I Work in pairs. What are the three different
forms that follow the word 'wish' in English? recognize other people's feelings in a conversation
Which are used in the article? and respond appropriately
140
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Unit 12 Mother nature
�------��.- -----�--�------,
A hiker looks out ever Lc;1ke
Ringedalsvatnet, Norway.
FEATURES 1 Look at the photo and describe what you see. What is your
favourite high point and view? What can you see from there?
142 The why of where 2 ��@i Listen to three people describing the landscape where
The importance of geo they live. Answer the questions.
literacy
1 Where is each person from and what kind of landscape
144 Nature close up surrounds them?
2 What reason(s) did each person give for the landscape
Observing small events in being special to them?
nature 3 Which speaker is describing the landscape in the photo?
146 Rise of the urban 3 l]m Listen to the speakers again. Write the adjectives that
animal are used to describe these features of landscapes.
How wildlife are moving D sky vegetation landscape
into our cities
6,000 miles on a
horse
e farmland valleys terrain
A video about a journey of 4 Work in groups. Think of examples of the following in your
self discovery country and tell the rest of the group.
• a landscape that you associate with a particular period in
your life
• the most dramatic scenery you have seen
• something you consider to be a blot on the landscape
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES EVENTS IN NATURE THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS A DEBATE 141
my life A LETTER TO A NEWSPAPER
frenglish.ru
reading geo-literacy • wordbuilding adverb + adjective collocations •
grammar approximation and vague language • speaking natural and man-made features
frenglish.ru
:, Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 Can you think of any other examples where
Unit 12 Mother nature
.Vordbuilding adverb + 9 ilm Work in pairs. Read the text and discuss what
expressions of approximation could go in each space.
3djective collocations Then listen, compare and write what you hear.
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES EVENTS IN NATURE THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS A DEBATE 143
my life A LEITER TO A NEWSPAPER
frenglish.ru
listening Basho's journey • idioms adjective collocations • grammar would • speaking and writing events in na=.
Idioms adjective
collocations
4 Look at the expression from the interview.
Does 'crystal clear' mean extremely clear
or modemtely clear?
' ... the reflection of a floating leaf in a
crystal clear stream ...'
144
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-
3rammar would
Unit 12 Mother nature
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES 91> EVENTS IN NATURE THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS A DEBATE 145
my life A LE TIER TO A NEWSPAPER
frenglish.ru
reading wildlife in our cities • critical thinking ditterent perspectives • word tocus move •
speaking the animal and human worlds
146
frenglish.ru
oe are now more peregrine falcons per square kilometre But if they are less scared of us, should we be any less scared of
.ew York City than anywhere else on Earth. In northern them? Certainly not, according to wildlife ecologist, Stan Gehrt,
-�bai, an estimated 35 leopards roam freely in Sanjay who says that when predators lose their instinctive fear of humans,
""ldhi National Park. Suburban Chicago is home to over they actually become more likely to attack us. He urges anyone 40
::JO wild coyotes; some have even been seen hanging who sees a large wild cat or coyote to shout or throw stones. To
--und the international airport. In Berlin, wild boars forage for ensure our own safety, he says, we must establish our authority
in people's gardens and raise families in local woods. In over these animals, because they are 'not going to go away'.
_ ..\ngeles, mountain lions tiptoe invisibly past tourists in the Fortunately, incidents of urban animals attacking residents are
'fWOOd hills. And walking the streets of London in the early relatively rare, though attacks on domestic pets are common. 45
�:-s of the morning, you are as likely to see an urban fox as a Co-habitation with humans has caused other adaptations in
estic cat. animal behaviour. Some have even started to take on human traits,
oents and insects, such as ants, have long been city- like the coyotes in Chicago, who were spotted waiting at a traffic
:e lers, living in sewers or under pavements and feeding light before crossing the road. Bears around Lake Tahoe in the
our discarded food. But there is now a trend for bigger United States feed so well on discarded food all year round that 50
'"lals, many of them carnivores, taking up residence in our they no longer need to hibernate in winter.
,Tls and cities. 'I grew up in London,' says Tristan Donovan, But is this a case of animals evolving to meet the demands of a
e of many ecologists studying the phenomenon, 'and it new environment or just a case of certain animals having the right
_ 't seem like there were that many foxes around when personality to suit the circumstances7 Gehrt thinks it might be the
as kid. And that made me wonder: is this happening latter. What he has observed is that animals which are naturally 55
erywhere?' T he answer is yes. But the real question is why7 cautious or neophobic (afraid of new things) tend to do much
:aeems the main attraction for these creatures is the better in cities than those which are bold. So, not so much a case
...ndance of food in cities. Seagulls have come inland to of fortune favouring the brave, as you would expect, but fortune
_,enge from land-fill sites and foxes have abandoned the favouring the timid.
'1tryside in favour of back alleys and rubbish bins. And City life is not for everyone and some animals will never adjust to 60
�ere small animals have moved in, some of their predators it. But for those that have, it is time that we began to view them
e followed. Peregrine falcons sit high up on New York's as one of us. As Seth Magle of Chicago's zoo puts it, 'We started
,scrapers and watch the pigeons below, waiting to swoop from this narrative in which the city is an evil landscape that chews
any which venture into the open. up the landscape and leaves nothing behind. But the reality is that
e�e are other factors too. Urban sprawl and climate change we're not going to stop urbanizing the planet, so how do we turn 65
:e meant that animals' native habitats are shrinking or cities into something good, something positive for wildlife?'
..appearing. The mountain lions of Hollywood, who in the
.d typically roam an area of around 1,000 square kilometres,
hibernate (v) /'ha1b;i(r)ne1t/ (of animals) go to sleep for the winter
'E 1mited there to a mere 65 square kilometres. At the same sewer (n) /'su:g(r)/ underground channels for carrying waste water away
-e, the animals feel less wary of their human neighbours swoop (v) /swu:p/ dive down towards something from above
en in the past and with good reason, because animal urban sprawl /'3:(r)bgn spr:,:l/ the spreading of cities onto undeveloped land
..Ming is far less popular.
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES EVENTS IN NATURE � THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS A DEBATE 147
my life A LETTER TO A NEWSPAPER
frenglish.ru
real life a debate • speaking skill interrupting • pronunciation intonation in interruptions
148 NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES EVENTS IN NATURE THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS � f·j�)§:t-fr:ii
� my life A LETTER TO A NEWSPAPER
frenglish.ru
-jng a letter to a newspaper • writing skill persuasive language
-
'riting a letter to a newspaper 4 Writing skill persuasive language
-Vhat subjects do you feel strongly enough about a Match the persuasive techniques (1-6) with the
:o write a letter to a newspaper or post a comment extracts from the letter (a-f).
online? What kind of subjects do people usually 1 making strong claims/statements
write comments about? 2 using short, clear sentences
3 appealing to shared experiences
- �ead the letter to a newspaper. Answer the
4 telling a personal story
questions.
5 giving a view of what the future could be like
1 What situation prompted the person to write this 6 using emotive words
letter?
a So whether we are in the street, our office or
1 Why, according to the writer, is nothing being
our local park, we will be aware ...
done about this problem?
b I used to drive my big SUV into the city each
3 What solution does the writer propose?
day ...
c Unless we are all going ... to walk around
";"o the editor: wearing pollution masks, a solution must be
found.
was shocked to read in today's edition (13th May)
d ... there is no political will to regulate private
:hat over 1,500 people in our city now die each year
cars and commercial vehicles.
;-om problems directly related to air pollution. You
e We desperately need more air pollution
.'lould think that would be a wake-up call for the
displays ...
government to prioritize public health, but it won't
f T he problem is public awareness .
oe because there is no political will to regulate
private cars and commercial vehicles. b Choose two (different) persuasive techniques
from Exercise 4a (1-6). Use the techniques to
::conomic arguments always win over
write two sentences on one of the subjects you
environmental ones and none of the solutions to
discussed in Exercise 1.
:he problem are economically attractive: restricting
or even banning) cars and lorries from the city; 5 A newspaper has published an article criticizing
:axing people who pollute; redesigning the city to a company for building a wind farm in an area of
�educe the need for transport. But there must be a natural beauty. Work in pairs. Brainstorm a list of
ooint where people's health wins over economics. pros and cons of wind farms.
Because unless we are all going to live in sealed
apartments and walk around wearing pollution 6 Write a letter to the editor expressing your views
'Tiasks, a solution must be found. about the situation in Exercise 5. Look at the tips
in Exercise 3 to help you.
�e problem is public awareness. People only act
:,hen they understand the source of a problem 7 Exchange letters with your partner. Use these
and how bad it is. I used to drive my big SUV questions to check your letters.
nto the city each day - until a friend gave me • Does the letter refer to the article it is
an air pollution monitor. And that was that. responding to?
.Ve desperately need more air pollution displays • Is it brief and to the point?
n public places so that everyone can see the levels • Does it use persuasive techniques?
of pollution. So whether we are in the street, our • Did you find the letter persuasive?
office or our local park, we will be aware of the risk
:o our health. And when the risks are high, people
.viii act.
EVENTS IN NATURE
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURESfrenglish.ru THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN WORLDS A DEBATE 149
my life
--
--
... ..--==..
•
0
... --
..,
frenglish.ru
Unit 12 Mother nature
Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in 4 'And there's this Mongol saying that 'If
the video. Guess the meaning and pronunciation of you ever have to rush in life,
the words. '
1 I am very sensitive to the weather. It dictates my 5 'And that was the point for me
moods. on this trip.'
2 She sailed around the world in a yacht measuring 6 ' ... time's more measured by the
thirty metres in length. and of the sun, the
3 There's a saying in English: 'No man is an seasons, ...'
island'.
4 He fell ten metres from the roof to the ground, After you watch
but, miraculously, he didn't break a single bone.
5 I guess I've had quite a nomadic life. I've never 6 Vocabulary in context
really lived anywhere for more than a couple of
years. a I Q�� Watch the clips from the video.
6 I think we must be cursed. The motorway is Complete the collocations. Then discuss your
closed, the bus has been delayed and the trains answers.
aren't running.
b Complete the sentences in your own words.
Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these Then work in pairs and compare your sentences.
definitions. 1 Did you get to ... when you were on holiday?
a moving from place to place, without a fixed home 2 Once you have ... , there's no turning back.
b a sailing boat 3 You need to let go of ... Otherwise, ...
c suffering bad luck all the time 7 How do you think this trip changed Tim
d influences or decides
Cope's life?
e amazingly
f a proverb or common piece of wisdom 8 Work in pairs. You are going to plan a life
changing journey. Discuss the following points.
Nhile you watch Then present your ideas to the class.
• What will be the 'theme' of your journey?
� Look at these topics. Watch the short video • What transport will you use (a single or
with the sound turned off. Then discuss with your
multiple means)?
partner what you saw about each topic. • What is the scope (e.g. different countries)
• the landscape • the people and distance of your journey?
• the weather • the animals • How much time will you attempt to complete
151
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UNIT 12 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER
Grammar Vocabulary
1 Look at the photo. Where do you think this is? 4 Complete this description of a landscape. Use
What is the man doing? Read the article and check these words.
your answer.
hilly lush monotonous rich sparse
2 Use these words to approximate the expressions in
italics (1-6) in the article. We drove for hours through the desert: a flat,
1 -ish 3 dozens of 5 kind of
1 landscape with 2
2 a bit 4 or so 6 roughly vegetation. Then quite suddenly it changed anci
became more 3 . As we drove over
3 f>JM:1 Underline all the places where would one hilltop we came into a 4 green
(or the abbreviated form 'd) is used in the article. valley with 5 farmland and a wide
Then explain to your partner why would is used river at the bottom.
in each case.
5 t>i1M:1 Work in pairs. Complete the adjective
collocations. Then think of examples of things ea...
phrase could describe.
1 bone dry and wet
2 completely fearless and scared
3 wide awake and asleep
4 boiling hot and cold
5 dazzlingly bright and black
6 utterly unconcerned and worried
ICAN
describe features of a landscape
Iceland has some of the most unspoilt, dramatic
use adjective collocations
scenery anywhere on Earth, and you'd think, some
of the most unchanging. But that's where you'd be
mistaken, because it's actually very dynamic. Nowhere
is this more evident than on the Westman Islands,
Real life
a small archipelago of fifteen volcanic islands 1 ten 6 Put the words in brackets in the correct place in
kilometres south of the main island. In the last 2 fifty the sentences to make polite but firm phrases fo::
years, they've seen huge changes. One, Surtsey, rose interrupting and preventing interruptions.
out of the sea in 1963 after a volcanic eruption,
1 Could I interrupt you there? (just)
while Heimaey, the only inhabited island, grew by 2.1
2 Can I just say something to that? (in answer
kilometres after its volcano erupted in 1973.
3 I'm sorry. I need to stop you. (there)
I visited the islands last year because I'd heard about 4 Can I finish what I was saying? (just)
their extraordinary puffin population. These 3 small 5 OK. You can make your point. (in a moment
black and white birds with unmistakable faces perch 6 A moment, please. (just)
in their thousands on the cliffs and steep grassy
slopes above the sea. I went to photograph them and 7 t>JM:1 Work in pairs. Explain to each other
each day I was there, locals came to practise their what you think is most important when learning
traditional art of 'sky fishing'. Using large nets on English. Try to interrupt when the other person..:
long poles - 4 like butterfly nets - the hunters would speaking and prevent interruptions when you a:�
stalk the puffins, dangerously close to the cliff's edge, speaking.
and just at the moment they took flight, they'd sweep
ICAN
them up in their nets. 5 Puffins were caught in this way
each time. It was an incredible sight and I would have interrupt politely and prevent interruptions
asked to try it myself, but I felt sorry for the puffins!
The risk doesn't deter local hunters (at least, none of
the ones I talked to would admit to feeling afraid)
because puffin meat is a staple food for them. The
meat itself is odd - it tastes 6 fishy- but locals love it.
ICAN
use approximate language
use would appropriately in different situations
152
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Communication activities
Quiz
Because women in their 40s are keen to remain looking
young, you want the advertisements to feature a single
young model in her 30s who is fair-skinned and very
beautiful: a universally recognizable image of beauty.
:fow would you feel in the following situations? It will also encourage men to buy the product for their
Read the questions and answer A, B or C for each wives. Beauty sells, as far as you are concerned.
.me. Then look at the key on page 190 to find out
,·hat your comfort zone is. Discuss if you agree UNIT 9b Exercise 13, page 109
:ith the answers. Student A
!. comfortable and keen on the idea Rewrite the sentences marked 'P' as sentences with a
_ a little uncomfortable, but willing to try participle clause. Then tell the story to your partner.
: uncomfortable and reluctant to do it
In 1925 Hungarian-born Victor Lustig read an article
- At a Karaoke club, a friend forces you to go on stage to which said that the Eiffel Tower was in need of repairs
sing Frank Sinatra's 'My Way'. and that the city of Paris lacked the funds to maintain it.
, You are asked to give a 45-minuce talk about your (P) After he had created some fake government
organization to a group of 250 pre-university students documents to show he was responsible for selling the
next month. tower, he then looked for some buyers.
� A famous person you admire is sitting near you on a Having created . .. he then looked ...
uain reading a book. You would love to speak to them (P) He claimed that it was a secret that the government
and get their autograph.
was going to sell the metal from the tower and he
..,, A friend, who is a cycling fanatic, has invited you to go
persuaded two scrap metal dealers to pay him $100,000
on a cycling holiday with them in the mountains.
each to give them the contract to dismantle the tower.
- A group of your friends has organized an adventure
weekend, involving canoeing in white water rapids, (P) Lustig took the money and then returned to the
rock climbing and caving in underground caves. United States.
You are asked if you would mind being filmed at (P) He continued a career as a fraudster and even
work by a TV crew who are malcing a fly-on-the-wall cheated the famous gangster Al Capone out of money.
documentary about your organization.
