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A Study of The Philippine Government During The Spanish Regime
A Study of The Philippine Government During The Spanish Regime
1919
This work has been identified with a Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0. Material in the
public domain. No restrictions on use.
Recommended Citation
Diamonon, Victoriano D.. "A study of the Philippine government during the Spanish regime." MA (Master of Arts) thesis, State
University of Iowa, 1919.
https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.5t89oqj0
b y
VictorianoD
Diamonon
1919
PREFATORY NOTE
disregarded the royal orders and executed their duties for person
al gain.
On the whole the Spanish regime was not a loss to %the Philip-
pines, although what was accomplished for three centuries was not
she gave her beautiful language; to all, she gave the Christian
family life. The Filipinos are the only oriental people who
has prepared them for political and social life. To the devoted
V. Diamonon
Iowa City, Iowa
CONTENTS
V The Governor-General
X Concluding Remarks
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
period under the Spanish rule from 1531-1898, and the period un
Even the priests who were the historians of the time became in
of the two largest groups of the Filipino race, viz., the Tag-
q
alogs and the Visayana. These groups represent the civilized
about 1570, some districts of the city were under Rajah chiefs
who were afterwards converted into the Catholic faith and re
ceived baptism.
that they were derived from the coasts of Malabar and Malacca
gay. and the chief was called cabeza (head), hence the title
ical unit upon which the Spaniards built the local government
of the Philippines.
alog and Visayan tribes came they had to contend with the Aetas
selves. The Aetas were driven into the interior where they
Social Classes
women were cleanly and elegant in their persons and dress, and
bark of a tree called gogo, and annointing it with musk oil and
ver were worn not only on the fingers but also on the ankles.
Among the Tagalogs and the Visayans tribes were divided in
to three classes: the chiefs and nobles, the commons and the
slaves.^ Each social group had its own title, the name vary
called Maguinao. bagani among the Manobos, and data among the
Bisayas. The chief was the only authority known and he assumed
slavery at will. His power was absolute not only over the dis
in their own homes and were not required to work for their mas
unknown. If a free man marries a slave and have only one son,
he would toe half free and half slave. His time wa 3 equally
one month for his chief and another for himself. If there was
mors than one child, the first would toe free and the second
slave, and so on. In case of even number, the last "born be
man and woman originated from two bamboos which were cast ashore
at the feet of a bird. The bird, vexed with the logs, began
to pick at them when from one log sprang a man and from the
they lived as husband and wife and introduced at the same time
these descended the chiefs; some ran out and became the fathers
of the freemen. From th^se who took refuge in the shed and
under the house descended the slaves, while those who were ban
the banished.
- 7 -
Modes of Living
the clan stage. They had their own local government under a
and customs. The chief's office was hereditary and was main
were brought before the dato who settled the complaints accord
The bulk of the people in the lowlands was intelligent but the
the tribes were prepared for war all the time, as they shewed
lizard. The armour plates used covered the warrior from head
to foot. The wooden shield was carved and lined with tortoise
city of Manila.
were called Ologan and Solad. The soul was said to pass to
with great respect. So high was the respect for him that in
- 9 -
A *
passing beneath a tree a native would say, 11Tabe po", that is,
were anitos for many things. There was an anito for cultiva
tion, for the rain, for the sea, for the cocoanut trees, and
for the new born. Likewise there was a household anito which
temples and sacred days were lacking among the natives but at
him to regain his good will and take away the sickness. The
follows:
natural for the family to build a new house and there remove
offering follows.
