Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

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Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

Analysis of free convective hydromagnetic flow of heat generating/absorbing

fluid in an annulus with isothermal and adiabatic boundaries
Dauda Gambo ∗, Taiwo S. Yusuf, Samuel A. Oluwagbemiga, James D. Kozah, Jeremiah J. Gambo
Department of Mathematics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The present analysis explores free convective flow of magnetohydrodynamic fluid passing through the annular
Heat generation/absorption gap formed by two concentric cylinders with uniform heat generation/absorption. Transient solution of the
MHD resulting systems of non-dimensional partial differential equations describing the flow were attained by a
Prandtl number
two-step process involving the classical Laplace transformation and a numerical based inversion technique
Riemann-sum approximation (RSA)
known as Riemann sum approximation (RSA). Exact solution of the governing equations has been derived to
Transient
Isothermal/adiabatic
establish the capability and truthfulness of the proposed method. The outcome of the various non-dimensional
controlling parameters involved in the problem on the thermal field, velocity field, heat transfer rate and shear
stresses are discussed with the aid of plots. It is noted that the influence of heat generation/absorption is to
boost/suppress the thermal and hydrodynamic attributes of the flow. Low Prandtl valued fluids are found to
properly support heat and mass transfer. Skin frictions can be minimized by escalating Hartmann number and
viscosity parameter.

1. Introduction the heat transference. Several researchers scrutinized the influence

In the recent past, concept of convection-driven heat transfer has
remained a fascinating research area of applied mathematics and engi-
neering which has attracted many investigators due to its extensible,
thought-provoking, technical and industrial applications. In view of
that, common practical applications include design of MHD power
generators, geophysics, heat storage system, plasma studies, thermal
recovery of oil, magnetic drug targeting, nuclear reactor and hydro-
magnetic jet flow.1–4 Furthermore, the effect of magnetic field exerted
by the hydromagnetic fluid flow regime driven by convective current in
an annular geometry has significantly attracted the attention of inves-
tigators due to its importance in engineering science. Initially, Pavlov5
studied magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow attributed to the deformation
of the plane surface. Considering the effects of thermal radiation, heat
generations/absorptions, wall heating/cooling, the hydrodynamic and
thermal behaviour of an electrically conducting fluid driven by convec-
tive current in channels,6–8 micro-channels9–11 as well as annulus12–15
has been studied extensively. The steady convective drift of a hydro-
magnetic viscous fluid has been inspected in articles.16–18 Research has
been propelled into the study of magnetohydrodynamic fluid under
transient flow condition. This endeavour is aimed at modelling and
design of real-time systems in various field of science and engineering.
The analysis of heat generation/absorption influence on heat pas-
sage is very vital, because these effects are decisive in monitoring
of heat generating/absorbing fluid for different flow regime. In light
of that, Refs. 19–23 examined the unsteady flow of magnetized heat
generating/absorbing viscous fluid. It was observed that some generally
agreed results were recorded, they reported that a growth in the heat
generation parameter prompts an increase in temperature and thus
promoting flow. However, a counter attribute is exhibited by a heat
absorbing fluid. The motion of viscous incompressible fluid in different
geometries subjected to isothermal and adiabatic wall heating for the
different flow phenomenon can be found in articles.24–26
The concept of heat transfer and entropy optimization is of general
importance in most heat driven systems. This is as result of the need
to maximize the available work in the system. It is on this account
that authors of Refs. 27–32 scrutinized entropy generation and ac-
tivation energy on the heat characteristics and flow behaviours of
non-Newtonians fluids for different flow conditions. It was recorded
that a significant boost in entropy is due to an upsurge in velocity
and thermal field, while activation energy is enhanced with increase
in concentration. The influence of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model
on thermal conductivity, magnetized stagnation point and internal
resistance for non-Newtonian fluids has been investigated by Refs. 33–
35. We note that impact of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux theory is to
suppress temperature and decrease velocity for larger Weissenberg
number. A unique approach, the optimal Homotopy analysis method

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: daudagambo85@gmail.com (D. Gambo), taiyeee@yahoo.com (T.S. Yusuf), adiojnr@gmail.com (S.A. Oluwagbemiga),
jamesdaneil@gmail.com (J.D. Kozah), gambojeremiahjerry@gmail.com (J.J. Gambo).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100080
Received 2 March 2021; Received in revised form 11 July 2021; Accepted 15 July 2021