- You are unexpectedly offered a promotion to a job with UNIT 9c Exercise 9, page 110
more pay, but also much more responsibility and less Student A
security (you will be judged by your results). Read the facts. The underlined words give a clue,
Your next-door neighbour's daughter practises the if needed.
violin for two hours every evening and the sound is 1 Fact: Alfred Nobel was the man after whom
very distracting. You need to speak to them directly
the Nobel peace prize was named, but he also
abour it.
invented ...
Irony: He was also the inventor of dynamite.
2 Fact: Jim Fixx, the author of The Complete Book of
Running, was the man who popularized jogging as
a way to get healthy exercise. But at the age of 52,
while out jogging ...
Irony: He had a heart attack and died.
frenglish.ru 153
Communication activities
..
twinkle too? Now some scientists think the real reasc
011 Cl ul,\C.)( ,..... ,.. r i ..... must be to do with the distance (planets are much
irn11ite. wc...11 • · f& nearer) and that there is something getting in the wz
rarn11ite. be.i11a What that 'something' is no one knows yet.
fhe. roe.)( -to1A11d i11 tke. 11e.etr� l1l-01A11tl,\i11s).
:r:11 .fra11t a-F tke. wl,\1£. wiP..1 be. I,\ 11,\roe. petve.d UNIT 9c Exercise 9, page 110
l,\re-1,\ 1 wke.re. pe.opie. C.1,\11 S)(I,\te. or pfazj 1,\111,e.s 1 Student B
0
witk Se.l,\fi11Q l,\Y-01A11.ll it. The. SC.re.e.14 wi11 show Read the facts. The underlined words give a clue,
vide.o .foofet7)'e. o.f c.011tsfr1Ac. tio11t wor)(e.rs i11 if needed.
tke. (%Os1 D1Ai1di11ta S)(zJSC.rl,\pe.rs i-1'1. tke. c.it 1 Fact: Henry VIII of England (1492-1547) had six
zj
c.e.14fre. • wives because he desperately wanted a son and
strong male successor. But his successor ...
Irony: Edward, his only son, was a weak child ar
UNIT 4d Exercise 6, page 52 he died when he was fifteen, being King for only
Student B six years; his greatest successor was his daughte:
Your idea is to make it easier for people to scrap their Elizabeth I, who ruled for 45 years.
old cars. Currently, the owner has to pay a scrap metal 2 Fact: Einstein had one of the most brilliant
dealer £100 to collect the old car from their house. You minds of the twentieth century. Yet when he was
would offer to collect people's scrap cars for free. You seventeen, he ...
will then a) try to recycle as many parts as possible Irony: He failed his university entrance exam.
before b) taking it to the scrap metal dealer to get
money for the remaining metal or parts.
154
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Communication activities
155
frenglish.ru
GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 1
Time phrases We use the present continuous to describe:
There are particular time words and phrases that we • an action in progress at the time of speaking
often use with each different tense. I'm just finishing some work- I'll call you back�
�7'="'-=-·�'!'1"=-·-�-----;=-·-.rc----�...,.-...._.. ..-..,,..,.,,.--.,..-���- . • an action around the time of speaking
.:,, ,"£:l'z.{i:{�
�,:c... .,,.��"i
: l�l6l.i Laura's looking for a new job.
!
;��-��--��- ·-·""""--�..._ ...
,..._.._..__......,_..•• l ,..,.,,_,.,.,_,,,."�-�-,....,,.,,u.,_�.,,_.,.,.,_,.,,_..,.,_,,,_,,,,,_,-..,,..,.,_..,.,._
past perfect simple and already, before that I the We don't normally use the past continuous to descr_
continuous 1990s, up to then, prior to repeated past actions. Use past simple, used to or wm
They asked me to dinner the 1990s When I was ten, I used to play football almost
every day. (not I was playing)
but I'd already eaten.
. .
We use the past perfect continuous to talk about:
·········.
156
frenglish.ru
:xercises
" Choose the correct time word or phrase(s) to
2 More and more young people are staying in
education for longer.
a The situation described is changing.
-
complete the sentences. Sometimes two words or b The situation described hasn't changed
phrases are correct. for a long time.
1 People often I at the time I sometimes like to read 3 I didn't go to the cinema because I was
on trains and buses on their way to work. studying.
2 My home town has completely changed when I a I was studying at one particular time.
since I for I was a little girl. b I was studying every day.
3 He's moving house next month I soon I recently. 4 They've been living in Russia for six years.
-± Henry bought a flat when he was thirty-five. a They still live in Russia.
He'd been living with his parents already I up to b They don't live in Russia any more.
then I in the long term.
5 The course is going to start late last week/ next 5 Jennifer will be working from home on
week I before that. Thursday afternoon.
6 The two companies are currently I recently I soon a She does this every Thursday.
trying to negotiate a deal b I'm just talking about Thursday this week.
- Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the 5 Choose the correct words to complete the
\·erbs in brackets. Use the time phrases to help. sentences.
1 So you're learning Japanese! How long 1 I can't meet you at the same time next week as
it? (you/ study) I 'II be doing I 'll do an exam.
2 She a new computer when 2 My sister is always I had always been
the sales start in two days' time. (buy) borrowing my clothes without asking me!
3 Finding a secure job harder 3 More and more people were/ are becoming
for young people in recent years. (become) vegetarians these days.
4: The film already when they 4 He hasn't been I wasn't attending his lessons
arrived at the cinema. (start) for the last few months.
5 I at the moment so I'll have 5 They had been I have been driving for hours
to call you back. (drive) when they decided to stop for a break.
6 She found somebody's wallet on the pavement 6 Sorry, I was having I have been having a shower
while she to work. (walk) when you called me.
7 A: Has Tina woken up yet?
3 Complete the text with these words and phrases. B: No, she is still I has still been sleeping.
8 A: Why are you so dirty?
currently from now on in the long term B: I've been cleaning I cleaned out the garage.
nowadays recently up till then
6 Complete the conversation with the correct form
My son is 1 doing a project at of the verbs in brackets. Use a continuous form
school about changes in the last seventy years. when possible.
I couldn't answer his questions, so I suggested that
A: What's all that noise? Is that the workmen?
he ask his grandparents. 2 , my
B: Yes. They 1 (build) a new
son had just been using the internet. Afterwards I
conununity centre at the end of our road.
started to think about it more. 3
A: How long 2 they it
we get most of our information from the
for? (do)
internet, not from speaking to other people.
� B: For six months. They said it would be finished
, I've been doing some DIY
by now, but I think they 3 still
at home and I always search the internet for
on it this time next year! (work)
instructions. We don't ask other people for advice as
But we need something like that here.
much as we used to. 5 , I think
I4 (live) on this street for
we'll lose a lot of knowledge if we carry on like
ten years but I only say hello to a few people
this. 6 , I'm going to encourage
I5 (know) since I first
my children to talk to their grandparents as much
moved here.
as possible.
A: Well, more and more people
� Read the sentences. Then choose the correct
6
(move) to big cities so
explanation (a or b) for each one. you're less likely to know your neighbours.
The other day I 7 (walk)
1 Joe's always calling me to talk about his girlfriend. down my street and I saw a neighbour on his
a I enjoy his phone calls. way to work. I said hello but he was in such a
b I find his phone calls annoying. rush that he just walked past me!
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GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 2
Perfect forms Passive forms
Perfect verb forms link two periods of time. We use We form the passive with a form of the verb be + :::.
them to look back at an event that has an impact on a past participle of the verb.
later time. They can be used in the active or passive. We can form the passive in any tense, although,
We use the present perfect simple to describe: not normally use it with present perfect continu -
• a completed event or action that might be repeated and past perfect continuous.
Over 10,000 calls are made to the police every dir;
or continued and has a present connection
Three cars were stolen in our neighbourhood las:
Carlo has broken his arm and won't be able to come to
(past simple)
work for a week.(= Carlo can't come to work now
A new hospital is being built near here.
because of his broken arm.)
When I opened the parcel, I saw that contents had
• a situation or state that started in the past and is damaged.
not finished The safety rules were being explained to us wher
I've always loved working as a doctor. (= I still love fire alarm went off.
it now.) The diamond has been kept locked away for fifty:
We don't use the present perfect with a finished time The passive can be used with modal verbs, and tl
period. We use the past simple instead. are also gerund and infinitive forms.
We had a really good time last night. (not We've httd) The work should be completed by next week.
I hate being woken up in the middle of the night.
We use the present perfect continuous to describe: She hopes to be promoted this year.
• a continuous completed action that has a present In informal English, we also form the passive vvi:!'
connection get instead of be. We don't normally use get in pre::.
Sara has been studying all day so she's really tired. perfect simple or future perfect simple passives,�
(= She's tired now because she studied for so long.) we only use it to describe actions, not states.
• an event or action that started in the past and is Sorry I'm late - I got delayed in the traffic.
not finished What time does lunch get served in the canteen?
We've been living here for five years. (= We still \,Vhen we use the active form of a verb, the focus
live here.) the sentence is on the 'agent' - the person or thin-7
We don't use the continuous aspect with stative verbs. that does an action. When we use the passive foe
I've owned my car for ten years so I think it's time to the object of the active sentence becomes the sub'
buy a new one. (not I've been owning) and the focus changes.
OBJECT
We use the past perfect simple (had + past participle): A team of authors wrote this book. (focus on ager.;
SUBJECT
• to describe a completed action before another This book was written by a team of authors. (foru:
action in the past 'this book')
By the time we got to the station, the train had
already left. We often use the passive:
• in a narrative, to talk about an action that • when the agent is obvious, unknown or not
happened before the main events of a story important
I'd always wanted to visit Australia, so when I saw Your essays will be returned to you next month.
the competition in the newspaper, I decided to enter. Because of the snow, drivers were asked to avoid ::.
unnecessary journeys.
There is a past perfect continuous form (had +
• when we are following a series of actions that
been + -ing):
They'd been searching for gold for six months before happen to the same subject
they found any. La Gioconda is one of the most famous paintings il:
world. It was painted in the 16th century by Le01:..
We use the future perfect simple (will+ have+ -ing) da Vinci and has been displayed the Louvre muse,_
to describe a completed event or action at a point in in Paris since 1797.
the future. We also use the passive when we want to give
Call me at six thirty - I'll have finished work by then. extra emphasis to the agent. We do this by using
There is a future perfect continuous form (will+ the passive, and putting the agent at the end of the
have been + -ing): sentence (after the preposition by).
I'll have been learning to play tennis for a year in May. The child was rescued by the fire service.
..- Exercises 1, 2 and 3 � Exercises 4, 5 and 6
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.:xercises
• Correct the mistake in each sentence.
4 The manager has cancelled the football match
because the pitch is flooded .
The football match because
-
the pitch is flooded.
1 I was a hairdresser since 2005.
2 He hasn't been on holiday last year. 5 The speaker will give the lecture in French.
3 We don't need to go to the station because her The lecture in French.
train won't be arrived yet. 6 The other guests had eaten all the food by the
4 I've been having this car for a long time. time we arrived.
She couldn't pay for our coffees because she'd All the food by the time we
leave her wallet at home. arrived.
6 I'm wearing glasses since I was child.
7 Last week was the first time I saw Marion since 7 You need to pass the written theory test first.
we were students. The written theory test first.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct perfect 5 Complete the conversation with the active or
form of the verb in brackets. passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use get
where possible.
1 I'm really hungry! I since
this morning. (not eat) A: Did you see that documentary about
2 We didn't want to watch the film because we dangerous jobs? I never 1
already it. (see) (know) cutting down trees was so dangerous!
3 How long at this company? Every year, a lot of loggers - they're the people
(you work) who cut down trees - 2
4 I think by the year 2050, a lot of animals (kill) by falling trees or by the equipment they
extinct. (become) are using.
5 I Ella for two years. (know) B: I wonder if they 3 (tell)
6 She arrived late but luckily the lesson about the dangers before they start working.
yet. (not start) A: Well, I expect they must know. But why does
anyone choose to do it if it's so dangerous?!
3 Complete the text with the correct form of the B: Maybe they 4 (like) working
verbs in brackets. Sometimes you do NOT need a outdoors and they 5 (pay)
perfect form. well. Which other jobs were mentioned?
I 1
(live) on a boat for fifteen A: Fishermen! Especially the ones that fish for
years now, and I love it. Before moving to London, crabs. Apparently, crabs can only
I2 (not live) on a boat before,
6 (catch) during winter in
so when I first 3 (tell) people places like Alaska. So the water is really cold
about my plan to live on the River Thames, they and people can die from hypothermia if they
thought I was crazy. When I arrived in London,
7
(hit) by heavy equipment
I realized I 4 (cannot) afford and fall into the water. They said that they
a normal flat, so I decided to buy a boat, and I
8 (earn) a lot of money, but
5 (be) here ever since. The I'm happy working in an office!
best thing about living like this is that you see 6 Rewrite the sentences using the passive to
a different side to London - one that's closer to emphasize the agent.
nature. However, I don't have much storage space
so I 6 (be able to) buy a lot 1 A teenager from our street broke into our car.
of things since I moved here. In fact, I'm hoping
that by the end of this year, I 7 2 Dr Taylor can't see you today.
(save) enough money to buy a bigger boat. today.
4 Rewrite the sentences using the passive. 3 Astronomers have discovered a new planet.
1 The prime minister announced the tax increase.
The tax increase by the 4 A fast food company is going to buy the old
prime minister. cinema.
2 The local council are building a new bridge.
A new bridge by the local 5 He got lost because the app on his phone didn't
council. give him the right directions.
He got lost because
3 You must finish this report by the end of the day.
This report by the end of 6 Our actions are destroying the environment.
the day.
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GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNlT 3
Qualifiers We use not particularly before like, enjoy and hope to
We use qualifiers such as quite, pretty and rather to give them the opposite meaning.
make adjectives and verbs less strong. We didn't particularly like what she cooked for us.
(= We disliked what she cooked for us.)
Qualifier + adjective We also use slightly, a little, a bit and rather after ver.:
We use quite, pretty and fairly before adjectives to to mean 'a bit'.
make them less strong. We use them with both I'm going off rock music slightly now that I'm getfr'
positive and negative adjectives, but it is most older.
common to use them with positive adjectives. He annoys me a little with his constant moaning.
It's a fairly interesting city to visit, but I wouldn't She cooks a bit but her husband usually prepares
spend more than a day there. the meals.
I thought the film was quite good, but not great.
..,.. Exercises 2 and 3
When we use quite with a I an + adjective + noun, we
normally place it before the article. Intensifying adverbs
We had quite a good trip but the weather was We use intensifying adverbs before adjectives to rr
disappointing. them stronger.
We also use quite in the phrases 'quite a lot' and 'quite When I got my exam result, I felt extremely relieve.:
a few' to talk about an amount or number when we The choice of intensifying adverb depends on
want to be vague. whether the adjective is gradable or ungradable. :\�
Rather has a similar meaning to quite, but it is slightly adjectives, e.g. cold, surprising, are gradable. This
stronger. We can place it before the indefinite article, means we can make them stronger or weaker with
like quite, or after it. adverbs like very, a bit, incredibly, really or extremef:
I waited rather a long time for the bus to arrive. I'm a bit I very I extremely cold.
There's a rather nice restaurant by the river. The n£:uJ fiats they're building look incredibly sma�
We use not very and not particularly before adjectives Other adjectives, e.g. freezing, amazing are ungrada�
to give them the opposite meaning. We cannot make them stronger or weaker in this
It wasn't very difficult. (= It was easy.) way. Adjectives like freezing, essential and amazing
They weren't particularly impressed. (= They were already contain the idea of 'very' in their meaning.
unimpressed.) We use absolutely, really and utterly with ungradab!e
adjectives.
..,.. Exercise 1
It's very cold today. = It's freezing today. (freezing=
Qualifier+ verb very cold)
I like Jann's new house, but it's got an absolutely fu:
We use quite before the verbs like, enjoy, understand garden.
and agree. We often use quite to mean 'a bit':
I quite enjoyed the film. (= But I've seen much better Ungradable adjectives can also be 'absolute'
films.) adjectives. Adjectives like this do not have a
comparative or superlative form, e.g. right, wrong,
We can use quite before the verbs understand and agree unique and true. With absolute adjectives, we use the
to mean 'completely'. intensifying adverbs completely, entirely and totally.