10 -
ferers. The choicest chickens and hogs were the common vic
are placed for the guests which include relatives, friends, and
the occasion. To the rest of the guests, copper bells are dis
until the priest has examined the entrails of the victim in the
his thought was diverted to the thought of the gods who wished
With respect to future life, the belief was that the soul
reside the souls of the dead and they enjoy perpetual youth. •
forefathers. Far back in the dawn of time the god Laon posses
sed the most beautiful fish, the delight of his heart, and also
a tree which bore the most delicious fruit. The offenders de
stroyed the fish and plucked the fruit. For this great of
ments were the units of which the religion of the ancient ‘Fili
common and such person was always looked upon as the chief of
creators were the sky and the sea, and the dry land was the
had nowhere to alight on. The sky sympathized with the bird
reaching the water, the rocks became islands and the earth
generally.
the period of "courtship" in which the man must show his ability
couple did not oftentimes say their first word to each other
this all, for with the house must be secured a work animal or
so much money or both. All these are supposed to be- the man’s
Foreign Relations
sula. When the Spaniards came in 1531, they found the natives
ing imported from China. They were expert in the art of weav
ing. For meat, they hunted buffalo and wild boar. The only
bief was called tapa. Houses were lightly built with bamboos
and thatched roofs and sides and always raised from the ground.
torians that Sanskrit elements found their way into the Tag-
Following the Hind.ua came the Arab priests who taught Mohammed
anism. Had time been allowed, the Mohammedan faith would have
ago and the Chinese Empire. Whew the Spaniards came the na
that the Chinese were the first to give the natives the notions
three hundred vessels braved the unexplored seas into the yet
from there sway not only to the southeastern part of the con
was soon made manifest when he bluntly told the Spanish Viceroy
omitted here to mention that all this time ships plied between
Tosa Province, Japan, and the pilot who survived told the
dered their execution. This made Toyotomi all the more anx
was sending one hundred and fifty desolate souls. The lepers
were taken ashore and housed in the San Lazaro Hospital which
has been the hospital for the lepers ever since. Had not
Japanese Empire.
18
Borneo, and the Mclv-ecaa. The Hindoos and Arabs brought their
medan had not the Spaniards come on time to check its spread
gests how long the Chinese people were in contact with the
dust was the medium of exchange and copper was smelted into
fying, however, that there were few who were interested in the
Juan Salcedo found these two races hostile to each other them
and the Bi3ayans. These classes were the chiefs and nobles,
the common people, and the slaves. The system of "all slave"
and "half slave" was known and practiced. From the many di
pino, the belief was that the air was full of spirits as it
enough to overcome the worship of the sun, the moon, and the
Had the Hindus and Arab priestsj^given time and had Tcyo-
Chapter II
The west coast of Africa were explored and voyages were made to
ter Pope Alexander VI issued Bulls which divided the globe into
two. Two of these, dated May 3rd and 4th, 1493, granted to
prince layed claim to them. The line which divided the globe
ran north and south one hundred leagues west of the Azores and
pute, for even the Pope himself was unable to determine the me
hundred and seventy leagues west of San Antonio, the most west
erly of the Cape Verde Islands. The settlement did not prove
covered by Cabral, and Pinson sailed along the coast into the
Majesty while Charles I furnished the ships, the crew and of
Small as they were only from sixty to one hundred and thirty
tons, the vessels raised anchor and sailed from Port San Lucar
the strait which now bears the name of the Strait of Magellan
was reached. Only three ships remained by this time: one was
completely wrecked and the ether, the San Antonio deserted the
24
only a few months after reaching the Strait of Magellan the ex
party drew blood from his breast, one drinking that of the other.
Upon this contract the Ce^fu King 3Wore allegiance to the King
form and religious rites was at once made manifest when the King,
ippines. It was not long when the princes and head-men of the
to one hundred ail told. This was leas than one half of the
sailed for the Moluccas where in barter with the inhabitants the
the Trinidad which had sprung a leak. There was one survivor
a dozen natives of the Moluccas the only survivor left for the
home port early »in the year, 1523. Through toils and pain and
tion. Honor and life pension were granted the daring captain,
as a captain of the fleet but he, too, died soon after. The
Moluccas.
the Moluccas.
of geographical knowledge.
3hips and one armed frigate left Navidad, Mexico, under the
the Loaisa expedition but in the meanwhile had taken the vow3
not find Ce^fa a very suitable place to remain until the first
good conversion into the Catholic faith had been made. This
) "I A 1
was the baptism of the niece of Tupas, the remulo of Ce»u.
the royal order, a ship was at once fitted and Friar Urdaneta
been accomplished.
that of Cefu, the city which Legaspi first made the capital.