2666-8181/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

(OHAM) which is based on the convergent solution has been employed

to resolve the governing equation. The impact of homogeneous and het-
erogeneous reactions, dissipative slip, activation and radiation effects
on nanoparticles for various flow phenomenon has been investigated
by Refs. 36–40.
The novelty of this brief is to analyse the effect of temperature distri-
bution and hydrodynamic behaviour of some carefully selected fluids.
Understanding the attributes of these fluids is of great importance in
engineering and medical field. Hence, the purpose of this analysis is to
examine the flow of magnetohydrodynamics heat generating/absorbing
fluid in a concentric cylinder under isothermal and adiabatic transient
thermal condition. Here, we employed the Laplace transform technique
in conjunction with Riemann-sum approximation (RSA) to solve the
PDEs. Analysis of thermal field, fluid velocity, Nusselt number and
shear stresses on the walls with influence of pertinent dimensionless
parameters on solution are discussed by using graphs.

2. Mathematical analysis
Fig. 1. Flow configuration of annular system.
In the present analysis, fully developed flow of a viscous incom-
pressible magnetohydrodynamic heat generating/absorbing fluid in the
gap between two vertical stationary concentric cylinders is considered. d2 𝜃 1 d𝜃
+ − (sPr − H) 𝜃 = 0, (2.7)
The set-up is done in such a way that the z′ -axis is taken as axis dR2 R dR
the cylinder opposite the gravitational attraction and the r ′ -axis in subject to the modified boundary conditions given as:
the radial direction normal to the axis of the cylinder. Let r1 and r2
⎧ 1
denote the radii of the inner and outer cylinder respectively (See Fig. 1). ⎪U = 0, 𝜃 = s at R = 1,
Initially, we assumed that at time t ′ ≤ 0, the fluid and the two cylinders ⎨ (2.8)
d𝜃
are kept at ambient temperature. At time t > 0, the motion sets in ⎪U = 0, = 0 at R = 𝜆.
⎩ dR
as a result of isothermal heating/cooling T0 of the inner wall. The
Using boundary conditions (2.8), the solutions of the Bessel ordinary
outer wall of the cylinder is however insulated against heat. Since the
differential equations in (2.6) and (2.7) in the Laplace domain are
flow is past development stage, all other secondary flow characteristics
are neglected, thus the flow is only a function of time t ′ and radial obtained as:
coordinates r ′ . Employing the usual Boussinesq approximation, the 𝜃 (R, s) = C1 I0 (R𝛼) + C2 K0 (R𝛼) , (2.9)
dimensionless partial differential equations accountable for the flow [ ]
are: 1 C1 Io (R𝛼) + C2 K0 (R𝛼)
[ 2 ]
U (R, s) = C3 I0 (R𝛿) + C4 K0 (R𝛿) − ( ) , (2.10)
𝛾 𝛼2 − 𝛿2
𝜕U 𝜕 U 1 𝜕U
=𝛾 + − M2 U + 𝜃, (2.1)
𝜕t 𝜕R2 R 𝜕R √
𝜕𝜃 𝜕2 𝜃 1 𝜕𝜃 √ M2 + s K1 (𝜆𝛿)
Pr = + + H𝜃. (2.2) where 𝛼 = sPr − H, 𝛿 = , C1 = ,
𝜕t 𝜕R2 R 𝜕R 𝛾 s(K1 (𝜆𝛿) I0 𝛿 + Ko 𝛿I1 (𝜆𝛿))
The following non-dimensional parameters has been used to render
equations (2.1) and (2.2) dimensionless: I1 (𝜆𝛿) C2 K0 (𝛿) − C1 K0 (𝜆𝛿)
C2 = , C3 = ,
𝜎Bo 2 r1 2 (T′ s(K1 (𝜆𝛿) Io 𝛿 + K0 𝛿I1 (𝜆𝛿)) I0 (𝜆𝛿) K0 (𝛿) − I0 (𝛿)K0 (𝜆𝛿)
t′v r′ r2 − To )
t= ; R= ; 𝜆= ; M2 = ; 𝜃= ;
r21 r1 r1 𝜌𝜐 Tw − T o C1 I0 (𝜆𝛿) − C2 I0 (𝛿)
C4 = .
I0 (𝜆𝛿) K0 (𝛿) − I0 (𝛿)K0 (𝜆𝛿)
𝜇cp 𝜐ef f Q0 r12 u′ The rate of heat transfer otherwise referred to as Nusselt number on
Pr = ; 𝛾= ; H= ; U= ;
k 𝜐 k U0 the surface of the heated cylinder is derived by directly differentiating
( ) (2.3)
equation (2.9) and evaluating at R = 1 and is given as:
g𝛽 Tw − T0 r12
U0 = ; ( )|
𝜐 d𝜃 |
Nu1 = | = 𝛼{C1 I1 (𝛼) − C2 K1 (𝛼)}, (2.11)
The associated dimensionless initial and boundary conditions for the dR ||R=1
system are presented as: The expression for the resultant shear stresses on the inner and outer
t ≤ 0 ∶ U = 𝜃 = 0, 1 ≤ R ≤ 𝜆, (2.4) surfaces of the cylinder produced by the fluid and boundary interaction
are obtained differentiating equation (2.10) and are presented as:
⎧ [ ]
( )
⎪U = 0, 𝜃 = 1 at R = 1,
t > 0∶ ⎨ (2.5) dU || 𝛼 C1 I1 (𝛼) − C2 K1 (𝛼)
𝜕𝜃 𝜏1 = | = 𝛿[C3 I1 (𝛿) − C4 K1 (𝛿)] − ( ) ,
⎪U = 0, 𝜕R = 0 at R = 𝜆. dR ||R=1 𝛾 𝛼2 − 𝛿2
⎩
(2.12)
In an effort to derive the transient solution of the governing equations ( )
accountable for the flow under consideration, the Laplace transform of dU ||
𝜏𝜆 = | = 𝛿[C3 I1 (𝜆𝛿) − C4 K1 (𝜆𝛿)]
the time-dependent partial differential equations are obtained. This can dR ||R=𝜆
∞
be achieved by utilizing f (R, s) = ∫0 f (R, t) e−st dt where the Laplace [ ]
𝛼 C1 I1 (𝜆𝛼) − C2 K1 (𝜆𝛼)
parameter s is greater than zero. − ( ) . (2.13)
𝛾 𝛼2 − 𝛿2
Thus, Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) under boundary conditions (2.5) in the
Laplace domain can be written as: The closed form solutions of the thermal field, velocity field, heat
d2 U 1 dU (M2 + s) 𝜃 transfer coefficient and drag on the bounding surfaces of the cylinders
+ − U=− , (2.6) as presented in Eqs. (2.9)–(2.13). These equations are to be transformed
dR2 R dR 𝛾 𝛾