I quite agree with you.(= I completely agree.) I'm not going to pay them until all the work is totall:
He didn't quite understand what to do. (= He didn't finished.
completely understand.)
We can use the adverb quite with ungradable
However, we also use quite + verb when we are adjectives, including absolute adjectives. W hen we
disagreeing with someone or to show surprise. In this, the meaning is 'very'.
this case it doesn't change the meaning or strength of I'm quite interested in that period of history. (quite=
the verb. a bit)
A: I thought the food here wouldn't be very good but I think this painting is quite stunning. (quite = rea[:
actually it's OK.
B: Yes, I'm quite enjoying it. (= I'm enjoying it.) Often, the choice of adverb and adjective combinati
A: I really don't like this kind of music? is a question of collocation. For example, we prefer:::.
B: Really? I quite like it. (= I like it.) say 'absolutely freezing' rather than 'utterly freezinc:
even though both are grammatically correct. There
We use rather in this way before the verbs like, enjoy are also some exceptions, for example, we sometime:..
and hope. say very /really different (even though 'different' is ar.
Our hotel had received very bad reviews online, but we absolute adjective).
rather enjoyed it.
..,.. Exercises 4, 5 and 6
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frenglish.ru
-
-·�=--, --------------------------------------------�
Exercises
1 Choose the correct option to complete the
-
4 Correct the mrstake {n eacf1 sentence. Noe all tf1e
sentences contain an error.
-
1 It's very freezing outside today.
sentences. In one case, both options are correct.
2 This room is incredibly small.
1 The food in that restaurant wasn't very good I 3 I was utterly surprised to see Matt at the party
was quite good. I won't be going there again. last night.
2 There's quite a I a quite big queue in that shop. 4 I found the exam really difficult.
Let's go somewhere else. 5 It's absolutely important that you listen to the
3 This car is quite I isn't particularly cheap. safety instructions.
We should buy it. 6 We've just watched an extremely amazing film!
4 It was a fairly I fairly a difficult test. 7 You're utterly right. We needed to turn left after
5 She's had rather a I a rather relaxing day. the traffic lights.
6 He'd had pretty a I a pretty tiring day so he
decided to go straight home. 5 Complete the sentences with these adjectives.
2 Read the sentences. Then choose the best colo exhausted freezing small stunning
explanation (a-b) for each one. stylish tiny tired
1 I quite agree with what you're saying. 1 You should put a coat on. It's absolutely
a I agree with everything. outside.
b I only agree with a few things. 2 Silvia's extremely and wants to
2 It was freezing this morning but the weather's stay at home and rest.
improving a little now. 3 That's a very necklace you're
a The weather is much better now. wearing . It looks great on you.
b The weather is slightly better now. 4 Our hotel room is absolutely ! I'm
going to ask for a bigger one.
3 Martina: I hate this kind of music. 5 It was a very winter and most of
Isabella: Really? I quite like it. the plants died.
a Isabella only likes this kind of music a little. 6 The views from the tower are quite
b Isabella enjoys this kind of music. . You should take a camera when
-! I don't particularly enjoy this kind of food. you go.
a I dislike this kind of food. 7 I felt utterly yesterday after our
b I sometimes enjoy this kind of food. long run.
8 They've just bought a very flat in
5 I rather hoped that the party would be the city centre. They don't have much space for
cancelled because I'm so tired. furniture.
a This was my wish.
b I only hoped this a little bit. 6 Choose the best options to complete the
conversation.
• Complete the texts with the qualifiers given.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible. A: How was your weekend?
B: Not great. We were flat hunting! It was 1 very I
fairly not particularly quite rather absolutely frustrating because the estate agent
made the flats sound 2 really I very amazing but
! grew up in the countryside in Poland. I suppose it when we looked at them, they weren't what
,vas 1 a nice place to grow up - there we'd been promised.
•,·eren't many people in the village but I had a A: Oh no! How many flats did you look at?
: big group of friends and we always B: Five. The first two were in a nice area but were
?layed a lot outside. But it was 3 3
utterly / incredibly small! I just couldn't live
exciting and I used to dream about living in a big in them! Then we saw another small flat in the
city. But now I live in one, I think I'd 4 town centre but it was on a 4 very I totally busy
e:1joy living in the countryside again! road, and I didn't like that. The fourth flat was
in an 5 extremely / absolutely terrible state! We'd
not very pretty slightly have to do a lot of work on it.
A: So what about the fifth one?
�Iy home town is a 5. big place, B: It was great - new and modern, in a lovely
::,ut it's not huge. It's very close to London neighbourhood. And it has a(n) 6 incredibly I
:mt this means the facilities are 6 very huge garden.
-=mited because most people go to London for A: But ...
entertainment and shopping. It's 7 B: Well, it was 7 completely I extremely expensive,
.:..'leap to live there, because it's so close to the city. so we can't really afford it.
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GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 4
Future probability Note that when we use 'there's a good chance that
t]:i.e future event isn't necessarily something good.
Modal verbs There's a good chance that it will rain later.
We use the modal verbs may, could, might to say 11>- Exercises 1, 2 and 3
that something is possible in the future (about a
50% chance). Past modals
In the future, we may I might/could find solutions To talk about past obligation we use had to. We
to many environmental problems. cannot use must to refer to past obligation.
We can add the adverb well after may/could/might Yesterday, I had to be at work at 7 a.m.
to make the event sound more probable. For negative past obligation we use couldn't, wasn·�
Driverless cars may I could/ might well become weren't allowed to.
available sooner than people expect. We couldn't leave the room during the exam.
To say that it is possible that something will not Women in the USA were not allowed to vote u11�
happen in the future, we use may not or might not. 1920.
They may I might not be able to fix the problem. To talk about a lack of necessity in the past, we use
We use should or shouldn't to say that something is needn't have+ past participle or didn't need to+ infinia
probable in the future (about a 70% chance). This means the action happened but wasn't necessa:-
We should arrive before 7 p.m. if there is no traffic. I needn't have gone to the meeting.
You didn't need to cook dinner.
We don't use should to talk about something bad that
we think will happen. We can use didn't need to or didn't have to, but not
I think climate change will be a disaster for many needn't have, when the unnecessary action in the pa:
countries. (not I think clinuite clrnnge 11/um.ld be) didn't occur.
We went by train so we didn't need to find somerr'
Adverbs to park.
We use perhaps and maybe to say something is possible
Exercise 4
11>-
(a 50% chance). We normally put perhaps and maybe
before the subject. To speculate on past events (to make deductions o:
Perhaps/Maybe the weather will improve tomorrow. guesses about them), we use must have, might/may
I
could have and can't/ couldn't have+ past participle.
We use probably (not) to say something is probable Luke must have had to stay late at work- he's
(a 70% chance). We normally put probably between normally home by now. (= I think it's probable tha:
will and the main verb. he had to stay late at work.)
Shin will probably arrive late again. I may I might I could have got a few questions wrl'"
n
We use almost certainly (not) when we are almost in the exam. (= I thi k it's possible that I got a fe
certain that something will happen (a 90% chance). questions wrong.)
We put almost certainly between will and the main verb. They can't have got lost - the1/ve been here lots of
There will almost certainly be an election this year. times! (=I think it isn't probable that they got 10::
A: Did Joan just drive by? B: No, it couldn't have
Adjective phrases been her. She drives a much bigger car.
We use the adjectives possible, probable, likely and
We also use could have when we know that somethi.
unlikely in the structure it's+adjective+ that+ clause.
didn't happen but we want to say it was possible.
It's possible that we will create colonies on Mars this
Why were you so careless? You could have been kC.
century. (about 50% certainty)
Unfortunately, it's probable/likely that there will be We use should(n't) have+ past participle when:
a delay with your order. (about 70% certainty) • we think something was advisable but didn't
In my opinion, it's unlikely that the new plans will happen, or was inadvisable but did happen
cut traffic in the city centre. (about 20% certainty) You should have called me as soon as you knew yo-
We also use likely and unlikely with a subject and to + were going to be late.
infinitive. I shouldn't have gone to the job interview in a T-sl:
The journey is likely to take over ten hours. • we expect that something happened in the past,
The work is unlikely to be finished today. but we're not sure if it did
Noun phrases Luca's train should have arrived by now.
We use some noun phrases+be+ (that)+ clause to say We use ought to have +past participle when we thin.;
something is probable in the future (a 70% chance). something was advisable but didn't happen. It is
The likelihood is that he will leave the company. more formal than should have.
The chances are (that) they'll offer me a promotion. We ought to have booked seats.
There's a good chance (that) our team will win.
11>- Exercises 5 and 6
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frenglish.ru
:.xercises 4 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
Sometimes both options are possible.
Choose the correct option to complete the
1 I was late to work this morning because I had
entences.
to I must stop for petrol.
1 Matt said he might I will I is likely to come to the 2 They didn't have to I weren't allowed to pay to
football game with us tonight but he's not sure. enter the museum because it was free.
2 We probably won't I won't probably I maybe won't 3 Thank you for the flowers! You didn't have to
know the results of the election till tomorro\\·. buy I needn't have bought me anything!
3 In ten years, we couldn't I may not I shouldn't 4 I needn't have worn I didn't need to wear this
be using smartphones any more. jumper. It's so hot today!
4 It's likely I possible I probably that the heating 5 We didn't have to I weren't allowed to speak
system will have to be replaced soon. It's during the exam.
broken down three times already this month. 6 She didn't need to go I needn't have gone to work
3 Philip and Ruth might I should I could be here so she spent the day relaxing in her garden.
at 8.00 p.m. They set off at 7.30 p.m. and the
journey takes half an hour. 5 Complete the conversation with these modal forms.
o There's almost certainly I maybe / a good chance
could have couldn't have might not have
that your flight will be delayed.
must have should have shouldn't have
- Rewrite the sentences so they have the same
:neaning. Use the words in brackets. A: I'm so tired! Some friends came for dinner
- last night. I spent all day cooking, and then
It's very probable that our train will be late they didn't leave until 2 a.m.! It's my fault
today. (chance) I1 invited them to come
today. during the week. It's better to invite friends
_ He might well not come to our party this round at the weekend.
evening. (probably) B: Oh dear! You 2 just got a
this evening. takeaway!
A: Oh, I 3 done that! But you
3 In the future we might all be driving electric know, I'm sure I 4 spent an
cars. (perhaps) hour just cutting up vegetables!
in the future. B: You should buy a food processor. I've got
-= Space travel will probably be a lot cheaper in one that cuts up vegetables really quickly.
the future. (likely) I5 lent it to you!
in the future. A: It's a good thing you didn't. You
� The government might raise interest rates this
6
ever got it back from me!
year. (possible) 6 Complete the conversations with must, can('t),
this year. could(n't), might(n't), should(n't) and ought (not) and
the correct form of these verbs. You don't need to
�omplete the text with these words and phrases. use all the modal forms.
almost certainly certainly chances could buy drive eat leave open see
oossible should unlikely
1 Maia to work. Her car is
cr pollution causes millions of premature still outside her house.
�aths throughout the world every year, and this
-:unber will 1 increase in the future. 2 I have a stomach ache. I
cS a result, we 2 start to see more so much food earlier!
.:::eresting solutions for this problem. One idea to 3 Oh no! We've missed our train. I told you we
.::eal with pollution is Daan Roosegaarde's 'Smog the house earlier!
-=:ee Tower' - a tower that sucks in polluted air
::!d blows out clean air. Roosegaarde believes 4 I thought I just saw Steve, but I
.:1at in the future, towers like this 3 somebody who looks like
;.e used to improve the air quality in polluted him because Steve's on holiday in Peru.
.:::ies. Roosegaarde says it's 4 to 5 I can't remember where I got this dress.
:.:ild 'Smog Free Towers' the size of buildings, for I it from that new shop on
� even bigger impact. Although the towers are the High Street.
to solve the problem of air pollution
:::npletely, the 6 are that we will 6 The bank by now. It's 9.15
.eed to develop many innovative ideas to keep and it opens at 8.30 .
llution under control.
frenglish.ru 163
GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 5
Emphatic structures Avoiding repetition
We use various sentence structures to make a sentence We can use synonyms, e.g. loss - defeat, or words su
more emphatic or to give emphasis to a certain part of as one, that, it, so and ellipsis (leaving out words) to
a sentence. avoid repetition.
Cleft sentences one, that, it, so
A cleft sentence emphasizes a particular part of a We use one in place of a singular countable noun an.:.
sentence by splitting it into two parts. There are two ones in place of a plural countable noun.
patterns. Which top do you prefer? The blue one or the red one
Here are your shoes. Are these the ones you wanted:
We use it+ be+ emphasized phrase + that to
emphasize the subject, object or an adverbial phrase. When we use an adjective before one, we always USf'
The information we want to emphasize comes at the the indefinite article or another determiner.
beginning of the sentence, after be. A: This hotel's great! B: I know! And just think tha:
In Thailand, the beaches are the most popular places you wanted to book that cheap one!
to visit. } In Thailand, it's the beaches that are the We always add an adjective when we use ones afte:
most popular places to visit. (emphasizing subject)
numbers or determiners.
I most want to see Mexico City. ..... It's Mexico City A: Did you bring any biscuits? B: Yes, I brought sor:
that I most want to see. (emphasizing object) chocolate ones and some plain ones.
Most people go to Greece in summer. • It's in We use that to replace a phrase, clause or sentence.
summer that most people go to Greece. (emphasizing A: Ask Juan to come at 8 o'clock. B: I've already ask£-.
adverbial phrase)
him that. (that= 'to come at 8 o'clock')
Note that we can use a relative pronoun instead of A: Why don't we get a takeaway tonight? B: That's·
'that'. great idea. (that= 'get a takeaway')
It's Jenny that/who I want to see. We use it to replace a noun phrase.
We use what or the thing (that) + subject+ verb + be Has anyone seen�? It's not where I left it.
to emphasize a subject, object, a clause with that or a
We use so after verbs like say, think, hope and expec: -
clause with a wh- word. The information we want to
replace a clause, especially a short answer.
emphasize comes at the end of the sentence, after be.
A: Is it going to rain today?
I hate airports most. • The thing that I hate most is B: I think so. (so= 'it's going to rain today')
airports. (emphasizing the object)
11> Exercise 4
We need to decide which dates we can travel on. ,
What we need to decide is which dates we can travel Ellipsis
on. (emphasizing a wh- clause)
Sometimes we omit words to avoid repetition, wher
I hope that our train isn't delayed. , What I hope is the context is clear which words we have omitted. -
that our train isn't delayed. (emphasizing a clause can omit words:
with that)
• when we have two verbs together, and the seco:-:
We can also emphasize a whole clause with what + verb is a to+ infinitive form. In this case, we car:
subject+ verb+ to do+ be+ (to)+ infinitive. omit everything after to.
My country needs to invest in tourism. , What my A: Why don't we just book a beach holiday? B: I dOl!
country needs to do is (to) invest in tourism. want to [book a beach holiday]. I hate the beach!
11> Exercises 1 and 2 • after verbs and phrases like hope, suppose and be
afraid, when what comes after is negative. In this
do, does, did in affirmative sentences case, we omit everything apart from not.
We can add a form of do to affirmative sentences to A: Do you think we're going to miss the flight? B: I
add emphasis. We always stress the form of do. hope not.(= I hope that we don't miss the flight.
We hope you enjoy your stay with us. , We do hope We can also omit a whole clause after a subject and
you enjoy your stay with us. auxiliary or modal verb.
We don't add do when a sentence already contains an I've never been to Asia, and most of my friends haver:
auxiliary (be or have) or a modal verb. In this case, we either.(= Most of my friends haven't been to Asia
just stress the auxiliary to add emphasis. Most of my friends can speak Spanish, but I can't.
We have enjoyed our trip. When the clause that we are replacing contains a ye.,
The train service can be rather unreliable. in the present or past simple, we use a form of do.