All this time, Juan de Salcedo who, by his tact and pru
The remnants of his forces fled to the mountains beyond the reach
Chapter III
THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
and enjoy for themselves the tributes of the Indians who should
be assigned to them, with the charge of- providing for the good
either for private interest or for some governor who later re
between the King and the native inhabitants living on his al
only and upon the death of the encomendero his encomienda re
Repaxtimiento
selves and for the rest of the village. It has been defined
made every week of the Indians who are given for mines and works
year, what they call the dobla (a Spanish coin), at the rate of
ten Indiana for every hundred; and the remainder of the year
what they call the aencilla' (another Spanish coin), at the rate
of two Indians for every hundred. The above rate was for
tribution for the whole year, at the rate of four Indians for
19
every hundred.” Originally, the term meant the partition
dressed to the King from the clergy throws some light on the
that after ten years of the system in Peru ’one half, or even
sions with them. Upon arrival at the mines they were engaged
rocks. Then, they were put to work in the mines which always
they had no money to buy food, neither anybody would bring them
any: they starved. Some died on the way to the mines, others
in the mines; some died on the way home, and others died after
College of San Jose, the College of St. Joseph, The San Juan
were not all the grants made for the King had encomiendaa
and one for Filipinos were erected in Manila; The Parian for
Estimates have been made to the effect that there were alto
The fund thus collected was to be uaed for the religious ed
In the Philippines this law was not complied with for the en-
whole, the encomendero was to provide for the material and spir
it is revealed that a royal decree was one thing and its exe
struction and hospitals for the poor. The eight reales were
41
divided between the enoomendero and the priest — six reales for
the enoomendero and two for the priest who gave instruction
yard wide was taken for two realea. A piece of cloth of fine
make and suitable for cover on the altar was taken for five
of rice half of which wa3 cleaned already for cooking and one
upon the taxpayers who had to live on roots part of the year
tribute was paid but for what reason no taxpayer ever knew. Fur
the people in the interior like Ilocos, Los Camarines and others
which were remote from any Spanish settlement were taxed. When
the collectors came the village would take to the mountains and
.payment was not made the chief was subjected to whippings and
great was the abuse that in 1573, two years after the intro
ish coin called toston (about 50 cents) would buy 400 gantas
prices continued for a long time and then food stuffs became
away from their homes and sent them to the mines. The men
were kept there for six months under the most unsanitary con
and others who were lucky enough to see their homes again need
ed more rest than work. The Bishop stated that in some cases
-authority.
The conditions were anything but desirable. While some
other cases, wives were left behind at their death bed, the
these toils for from four to six months, agriculture was ne
the last grain for tribute; abroad, the wages, law as it was,
39
very rarely or never appeared at all.
the encomienda, the King always showed great sympathy and hu
the bishops, but unable to attend to the task, the King directed
Protector was fixed by the executive power and was paid out
42
of tributes.
tained all the time for in 1583 Friar Domingo de Salazar urged
who should see that they were not in any -way abused. Another
by Corte3 in New Spain, the scheme was carried across the seas
cupy the vast field and what they did occupy was too big for
where one prie3t was the only instructor for the from 400 to
much more tnan nolding mass. Second, the abuse which the re—
people to even attend mass. Dragged from their homes, the men
They were chained at the oars in the galleys, and in this way
kept from four to six months. At home even their meal was
taken away from them for the tribute; abroad, their wages, low
Chapter IV
This was the case with the colonial ministries of Spain, with
commercial executive.
his power waned and the supervisor of trade, then Juan Rodri
tween the colonies and the Crown. His duties became numerous
were expected to keep in close touch with the Indies and to keep
House of Trade had is not known hut it is presumed that for the
1863.
Court;
(d) Professor in one of the universities of Spain or of
in Africa and had produced work which had been approved and
Society of Spain;
The duties of the oouncil were numerous but they are briefly
the provinces went through the council and from there delivered
of three hundred and fifty years under the rule of Spain the
1813 about three hundred years after Spain had occupied the
and two others elected by the board its elf,. Manila, itself,
be reduced.