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D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

from Laplace domain to derive the solutions of the relevant fields in applicability to different fluids prescribed by their Prandtl value were
time domain. This is achieved by utilizing a numerical inversing scheme considered. Of all the four fluids examined, the least boiling property of
known as Riemann-sum approximation (RSA). Based on this approach, Helium (Pr = 0.261) supports it practical use in low-temperature lasers,
any Laplace domain function can be transformed to a function in time aircrafts and altitude research. It is readily available and preferred
domain. This is done using the function below: over hydrogen which is highly inflammable. Hence, for safety reasons
[ (W ) ] it is employed in aircrafts. Oxygen and air assume Prandtl values of
e𝜀t 1 ∑ in𝜋
F (R, t) = F (R, s) + Re FR, 𝜀 + (−1)n , (2.14) Pr = 0.63 and Pr = 0.71 respectively. Ammonia which is an important
t 2 n=1
t constituent of fertilizer production has a Prandtl number of Pr = 1.38.
The change in thermal profile of the fluids as time grows for a heat
where F is the function to be transformed, Re is the real part of the
generating fluid and heat absorbing fluid are exhibited in Fig. 2(a) and
summation, i represents the imaginary number, 𝜀 and W are the real
(b) respectively. It has been observed in both cases, the effect of an
part of the Bromwich contour and the number of terms used in the
increasing time on the fluid temperature is to increase the thermal
approximation respectively. The numerical method involves a single
gradient of the fluids. Although, Helium with the least Prandtl value
summation for the numerical process whose exactness is dependent
has the highest thermal profile while ammonia with the highest Prandtl
on the value ascribed to 𝜀 and the truncation error dictated by W.
value showcase the least thermal profile. This can be attributed to
According to Tzou,41 taking value of 𝜀t = 4.7 gives the most accurate
the fact that lower Prandtl value supports convection whereas higher
result.
values of Prandtl number retards convective effect.
In demonstrating the accuracy of the numerical inversion technique
Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows the action of increasing heat generation and
employed in transforming the Laplace domain solution to time domain,
heat absorption parameter on fluid temperature respectively. Here, it is
we set out to compute the exact solution. First, we reduce the time-
noticed that for all the associated fluids, the classical effect of enhanc-
dependent equations that govern the flow to the exact equations. This
ing heat generation/absorption parameter is to increase/decrease the
can be achieved by making 𝜕() = 0 in Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2). After-
𝜕t fluid temperature. As expected, higher thermal profiles are perceived
wards, the analytical solutions of the ordinary differential equations
with heat generation along the cold wall.
are derived under the boundary conditions for the steady flow.
Figs. 4 and 5 presents the impact of an increasing time and heat
d2 Us 2
1 dUs M Us 𝜃s generation/absorption on the velocity field. It is found that as time
+ − + = 0, (2.15)
dR2 R dR 𝛾 𝛾 passes both components of the velocity increase as seen in Fig. 4.
d2 𝜃s 1 d𝜃s However, Helium is seen to possess a more amplified parabolic profile.
+ + H𝜃s = 0, (2.16) This is consequent of the maximum thermal gradient of Helium when
dR2 R dR
time is increased. Thus, enhancing the convective mass transfer. The
with boundary conditions