He � rude sometimes. (We use the full form, not the Magda wanted to spend the day hiking but we didn':
contraction.) ( = We didn't want to spend the day hiking.)
11> Exercise 3 11> Exercise 5
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-
..
:xercises 4 Choose the correct (a-c) option to replace the
underlined parts of the sentences.
Rewrite the sentences to emphasize the underlined
1 Shall we go to the restaurant by the sea or the
word or phrase.
restaurant near the castle?
1 Francis called Ben last night. a that b the one c it
It
2 A: Is the film festival starting this weekend?
2 I'd like more free time not money. B: Yeah, I think the film festival is starting this
It weekend.
- a it b that c so
She doesn't like the way her manager speaks
to her. 3 A: I had to wake up at 4 a.m. to get to the
It airport on time.
B: Waking up at 4 a.m. must have been hard!
- The hotel we stayed in was expensive but the
ilights cost us the most. a so b that c one
The hotel we stayed in was expensive, but it 4 A: The suitcases you bought are too small!
B: They were the biggest suitcases they had in
the shop!
- The report is going to focus on the reasons why
a ones b one c it
:he project failed.
=t 5 A: What time does the tourist office open?
B: I think the tourist office opens at 9 a.m.
The students find out their results in January.
=t a one b that c it
6 A: Will there be a lot of people at the meeting?
Hite the sentences to emphasize the underlined B: I expect there will be a lot of people at the
-.:ases. meeting.
J1 winter I hate the cold weather. a it b so c ones
-:-he thing that
5 Find six phrases in the email that can be deleted to
_ -se forgot to lock our front door. avoid repetition.
-,\hat
Hi Alex
= loved being able to relax on a beach.
-:-he thing that How's it going? Samira and I arrived on Koh Chang
island a week ago and it's amazing! We'd thought
-:.'le liked the film's ending the most.
"\"hat about going to one of the busier islands but we
decided not to go to one of the busier islands. And
-:ne airline won't refund our tickets.
-:ne thing that I'm glad because it's perfect here! On the day we
arrived we'd arranged to go on a jungle hike but in
.' ou're now going to see a summary of the
:-esearch. the end we couldn't go on a jungle hike because it
-,nat was raining! It's been sunny and hot since then - I've
just felt like relaxing on a beach and Sally has felt
:rite the underlined parts of the sentences to
-<e them more emphatic, using a form of do. like relaxing on a beach too! But now I'm getting
�en it is not possible to add a form of do, circle bored. Tomorrow I'd like to go elephant trekking
_ e word that needs to be stressed. but Samira doesn't want to go elephant trekking.
1 I thought the tourist office would be a bit more I think she's a bit scared! So instead we're going to
helpful. visit a waterfall, and go snorkelling with a group
2 These snakes will bite you if they get the of friends we've made. They've all been snorkelling
chance. before but I haven't been snorkelling before. (Have
3 She seemed to be ignoring everything the tour you?) I'm really looking forward to it! Sally thinks
guide was saying .. we should stay longer on the island. I'd like to stay
' They have already paid for their meal. longer on the island too, but there are so many
other places to see!
-
They offered to exchange the faulty item, but Hope to see you when we get back.
she wanted a refund.
6 She works in a bank, doesn't she?
Renata
J
frenglish.ru 165
GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 6
Phrasal verbs offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, start, :
threaten, want, would like, would love, would prefr
There are some verbs that are often followed by
I need to finish my work before I go to the gym.
prepositions, and the preposition doesn't change the
meaning of the verb. • verb + object+ to + infinitive: as/c, get, help, 1:A
It is believed that chess originally comes from India. require, tell, urge, warn
I asked Luke to lend me his bike.
Other verb + preposition combinations have an
idiomatic meaning. You cannot predict the meaning • verb(+ object)+ infinitive: help, let and make
from the individual meanings of the verb and the (Sometimes we do not include the object.)
particle. They made me do a medical test before I could enter
Can you look after my bag for a minute? (loo/c after= the race.
take care of) • verb + -in g: adore, avoid, begin, can't help, can't
Verb + adverb combinations almost always have an stand, consider, continue, describe, enjoy, Janey, fi1::
idiomatic meaning. imagine, involve, lceep, mention, mind, miss, pract:s...
I had to give up tennis after I injured my elbow. (give recommend, risk, spend (time/money), start, sugg�
up = stop doing) I avoid running on hard surfaces as it hurts my kr_
Verb+ adverb • verb + preposition + -ing: e.g. carry on, worry
Verb + adverb combinations can be transitive or about, succeed in
intransitive. Intransitive phrasal verbs do not have an Do you worry about injuring your body?
object. • verb + object + preposition + -ing: e.g. discou�
She grew up in Los Angeles. from, prevent from
Transitive phrasal verbs are separable phrasal verbs. Injuries prevented her from competing.
We can put the object after the adverb or before it, Verb+ -ing or to+ infinitive
with no difference in meaning.
After start and continue, we can use the -ing form o:
Can you turn the radio down?= Can you tum down
to + infinitive, with no difference in meaning. Some
the radio?
verbs change their meaning depending on whethe:
However, when the object is a pronoun, we always we use the -ing form or to + infinitive.
put it before the adverb. I'm starting a new job soon, which will mean eanzir
Can you call me back later? (not: Gm yeu ea:ll ha:ck a lot more money. (mean+ -ing = involve)
me later?) I meant to go to the supermarket but I forgot. (mea
to + infinitive = intend)
Verb+ preposition
Verb + preposition combinations always have an Mia regrets not doing more sports when she was
object. They are inseparable phrasal verbs. We younger. (regret + -ing = feel sorry about someth:.
always put the object, including pronouns, after the I regret to inform you I have decided to cancel my
preposition. membership. (regret + to + infinitive = feel sorry �
It took two months for me to get over the injury. = It you have to tell someone about a situation)
took me two months to get over it. Do you remember playing football here? (remembe
+ -ing = have memories of an earlier event)
Verb+ adverb+ preposition Did you remember to call the doctor? (regret+ to -
Three-part phrasal verbs are made up of a verb + infinitive = not forget to do something)
adverb + preposition. We always put an object after
the preposition. She stopped running when her foot started to hurt.
He doesn't get on with some of his colleagues at work. (stop + -ing = finish doing an action)
She stopped to drink some water. (stop + to +
A small number of three-part phrasal verbs take two infinitive = finish an action to do another action
objects. We put the first object after the verb, and the
second object after the preposition. I tried training late in the evening but I didn't like E:
I've decided to take you up on the job offer. (try+ -ing = do something to see what happens)
I tried to call you but your phone was switched off
11- Exercises 1, 2 and 3 (try + to + infinitive = make an effort)
Verb patterns I've never forgotten swimming in the lake at
midnight. (forget + -ing = not having a memory of
When we use two verbs together in a sentence, the
doing something in the past)
form of the second verb depends on the first verb.
Sorry, I forgot to bring your present. (forget + to+
• verb + to + infinitive: (can/can't) afford, agree, infinitive = not remember to do something)
allow, arrange, ask, begin, choose, continue, decide,
Exercises 4, 5 and 6
expect, Jail, help*, hope, intend, learn, manage, need,
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Exercises
1 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
5 Complete the second sentences so they mean the
same as the first sentences. Use the correct form of
the verbs in brackets.
-
1 Please pay back me the money you owe as soon 1 Stefan doesn't play squash any more because of
as you can. his injury. (stop)
-
At 8.34 a.m., took the plane off. Stefan because of his
� He's been looking his phone for all morning injury.
but he hasn't found it yet.
2 He said, 'I won't be late for the meeting.'
-= If you're not watching the TV, can you turn off
(promise)
it please?
He late for the
� His teacher won't put up his bad behaviour
meeting.
with any longer.
- They let in Adam on the plans for the surprise 3 I don't want to put you off doing the race, but
birthday party. it's very demanding. (discourage)
I , but it's very
�'loose the correct option to complete the demanding.
::entences. Sometimes both options are correct.
• 4 They said they really wanted us to decide by
His cousin is an expert in cars so he turned to the end of the week. (urge)
him I turned him to for advice. They by the end of
-
They arranged the meeting for tomorrow but the week.
now they've decided to put it off I put off it.
;;, She takes after her father I takes her father after. 5 Julia allowed me to borrow her racing bike
-= They've fallen out their neighbours with I fallen while she was away. (let)
out with their neighbours because of the party. Julia while she was
_ I told them to come over I come over our house at away.
around 9 p.m. 6 Are you sad now that you don't live by the sea?
::; You should throw away these old clothes I throw (miss)
these old clothes away if you never wear them. Do by the sea?
-
I hadn't seen Michele for years but I
ran into her I ran her into yesterday at the shops. 6 Complete the conversation with these words and
-
Can you fill this form in I fill in this form now? the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Add an
object if necessary.
11atch the phrasal verbs in Exercise 2 with these
::1eanings (a-h). ask decide help make start stop
think about
3 be similar to an older relative
'!J complete
A: Guess what? I've 1 (do) a
c delay (postpone)
marathon!
d have a serious argument with
B: Wow! W here are you going to do it?
e meet somebody by chance
A: In Berlin. It's in September but I've
put into the rubbish bin (dispose of) 2
(train) already. I even have
o visit somebody in their home
a personal trainer. She 3
.:t ask for support or help
(exercise) really hard for an hour every day!
- Choose the correct verb form to complete the B: I'm not exercising at all these days.
sentences. A: I thought you went to the gym every morning.
B: No, I've 4 (go). It just wasn't
i Would )'OU consider doing I to do a yoga course? (get) fit.
.2 I told him to wait I wait for me outside the gym. A: You should come and train with me! I often
3 He tried ringing I to ring the door bell but go running outdoors with my trainer. I could
no one answered. 6
(work) with you, too.
-! The world champion has failed finishing I to B: Thanks, that'd be great.
finish the race. A: Have you ever 7 (do) a
3 We need to hurry up! I'm worried about miss I marathon?
missing our train. B: I think I should start exercising again regularly
6 She regretted not wearing I to wear a warmer before thinking about races!
jacket. It was quite cold outside.
7 Rita made me wake I to wake up early to go for
a run.
8 I remember to watch I watching this cartoon
when I was a child. I used to love it!
frenglish.ru 167
GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 7
Passive reporting verbs We can also make a noun phrase with the -ing fo�
a verb. In formal contexts, we often use a possess.
We sometimes use verbs such as believe, confirm,
form before the -ing form.
expect, know, report, say, think and understand in the
We had to reorganize the meeting because they arr-=
passive to report feelings, beliefs, opinions and
late.
rumours, especially in journalism or other formal
We had to reorganize the meeting due to their arri.
contexts. We do this when we are not completely
sure of the information we are giving or if we want
late.
to distance ourselves personally from it. The passive We can also change an adjective into a noun.
form shows that the information has been said by I've been interested in photography for around ter;
someone else or is something that people generally years. _. My interest in photography started arow:..
believe. ten years ago.
There are two patterns: We often need to add of after the noun phrase we
• it + passive reporting verb + that create from a noun or adjective.
It is believed that around twenty smartphones are The building work will cost over $500,000. • The cc
sold every second. of the building work will be over $500,000.
• subject + passive reporting verb + to + infinitive Other types of nominalization
Over twenty smartphones are believed to be sold We can nominalize phrases beginning with wh- \.\;
every second. (e.g. why, where, when, etc.).
We don't know why the flight was delayed. • v\i'
With the second pattern, we can also use perfect or
don't know the reason for the delay.
continuous infinitive forms.
The singer is reported to have cancelled tonight's Sometimes we use a noun that is not directly
concert because of illness. related to the verb or adjective in the phrase we are
XCom is reported to be working on a new laptop. nominalizing. This may be because there is no exac
equivalent noun, or because we want to vary the
We can also use the second pattern with there is/are/
vocabulary we use to avoid repetition.
was/were.
They found the painting in a disused cellar. -• The
There are thought to be more than 7,000 languages
discovery of the painting was made in a disused ce·
around the world.
(no direct noun equivalent of 'find')
We can use the reporting verb in different tenses. The
The temperature of the planet is increasing every ye:
tense of the verb does not always match the time of
because of pollution.
the event which is reported.
The rise in the temperature of the planet is caused
It is thought that the first ever mobile phone call was
by pollution. ('rise' instead of 'increase' to make
made in 1973. (= People have this belief now about
writing more varied)
an event that happened in the past.)
It was once believed that the earth is flat. (= People Uses of nominalization
had this belief in the past.) We often use nominalization to be more concise,
We can sometimes include the agent when using especially in writing. A nominalized form is often
passive reporting verbs. We usually do this when the shorter than using a verb or adjective.
agent is new or important information, for example if The place where we put each painting is very import...-
we are comparing it to something or someone else. _. The position of each painting is very important.
The painting is reported by some news channels to
have been destroyed in the robbery. (= by some, but We can also use nominalization to develop an
not by others) argument or description. A verb, adjective or even a
whole phrase can become a subject or object in the
Ill> Exercises 1 and 2 next sentence.
I studied Finance and Economics at the University
Nominalization of Berlin. My studies provided me with some crucici
We sometimes change part of a sentence into a noun. knowledge and allowed me to develop a number of
This is called nominalization. skills.
Verb or adjective nominalization � Exercises 3 and 4
We can change an action into a noun by replacing the
action verb with its equivalent noun, e.g. complete -+
completion, announce • announcement.
The camera costs $480. • The cost of the camera is
$480.
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-+
Exercises
1 Read the pairs of sentences. Then choose the
6 For a long time, people thought that bad smells
caused diseases.
For a long time, bad smells
-
correct option to complete second sentence. diseases.
It diseases.
1 Lots of people are saying that the prime
minister has decided to resign. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct
It is I was said that the prime minister has nominalization of the underlined word or phrase.
taken the decision to resign.
1 I was disappointed with the bad service.
2 Most weather reports yesterday said it would My was due to the bad service.
be very hot today, but it was actually quite cool.
The weather is I was expected to be hot today, 2 The company has decided to expand the
but it was actually quite cool. business. This was good news.
The company's to expand the
3 Some newspapers are suggesting that the new business was good news.
smartphone will only cost $240.
It is I is being suggested that the new 3 The earthquake destroyed many buildings.
smartphone will only cost $240. The earthquake led to the of
many buildings.
4 They told us to evacuate the building.
We were I are told to evacuate the building. 4 It was obvious that he was suitable for the job.
His for the job was obvious.
5 Many people believed that the company's
employees would receive compensation. 5 We need to make more people aware of the
It is/ was believed that the company's
impact of car fumes on air quality.
employees would receive compensation. We need to raise of the impact of
car fumes on air quality.
6 People know that there are only a few thousand
giant pandas left in the world. 6 People have been shocked by how the airline
has treated its passengers.
There are I were known to be only a few
thousand giant pandas left in the world. People have been shocked by the airline's
of its passengers.
2 Rewrite the sentences with passive reporting verbs 7 People should be warned about how dangerous
using both possible patterns. Use the underlined using a phone is while driving.
verb as the passive reporting verb. People should be warned about the
1 People� that the director is working on a of using a phone while driving.
new film.
4 Match the sentences (1-6 and a-f) to make
The director on
sentence pairs. Then complete the sentences (a-f)
a new film.
with these words. There are three extra words.
It on a new film.
2 We know that regular exercise is important. ability definition disinterest fear hobbies
It important. location person truthfulness validity
Regular exercise
important. 1 I'm trying to find out what this word means.
2 The audience didn't seem very interested in the
3 The police claimed that the suspect was presentation.
carrying a gun. 3 Tom was scared of flying.
The suspect 4 Cathy liked playing tennis and football.
a gun. 5 Police still don't know who robbed the bank.
It a gun. 6 The instructions described where we needed
4 We expect the guests will have arrived by to go.
12p.m. a Their was also obvious to the
The guests speaker.
by 12p.m. b But she only had time for these at
It by 12p.m. the weekend.
5 People argue that the mobile phone has had c The of the conference was in the
a big impact on our social lives. city centre.
It on our social d They believe the they are looking
lives. for lives locally.