The Corte of 1810-1813 was held in different places in
abolishing the Corte and declared all its acts null and void.
Absolutism reigned all over Spain and its colonies, and inquisition
- 58
accomplished.
When the Corte was formally opened on July, 1830, the Philip
elected but only three are known. The three delegates were
was contested.
The Cortes of 1830-1833 terminated in a sad fate. Like
and all acts and organisms passed and instituted were declared
null and void. Absolutism again reigned all over Spain and
efforts that the Cortes were called again. The Santa Ana
the Cortes did not reach her distination until the end of the
this news did not reach Manila on time for the delegates elected
Results
Ferdinand VII who not only abolished the Cortes declaring all
There were others of the same nature but the law of February 33,
about three hundred years after Spain had occupied the Philippines.
62 -
.gelio) did more harm than good and the fund could better be
of the Filipino race, tearing down the walls which for three
ing which swept the entire archipelago, and all these tended
Two years later the port of Manila was declared open to foreign
policy was upon the trade and commerce of the Philippines was
the United States and Europe including Spain, but over half of
the total import came from Mexico. In the same year the Phil
export, over a million and a half pesos was Mexican silver for
China, and only about 35,000 pesos went to the United States
183?, 2,585 tons left the Philippine ports and by 1858 its
it was one of the causes which later developed into the revo
lution of 1896.
From among them rose the educated few who became leaders of
a blesBing for which the Filipino people had been striving for
66 -
three hundred years. It was also during this period when the
ment.
67 -
Chapter V
TEE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
therefore, be fitting.
of Governor-General
#
new lands for the King. Thus, to the valiant Magellan the
eral was the commander of the army and navy in the Philippines
officials.
would be fit for the responsible office the letters and reports
to the King were not always freejjj^ealousy and envy with the
of God who was zealous for His honor and service to the King.
the Crown and from available data this ranged from a few
73 -
Hardly had he made a survey of his field and marked out his
different moral effect upon the high executive from the Span
ish system.
This was done as a reward for one reason and for the sake
arrived. Some more changes were made later. After the as
general. In 1762 when the English took Manila under the re
cabo segundo held office only during the pleasure of the King
who strictly prescribed his duties. The cabo segundo was also
navy. 75
75
the Governor-General
Moluccas, Formosa, and India and all that lies between the Cape
Crown. The first was his ally, while the two were his friends.
So the laws for the Philippines were one thing and their ex-
77
ecution was another.
detail, but an attempt upon his duties and some of his most
orders from the ministries in Spain and to see that all inter
special cases;
lowing duties: —
the islands;
78 -
in dilecto;
5. To authorize, when necessary, the provincial gov
ations;
Military Powers
From this the Council of the Indies made the selections and
the power of removal. This was made even more extensive for
boats for trade, mann them and make provisions for necessary
form his holy mission in foreign land without leave from the
were were those directly connected with the church, and the
the absolute power of the viceroy, but the system was not
and when two auditors joined against his opinion it was killed.
posing his opinion wa3 not very unusual. In 1784, the of
which concerned with funds. Along these two main lines the
and the investigation was not resumed until three years after
fic they were allowed to depart for Spain and their residencia
were withheld until their trial was over. These were re
^^e.
n.cia in the Philippines was never said to
ments were in both Spanish and native dialect and they opened
and exiled in some distant land where they could not be heard
many governors died from the strain resulting from the trial.
Chapter VI
since the early days the western part of Negros and the province
- 93 -
unclassified.