{ effect of boosting up internal heat generation/absorption of the fluid
Us = 0, 𝜃s = 1 at R = 1, are depicted in Fig. 5. It is observed that heat generation parameter
d𝜃s (2.17) enhances annular flow while heat absorption retard annular flow. Phys-
Us = 0, dR
= 0 at R = 𝜆.
ically, this can be ascribed to the additional heat boost, which amplifies
Thus, the expression for the steady state temperature and velocity field the heat passage characteristics of the system which in turn produces
are given as: an upsurge in the thermal profile of the fluid, hence enhancing the flow
( √ ) ( √ )
in the system.
𝜃s (R) = C5 J0 R H + C6 Y0 R H , (2.18)
( √ ) ( √ ) The influence of Hartmann number and viscosity parameter on fluid
C5 J0 R H + C6 R H velocity are seen in Figs. 6 and 7. As expected, the classical effect of
Us (R) = C7 J0 (R𝜑) + C8 Y0 (R𝜑) + , (2.19) escalating Hartmann number on the fluid velocity field is to decrease
(𝛾H − M2 )
flow. This is attributed to the presence of Lorentz force which oppose
√ ( √ ) the fluid motion in the annular gap. In addition, a higher profile is seen
Y1 𝜆 H when the fluid is subjected to internal heat generation. We noticed that
M2
where 𝜑 = ; C 5 = (√ ) ( √ ) (√ ) √ ; for both heat generating/absorbing fluid, the outcome of increasing
𝛾 J0 H Y1 𝜆 H − Y0 H J1 (𝜆 H)
the viscosity parameter is accompanied by a decrease in mass transfer
( √ )
J1 𝜆 H within the annular gap. This is due to the increased internal resistivity
C6 = − (√ ) ( √ ) (√ ) ( √ ) ; between the layers of the fluid which oppose motion and reduce flow.
J0 H Y1 𝜆 H − Y 0 H J1 𝜆 H Fig. 8 demonstrates the impact of heat generation and heat absorp-
tion parameter on the rate of heat transfer around the vicinity of the
( √ ) inner cylinder. It is found that with an upsurge in heat generation
−Y1 𝜆 H
parameter there is a corresponding boost in the coefficient of heat
C7 = (√ ) ( √ ) (√ ) √ ;
(J0 H Y1 𝜆 H − Y0 H J1 (𝜆 H))(𝛾H − M2 ) transfer on the surface of the inner cylinder. However, a contrasting
( √ ) attribute is seen with a growth in heat absorption parameter.
J1 𝜆 H Figs. 9–11 exhibits the combined action of heat generation/
C8 = (√ ) ( √ ) (√ ) ( √ ) . absorption parameter, Hartmann number and fluid viscosity coefficient
(J0 H Y1 𝜆 H − Y0 H J1 𝜆 H )(𝛾H − M2 ) on shear stress at the surface of the inner cylinder. Here, we see that
skin drag on the surface of the inner cylinder is a declining function
3. Results and discussion of Hartmann number and fluid viscosity parameter as illustrated in
Figs. 10 and 11. From Fig. 9, an increase in heat generation/absorption
In the present section, effort has been devoted to analyse the parameter produces an increase/decrease in the skin friction profile.
influence of the dimensionless controlling parameters involved in the The change in skin friction profile at the surface of the outer cylin-
problem on the thermal field, momentum field, rate of heat transfer and der for variations of heat generation/absorption parameter, Hartmann
skin drag on the surfaces of the cylinder. The current model has been number and viscosity ratio are presented in Figs. 12–14. It is clear that
formulated by taking into account the impact of uniform heat genera- the role of increasing heat absorption parameter, Hartmann number
tion/absorption on an electrically conducting viscid fluid. Throughout and fluid viscosity ratio is to decline the skin drag on the surface of the
our study, figures tagged as (a) and (b) represents heat generation wall. A counter trend is perceived with an increase in heat generation
and heat absorption respectively. On account of this investigation, parameter.