The mobile phone e His stopped him going abroad.
on our social lives. f Unfortunately, the online dictionary doesn't
give a clear
frenglish.ru 169
GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 8
The adverb just Expressing purpose and result
The adverb just has a variety of meanings and can Expressing purpose
appear in different positions in a sentence. To give the reason for doing something (purpose), \\·e
use to, in order (not) to and so as (not) to + infinitive.
just+ verb I use these scissors to cut my hair.
We use just with a verb to mean: They asked us to be quiet in order not to wake the
• 'recently' children.
The band has just announced its world tour dates. We use for to describe the function or use of a thing.
• 'simply' We can use for + noun or for + -ing.
You just need to fill in this form if you want to become This staircase is for access to the roof terrace.
a member. I've got a great app on my phone for learning new
vocabulary.
• 'right at the moment'
They're just queuing up to buy their tickets. Thei; We can also use so that and in order that + clause
won't be long. (subject + verb) to give the reason for doing
something. We often use can, could, will, would or
We use just before a main verb, and after an auxiliary should in the that clause.
verb, including modal verbs. They got up early so that they could go for a run.
Why don't we just go out for dinner so we don't have I've sent some directions to Mike in the New York offi::..
to cook? in order that he can find his way here easily when he
It's just stopped raining. comes.
You must just hold the jug still while I pour in the
water. Note that if the subject of the main clause and the
clause showing the purpose is different, we cannot
just + preposition/noun use to, in order to or so as to. Use so that or in order tha:
We also use just to mean: instead.
• 'a little' .,. Exercise 3
They got to the concert hall just before the band came on. Expressing result
• 'only' We use so ... that and such . . . that to express the resU:;
There were just twenty people at the show we went to of an action. We use:
last night. • so before an adjective
• 'exactly' Their music was so good that I decided to buy their
You look just like your brother in this photo. CD.
We put just before a noun or noun phrase, and before • such before a noun phrase
a preposition that it changes the meaning of. Size hadn't seen me for such a long time that she did,:
We've got just two free tickets we can offer you. recognize me.
She left the restaurant just in time to catch the last Note that we use such before a noun phrase even if
train home. the noun phrase starts with an adjective.
.,. Exercises 1 and 2 There has been such terrible weather that most fl.igh
have been cancelled.
However, when the noun phrase begins with the
determiners much, many, little or feru before a noun,
we use so rather than such.
They have so much money that they could afford to
buy whatever they wanted.
When a noun phrase starts with the indefinite article
(a/ an), we can use an alternative pattern with so.
It was so nice a day that we decided to eat outside.
(= It was such a nice day that we decided to eat
outside.)
.,. Exercises 4 and 5
170
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.:"' cises
�se the correct meaning of just in each sentence.
4 This site is very useful when you need to find
information about historical events. (for)
This site is very useful
-
information about historical events.
:·m just finishing making dinner.
a right at the moment b recently 5 She wants to move house so that she doesn't
live so far from her workplace. (order to)
_ -:his sounds just like an old Rolling Stones song. She wants to move house
a a little b exactly so far from her workplace.
-:his test was just too difficult for the students.
a simply b exactly 4 Complete the sentences with so or such.
-:-hey've just bought a new car. 1 It was cold outside that we decided to
2 right at the moment b recently stay in.
2 The band has become famous that they
:ihe's eaten just a sandwich today so she's can't go anywhere without security.
:eally hungry. 3 There was good music at the festival
a only b recently that we've decided to again next year.
:-le arrived just after 6 p.m. 4 I've got much work to do that I think I'll
.z exactly b a little have to work at the weekend too.
5 The service was poor that Esme
�plete the sentences so they have the same complained to the restaurant o-wner.
:ting as the first sentences. Use just.
7
6 few people have bought tickets for the
concert that it will most likely be cancelled.
ly new laptop cost $400- that's not a lot.
7 The band had a positive response to
. ly new laptop $400.
their song that they decided to record an
:\·e heard a great song. I heard it a few minutes album.
=oo.
a great song. 5 Complete the conversation with these phrases
and an appropriate word or phrase for showing
:-ie has a bag that looks exactly the same as purpose or result.
::::une.
:-:e has a bag mine. I fall asleep
!y manager is dealing with another client at it's been hard to find time to study
::-:e moment. She'll call you back. I don't fail it
iy manager . She'll call improve our IT skills
·"Ou back. I find it difficult to concentrate
.ou need to arrive on time at the station - that's persuade him to do that
.Ll you need to do.
.OU at the station . A: You seem a bit stressed today. Are you OK?
B: Yes. It's just that I have a final test for my IT
:: ::akes 1 hour 57 minutes to arrive at the course in a few days' time! I really need to
-earest beach. revise 1
hours to arrive at the A: Oh, why are you doing an IT course?
:-.earest beach. B: Our manager wants all of us to do a course
• I've learned
2
�?lete the sentences using the word or words
a lot but I have 3 little free time
=:ackets so they have the same meaning as the
- sentences.
A: Maybe you should ask your manager to give
• called the doctor's surgery because I wanted you some time off work to do the course.
book an appointment. (order) B: Actually, we arranged a meeting
: called the doctor's surgery 4
but he said it wasn't
.=..., appointment. possible
A: Pity. What about the evenings after work?
·e left home early because we didn't want to
B: Yeah, I do have time then. But I'm 5 tired
� late for the show. (so)
on what I'm doing.
;e left home early late for
A: I read recently that you should listen to
2:!e show.
classical music while studying.
:-!e paid for express postage because he wanted B: Interesting! I'll try it tonight. I'll just have
.: to arrive on time. (order that) to be careful not to relax 6 much
Ee ordered the present online
arrive on time.
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frenglish.ru
GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 9
Linking words Present and perfect participles
We use linking words to show the relationship between We use participle clauses to give extra information
ideas in a sentence or between sentences. Linking about something in a main clause. It is sometimes
words can be conjunctions, adverbs or prepositions. possible to add an object, adjective or adverb in a
participle clause, but we do not normally include
We use conjunctions to link two clauses together into
a subject. Participle clauses usually describe a
one sentence.
secondary event to the event in the main clause. The
We went to the cinema but all the tickets for the film
subject of a participle clause is the same as the subjec'
had been sold.
in the main clause.
Some conjunctions can go either at the beginning or
in the middle of a sentence. Present participle
Although it was a freezing cold day, we had great Jun We form present participle clauses using the -ing fo:
exploring the city. of a verb. We use participle clauses to describe:
We had great fun exploring the city, although it was a • an event that happens at the same time as the
freezing cold day. event in the main clause
We use adverbs and adverbial phrases to link ideas. We Opening the front door of my house, I realized ha:.
use an adverb in a separate sentence, or in a clause that cold it was outside.
has been linked to the previous one with a conjunction. • the reason for an event in the main clause
Lucy never replied to my letter. Afterwards, I found Not knowing the citlJ well, I got lost several times.
out that she hadn't received it.
Lucy never replied to my letter, but afterwards, I • the result of an action in the main clause
found out that she hadn't received it. Everyone looked at me when I walked into the room,
making me feel anxious.
We use prepositions and prepositional phrases
before an -ing form or a noun phrase. We need to add the preposition by to describe how
After finishing work, I went outside for some fresh air. someone did something in a participle clause.
I arrived late because of the traffic. The thieves got in by breaking a window.
We often use a clause after a preposition or prepositional IJJI> Exercise 4
phrase by adding 'the fact that' to the beginning of it.
I went out, despite the fact that I was so tired. Perfect participle and past participle
We use a perfect participle clause(having + past
We use linking words for different functions.
participle) to describe an event that happened before
an event in the main clause.
Having won the cup final, the players ran over to t'
crowd to celebrate.
although, however, despite, in
We can also make participle clauses using the past
but, even nevertheless spite of
participle of a verb. These often have a conditional
though, yet
meaning.
and moreover, as well as, in
Cooked in the right way, aubergines can be delicious
what's more, addition to
in addition
all kinds of dishes. (= If they are cooked ...)
(without to) We don't use a participle clause if it doesn't refer to
as, because, consequently, because of, the subject of the main clause.
since, so as a result as a result of, Retiding ti beek, the CRtjMrnped en the s17;fa and sa�
(without of)* on account of, next te me. (This makes it sound as though the ea:
owing to** was reading a book.)
after, when, afterwards, after,
while subsequently following*** Fixed phrase participle clauses
Some participles clauses are like fixed phrases. Some
common examples are:
* used to refer to the result, rather than the reason • assuming that(= If we assume that ...)
** used with a noun phrase, not with an -ing form • provided that (= If and only if ...)
*** used with a noun phrase, not with an -ing form • compared to I with
More formal linking words • considering that (= If we remember that ...)
as a result of, consequently, following, however, in addition • given that (= If we remember that ...)
to, moreover, nevertheless, on account of, owing to, • seen from the point of view of
subsequently, what's more, yet IJJI> Exercises 5 and 6
IJJI> Exercises 1, 2 and 3
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=..cises
:DOse the correct linking word to complete
4 Rewrite the sentence pairs as a single sentence.
Use participle clauses with the -ing form in the
first phrase. Make deletions or any other changes
-
sentences. Sometimes there are two possible necessary.
-\,·ers.
1 She wasn't very interested in the film. As a
The food in the restaurant was excellent. In result, she left early.
::ddition to I What's more I Yet, the waiters were
,·ery friendly.
2 I read the contract. While I was doing this, I
_ Yet I Despite I Although your website claims
realized I had made a big mistake.
products are delivered within five days, I still
have not received my order after two weeks.
She was born in Greece, but subsequently I 3 I forgot my friend's birthday. This made her
�[lowing I afterwards she moved to Australia. very angry.
The speaker is ill. We as well as I nevertheless I
::onsequently have to cancel the talk. 4 They didn't want to spend too much money.
- ;\e're meeting him later today as well as I Because of this, they went on holiday nearby.
moreover I in addition to tomorrow.
Since I Because of I As you failed the exam, you
·.,·ill have to repeat the course next year. 5 I looked around the room. When I did this, I
noticed an old school friend in the comer.
:=iplete the text with these words.
::espite however nevertheless since while 6 He walked into the house with his shoes on.
Consequently, he left dirt all over the floor.
� story of how I met my husband is quite funny.
......e day 1 I was at work, I received
email with a music file attached. I didn't know 5 Complete the sentences with these phrases.
-,· I had received it. 2 , I listened
compared comparing having compared
:..'le music and I thought it was amazing, given giving having given
: replied to the sender. We started to email
.-:..'1-i other and one day he suggested meeting, 1 There is less traffic in the city
living hundreds of kilometres apart. to five years ago.
asn't sure at first, and some of my friends told 2 that we don't have much
e :iot to meet him 4 I didn't really time, we should only visit one museum.
w him. 5 , I agreed. When we met,
3 the students' results, we can
·as love at first sight. see that some had studied more than others.
'::l the two phrases with these linking words. 4 all the prices earlier, we
knew which shop had the best deals.
::swell as even though however in spite of 5 There was a baby cry.ing on the train the whole
-oreover on account of journey, me a headache.
6 in his final university
:nost people expected Martinez to become assignment, Juan could finally relax.
?resident/ Sanchez won easily
6 Complete the text with participle clauses using
these verbs.
- ,·isiting our friends in New York / we also
-pent some time in Boston assume consider hack look steal use
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GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 10
Adverbs and adverbial phrases We normally put adverbs of manner in end positio:-
She can speak Japanese really well.
Adverbs (e.g. quickly, unfortunately) and adverbial
phrases (e.g. later that day, in a polite way) qualify or The words friendly, likely, lonely and lovely and unli'
change the meaning of another word or phrase in a are adjectives, not adverbs. We can sometimes use
sentence. They can qualify a verb / verb phrase, an them in the phrase in a ... way to make an adverbia.
adjective, an adverb or a sentence. phrase.
The ants quickly built a nest in the ground. The film finished in a very unlikely way.
It was an extremely large colony.
Some adverbs are irregular, and have the same for.:
The snow fell very heavily last night.
as the adjective, e.g. fast, hard, high, long, low, near,
Suddenly, the sky went dark and it started to rain.
early and late. Some other adjectives, e.g. many -ed
Types of adverb and adverbial phrase adjectives, also do not have adverb forms.
• adverbs and adverbial phrases of manner describe .,.. Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4
how somebody does something or how something
happens, e.g. quickly, with great skill Negative adverbials and inversion
• adverbs and adverbial phrases of probability say When we place an adverb or adverbial phrase that
how likely we think it is that something happened has a negative or restrictive meaning at the beginnr
or will happen, e.g. probably, possibly of a sentence for emphasis, we invert the subject a:
the auxiliary.
• adverbs and adverbial phrases of degree talk I've rarely received such poor service.
about the strength or intensity of something, e.g. Rarely have I 1·eceived such poor service.
almost, extremely, rather
If there is no auxiliary, we add a form of do.
• frequency adverbs and adverbial phrases talk We only realized how sick she was later.
about how often something happens, e.g. rarely, Only later did we realize how sick she was.
from time to time, sometimes, often, always
After most negative adverbial phrases, we don't n
• viewpoint adverbs and adverbial phrases limit the to use not in the main clause.
information or ideas in a sentence to a particular Under no circumstances can I be late for the intervir
perspective, e.g. on a personal level, in some cases (not Unde1 ,w ci,cttmstmices ctm't I be late)
• comment adverbs and adverbial phrases express
Types of negative adverbials
our point of view on information in a sentence,
We use inversion after:
e.g. surprisingly, interestingly
• the frequency adverbs never and other frequenc:
Adverb position adverbs and adverbial phrases meaning 'not
We can put adverbs and adverbial phrases in three often', e.g. seldom, rarely, hardly ever
places in a phrase or sentence:
• adverbs meaning 'almost not', or 'not much', e.c
• front position, before the subject barely, scarcely, hardly, little
Unfortunately, they did not offer me the job.
• some adverbial phrases with only, e.g. only latl'T
• mid position, after auxiliary verbs (including only if ... , only when ... , only after ... (I read your
modal verbs) and before the main verb letter), only by (doing this), not only (but/also ... )
He always arrives late to work.
• negative and restrictive adverbial phrases with
It'll probably be a nicer day tomorrow.
no and not, e.g. no sooner (than ... ), under no
• end position (can be the end of the sentence, or the circumstances, in no way, at no time, nowhere else,
end of the main clause) since, not until, not once
He explained the problem carefully.
• after little
I read French ne-u.1spapers three times a week to
improve my fluency. Note that we don't invert a subject and auxiliary if
We normally put comment and viewpoint adverbs in appears within the adverbial phrase.
front position. We can put frequency adverbs in front Only whel'I. didIread your letter ...
position, if we want to emphasize them. (Note that Only when I read your letter ...
we never put always in front position.) We normally use inversion in slightly more formal
Interestingly, it's colder here than 100 years ago. speech or writing. However, there are some negati\
Occasionally, I have lunch at a restaurant. adverbials that are common in informal speech.
We normally put frequency adverbs, adverbs of No way will you beat me at tennis this time!
degree and adverbs of probability in mid position. � Exercises 5, 6 and 7
He always arrives late for work.
I almost Jell down the stairs this morning.
They'll probably move house soon.
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....: the words in the correct order to make
5 Choose the correct options to complete the
sentences.
-
1 Occasionally does he play I he plays video games
.!::ences.
with his friends.
buys /birthday /my /a present/he / 2 Rarely arrive the buses I do the buses arrive on
:-a.rely /for time here.
3 Only if does it stop I it stops raining can we I we
?Odcasts /loves /she /listening to /
can go out.
4 At no time were the passengers I the passengers
:ilisolutely
were offered compensation.
5 Only after we had complained I had we complained
,ms /the job /offered /luckily /I several times did our neighbours switch off I our
neighbours switched off their loud music.
5hould /in my opinion /the meeting / 6 Not only have I won I I have won the national
?()Stpone /we tennis championship, have I I I have also
competed internationally.
7 Not once have they I they have called me.
·,-hat I said /was /by /slightly /he /
.mnoyed 6 Complete the text with these phrases .