94 -
of the islands where the people were not so far advanced were
Norte and Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Nueva leija, and Tay&bas; and
Luzon. For instance, the Iloilo Province was under the ad-
95
were not fit for the high position. With the power of ap
pointment was the power of removal and both were used in il
legitimate way s . "
for over a year, or that of the third or fourth class for over
two years;
97 -
fifteen years provided the last office held was above the
"chief of Kegociado” (a third class office);
general for over two years, or must have held some judicial
office equivalent to these;
duties:
98 -
to law;
(3 ) To supervise collection of taxes and to execute the
delinquents;
public welfare.
and commerce, but the royal decree of June 17, 1754, allowed
foreign vicar and the parish priest religion; the doctor public
tains of the •pueblos and served for six years unless they
Chapter VII
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
The Barangay
unit and its chief was given specific powers and duties spe
This was the reason why the barangay system existed until the
109
American occupation.
three years after which the chief became an elector and as
jg.
abezg. d^ ba.ra.ngav was elected, by the municipal captain who
Qualifications
in hie work. The cabeza, himself, and his eldest son who
from the class which paid a land tax of fifty dollars. The
would not have been sought for. In 18S0 a reform was ef-
*
/
fected which changed the title to capitan municipal with
The capitan was elected once a year but the date varied
now leave the room. After the chairman has read the rules
they go one by one to the table and write three names on the
111
tribunal and to publish and execute all its acts and resolu
with the parish priest and his two appointees the capitan
inspected schools and presided the annual examinations.
cials and assistants. Above all, the capitan had the power
118
his hand.-*- ° Then, discussion on town affairs followed in
These were not all the expenses he had to meet for whenever
very dignified title and it was for this reason which made
119
the office attractive.
- 114 -
year. This was done with the aid of the twelve delegates
a P.
ue,
.
k.I.Q> government, schools, sanitation, agriculture,
industry and commerce, policing, roads, care of municipal
over $13 upon the captain and a fine of not more than $6 upon
pend the tribunal for three months, and upon the concurrence
The way the municipal fund was kept was very peculiar
three persons were held responsible for it. Each had the
municipal life.
119 -
Being about the only person who had education in the pueblo
tration and the registry of the church was the sole authority.
in the capital city would act as auditor, and upon the re
of the peace.
Chinese had affected not only the labour problem of the is
Chapter VIII
THE COURTS
any civil or criminal suit or case that may arise in the said
courts.
who gave out decisions with the aid of some learned persons.
This body was called curfa or cort and was not always composed
these came from Castile, eight from Leon, and six from Eatre-
absence the court sat with the adelantado del rev or sobre-
fonso died the court went out of existence but was revived
the audiencia was divided into two branches — one for civil
cases and the other for criminal cases. There was also a
Territorial Audiencias
Ilocos Sur.
All these auxiliary audiencias were in operation until
138
the Filipino rebellion in 1886.
to decide the case. One auditor could hear a case and order
arrest provided the value envolved did not exceed 200 pesos.
cases. When there were no cases before the court the pres
cia exercised his duties while its senior auditor became the
military commander and president of the audiencia. The
royal orders was also submitted. With the aid of two aud
position.
143
Special Courts
tious court.
Ecclesiastical courts — Foremost of these special courts
cases the clergy or the cannon law was affected. The judges
and other officials who were taken mostly from the clergy.
similar courts.
the army and navy judges sitting in the civil chamber of the
audiencia.
in Manila.
Chapter IX
ing and more keenly felt than any other. Taxes are levied
revenue was one thing and its use was another. Originally,
never found their way into the public treasury. The decrees
laws were posted but they were in the language little under
existing conditions.
church funds.
direct taxes which included personal tax and income tax; (2)
taxation.
Direct Taxes
of age.
taxation.
the mines, to fell trees, and row on the galleys like slaves
for six months.
(tax list) was made every two years, and each cabeza de
barangay received the list for his cabeceria. The tax list
population, and the tax varied all the way from 1.50 to 35
five per cent on the net rental value. The rental value
for repairs from the gross rentals were the building rented.
