Grade 10 Science – Chemistry Notes 2

The Periodic Table

What are Chemical Symbols?

Each of the elements has a chemical symbol for its name. Some elements

have a chemical symbol with just ________________, for example _____

(hydrogen) and _____ (carbon).

Other elements have symbols with __________________. Sometimes

the second letter in the symbol comes from the second letter in the

name such as _____ (beryllium) and other times the second letter in

the symbol comes from another part of the name such as _____

(magnesium).

Sometimes the letters for the chemical symbol come from the

elements name in __________________________. For example:

• Potassium is _____ (from the latin ____________)

• Sodium is _____ (from the latin ____________)

By the middle of the nineteenth century (_________), scientists had discovered

approximately _____ elements. Scientists arranged them __________________

because there was no system for classifying elements.

Unfortunately, an alphabetic arrangement of elements was an awkward way of grouping

them (under this system, aluminum, a metal, would be grouped with argon, an inert

gas—a ___________________________ kind of element).

Scientists needed a way of classifying elements so that elements with

_____________________________ would be placed together. This grouping system

would allow scientists to better ________________ the properties of elements and how

elements would ____________ with each other.

____________________________, a Russian scientist and

professor, began arranging the elements in rows according to

their _______________________ and started a new row every

time he came to an element that had

_______________________________ to the first element in

the row.

He noticed that the _______________ that formed in this table contained elements that

all had similar characteristics. He had discovered a ________________ of the properties

of elements which was called ______________________.

A Modern Periodic Table

Mendeleev’s periodic table was a significant

advancement in the attempt to classify elements.

Using his table, Mendeleev predicted the properties

of chemicals before they were discovered.

Some ___________, however, occurred in Mendeleev’s periodic table. As he used

increasing atomic mass to place elements, Mendeleev discovered that tellurium and

iodine were __________________ in terms of their properties. Later, as cobalt and

nickel were discovered, they also showed the same reversal and later still argon and

potassium were found to be reversed.

Mendeleev would use the properties of an element as the ________________________

in positioning the elements in the periodic table and overcome the problem. Why did the

problem develop in the first place?

________________________, while doing some experiments with ___________,

discovered that the nucleus of each element had a unique positive charge. The positive

charge was given the name _________________________. As a result, any element

could be identified by its positive atomic number.

When elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, the

_______________________ was demonstrated and the difficulty with Mendeleev’s table

disappeared.

As a result, a new periodic law was established. Today’s periodic law states that the

properties of elements are a ______________________________________________.

Design of the Periodic Table

Columns in the Periodic Table

A single column in the periodic table is called a ______________ or ______________. A

family contains elements that have ______________________________________. The

alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases are all

examples of families.

Hydrogen is a special case because it is a _____________________.

Sometimes hydrogen behaves as a _________ and sometimes as a

________________. Hydrogen has one electron in its outermost

energy level, so it is _____________. Almost all the hydrogen on

Earth is combined with other materials or with itself.

Alkali Metals

The alkali metal family occupies the ___________________ in the periodic table and

includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). Each element has

___________________________ in its _______________________________. These

metals are the ______________________________ in the periodic table because of the

single electron in the outer energy level.

In their natural state, alkali metals are always found combined

with other substances because of their reactivity. The most

common element in the family is ______________, which is

found all over Earth in compounds like salt (sodium chloride).

Alkaline-Earth Metals

The alkaline-earth metals family is located in the _______________________ of the

periodic table. Alkaline-earth metals are less reactive than the alkali metal family

because they have ________________________________ in their outer energy level.

These atoms need to __________ two electrons to become stable. Beryllium is the first

member of the family, followed by magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.

Chalcogens

The chalcogen (_____________) family is located in the _________________ column of

the periodic table. The chalcogen family is slightly less reactive than the halogen family.

They have ______________________________ in their outer energy level (that is, they

are ____________________________ of having a completely filled outer energy level).

The first member of the chalcogen family is oxygen, followed by sulphur, selenium,

tellurium, and polonium.

Halogens

The halogen (_____________) family is the _____________________ family in the

periodic table and includes fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and

astatine (At). The halogens have _____________________________, making them one

electron short of filling their outermost energy level.

The halogens are the _________________________________

in the periodic table. In their natural state they are found

combined with another element. Halogens such as fluorine and

chlorine react with one atom of hydrogen to form HF and HCL respectively.
Noble Gases

The noble gases (____________) family is the __________________

family in the periodic table. It includes helium (He), neon (Ne), argon

(Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Ra).

They are called noble gases because they ____________________________________

with other elements. They are ______________________ because

their outer energy levels are __________________________ with

electrons. No natural compounds formed from these gases exist.

Rows in the Periodic Table

Rows in the periodic table are called ______________. Elements found in the same

period do not demonstrate similar properties as they do in families. Periods, however,

________________________. As you look from the left side to the right side of the

table, the elements change from _____________ (Li) to ________________ (C) and to

_____________ (Ne).