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GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 11 -
Unreal past forms We can use imagine + past tense with the same
meaning as supposing.
We often use past tenses to talk about unreal
situations. The situations can be in the past, but also We also use supposing to and what if+ present tense tc
in the present or the future. talk about what might happen in the future.
Supposing it rains, will they cancel the concert?
would rather I would just as soon
In more formal contexts, we can use were instead of
We use would rather and would just as soon to express a
was when talking about hypothetical situations.
preference for what someone or something should do.
Supposing your boss were more supportive - would
We use would rather I would just as soon + infinitive you still want to change job?
when the subject doesn't change.
.,. Exercises 1, 2 and 3
I'd rather not talk about this now.
We use would rather I would just as soon + subject + Conditionals and inversion
past form when the subject changes. We use the first conditional to talk about real
We'd rather you didn't park your car here. s'\.\.\l.a.\.'\.c:i�s m. \.\::\� )?'l:�s1cc�\. a�c\ hi..\.u..:� .. W1cc c.a� u.s1cc ��
They'd just as soon the go11ernment spent the mone-y logical form m the main clause (e.g. will, might, goir.
on something else. to or an imperative).
I wish I If only If you arrive at the restaurant first, get a table.
We use wish and if only to talk about imaginary We use the second conditional to talk about
situations that we would like to be true or to come hypothetical situations in the present and future.
true. The meaning of wish and if only is the same, but form it with if+ past tense + would I could.
if only is stronger. If
my sister wasn't visiting me this week, I wou:..
able to come and meet you.
We use wish I if only + past tense to talk about a
present situation that we would like to be different. We use the third conditional to talk about
I wish my flat was a bit bigger. hypothetical situations in the past. We form it\\"!
+ past perfect + would I could I might have
We use wish I if only + past perfect to talk about a past
If we had arrived at the cinema early, we would •
situation that we would like to be different.
got good seats.(= We didn't arrive early. We�
The flat we liked was sold yesterday. If only we'd get good seats.)
called the owner straight away.
Mixed conditionals combine second and third
We use wish I if only + someone + would + infinitive
conditional forms.
when we would like someone to do or stop doing If you were more organized, you wouldn't have
something. We often use this structure to complain.
missed your flight. (= You aren't organized
I wish you wouldn't make so much noise.
(present). You missed your flight (past).)
it's (high) time In second and third conditionals, we sometimes
We use it's time + subject + past tense to talk about use the structure if it wasn't/weren't/hadn't been_:
what needs to be done now. We often use it when we noun to mean 'if this thing or situation didn't e:ic::
are annoyed that something hasn't happened yet. We hadn't existed'.
add the adjective 'high' to make the statement stronger. If it hadn't been for Tom, I would never have me
It's time you got a haircut. If it weren't for tourism, I wouldn't have a job.
It's high time you found a job.
.,. Exercises 4 and 5
We can also use to+ infinitive after it's (high) time to
refer to the speaker and listener together. Inverted conditionals
It's time to go.(= You and I should go now.) In second and third conditional sentences, we ca:
invert the subject and auxiliary in the if-clause a:
supposing I what if
omit the word if. We do this in more formal conte
We use supposing or what if+ past tense to talk about when the auxiliary in the second conditional is ...
an imaginary situation in the present or future. or in the third conditional, had.
We often use them in questions. Were he from a richer family, he would have more
Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do? opportunities.
A: I can't come to dinner tonight. B: What if I gave Had we been warned about the delay, it would rw
you a lift? caused so many problems.
We use supposing and what if+ past perfect to talk We can also use should + subject in first conditior. ·
about an imaginary situation in the past. sentences in place of the if-clause.
Supposing you'd been born in a different country, Should you require any further information, plem
would you still have the same personality? contact us.
Why didn't you take your phone? What if I'd needed to
IJJo- Exercise 6
call you urgently?(= I didn't need to call you.)
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ercises 4 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1 I would call you more often if I have time.
Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences.
2 If they'll continue being so rude, we're going to
1 She'd rather I didn't I don't come to the ask them to leave.
meeting. 3 If she bought fewer things, she'll be able to
2 I wish I have I had time to take up a new hobby. save more money.
3 I'd rather not went I not go to the cinema 4 He won't have got so wet yesterday if he'd
tonight. taken an umbrella.
� He wishes he had been I was more careful the 5 I'd eat organic food if it would be cheaper.
day he crashed his car. 6 If you remembered your passport, we wouldn't
5 If only the government would stop I stopped have had so many problems at the airport.
increasing taxes.
6 think it's time you move I moved out of your
I 5 Complete the conversation with the correct form
parents' house. of the verbs in brackets.
; What if you could I can visit any country in the A: I bought these great cups in the sales yesterday!
world? Where would you go? If you 1 (put) hot water in them,
n A: I don't feel like going to the cinema.
they 2 (change) colour!
B: That's fine - I'd just as soon watched I watch B: Do we need more cups?
a film at home. A: Er ... no, not really. I 3 (not buy)
them if they 4 (not be) on sale.
Complete the second sentences so they mean the
B: Hmm. And what else did you get?
same as the first. Use the words in brackets.
A: These black trousers. They're quite tight. But
1 I think you should go home. You've been here I'm sure if I 5 (lose) some weight,
a long time. (time) they 6 (fit) me perfectly!
It . You've been here a B: But you already have four pairs of black
long time. trousers! You shouldn't buy things if you
2 He'd like to earn more money. (wish) 7 (not need) them.
He more money. A: You're right. I'm normally so careful with money.
3 Anna wants me to help her but I'd prefer her to B: Are you sure? If you 8 (be) that
ask someone else. (soon) careful with your money, then you
Anna wants me to help her but I 9
(not buy) all that stuff yesterday.
someone else. How about going out for some lunch now?
-! I should have stayed in touch with my school A: Sorry, I can't really afford it.
friends. (only) B: You see? If you 10 (not spend) so
If with my school friends. much money yesterday, you 11
5 He wants to cook the meal instead of me. (be able to) come for lunch!
(rather)
He instead of me. 6 Complete the sentences with an appropriate
6 I'd like my colleagues to knock before entering inverted form of these verbs.
my office. (wish)
be (x2) know not arrive sell treat
I before entering my office.
Complete the email with what if, wish, it's time, 1 anything missing
would rather or if only and the correct forms of the from your order, please contact us immediately.
words in brackets. 2 we it would take
you so long to complete the work, we would
Hi Helena not have hired you.
How are you? We have exams at the 3 the company their
moment and I'm really anxious. Sometimes I employees better, they wouldn't have gone on
1
(I / not decide) to come to strike.
university! And my flatmates are so loud and 4 the minister more
untidy. I really 2 (they / not supportive of the government's policies, he'd
make) so much noise at night. I think next year I have more chance of being elected.
, (live) alone. My stress has been 5 Martin so late, the
affecting my studies so I think 4 meeting would have finished much earlier.
(I / speak) to a student counsellor. But 6 you the product
s (it/ not help) me - what would successfully, you will be paid commission.
I do? I 6 (we / live) closer to
each other. 7 (we / decide) to go
to the same university, I'm sure I'd be happier.
frenglish.ru 177
- GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 12
Approximation and vague language
We often use approximate and vague language when
We use and so on and and that sort of thing to avoid
giving a list of other similar things, especially after
plural or uncountable nouns.
we do not need to give exact information or if we do
These valleys are full of bears, deer, wolves and so or:
not know it.
I really enjoy swimming, surfing, walking and that
Numbers sort of thing.
There are different ways to give an approximate We use or something to mean 'or something similar'
number. We use: We use it when what we've said is just an example -
• tens I dozens I hundreds I thousands I tens of thousands, we are not sure about it.
etc. + of+ noun What's wrong? Are you tired or something?
There were thousands of people at the protest. I think she works for a theatre or something.
• around, about and roughly + number, or number + ,... Exercises 2 and 3
or so
We have around/about/roughly $50 to spend on a would
present. We use would (usually, especially in speech,
Twenty or so people went on the hike. (= twenty or contracted to 'd) in a number of different ways. We
slightly more) use it:
• over(= more than), under(= less than), up to(= not • in conditionals, to describe a hypothetical situati
more than) + number I would ask for a pay rise if I were you.
Up to 30 million people are expected to vote in elections If you'd asked me, I would have helped you.
tomorrow. • to talk about the future in the past, e.g. to report a:-
• as many as(= not more than) and some intention, expectation or decision
( = approximately) + number when the number is The government promised they would protect the am:
high, unexpected or important • to describe a habitual action (but not a state) in tlr
Every year, some two million people visit this part of past
the world. When we were kids, we would always go camping in
• number + odd (= approximately) in informal, summer.
spoken contexts with numbers that can be divided • to indicate a person or thing's refusal to do
by ten (e.g. 50, 100, 1,200, etc.) something in the past
I've been working here for 30-odd years now. Sorry I'm late - my car wouldn't start so I had to fin::.
,... Exercise 1 a taxi.
We also use would:
Adjectives
We use kind of, sort of and more or less before an • in polite requests 3
adjective to make it more approximate. Kind of and Would you call back later? I'm rather busy.
sort of are more informal. • in polite responses to a request or invitation
All the hotels on this road are more or less excellent. A: Can I get you a coffee? B: That would be great -
We add -ish to the end of an adjective to make it thanks.
approximate. This is most common in spoken English. • to express an opinion or hope less forcefully or in
The leaves of this plant change to a purple-ish colour in more indirect way
autumn. I would think that the later train would be better.
We can also use -ish with hours of the day. (= I think ... )
I'll call you at 8-ish. I would have hoped that you'd finish by today.
(= I expected ...)
Vague words
,... Exercises 4, 5 and 6
We use stuff instead of an uncountable or plural noun
when we don't know or don't need to say exactly
what something is.
It will be cold, so bring hats, gloves and stuff. (stuff=
things like that)
What's this stuff all over my car? (stuff= substance)
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�rC1ses
�ross out the option which can't be used to talk
4 W hich of the sentences have an incorrect use of
would? Correct the incorrect sentences.
-
1 If you would study harder, you'd do better in
:.bout each number.
your courses.
• 3,150 people: thousands of people I up to 3,000 2 I couldn't bring a copy of the document
people I 3,000-odd people because my printer wouldn't work.
-
ten hours forty minutes: over ten hours I under 3 It would always be very cold in winter in the
en hours I about ten hours old house where I grew up.
- t
five years and ten days: as many as five years I 4 I think it would be a great concert tonight- I'm
roughly five years I over five years looking forward to it!
-:: $105: 100-odd dollars I around 100 dollars I 5 Would you help me to take these boxes to my
hundreds of dollars car?
.:; 52 cars: about fifty cars I fifty cars or so I under 6 I would expect that most of the work on the
fifty cars house will be finished this month.
�omplete the sentences with these words and 5 Match the phrases (a-f) with the underlined words
�hrases. in the sentences (1-6).
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Audioscripts
Unit 1 What do iliese identifying characteristics B: Oh, hi David. Good to meet you. I'm T=
have in common? Well, identity really seems I'm an old school friend of Kate's.
to be about the experiences that shape us. A: Oh, yeah- what school was that then?
Speakerl Take John, our 'family man'. When his B: Langley Secondary. It wasn't a great
I think the most valuable lesson I've learned children were born, he was working as a school, actually, but a few of us have kl'f'
was when I was starting a business at the age carpet salesman. It was a secure job - not very in touch over the years.
of 25. I used to get very frustrated with my well paid - but it kept him and his family 4
business partner, a guy called Giles. We'd set comfortable. At one point he'd been intending A: Hey, I like your jacket.
up our own web design business and Giles to leave the company and start up his own B: Oh, thank you. I bought it in ilie sales
would always take ages making a first design business, but when he thought about it he yesterday. It was only £18.
to show the customer. He was trying to get realized that it would be a risk and also would A: £18? You wouldn't know it - it looks
it perfect when actually, it didn't need to be. take up too much of his time - time that he'd great. Do you like bargain-hunting, tl1er
When I told my dad about it- that it was railier spend with his two boys. B: Oh no. I like clothes, but I hate shopp�
driving me crazy - he said, 'Look, you can't What about Jack? People call him a free spirit for iliem. I find it really stressful.
change other people; you can only change because he's 44 and hasn't settled dovm A: Me too. I always end up buying things
the way that you behave towards them.' So, yet. He fell in love when he was 25, but ilie iliat aren't right and have to take fuem
from then on I just tried to accept that Giles relationship ended and he hasn't had another back.
was a perfectionist and to see it as a positive one since. He travels a lot and lives in different 5
thing. And since then we've got on much places, picking up bits and pieces of work as A: I'm supposed to have given up sweet
better. And that's become a sort of guiding and when he can. He keeps saying iliat in a things, but I can't stop eating this cake.
principle for me in life - not to try to change few years, he won't be moving about anymore B: I know. It's delicious, isn't it?
other people. - tl1at he's had enough of tl1at life - but A: Actually, it was my New Year's
Speaker2 actually he's been saying iliat since he was 35. Resolution to stop eating tl1ings like th::
I think a good rule of thumb is: 'Never get But I haven't kept it. In fact, I don't tlffi
Arme works for a big legal firm. She's I've ever kept a New Year's Resolutior�
too attached to things.' But it's a lot easier quite a driven person. A few years ago, her
said than done and sometimes it takes a Have you?
flatmate introduced her to a new vegetarian B: No, I gave up making them years ago.
big event to make you realize how true diet and it made her feel great and gave her
this is. Our house was flooded a few years more energy. It also made her think about
6
ago and because my bedroom was on the A: Whereabouts are you from?
all the bad food she had eaten in her life, B: I live in Lublin ... in the east of Poland
ground floor, I lost a lot of my most valued particularly at school, and so she joined
possessions: my laptop with all my photos A: Really? I don't know Lublin.
a campaign to provide healthier food for B: No, I don't think many people have her:.
on it; my favourite books; all my shoes school kids. It has attracted a lot of interest
were ruined and some of my best clothes of it.
and is now becoming a national movement. A: So, what's it like? Is it a good place to
too. But in fact, what mattered at the time
So while there are many ingredients that go live?
was knowing that everyone was safe - my into making us what we are, it seems that
parents and my little brother. We've actually B: Well, it depends. The suburbs aren't ve;,,
what defines people first and foremost is interesting, but the old town is nice aoo
moved to a new house now, and it's not
experience. because it's a university town, it gets c;::
nearly as nice as the old one, but it doesn't
matter. You need to move on. Now, I always l2fil'j lively at night.
make a point of not getting too attached to 1 I need peace and quiet to concentrate.
places or things. It's just stuff. 2 They all came back from their canoeing 1 Do you normally eat here?
ml trip safe and sound. No one was injured,
but most of them had a few aches and
2
3
v\'hat's it like living in New York?
What sort of apartment have you got?
How many times have you been asked pains.
the question, 'So, what do you do?' when 4 How do you like the new building?
3 Try not to give a long talk. By and large, Do you fancy a coffee or something?
you first meet someone? It's the classic 5
it's better to keep it short and sweet.
way in which people start a conversation
4 People come from far and wide to see
in order to form an idea of a person's
Stonehenge.There are busloads of tourists Hello, everyone. First of all, can I extend a
identity, by trying to fit them into an easy
coming to and fro all day. warm welcome from me and all the staff.�
to-understand category. But while some
5 You think my job is all fun and games, name's Sarah Curtain, and I'm the Princip:
people might like to define themselves by
but actually now and then we do some here at King's College. I'm very happy to,._
their job - because it's what they live for -
serious work too! once again, such a large and diverse range
actually for many people, their work is not
of nationalities at the college. This year we
their identity, and the question can make IE] have over 60 different nationalities, speak:
you feel as if people are always judging you 1 33 different languages. It's iliat diversity z:
by your position in society, or worse, by how A: Hi. Is it your first day at college too? international perspective that makes King·
much you ean1. B: Yes, it is. College a unique place to study.
There are of course other ways we identify A: How's it going? Is it as you expected?