.provided their “urbana" tax did not exceed four pes03 a year.
under patrj._
a potesta_s, and at twenty-five pesos they and
which was les3 than one peso were exempted. Second, the
five per cent of the tax was added. The "urbana" tax was
make those Chinese who were able to pay pay more a tax was
occupation.
other things used by the o^ch and the well to do"; (2) one-
room shops which 'carried only European and Chinese goods and
shops, repair shops of any sort, J U x &l shops, and all others.
and the fourth 12 pesos. In 1878 two more classes were ad
A tax of 300 pesos for one class and 200 pesos for the other
cial features of the shop such as its size, location, and the
claimed that as a whole the industrial tax was five per cent
Indirect Taxes
Taxes on Monopolies
applied until 1882, and the monopoly was not completely sup-
154
pressed until 1884.
a two per cent tax on each pack. All cards bore the stamp
and the tax was first used in the construction of the walled
.. . „ .. 156
city m Manila.
public auction for a period of two years, but the law was so
stamped paper used for all public and legal documents. The
/ t 4 159
paper sold from a ouartlllo real) per sheet to 24 reales.
the Pope to those who fought with the infidels for the exten
lative discrimination.
150
frora the Chinese for ten years after which they paid the
Down to 1790 the poll tax for the Chinese was six pesos
a new padron was made for all Chinese residents in the is
have their own oabezas to whom they paid tribute. They were
the shopkeepers four pesos, and all the rest two pesos.
must work for the State and two pesos deducted from the wages
class which was added belonged 830. These paid one peso
sixty years old, and therefore exempt. The plan was beset
Ilocos Sur, when the people of the city made a protest against
privileges the poor class had to shoulder the rest of the rev
enue. The tribute system and the poll tax were very unpop
was short of funds for a long time, for until 1784 an annual
and no other aid was recorded, but $80,000 of the fund was
Chapter X
CONCLUDING REMARKS
was this, that the viceroy of Mexico used to say, "In every
of the mass and the baptism of the native chief was followed
by the whole village. This was what made the Spanish Crown
coming into the islands came to him for information and advice
community he was the only educated man, being the teacher and
the ruler. In the town his civil duties were many. For
make their returns valid. The fact was that the power of
called upon him for such aid. Furthermore, when the friar
sought power of his church, the friar sought wealth for his
Likewise were normal schools for men and women opened to train
173
teachers.
the natives who could not afford to pay was noted for its
173
many cures.
The friar gave the Filipinos a Christian education which
family life with its love for children and high respect for
life.
by the Governor-General.
159 -
classes:
and sixteen, were legal voters and had exercised the right
of suffrage."
(b) "Those who own real property to the value of five
(c) "Those who are able to read and write either Spanish,
175
English, or a native language."
Thus, for only twenty years under the American rule the
lord and for that he must render his services is not in any
too small to support his family and at the same time pay his
most of the time. A wise landlord can in this way keep the
man in debt to him all his life. If the man has a boy or
is paid less. His own personal needs and his people's over
wretchedness, the boy may marry and the same process is re
peated.
to expel all Chinese who did not profess the Catholic faith,
3
and two per cent of the Chinese were banished and the Philip
the following:
about the Philippines. f>p. 15^ Verea's Guide for the Amer-
Part I, p. 1 6 5 ^
/
10 A regulp was a kind of petty ruler.
English fleet suddenly appeared in Manila Bay and took the city
thru Foreign Eyes, pp. 349, 350; Blair and Robertson's The
p. 54.
a foot and a half high and from eight to ten feet in circum
pay for the (fifth) life and have recourse to the Council to
237ff.
8
Ill, p. 93.
how- far did the men have to go? ’tVere there enough men left
to till the soil for the support of the village? Was the
Then, how was the system managed so that no one man had to
V o l .' I, p. 312,
each other — the Malay and the Negrito. After the introduc
royal treasury for the following purposes: one and a half real
for the maintenance of the camp in Manila, and one half real
Vol. V, p. 348; Vol. VIII, pp. 106, 117, 135, 133; Vol.
XVIII, pp. 33, 382-388; Vol. XXII, pp. 43, 44; Vol. XXVIII,
pp. 83, 139; Vol. XLV, pp. 172, 251; Vol. XLVII, pp. 39, 84,
269-271.
Vol. v , pp. 39, 49; Vol. XIV, pp. 153, 154; Vol. XXII, pp.
3 1 7 -3 3 6 .