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D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

Fig. 2. Effect of time on fluid temperatures at H = 2.0.

Fig. 3. Effect of heat generation/absorption parameter on fluid temperatures at t = 0.2.

Fig. 4. Effect of time on fluid velocity at H = 2.0, M = 2.0, 𝛾 = 1.0.

4. Conclusions has been discussed. Transient solution of the associated non-linear

PDEs has been formulated with the help of the classical Laplace trans-
Analysis of free convective driven heat and mass transfer on the im-
pact of uniform heat generation/absorption on viscous incompressible formation and a numerical inversion scheme based on Riemann sum
and electrically conducting fluid flowing through the annular region approximation (RSA). The effect of the various controlling parameters

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D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

Fig. 5. Effect of heat generation/absorption parameter on fluid velocity at t = 0.2, M = 2.0, 𝛾 = 1.0.

Fig. 6. Effect of Hartmann number on fluid velocity at t = 0.2, 𝛾 = 1.0, H = 2.0.

Fig. 7. Effect of fluid viscosity parameter on fluid velocity at t = 0.2, M = 2.0, H = 2.0.

on the flow has been inspected quantitatively. Noteworthy outcomes of 2. Enhancing the effect of Hartmann number and viscosity param-
this investigation are detailed as follows: eter in turns diminish annular effects.

1. Higher temperature profile is found with an increasing time as 3. An upsurge in heat generation parameter ensures maximum heat
well as heat generation parameter. transfer on the heated wall of the cylinder.

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D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

Fig. 8. Effect of time on heat transfer rate at R = 1, t = 0.1.

Fig. 9. Effect of heat generation/absorption parameter on skin friction at R = 1, t = 0.1, M = 1.0, 𝛾 = 1.0.

Fig. 10. Effect of Hartmann number on skin friction at R = 1, t = 0.1, H = 1.0, 𝛾 = 1.0.

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D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100080

Fig. 11. Effect of fluid viscosity parameter on skin friction at R = 1, t = 0.1, H = 1.0, M = 1.0.

Fig. 12. Effect of heat generation/absorption parameter on skin friction at R = 𝜆, t = 0.1, M = 1.0, 𝛾 = 1.0, H = 1.0.

Fig. 13. Effect of Hartmann number on skin friction at R = 𝜆, t = 0.1, H = 1.0, 𝛾 = 1.0.

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D. Gambo, T.S. Yusuf, S.A. Oluwagbemiga et al.
Fig. 14. Effect of fluid viscosity parameter on skin friction at R = 𝜆, t = 0.1, H = 1.0, M = 1.0.
4. Local skin friction can be suppressed by boosting Hartmann
number, heat absorption parameter as well as viscosity parame-
ter.
5. Generally, it was obtained that low Prandtl valued fluid are
seen to promote heat transfer as well as annular flow whereas
a counteracting behaviour is viewed for fluid with high Prandtl
numbers.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
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