B: It's great, actually. I was a bit nervous I'm afraid I have to mention a few
people. By their background: 'Sally was
before, but tl1e teachers have been really administrative matters first, but ilien I'll gl"
brought up on a farm in Wales, not in
welcoming. you some more general advice about how
London like the rest of her friends.' By
2 make the most of your time here.
their values: 'John's a family man, really.'
Or by their hobbies or interests: 'Frank's a A: So, what do you do? So, immediately after this session, iliere "
keen photographer.' Or sometimes by their B: I work for an IT company, sorting out be coffee in the Student's Union where Y<T
character: 'Jack's a free spirit,' or 'Kate's people's computer systems. can meet and chat to staff and otl1er studen.
always the life and soul of ilie party.' We A: Oh, really? How did you get into that? That's from 11 to 12.30 p.m.
also define people by ilieir beliefs: 'Anne's B: By accident. I got a temporary job wiili a
Course registration takes place on Monda;
a campaigner for healthy eating.' And yes, company selling laptops - one of iliose
morning. That is compulsory for everyone
sometimes too by ilieir work: 'Sarah's a 'no experience necessary' ads- and ilien
to attend and it'll be in ilie main universi�
medical researcher - she's spent most of her they trained me in computer nehvorks.
hall - this room - behveen 10 a.rn. and 2 p=
life looking for cures for tropical diseases.' 3
You must attend to officially register for Im
A: Hi, I don't think we've met. I'm David.
courses you are going to do this year.
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frenglish.ru
=g the next week, I'd ask those
::o haven't done so already, to
hunting- an art practised since the days of
Genghis Khan. finding a natural firebreak.
Audioscripts
=
1e:e1l be thirty or so books on each job looking after forests in Wales. He's retired had a different attitude, but since then?
don't think that means you now, but he's still fascinated by trees and No. A smokejumper's a smokejumper,
� every page of every book. There plants. I guess his job was a way of life for regardless of gender.
'"!:" four key books highlighted at the him because it occupied all his time and he
""l list, which we do recommend that spent so much of his life living in or around
::: full, but the others will mainly forests. Over the years, I've often tl1ought C = Careers Advisor, K = Katy
.zrence- that's to say, there'll be one about working outdoors too, but I don't C: OK, Katy, so can you tell me a bit about
�ters in them that are relevant to a think I'll folJow in his footsteps. yourself?
essay or piece of work. K: Yes, of course. So, I'm 23 years old and I
live in south London. I was brought up
:::portantly, when I give you the list, P = Presenter, K = Kerry, R = Reporter in France 'til I was twelve - my mum's
• t go out to the nearest bookshop P: We'd all like to jump into a fire, right? French - so I speak fluent French. I
� all. If you do that, you'll leave Er, I don't think so, but that was how studied history at Liverpool University -
.:> money for food or anything else. smokejumper Kerry Franklin explained that was a really good experience - and I
:ooks are, in principle, available her career choice when she was graduated from there last June. Since then
�-- some may be out on loan of interviewed by this programme. For those I've been looking for a job in journalism.
':Ell you want them. You'll probably of you that don't know, smokejumpers To be honest, the media is not an easy
�- some of the more important ones. are firefighters with parachutes who are sector to break into unless you have the
.::I! :o you is first to look at one of the dropped into inaccessible areas to tackle right contacts - and I don't particularly.
:iooksellers and see if you can pick forest fires. Here's what Kerry said when So, I decided that the best thing to do
.e:ond-hand or at least cheaper copies she spoke to one of our reporters earlier. was to get more work experience in the
o;zre's also a second-hand section in K: Women firefighters are well suited to meantime and currently that's what I'm
=tiYersity bookshop, where you this kind of work. We weigh on average doing - bits and pieces of office work so
:: what you're looking for. around 70-80 kilos, so we're the right that I can improve my general computer
x:: strategies for reading? As I said weight for it. If you're much heavier than and admin skills while I look for
"'!:::lning, you'll have a big volume that, you descend too fast and you can get something more permanent.
� :o do, so it's important that you injured when you hit the ground. If you're C: Yes, I think that's very sensible.
.::: it. Is there a secret to that? Well, a lot lighter and there's a strong wind, Companies are always worried iliat
- the answer is not really. What I you might be carried a long way from university graduates lack those basic
i:hough is that the more you read, your intended landing point. skills. What kind of organization would
you will get. So don't worry too R: You mean like tmvards the centre of the you like to work for, ideally?
seems like it's taking ages at first - fire itself? K: Well, a news company, really- either
:a>ls that ... K: Yeah, that's been known to happen. But online, TV or radio, or print. That's what
personal safety's not the first thing on I'm working towards. But I'd be perfectly
your mind- in this kind of job you can't happy to start at the bottom and then
wrap people in cotton wool. work my way up. You know, I really
R: No, I guess not. So, having landed near wouldn't mind doing a basic job to start
-.:.: herders of western Mongolia the fire, what do you do then? 'Cos I with- just so I could get my foot in the
called the last nomads. Their imagine there's no fire engine or fire door.
.: :s the horses, goats and cattle hydrant nearby, so you can't start putting C: Well, I think that the fact that you did a
ft!. ,,ith them, from which they get
out the fire in a conventional way. history degree rather than one in media
.ri. clothing and money to buy other K: No, that's right. We're like the first line of or journalism could be a positive thing.
attack before other crews get there. We get Employers are always looking for people
.:::iese nomadic peoples are Kazakhs. dropped in with tools - chaill.saws, axes, with a slightly different background.
=-g:y, many Kazakhs are trying to chemicals for fighting fires; we're given Have you done any blogging or written
=e=er living by seeking new jobs or water pumps too, portable ones. But first anything that's been published?
.b.e city, but there are some who the fire needs to be assessed to see how K: Yeah, I wrote a regular blog about
=:ained the traditional way of life, bad it is and how it's going to develop university life when I was in Liverpool.
- !5115 ill the summer and ill smalJ Jfos .information has to be relayed back to That was quite papula.t:
�g the cold winters. Among their base as quickly as possible. Of course, if C: Mnun. Good. And what do you see as
� most unusual, perhaps, is eagle it's a bad fire, we've got to look for a way your strengths, Katy?
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frenglish.ru
Audioscripts
.,------------------
K: Well, obviously, I think I write well - also average house size these days is half the
I'm good at spotting a story. I wrote size that it was in the 1920s and iliere are A: Have you seen these pictures of the
something on my biog last year about good reasons for that, as we'll hear. So, artwork that's being proposed for the
the problem of students getting into I'm very pleased to welcome arrnitect main square in ilie city centre?
debt, which got picked up by a local Jonas Wilfstrand, who specializes in ilie B: No. Er, what is it?
newspaper. I guess I'm very focused and design of compact living spaces and A: It's a sculpture in the shape of an ope;
conscientious - once I start something, who's going to talk us through this a bit. book, and quotes and jokes by variou,,
I follow it through. For example, in my Jonas, I've been looking at compact homes famous local people appear on the pa<;:[
current job I've spent the last two weeks on your website, and I must say some of electronically.
helping to reorganize the office. I went in them are really stunning. The timber and
B: Oh, I see.
at the weekend because I wanted to finish glass vacation house with a built-in sauna A: Yeah, the quotes change every few
the job before they took in a group of new struck me particularly. But it did make me minutes. I think it's rather clever. Wh.=; _
intems. wonder: is this just a passing fashion or you think?
C: OK. And what would you say are your is there something more behind the trend B: Well, yeah, it looks quite fun, but I ha\
weaknesses? for smaller homes?
to say, I didn't get the idea straightm,.r
K: Um, well, I'm only 23, so I realize I've got J: Oh, no, there is definitely a trend for
not until you explained it. Personall\�: �
an awful lot to learn still. For example, smaller homes - in Britain, but also in rather have something a bit more arti..'1.
when it comes to gathering information, I other Western countries. One reason
if you know what I mean. I'm also no:
don't have all the skills or resources of an is that in large cities we're incredibly
convinced iliat it'll stand the test of tL...
older journalist. I have some experience short of space - it's a really big problem I imagine people will get bored of it p:ei
of interviewing people - I know that the nowadays. The other thing is affordability. quickly.
trick is to get them to tell their story, not A house or flat half the size should in
A: Oh, no. I disagree. I reckon people - bet.
the story that you want to hear -just not principle cost half the money- although
locals and visitors, that is - will reall\·:.:...
enough yet. In the past I had a tendency it doesn't always work out that way. I fue fact that it tells you something abou.
to get carried away with my own ideas know it seems completely wrong, but
the city- in the sense that it features
sometimes. that's the way it is now. Unfortunately, for
people that have been part of our histo.'
some people that can mean the difference
I don't think you should underestimate
Unit 3 between having somewhere to live or not. the value of the educational aspect.
P: And where did you get the inspiration for B: Yeah, I see that and I'm all in favour o:
your compact homes? Were they based on
Wherever I go, I always make a point of something that's relevant, or rather th.!.
something you'd seen? reflects our heritage, but I'm afraid it j"c:,
looking up and taking in my surroundings, J: Yes - probably a lot of things I'd seen,
particularly the architecture. I'd recommend seems a bit ugly to me.
in fact. But one particular source of A: Well, for me, it's very important that it -
anyone to do that; it's very informative. By inspiration was a people called the
looking a little more closely, you learn a lot something interactive- not just a stafa"
Dolgan who live in northern Russia.
about people and how they organize their artwork- because that's more likely to
It's absolutely freezing there- it can go
lives. In Hong Kong you can't help looking attract people to the square. It's fai;h.
as low as minus 40 degrees - so a small
up because almost all the buildings are at clear that's what the artist is hoping:
living space is very practical. The Dolgan
anyway.
least twenty or tirty storeys high.
"
h
houses are shaped a bit like a sugar cube
This photo was taken from the middle of an and they're extremely basic- a single Unit4
apartment complex and two things strike room wiili two or three beds, a table
you immediately. The first is the density of and a stove. They're constructed from
population here- it's incredible! People live wooden frames and reindeer skins, which A woman who has been virtually blind
in tiny apartments, one on top of another, is a great insulator, and they sit on sled for the last six years has spoken about he:
because the cost of renting is so high. Those runners, so iliat they can be pulled along happiness at being able to see again after I
air-conditioning units sticking out from the by the reindeer. So, when the Dolgan need surgeons at Oxford's John Radcliffe Hosp: I
windows also tell a story, 'cos for most of the to move their reindeer to find new places
•1
inserted a tiny electronic chip into the ba 1
year, Hong Kong is a really hot and humid for them to feed, they can literally move of her right eye. Within seconds of swit�
place. Then, the other thing that strikes you house at the same time. It's so simple.
'
the device on, Rhian Lewis was able to see
about the buildings is that they're such a They've made the best of available light and colour in a ,vay that had been
mixture: old and new, smart and shabby. resources and just kept it very functional. impossible before. It'll probably take morn;
I think you get that in any city, but here it I must say, I liked that. for Lewis to train her brain to see proper!� I
somehow seems more marked. P: I guess small often means living more again but the early signs are extremely j
Actually, when you see people out in the simply. positive; she can already distinguish neaIT"' I
streets you get a different impression - like J: Yes, I've seen some cabins in California objects like knives and forks on a table.
everyone seems to be doing pretty ,veil - and of ten square metres - tl1at's about 25
times smaller than an average American Bionic body parts are a fast-developing
that's because appearances are incredibly
home - where people had to reduce their technology which don't have to be only
important for most Hong Kongers: looking
possessions to only what was absolutely for people with disabilities. Tew car b�ds
your best, wearing designer fashions,
essential. But small doesn't always equal developed by a company in San Francisco
carrying tl1e latest phone. You see, a lot of
simple. The architect Gary Chang, who promise to help anyone hear better by
people come here to make money: bankers
is another person I've been strongly allowing the wearer to choose what sound.
and real estate developers and so on. It's
influenced by, lives in an apartment to ignore and what to focus on. For examF'
busy, .it's crowded, it's competitive and
block in Hong Kong that's only 32 square they can filter out the background noise in
frankly, it makes a lot of other big cities seem
metres. He's rethought the concept of a busy restaurant or amplify surrounding
pretty sleepy. It's not for everyone, but I sounds when you're riding a bicycle. All th:.
found it completely addictive. living space in a totally unique way
am using a clever series of sliding walls and raises the question of whether it is likelv th;
moveable built-in units so that he can one day in the not so distant future, bia"nic
transform his small apartment into anv body parts will actually be more efficient
P = Presenter, J = Jonas Wtlfstrand
room he wants - a living room, a kitchen, than our own biological body parts.
P: Hello and welcome to Your Property.
Today we're going to look at something a library, a bedroom. It's quite amazing
completely different: small homes - really - there are 24 different rooms he can
extremely small homes, in fact. The make from just the one space.
182
frenglish.ru
c Presenter, M = Martha Kay
wfe must have been very different before
wealthy. L:rer.;�.1 D:.;:=""= predicted that it
would ne\·er co:::ce ::::o common use.
P: I see, so in that se:t..-e, :: s about wants
rather than ::i�. Bi.:: ,,·hat about all
places have shaped people.
Audioscripts
:he invention of certain things, but it's 1 I do regret not stopping there.
those thin gs that we :-ealiy don't need. I'm
'.lOt always so easy to imagine what it 2 She does travel a lot.
thinking of thi.,gs :i..\:e ...
·as like. For example, if you're in your 3 We do miss home sometimes.
!ieens or twenties, you might never 4 I did spend a lot of time at the beach.
'lave considered how people searched
'or information before the internet
rosted. The electric light is another
First of all, �y in a few words what your
product or ser.;ce does, \,ithout using am
jargon, so that anyone could understand I= Interviewer, M = Maggie Richards
.hing that we all take for granted. But it. Make clear what problem it solves and I: The idea of a mystery tour was made
°lOW do such inventions come about? say \,·hy your wlution is different from the famous by the Beatles' 'Magical Mystery
it necessity that drives innovation? competition. Last!�� you need to convince the Tour' film in which the band head off
lli commercial profit? Or something other person that you are a good person to westwards out of London in an old bus
else? Here to discuss these questions is implement this idea, so explain your relevant in search of adventure. Since then, the
tmsiness historian, Martha Kay. Martha, background. idea of taking a journey to an unknm,vn
·e have so many thirigs around us that
,·e needn't have acquired- I mean, we
�'Ould clearly live without them - so the
am
Our idea is a phone app that makes
destination has been taken up by coach
tour operators who offer 'exciting'
locations and 'top' hotels, usually to
:::ecessity argument is not the whole volunteering in the community easier. It's parties of more elderly holiday-makers.
mswer, is it? called Volunteer Planner. How does it work? But a London-based company called Secret
Hello, Evan. No, of course it isn't. Basically, it's an interactive diary that links Ad,1entures is targeting a younger age
History's full of inventions that people people who want to volunteer to charities group by adding a twist to the concept of
Jiought they didn't need at the time. In who are looking for help. Why is that the mystery tour. They have developed a
: 78, a British Parliamentary committee, necessary? Well, essentially the problem is number of travel ex-periences designed,
•.-hich had to comment on the usefulness that voluntary organizations always want in their words, 'to generate a sense of
f Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, people to commit to a regular time- like exploration and wonder'. Travel Book's
:.1.id ' ... it is good enough for our once a week- so they miss out on all the own Maggie Richards went on one of tl1e
:ransatlantic friends, but unworthy of the people who have time here and there and trips and talked to me afterwards about it.
.1ttention of practical men.' want to help, but can't commit to anytlung So, Maggie, a magical experience or not?
'tes, well, they probably should have regular. So they never come fonvard. Of M: Absolutely. Definitely one I'd recommend.
oeen more open-minded. But in 1878 course, there are other apps that do meeting I: How much did you know about the
people didn't need to have phones, did planning like Doodle and Tunepal, but ours adventure before you left? How secret
they? You could conduct your daily is unique to this sector because it lists each was it?
business perfectly well without one. But volunteer 's qualifications and skills in a M: Basically, all we were told was that we'd
now it's become a necessity- a need has separate database that organizations can meet in London and that we'd need a
been created, if you like. easily access. bicycle, a swimming costume and a dry
;,·ell, I think people in the nineteenth We're a team of IT experts with experience bag - oh, and also that tl1e trip would be
century felt they had to find a way of working with charities, so we understand over two days.