Vol. II, p. 54 (note); Vol. VII, pp. 383, 310; Vol. VIII,
bushels.
pp. 255, 256, 357* Vol. VI, pp. 190, 191; Vol. VII, p. 357.
341-344.
p. 33.
VII, p. 359.
and note.
p. 335.
service in Spain.
p. 379-286.
445, 446.
party of the first part and the King of Spain as party of the
73, 74.
p. 63.
The Philippine Islands. Vol. XV, p. 39; Vol. XVII, p. 310; Vol.
L, p. 74.
Blair and Robertson's The Philippine Islands. Vol. XVII, pp. 385-
314, see,
XV, pp. 39, 40, 76; Vol. XXVI, p. 150; Vol. LI, p. 106. See
also Recopelacion de leves. lib II. tit. XV. lev LVIll in Blair
and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands. Vol. XVII, pp. 387, 391,
313, 314.
17 -
pp. 321, 323; Vol. XLIV, pp. 166, 175, 176; Vol. LI, p. 219;
VIII, pp. 200, 201; Vol. XVII, pp. 317, 318; Vol. XVIII, pp.
pp. 148-151; Vol. XVI, pp. 166, 167, 168; Vol. XXII, pp. 317-
343, 290, 292; Vol. XXVI, pp. 146, 147; Vol. XXVIII, p. 132.
XIX, p. 266; Vol. XXIV, p. 318; Vol. XXV, pp. 177, 178, 272;
pp. 54, 67; Vol. V, p. 386; Vol. XVII, pp. 40, 43, 48, 49;
Vol. XVIII, p. 135; Vol. XIX, p. 169; Vol. XXV, p. 138; Vol.
p. 49; Vol. XVII, p. 334; Vol. XIX, pp. 365, 366; Vol. XX,
p. 9; Vol. XXI, p. 56; Vol. XXV, p. 313; Vol. XXVIII, pp. 67,
p. 88.
XXII, p. 110; Vol. XXVIII, pp. 134, 198; Vol. XLV, pp. 133,
134, 173, 174, 335; Vol. XLVI, pp. 81, 84, 85, 86, 92, 95, 104,
p. 50; Vol. Ill, p. 66; Vol. VII, pp. 161, 163; Vol. VIII,
Islands, Vol. I, pp. 50, 51, 53; Vol. XX, p. 144; Vol. XXI,
p. 95; Vol. XLIV, p. 175; Vol, LI, p. 213; Vol. LII, p. 69.
own records.
110 Craig's The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes, pp. 484,
and Robertson's The Philippine Islands. Vol. XVII, pp. 330, 332,
333.
See also Vol. XVII, pp. 330, 331; Bowring's A Visit in the
Eyes, p . 485.
Eves, p. 484.
Filipinas, p . 47.
59; Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. I, pp. 369, 370 (note).
pp. 63 , 64.
pp. 228-231.
son’s The Philippine Islands. Vol. VI, pp. 15?ff. See also p. 18.
The Philippine Islands, Vol. V, pp. 274ff and Vol. VI, pp. 35ff.
See also Blair and Robertson's The Philippine Islands, Vol. IX,
pp. 189-191.
393, 394. See also Blair and Robertson's The Philippine Islands.
pp. 54, 55; Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. I, pp. 406,
407.
Philippines, p. 320.
the Philippines, pp. 315, 327; Blair and Robertson's The Philip
p. 9.
pp. 169, 271; Vol. IX, p. 62; Vol. XXIV, p. 192 (note); Vol.
XXV, p. 42.
Fridays.
28
p. 84; Vol. XLV, pp. 70, 71; Vol. L, p. 57; Vol. LI, p. 227;
pp. 158, 159; Vol. LI, pp. 53, 54; Bowring's A Visit to the
Science Quarterly, Vol. XVI, p. 698 and Vol. XVII, pp. 126, 127 ,
p. 73 (note).
170 Van Meter's The Truth about the Philippines, pp. 30, 33.
plement to Official Gazette, Vol. XV, no. 35, August 39, 1917),
431, 433.