'.o communicate at a distance more this sector well. So, ·what are we asking for? I: And did you know how far you'd have to
effectively; they just hadn't envisaged Well, we've made a prototype and now we swim?
the telephone. Of course, there are some need some funding to bring it to market. M: Yeah, I did ask tl1at- fifty metres. I
inventions which fill an urgent need - Honestly, we think it will revolutionize the thought about asking where we'd be
,·accines against particular diseases, for field of volunteering. swimming but then I decided not to.
mstance. But most innovations aren't I: >lo, I guess that would've spoiled the
!ike that. Entrepreneurs often come up Unit 5 surprise. So can you explain what the trip
with ideas to make our lives a little more consisted of?
convenient or comfortable and then, over M: OK, so we all met up in Hackney in
time, we come to rely on them. Television Three people visit the same place and north London- eight of us and our
IS a case in point. Remote shopping- each one leaves with a different story. guide, Madoc. And then we set off down
like mail-order, or these days internet One remembers a romantic evening in a tl1e track next to the River Lea. It was a
hopping - is another. Time magazine cosy restaurant and a long waJk through beautiful afternoon and the path was flat
II1 the 1960s said it wouldn't catch on a beautifully lit city by night; another so it was easy cycling. And that gave
because, and I quote, 'women like to get remembers an argument with an officious us the chance to chat and get to know
out of the house and to be able to change museum curator about the closing time of each other. Occasionally, Madoc would
their minds'. an art gallery; another remembers sitting give us a clue about the trip, like 'Only
I'm sure they did - like to get out of and watching the world go by on a lazy, hot fifteen miles to go' or 'Is that our island?
the house, that is, and away from the afternoon in an elegant park. No, I don't think so.' It all added to
housework. It can't have been easy. That Our travel experiences are influenced by so the anticipation. Then, as the sun was
certainly was a different era. many different factors: the circumstances setting, he told us to stop and put our
Another form of innovation is to take and state of mi.rid in which we arrive; the bikes in the long grass and get ready to
something that's at first expensive to people we happen to meet - an affable fellow swim. We packed our stuff into dry bags
produce and therefore exclusive to rich traveller or a wary local; the preconceptions and then got into the water. It wasn't
people, and make it available to many. that we bring to each place we visit. The warm and a few people were screaming
There are quite a few things that we gift of a good travel writer is to capture and gasping - I know I was- but
now see as everyday necessities that the essence of a place in a way that we actually it felt really exhilarating to be
have come to us in this way - where can all identify with, so that it's instantly heading off for the night with just your
an entrepreneur has found a way to recognizable not just superficially - in its swimming things and a dry bag. Madoc
produce something more cheaply, like grand arclutecture or lively cafes - but in the had gone ahead and by the time we
the mobile phone or the computer. way that a particular place feels and thinks. reached the island, a fire was burning.
Another example, in the 1890s, the motor Because the best travel writers aren't really He cooked an amazing stew for supper
car was thought to be a luxury for the writing about travel, they're writing about and we shared stories around the fire.
183
frenglish.ru
-
Audioscripts
I: Did you have tents? Unit 6 get my diet and nutrition right. T:
M: No, we didn't. We slept in the open, ultimately what would let me rnI'
but it was fine - it wasn't cold. In the relative comfort.
morning, we swam back and cycled to a W = Woman, R = Rashmi P: Comfort's not a word I'd normal!·
cafe for breakfast. Then we caught a train W: How do you advise people to stay fit and associate with a 161-kilometre ru:
back into London. It was very strange healthy, Rashmi? anyway ... What about injuries?:
arriving back in the busy city. It made R: You know, there's so mucl1 contradictory must put intense strain on your l:x..c.
the whole thing seem as if it had been a information out there about how to keep B: I think the most important thing i.
magical dream - actually it had . in shape: whether you should watch your sport is to recognize when your hoe.
I: Are the trips expensive? weight by controlling what you eat or by in pain. A lot of sports people try
M: Not at all. Well, it depends which one . exercising; what kind of exercise regime is through the pain. I'm not talking lb,
Some of the shorter ones are less than £40. best, and so on. I was reading a scientific when they're in a really bad wa��:.
You could travel a long way and spend a journal just this morning saying that when they have a small muscle�
lot more to create that kind of magic, but intensive exercise, like working out at the or pain in a joint- an ankle, fore
what Secret Adventures taught me was gym is actually less effective than gentle - they tend to take some painkille:"
that you really don't need to . exercise, like going for a walk regularly in or put on some kind of support a."1d
(Based on a real Secret Adventures trip. Madoc the park. just carry on exercising . Because::..
is a real character, but Maggie is a fictional W: Really? Why did it say that? they can't afford to rest . But of=
character.) R: I think the idea is that if you do that's completely wrong. Pain is�
really intensive exercise, then your body warning you to be careful
body demands calorie compensation very often - because minor proble::::.
1 A: You have to be careful not to get afterwards - in other words, you're more will inevitably develop into more St!"
overcharged in the local markets. likely to reward yourself with a bigger injuries. So that's the first thing: to
B: Yes, I know that. snack at the end of the session. Whereas to your body.
2 A: Would you like to drive? if you just stretch your legs often or take P: Yes, but we all get aches and pains :
B: No, I'd rather you did. regular gentle exercise, it doesn't have the that shouldn't discourage us from d.;
same effect. exercise?
3 A: Did he take warm clothes with him?
W: So what do you do? You're in pretty good B: Well, no, but if you do the right kind
B: I hope so.
shape. preparation, which I'd really urge p
4 A: Do you mind travelling alone? R: Well, mainly I try not to obsess too muc11 to do , you can avoid getting injt:_-.:,
B: No, I actually prefer it. about my weight. I don't go on diets and in the first place. I follow a method
5 A: Are there many good guidebooks I don't weigh myself every day. I just developed by a sports physiologi."-'"�
about this region? do active things that I enjoy. I've never ' is a series of stretches and gentle e�
B: Yes, there are some excellent ones. been a fan of the gym, T have to say, and that strengthen the key muscles and
6 A: Did she enjoy visiting Russia? I never go for a run - I find it boring. The ligaments. It's definitely prevent:ed -
B: Yes, she loved it. kids keep me pretty active anyway. But from getting ankle sprains and helpn...
mm
I think it's a well-known fact that a lot of
recently I've got into road cycling. Every
couple of weeks a few of us go out for
with some of the other tings h
I used
suffer from: lower back pain, runner ,
a ride in tlle countryside - forty or fifty knee and so on ...
exposure to strong sun is a dangerous thing,
particularly if you're a person v,,jth fair skin.
So these days people are generally more
kilometres. We often go up in the woods
and hills around the South Downs. The am
1 A I heard Sarah came off her bicydl."
scenery's beautiful and it's a great way to
careful - they take precautions not to get enjoy nature and stay fit at the same time. she in a bad way?
sunburned. But I'm afraid it wasn't always B: Luckily she didn't break any�
like that. was pretty shaken up though.
I have my clinic in Patong. It's on the island P = Presenter, B = Ben Newborn 2 A: Is it true that Jack nearly cut his
of Phuket in Thailand - which you've heard P: ... tllanks for those comments, Lydia. off?
about, I'm sure: it's famous for having I'd like to turn now to someone who B: Yes, he practically passed out \\"tier"
beautiful beaches and consequently, we get a should know more about sports injuries he saw what he'd done. It was q=
lot of tourists and sunseekers here. tllan most and that's ultrarunner Ben deep cut, but he's on the mend IlO"'
Newborn. Ben, bef ore we get into tl1e think.
A few years ago, I was in my clinic and a
question of injuries, can you just explain 3 A: You look a bit off colour. Are you
young man with red hair and very fair skin
for our listeners what ultrarunning is? feeling W1der the weatller?
came in. His legs were the colour of his hair
B: Sure, basically ultrarunning is rW1lling
- like a lobster - and he was in great pain. B: No, I'm not ill. I'm just run down -
distances beyond a usual marathon
I applied some cream to his legs and then I working too mucl1.
distance. So, it could mean rW1lling
wrapped them both in bandages from the
100 kilometres in a single day, or it
ankle to the thigh. I told hin1 to stay out of
could involve running several C = Chair, S = Sophia, T = Tariq
the sun and to take it easy for a few days
maratllons on consecutive days. C: Hello, everyone. Welcome to this
W1til the redness had disappeared. The
P: And how did you get into it? brainstorming session on promoting
following morning, I was walking to work
B: I was a runner anyway and I just wanted health and fitness among employees.
along the street by the beacl1. By cl1ance, I
to take it to another level - to really test David Grant, our CEO, is very keen t!!..
happened to glance down at the people on
myself physically and mentally. So in we, as a company, take some positi\·e
the beacl1 who were arranging their sunbeds
2008, I registered for the tntra-Trail race action on this - not only because there
and parasols for a day of relaxing by the sea
in the Alps whicl1 requires runners to run also an obvious benefit in terms of
and there, to my amazement, was the same
161 kilometres around Mont Blanc. productivity and days lost through
man! He was lying stretched out on his back,
P: Didn't you worry about doing yourself sickness, but because he genuinely
not in the shade, but in full SW1 with just his
real damage? believes it'll make for a happier
swimming costume and his bandages on! It
B: Actually, I wasn't so concerned about workplace. So, with that in mind, I'd :r_
was so crazy it was almost funny.
injuries. I was more worried about failure. to hear any ideas you have. W ho'd like
And I knew that if I wanted to succeed to start? Yes, Sophia ...
in overcoming exhaustion and the things S: Thank you. Yeah, well, as I see it, there
that can make you feel sick, I had to are probably two routes we could
184
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-
- down. One possibility is just to
:ncourage people to do simple things
.:ke walking to work or not spending
people seem !o spend almost as much time
recording the e�-perience as they do actual!y
watching or lli.tening to what's going on.
Audioscripts
185
frenglish.ru
- Aud ioscripts
endorphins, which are the chemicals that like science or art. It's just that with pop
music, you're not supposed to stay trendy study of these events. The story of �
our bodies use to help us deal with stress or
after you're thirty. But I don't agree with Guerre is a very strange one and we
pain. Endorphins are actually vital to our
that. m.icro-historians look out for that kia.
well-being in general, because they produce
P: So you slill get excited by new music. of unusual story, hoping it11 give US
feelings of happiness or even elation. So
Wnat, for you, makes a good record? better idea of what normal behaviO'=
when we listen to music, we're rewarded
F: I honestly don't know. \!\'hat makes a during a particular period in histOI}
with this boost of feel-good chemicals.
particular piece of music move you is I: I see, that's interesting. So, ca:n you';!..
Its power to relax us is so strong that it's summarize the story?
something that can't really be described
commonly used in hospitals now to calm C: Yes, of course.. Martin Guerre wa� a
or identified. I'd rather not think t()(l
people before they undergo surgery or for French peasant who lived in a vil.lagp
much about why I like a particular song
the relief of pain after an operation. called Artigat in the south-·west of f=
or record.
So that's one area in which music can help P: And what's your first record? - this was in the early sixteenth cen=
people. Another is with people who have F: This is a song by John Etheridge, a blues He was the eldest son in a family of,.,
language difficulties. Imagine you're at a and jazz guitarist. I think it was the first and he got married very yoUI,g - in'
party and there's so much noise that it's blues record I ever heard and it opened teens h, fact. At the age of 21, he aoc
difficult to hear the person right next to up a whole new world to me. l also wife, Bertrande, had a baby son. Bu=
you. Well, i f you' re not having to strain in associate it with the summer of 1976, years later, he was caught stealing g::i:.
order to hear what others are saying, the which was a really hot !>-ummer. I was from his father's grain store. Fearinf .
chances are that you are someone with supposed to be revising for exams, but I severe punishment (theft was consici::
musical training; and that's because we use spent most of my time lazing around in the worst type of crime in those da�
the same parts of the brain to process music the park. It was too hot to work. fled over the border to Spain and I.:
186
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.opent some time doing various jobs, he
f',entually joined the Spanish army. In
�557 he was wounded in battle and his
very likely - their ex-periment caused the
terrible floods that took place that year in
the south-west of England.
Audioscripts
187
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- Audioscripts
Partl
am think it's a bleak, monotonous landscape,
but for me it's very beautiful. It is nature
Conversation 1 untouched by man. Azraq itself is the site
Psychologist Daniel KalU1eman's study J = Jem1ie, F = Felipe of an oasis. So all around the water are ta:
of how we make certain judgements and grasses with some pahn trees here and �
J: Bl, Felipe. How are you?
decisions won him the Nobel Prize in and it attracts many birds.
F: Fli, Jennie. Yeah, I'm fine. You know ...
Economics in 2002. What Kahneman found
J: You don't seem that fir1e. Are you sure Speaker2
was that what seemed like rational decisions everything's OK?
were often based on irrational thought My village, Tyssedal, is in a valley belwee::
F: Sorry. I'm just a bit frustrated. Nothing a fjord and the mountains. This part of
processes. T lis research, which was based seems to be working out today. I came
on asking people ce rtain questions, is key Norway is famous for its dramatic scenen
in early to get some work done and I and we get a lot of hikers and tourists in l!:Jc
to underst.mding how emotions can affect
couldn't log into the system because summer, particularly to Trolltunga. It mez:::i.
what should be othenvise logical decisions.
they're doing some maintenance work. 'troll's tongue' and it's a piece of rock whr=
If you just look at the screen, you'll sc.>e
Now Fran has just rung and said she juts out high over a lake. I love the contras::
three examples of the type of questions that
188
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b? landscape here: glassy smooth lakes,
iaded hillsides, snow-capped mountains.
all on such a huge scale: as a person, it B:
about Basho that made you want to write
about him and his poems?
Yes, that's a good question. The thing is,
Audioscripts
=- umey - which is what this tour is based knowing what the scope of the zone is
was the background to his great and how much it's going to cost: those
collection of poems, Narrow Road to a Far are really keri:;sues.1 mean if it's going
?roz,ince. to mean thai local residents have to pay
But why didn't you just write about the to get into the centre then that's not
ziur? I'd imagine that's lhe sort of thing really fair, is :t� I ii.win Charles Street
"l'Ol.l normally write about. What was it which is ...
frenglish.ru 189
•
Communication activities • Quiz answers
190
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Life publishing team would like to thank the following teachers and students who provided invaluable and detailed feedback on the first edition:
Armik Adamians, Colombo Americana. Cali; Carlos Alberto Aguirre, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Anabel Aikin, La Escuela Oncial de ldiomas de Coslae::
Pamela Alvarez. Colegio Eccleston, Lanus; Manuel Antonio, CEL - Unicamp, S�o Paulo; Bob Ashcroft. Shonan Koka University; Linda Azzopardi, Clubc,zs;;
Bauchwitz, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Paola Biancolini, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan; Laura Bottiglieri, Universidad Nacional de Salta: =
Brookes, Brookes Talen, Aalsmeer; Maria Cante, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Carmin Castillo, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Ana Laura Chacon, Univei'?,""_
Madero, Puebla; Somchao Chatnaridom, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani; Adrian Cini, British Study Centres, London; Andrew Clarke, Cen� ;-
English Studies, Dublin; Mariano Cardoni, Centro Universitario de Jdiomas. Buenos Aries; Monica Cuellar, Universidad La Gran Colombia; Jacqui Davis z...
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de Aimer/a; Lia Gargioni, Feltrinelli Secondary School, Milan; Roberta Giugni, Galileo Galllei Secondary School, Legnano; Monica Gomez, Universidad =-=
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Marra del Pilar Hernandez, Universidad Madero, Puebla; Luz Stella Hernandez, Universidad de La Sabana; Rogelio Herrera, Colombo Americano, Cali;,!
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Paulo; Makiko Takeda, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya; Jilly Taylor, British Study Centres, London; Juliana Trisno, Kaplan, Singapore; Ruey Miin Tsao, Nz:
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